Banknote - Knowledge (XXG)

1814: 2901: 2174:, 1797–1821), the dramatically increased demand for bank notes slowly forced the banks to refine the technologies employed. In 1801, watermarks, which previously were straight lines, became wavy—an idea of William Brewer, a watermark mould maker. This made counterfeiting bank notes harder still, at least in the short term, and in 1803 the number of forged bank notes fell to just 3000, compared to 5000 the previous year. Banks asked skilled engravers and artists to help them make their notes more difficult to counterfeit during the same time period, which historians refer to as "the search for the inimitable banknote." During this time, bank notes also began to be double-sided and have more intricate patterns. 541: 1551:. In the beginning, these were personally registered, but they soon became a written order to pay the amount to whoever had it in their possession. These notes are seen as a predecessor to regular banknotes by some but are mainly thought of as proto bills of exchange and cheques. The term "bank note" comes from the notes of the bank ("nota di banco") and dates from the 14th century; it originally recognized the right of the holder of the note to collect the precious metal (usually gold or silver) deposited with a banker (via a currency account). In the 14th century, it was used in every part of Europe and in Italian city-state merchants colonies outside of 2834: 2865: 2881: 1696: 1463: 1321: 1839: 2159:: this involved engraving a copper plate by hand and then covering it in ink to print the bank notes. Only with this technique, at that time, could one force the paper into the lines of the engraving to make suitable banknotes. Another difficulty in counterfeiting banknotes was the paper, as the type of paper used for banknotes was rather different from the paper commercially available at that time. Despite this, some forgers successfully forged notes by dealing with and consulting paper makers, in order to make a similar kind of paper themselves. Furthermore, 2486: 2849: 3046: 473: 1649: 2144:

because historians tend to be more interested in a theoretical understanding of how money worked rather than how it was produced. The first great deterrent against counterfeiting was the death penalty for forgers, but this was not enough to stop the rise of counterfeiting. Over the 18th century, far fewer banknotes were circulating in England compared to the boom of bank notes in the 19th century; because of this, improved note-making techniques were not considered a compelling issue.

1949: 57: 2927:(IBNS) are security systems which render banknotes unusable by marking them permanently as stolen with a degradation agent. Marked (stained) banknotes cannot be brought back into circulation easily and can be linked to the crime scene. Today's most used degradation agent is a special security ink which cannot be removed from the banknote easily and not without destroying the banknote itself, but other agents also exist. Today IBNSs are used to protect banknotes in 3034:

the risk of being considered a counterfeit. But in cases where realism is the goal, other steps may be necessary. For example, in the stack of banknotes seat mentioned earlier, the decal used to create the product would be considered counterfeit. However, once the decal has been affixed to the resin stack shell and cannot be peeled off, the final product is no longer at risk of being classified as counterfeit, even though the resulting appearance is realistic.

2732: 2049: 1719:, the bank began issuing notes in 1695 with the promise to pay the bearer the value of the note on demand. They were initially handwritten to a precise amount and issued on deposit or as a loan. There was a gradual move toward the issuance of fixed denomination notes, and by 1745, standardized printed notes ranging from £20 to £1,000 were being printed. Fully printed notes that did not require the name of the payee and the cashier's 1762: 2104: 3012:

practice seemed to fuel a sharp rise in overall awareness of paper money in the numismatic community. The emergence of currency third party grading services (similar to services that grade and "slab", or encapsulate, coins) also may have increased collector and investor interest in notes. Entire advanced collections are often sold at one time, and to this day, single auctions can generate millions in gross sales. Today,

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which they could be transferred and the confidence that people had in the capacity of the bank to settle the notes in coin if presented, they became a popular means of exchange in their own right. They now make up a very small proportion of the "money" that people think that they have, as demand deposit bank accounts and electronic payments have negated much of the need to carry notes and coins.

485: 1633:. The heavy weight of the new coins encouraged merchants to deposit it in exchange for receipts. These became banknotes when the manager of the bank decoupled the rate of note issue from the bank currency reserves. Three years later, the bank went bankrupt after rapidly increasing the artificial money supply through the large-scale printing of paper money. A new bank, the 1831:

banknotes before there was a national currency; however, these became subject to government authorization from 1863 to 1932. In the last of these series, the issuing bank would stamp its name and promise to pay, along with the signatures of its president and cashier on a preprinted note. By this time, the notes were standardized in appearance and not too different from

2946:(DICE) is a security technology introduced in 2014 by the British company EDAQS that devalues banknotes remotely that are illegal or have been stolen. The technology is based on identifiable banknotes—that could be an RFID chip or a barcode—and connects to a digital security system to verify the validity of the banknote. The company claims that the banknotes are 1439:. The original notes were restricted by area and duration, as in the Song dynasty, but in the later years, facing massive shortages of specie to fund their rule, the paper money began to be issued without restrictions on duration. The fact that the state was guaranteeing the Chinese paper money impressed Venetian merchants. 1309: 2999:, the hobby is slowly expanding. Prior to the 1990s, currency collecting was a relatively small adjunct to coin collecting, but currency auctions and greater public awareness of paper money have caused more interest in rare banknotes and consequently their increased value. The most valuable banknote is the 3033:

Manufacturers of these items must take into consideration when creating these products whether the product could be construed as counterfeiting. Overlapping note images and/or changing the dimensions of the reproduction to be at least 50% smaller or 50% larger than the original are some ways to avoid

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were designed to recognize banknotes of smaller values long after they were designed to recognize coins distinct from slugs. This capability has become inescapable in economies where inflation has not been followed by introduction of progressively larger coin denominations (such as the United States,

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Cost of acceptance. Coins can be checked for authenticity by weighing and other forms of examination and testing. These costs can be significant, but good quality coin design and manufacturing can help reduce these costs. Banknotes also have an acceptance cost – the expense of checking the banknote's

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to certify their substance were widely used as a medium of exchange. The value that people attributed to coins was originally based upon the value of the metal unless they were token issues or had been debased. Banknotes were originally a claim for the coins held by the bank, but due to the ease with

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Between 1265 and 1274, the late southern Song government introduced a gold- or silver-backed national paper currency standard, which changed the geographic restriction. The range of varying values for these banknotes was perhaps from one string of cash to one hundred at the most. Ever after 1107, the

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The workforce employed in these paper money factories was quite large; it was recorded in 1175 that the factory at Hangzhou alone employed more than a thousand workers a day. However, the government issues of paper money were not yet nationwide standards of currency at that point; issues of banknotes

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and other illegal drugs, it is not uncommon for innocent people searched at airports or stopped for traffic violations to have cash in their possession sniffed by dogs for drugs and then have the cash seized because the dog smelled drugs on the money. It is then up to the owner of the money to prove

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The ease with which paper money can be created, by both legitimate authorities and counterfeiters, has led to a temptation in times of crisis such as war or revolution, or merely a spendthrift government, to produce paper money which was not supported by precious metal or other goods; this often led

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Manufacturing or issue costs. Coins are produced by industrial manufacturing methods that process the precious, semi-precious, or other metals, and require additions of alloy for hardness and wear resistance. By contrast, bank notes are printed paper (or polymer), and typically have a higher cost of

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would issue notes to pilgrims. Pilgrims would deposit valuables with a local Templar preceptory before embarking for the Holy Land and receive a document indicating the value of their deposit. They would then use that document upon arrival in the Holy Land to receive funds from the treasury of equal

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For years, the mode of collecting banknotes was through a handful of mail order dealers who issued price lists and catalogs. In the early 1990s, it became more common for rare notes to be sold at various coin and currency shows via auction. The illustrated catalogs and "event nature" of the auction

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Discounting to face value: Before national currencies and efficient clearing houses, banknotes were only redeemable at face value at the issuing bank. Even a branch bank could discount notes of other branches of the same bank. The discounts usually increased with distance from the issuing bank. The

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decided to lessen the amount of paper taken in the tribute quota because it was causing detrimental effects and creating heavy burdens on the people of the region. However, the government still needed masses of paper products for the exchange certificates and the state's new issuing of paper money.

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in which the orientation has been changed from the conventional horizontal orientation to a vertical orientation. Dowling Duncan, a self-touted multidisciplinary design studio, conducted a study in which they determined people tend to handle and deal with money vertically rather than horizontally,

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causes all payments on his own account to be made; and he makes them to pass current universally over all his kingdoms and provinces and territories, and whithersoever his power and sovereignty extends... and indeed everybody takes them readily, for wheresoever a person may go throughout the Great

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The central government soon observed the economic advantages of printing paper money, issuing a monopoly for the issue of these certificates of deposit to several deposit shops. By the early 12th century, the amount of banknotes issued in a single year amounted to an annual rate of 26 million

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in large commercial transactions. Before these notes, circular coins with a rectangular hole in the middle were used. Multiple coins could be strung together on a rope. Merchants found that the strings were too heavy to carry around easily, especially for large transactions. To solve this problem,

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Although historically not the case, these days banknotes are usually issued only by the central bank. This is broadly the case in all CPSS economies, except Hong Kong SAR, where banknotes are issued by three commercial banks. Singapore and the United Kingdom are more limited exceptions. Singapore

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The universal appeal and instant recognition of bank notes have resulted in a plethora of novelty merchandise that is designed to have the appearance of paper currency. These items cover nearly every class of product. Cloth material printed with banknote patterns is used for clothing, bed linens,

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The characteristics of banknotes, their materials and production techniques (as well as their development over history) are topics that are not usually thoroughly examined by historians, even though there are now a number of works detailing how bank notes were actually constructed. This is mostly

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for the issue of banknotes. However, this is not always the case, and historically, private banks frequently handled all of a country's paper currency. Thus, many different banks or institutions may have issued banknotes in a given country. Commercial banks in the United States had legally issued

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The idea that social and legal consensus determines what constitutes money is the foundation of modern banknotes. A gold coin's value is simply a reflection of the supply and demand mechanism of a society exchanging goods in a free market, as opposed to stemming from any intrinsic property of the

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quote="Detailed discussion of the material characteristics of Bank Notes, as well as the methods used in their construction, have therefore tended to constitute merely a footnote in historical works that have often prioritised both contemporary and modern theoretical understandings of money and

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popular in general circulation have largely failed). The existing infrastructure of such machines presents one of the difficulties in changing the design of these banknotes to make them less counterfeitable, that is, by adding additional features so easily discernible by people that they would

1985:. The durability of coins means that even if metal coins melt in a fire or are submerged under the sea for hundreds of years, they still have some value when they are recovered. Gold coins salvaged from shipwrecks retain almost all of their original appearance, but silver coins slowly corrode. 3016:

has surpassed auctions in terms of the highest volume of sales of banknotes. However, rare banknotes still sell for much less than comparable rare coins. This disparity is diminishing as paper money prices continue to rise. A few rare and historical banknotes have sold for more than a million

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and thread are incorporated during the paper forming process. The thread is a simple-looking security component found in most banknotes. It is, however, often rather complex in construction, comprising fluorescent, magnetic, metallic, and microprint elements. By combining it with watermarking

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produced a number of silk, leather, velvet, linen and wood issues. These issues were produced primarily for collectors, rather than for circulation. They are in demand by collectors. Banknotes printed on cloth include a number of Communist Revolutionary issues in China from areas such as

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with security level P-5 (pieces smaller than 30 mm) according to the standard DIN 66399–2. This small size decomposes a banknote into typically more than 500 tiny pieces and rules out reconstruction like a jigsaw puzzle because the shreds from many banknotes are commingled.

2068:, or other textile fibres. Generally, the paper used is different from ordinary paper: it is much more resilient, resists wear and tear (the average life of a paper banknote is two years), and also does not contain the usual agents that make ordinary paper glow slightly under 4571:, a government agency, although following the merger of the Board into the MAS in October 2002 this is no longer the case. In the United Kingdom, Scottish banks retain the right to issue banknotes alongside those of the Bank of England and three banks currently still do so. 2950:

and contribute to solving cash-related problems as well as fighting crime and terrorism. On a related note, governments consider the DICE benefits to be a driving force behind the progressive abolition of cash because they cover and resolve almost all cash-related issues.

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system, depositors began to ask for multiple receipts to be made out in smaller, fixed denominations for use as money. The receipts soon became a written order to pay the amount to whoever had possession of the note. These notes are credited as the first modern banknotes.

1559:("lettera di cambio"), that is, a promissory note based on a virtual currency account (usually a coin no longer physically existing), was used more often. All physical currencies were physically related to this virtual currency; this instrument also served as credit. 987:(usually gold or silver coin) when presented to the chief cashier of the originating bank. These commercial banknotes only traded at face value in the market served by the issuing bank. Commercial banknotes have primarily been replaced by national banknotes issued by 2139:

When paper bank notes were first introduced in England, they resulted in a dramatic rise in counterfeiting. The attempts by the Bank of England and the Royal Mint to stamp out currency crime led to new policing strategies, including the increased use of entrapment.

2323:(plastic), and in 1996, Australia became the first country to have a full set of circulating polymer banknotes of all denominations, completely replacing its paper banknotes. Since then, many other countries have adopted circulating polymer banknotes, including 2022:

by wear, since, even if they are in poor condition, they are still a legally valid claim on the issuing bank. However, banks of issue do have to pay the cost of replacing banknotes in poor condition, and paper and even polymer notes wear out much faster than

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As with any printing, there is also a chance for banknotes to have printing errors. For U.S. banknotes, these errors can include board break errors, butterfly fold errors, cutting errors, dual denomination errors, fold over errors, and misalignment errors.

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discount also depended on the perceived safety of the bank. When banks failed, the notes were usually partly redeemed out of reserves, but they sometimes became worthless. The problem of discounting within a country does not exist with national currencies.

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in 1921. At the same time, the Bank of England was restricted to issue new banknotes only if they were 100% backed by gold or up to £14 million in government debt. The Act gave the Bank of England an effective monopoly over the note issue from 1928.

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from a contract of bailment if the notary denied the existence of the contract. Law 124 stipulated that a depositor with a notarized contract of bailment was entitled to redeem the entire value of their deposit, and Law 125 stipulated that a banker was

2973:(39 F.3d 1039 63 USLW 2351, No. 92-55919) that the widespread presence of illegal substances on paper currency in the Los Angeles area created a situation where the reaction of a drug-sniffing dog would not create probable cause for civil forfeiture. 1353:

coins could be left with a trusted person, with the merchant being given a slip of paper (the receipt) recording how much money they had deposited with that person. Their coins would be restored when they went back and gave that person the paper.

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issued paper banknotes in the early 1800s. Cash paper money originated as receipts for value held on account "value received", and should not be conflated with promissory "sight bills," which were issued with a promise to convert at a later date.

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In the United States, there are many laws that allow the confiscation of cash and other assets from the bearer if there is suspicion that the money came from an illegal activity. Because a significant amount of U.S. currency contains traces of

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group in the UK. Other related methods include watermarking to reduce the number of corner folds by strengthening this part of the note. Varnishing and coatings reduce the accumulation of dirt on the note for longer durability in circulation.

2900: 2793:, it checks the individual notes to determine whether they are fit for future circulation. About one-third of the notes that the Fed receives are unfit, and the Fed destroys them. US dollar banknotes last an average of more than five years. 2809:

In the US, the nickname "Fed Shreds" refers to paper money which has been shredded after becoming unfit for circulation. Although these shredded banknotes are generally landfilled, they are sometimes sold or given away in small bags as

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banknotes for several months before cruzado novo banknotes were printed and issued. Banknotes can be overstamped with new denominations, typically when a country converts to a new currency at an even, fixed exchange rate (in this case,

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technology, the thread can be made to surface periodically on one side only. This is known as windowed thread and further increases the counterfeit resistance of the banknote paper. This process was invented by Portals, part of the

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quote="The technologies employed by the Bank in the making of its notes were ones that altered very little throughout the course of the long eighteenth century, with major changes not occurring until well after the close of this

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The Mongols adopted the Jin and Song practice of issuing paper money, and the earliest European account of paper money is the detailed description given by Marco Polo, who claimed to have served at the court of the Yuan dynasty

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of the document rather than the original depositor. This meant that the note could be used as currency based on the security of the goldsmith, not the account holder of the goldsmith-banker. The bankers also began issuing a

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curtains, upholstery, and more. Acrylic paperweights and even toilet seats with bank notes embedded inside are also common. Items that resemble stacks of bank notes and can be used as a seat or ottoman are also available.

1364:. By 960, the Song government was short of copper for striking coins, and issued the first generally circulating notes. These notes were a promise by the ruler to redeem them later for some other object of value, usually 1981:, meaning that the bank may not be able to make payment when the note was presented. Notes issued by central banks had a theoretical risk when they were backed by gold and silver. Both banknotes and coins are subject to 3759:

The introduction of paper money into Europe by Napoleon in the early 1800s, and of other valuable documents such as bearer securities and passports, kicked off a battle between security printers and counterfeiters

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Types of contaminants include: notes found on a corpse, stagnant water, contaminated by human or animal body fluids such as urine, feces, vomit, infectious blood, fine hazardous powders from detonated explosives,

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used for centuries in places like St. Giles Fair, however, done in this way, it was able to directly expand the expansion of the supply of circulating money. As these receipts were increasingly used in the money

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There are many different organizations and societies around the world for the hobby, including the International Bank Note Society (IBNS), which currently asserts to have around 2,000 members in 90 countries.

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light. Unlike most printing and writing paper, banknote paper is infused with polyvinyl alcohol or gelatin, instead of water, to give it extra strength. Early Chinese banknotes were printed on paper made of

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Collage for banknote design with annotations and additions to show proposed changes (figure rather higher so as to allow room for the No.), Bank of Manchester, UK, 1833. On display at the British Museum in

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The different advantages and disadvantages of coins and banknotes imply that there may be an ongoing role for both forms of bearer money, each being used where its advantages outweigh its disadvantages.

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machine to assess their authenticity and fitness for circulation, or may be classified unfit for circulation if they are worn, dirty, soiled, damaged, mutilated or torn. Unfit notes are returned to the

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Cost of transport. Coins can be expensive to transport for high value transactions, but banknotes can be issued in large denominations that are much lighter than the equivalent value in coins.

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Kaan's dominions he shall find these pieces of paper current, and shall be able to transact all sales and purchases of goods by means of them just as well as if they were coins of pure gold

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government printed money in no less than six ink colors and printed notes with intricate designs and sometimes even with mixture of a unique fiber in the paper to combat counterfeiting.

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was purported to have issued bank notes on parchment or leather before 146 BC. Hence Carthage may be the oldest user of lightweight promissory notes. The first known banknote was

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The Travels of Marco Polo, a Venetian, in the Thirteenth Century: Being a Description, by that Early Traveller, of Remarkable Places and Things, in the Eastern Parts of the World

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has also been used since banknotes first appeared; it involved the sewing of a thin wire frame into paper mould. Watermarks for notes were first used in 1697, by Rice Watkins, a

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in the form of loans, on the assumption that they would not have to redeem all of their issued banknotes at the same time. This was a natural extension of debt-based issuance of

5356: 5202: 2245:) to a paper banknote in the history of banknote printing. The application of optical features is now common throughout the world. Many countries' banknotes now have embedded 2007:. Numerous banks and nations have incorporated many types of countermeasures in order to keep the money secure. However, extremely sophisticated counterfeit notes known as 1513:

All these pieces of paper are, issued with as much solemnity and authority as if they were of pure gold or silver... with these pieces of paper, made as I have described,

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In a small number of countries, private banknote issuing continues to this day. For example, by virtue of the complex constitutional setup in the United Kingdom, certain

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Over the years, a number of materials other than paper have been used to print banknotes. This includes various textiles, including silk, and materials such as leather.

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paper maker. Watermarks and special paper made it harder and more expensive to forge banknotes, since more complex and expensive paper-making machines were needed.

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Contaminated banknotes are also decommissioned and removed from circulation, primarily to prevent the spread of diseases. A Canadian government report indicates:

3427: 3275: 2303:. These early plastic notes were plagued with issues such as ink wearing off, and they were discontinued. In 1988, after significant research and development in 5089: 4568: 1929: 4989:

Liao C; Liu F; Kannan K (2012). "Bisphenol S, a New Bisphenol Analogue, in Paper Products and Currency Bills and Its Association with Bisphenol A Residues".

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Silk and other fibers have been commonly used in the manufacture of various banknote papers, intended to provide both additional durability and security.

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were used for currency in France in the early 19th century, and in French Canada from 1685 until 1757, the Colony of Louisiana, Dutch Guiana, and in the

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Originally, the banknote was simply a promise to the bearer that they could redeem it for its value in specie, but in 1833, the second in a series of

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fibers, together with 25% linen, are the material of the banknotes in the United States. Leather banknotes (or coins) were issued in a number of

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Banknotes have a natural advantage over coins in that they are lighter to carry; but they are also less durable than coins. Banknotes issued by

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when they presented banknotes for payment. This practice of "backing" notes with something of substance is the basis for the history of

818: 5378: 4474: 4206: 4317: 4265: 4170: 3907: 1282:, for example, from the late 1600s onwards. With the removal of precious metals from the monetary system, banknotes evolved into pure 843: 3463: 5696:"They are Exactly as Banknotes are": Perceptions and Technologies of Bank Note Forgery During the Bank Restriction Period, 1797–1821 5191: 4290: 2680: 1894: 5348: 1547:, because of the insecurity and impracticality of transporting large sums of cash over long distances, money traders started using 5878: 5482: 2891: 2871: 2320: 1746: 1695: 5734: 1933: 1879: 1851: 1742: 3328: 1420:

were limited to regional areas of the empire, and were valid for use only in a designated and temporary limit of three years.

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has printed the reverse of its banknotes vertically. Between 1993 and 2013, Brazil has printed banknotes of 5000 and 50000

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Until the mid-nineteenth century, commercial banks were able to issue their own banknotes, and notes issued by provincial

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For the printing of paper money alone, the Song government established several government-run factories in the cities of

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series of banknotes has the obverse in traditional horizontal layout, while the reverse is in vertical format. The 2018

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metal. By the late 17th century, this new conceptual outlook helped to stimulate the issue of banknotes. The economist

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strings of cash coins. By the 1120s, the central government started to produce its own state-issued paper money (using

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for secure online destruction by high-speed banknote sorting machines using a cross-cut shredder device similar to a

2111:, vary the sizes of their banknotes by denomination. This is done so that they may be told apart through touch alone. 1368:. The issue of credit notes was often for a limited duration, and at some discount to the promised amount later. The 1507:

How the Great Kaan Causeth the Bark of Trees, Made into Something Like Paper, to Pass for Money All Over his Country

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which is composed of an inner layer of paper substrate with thin outer layers of plastic film for high durability.

1597: 1451:, small pieces of cloth were used as a means of trade, with these cloths having a set exchange rate versus silver. 1295: 617: 5453:"You Won a Lottery, Got an Award, or a Mystery Shopper Job and They Sent You a Check! Counterfeit Cashiers Checks" 5062: 4735: 1399:) alone would send 1,500,000 sheets of paper in seven different varieties to the capital at Kaifeng. In 1101, the 5532: 2312: 1688:, an early form of paper currency distinct from banknotes, to fund military expenditures and for use as a common 1528: 1501: 1475: 509: 269: 249: 4550: 6124: 6062: 2928: 2653: 2637: 2489: 924: 813: 1924:

As well as commercial issuers, other organizations may have note-issuing powers; for example, until 2002, the

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immediately reject banknotes of inferior quality, for every machine in the country would have to be updated.

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The shift toward the use of these receipts as a means of payment took place in the mid-17th century, as the

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Famous shipwrecks from which valuable precious metals and coins were recovered in recent years include the

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have adopted vertically oriented currency, though Cape Verde has now reverted to horizontal orientation.

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series too has the obverse in traditional horizontal layout, while the reverse is in vertical format.

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may have used a durable lightweight substance as promissory notes in 57 AD, which have been found in

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compresses shredded paper material into a small cylindrical or rectangular form for disposal (e.g.

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or other licensed authority, payable to the bearer on demand. Banknotes were originally issued by

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Taming Democracy: "The People," the Founders, and the Troubled Ending of the American Revolution

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where the cash came from at his own expense. Many people simply forfeit the money. In 1994, the

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Other issues from 1923 were printed on wood, which was also used in Canada in 1763–1764 during

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backing their currencies in gold or silver. Today, most national currencies have no backing in

6460: 6269: 6188: 6134: 6097: 5982: 5945: 5679: 5660: 5639: 5618: 5595: 5452: 5014: 4707: 4583: 4446: 4313: 4286: 4261: 4166: 4160: 4125: 4088: 4082: 4034: 4030: 4010: 3995: 3991: 3936: 3913: 3903: 3876: 3801: 3776: 3712: 3675: 3645: 3129: 2508: 2199: 2156: 2108: 1996: 1978: 1953: 1875: 1681: 1635: 1618: 1544: 1448: 1392: 1357: 1303: 1210: 1198: 1080: 1029: 898: 893: 254: 224: 214: 96: 5288: 5227: 2562:. A number of 19th-century issues are known in Germanic and Estonia, including the places of 2226:

to reflect political or economic changes that occur faster than new currency can be printed.

1002:, meaning that courts of law are required to recognize them as satisfactory payment of money 6383: 6171: 6156: 6101: 6052: 6014: 6004: 5382: 5006: 4862: 4852: 4650:. Shipwreck coins are highly collectible, and dealers sometimes post photos on the internet. 4513: 4482: 4198: 4014: 3868: 3366: 3214: 3074: 2996: 2817: 2714: 2668: 2448: 2384: 2316: 2268: 2258: 2048: 1925: 1859: 1778: 1614: 1584: 1583:, when relatively rapid gold inflation was causing a re-assessment of how money worked. The 1580: 1572: 1556: 1388: 1222: 1160: 1140: 1113: 1096: 1064: 980: 883: 878: 873: 711: 665: 660: 612: 602: 590: 333: 318: 244: 199: 3703:

Allen, Tony; Grant, R. G.; Parker, Philip; Celtel, Kay; Kramer, Ann; Weeks, Marcus (2022).

3455: 1862:) continue to print their own banknotes for domestic circulation, even though they are not 1262:

The perception of banknotes as money has evolved over time. Originally, money was based on

6568: 6151: 6079: 6009: 5987: 5960: 5786: 5758: 4067: 3324: 3119: 2932: 2555: 2541: 2408: 2060:

with a weight of 80 to 90 grams per square meter. The cotton is sometimes mixed with

1974: 1902: 1871: 1847: 1797: 1766: 1761: 1708: 1685: 1662: 1653: 1548: 1470: 1337: 1271: 1263: 1128: 1105: 1068: 976: 968: 903: 803: 778: 758: 746: 733: 723: 688: 640: 353: 296: 3562: 2511:

patented banknote paper with embedded silk threads in 1844 and has supplied paper to the

1878:; these notes are also usable as money (but not legal tender) in the rest of the UK (see 1665:

wrote that money "was an imaginary value made by a law for the convenience of exchange".

5349:"The Future of Banknotes & How One Company Is Working To Prevent A Cashless Economy" 5002: 4841:"How Criminal were the Irish? Bias in the Detection of London Currency Crime, 1797–1821" 3986:

Faure AP (6 April 2013). "Money Creation: Genesis 2: Goldsmith-Bankers and Bank Notes".

3541: 3354: 3202: 2103: 6583: 6264: 6178: 6161: 6146: 5792: 5633: 4439: 3708: 3315: 3114: 3079: 2824:

to form plastic products like building components, plumbing fittings, or compost bins.

2763: 2676: 2645: 2583: 2520: 2420: 2219: 2211: 2179: 2019: 1827: 1712: 1567: 1053: 1015: 888: 853: 798: 693: 683: 655: 562: 456: 328: 311: 306: 259: 154: 5478: 2739:

so badly damaged it has been torn in half. The note has later been repaired with tape.

2263: 1629:

to steadily increase the size of the copper coinage to maintain its value relative to

1026:

are used for lower valued monetary units, while banknotes are used for higher values.

6598: 6558: 6444: 6429: 6398: 6388: 6373: 6330: 6314: 5836: 5654: 5611: 5589: 4162:

An Economic History of Europe: Knowledge, Institutions and Growth, 600 to the Present

3897: 3872: 2966: 2786: 2750: 2694: 2686:

Early Chinese banknotes were also vertical, due to the direction of Chinese writing.

2672: 2641: 2444: 2004: 1738: 1669: 1243: 1176: 1057: 161: 2644:. They also note how money transactions are conducted vertically, not horizontally. 2619:(BPS), has been frequently used in the production of banknotes worldwide. BPS is an 1965:

Prior to the introduction of banknotes, precious or semiprecious metals minted into

1613:

The first short-lived attempt at issuing banknotes by a central bank was in 1661 by

6563: 6537: 6408: 6345: 6067: 6057: 5994: 5901: 4026: 3642:

The Origins of Value: The Financial Innovations that Created Modern Capital Markets

3410: 3310: 3258: 3065: 2779: 2759: 2057: 2000: 1867: 1823: 1801: 1792:

companies were the common form of currency throughout England, outside London. The

1782: 1730:

helped establish banknotes as a formal currency in France, after the wars waged by

1656:

Charter (1694). The bank began the first permanent issue of banknotes a year later.

1496: 1428: 1361: 1333: 1247: 1239: 1228: 1172: 1152: 1148: 1132: 1011: 999: 988: 984: 597: 489: 377: 372: 323: 5258: 5120:"New $ 10 bank note featuring Viola Desmond unveiled on International Women's Day" 4857: 4840: 3732: 2519:

issues from a number of German towns in 1923 during a period of fiscal crisis and

1999:

paper notes has always been a problem, especially since the introduction of color

4307: 4255: 2015:

issue, especially in larger denominations, compared with coins of the same value.

6573: 6527: 6340: 6294: 6289: 5967: 5921: 5873: 5820: 5815: 4504:

Horsefield, J. K. (November 1944). "The Origins of the Bank Charter Act, 1844".

4441:

The future of central banking: the tercentenary symposium of the Bank of England

3124: 2992: 2743:

Further information on the New York University scientific research project:

2736: 2702: 2657: 2616: 2609: 2467: 2392: 2376: 2288: 2223: 2115:

Another security feature is based on windows in the paper, which are covered by

2069: 2008: 1601: 1537: 1514: 1432: 1383:

Even before this point, the Song government was amassing large amounts of paper

1186: 1124: 753: 622: 444: 410: 44: 3969:"Sverige, Palmstruchska banken, Kreditsedel 10 daler silvermynt, 17 april 1666" 1238:", although true paper money did not appear until the 11th century, during the 1006:. Historically, banks sought to ensure that they could always pay customers in 6532: 6378: 6360: 6309: 6129: 6117: 5917: 5891: 5774: 5768: 5171: 4433:

Capie, Forrest; Fischer, Stanley; Goodhart, Charles; Schnadt, Norbert (1994).

3089: 3041: 2612:

in the beginning of the 19th century, and again in Germany after World War I.

2605: 2324: 2276: 1906: 1863: 1523: 1488: 1466: 1345: 1283: 1251: 1180: 1019: 773: 768: 698: 427: 4954: 3773:

Monetary Regimes and Inflation: History, Economic and Political Relationships

2515:

since 1879. Banknotes printed on pure silk "paper" include "emergency money"

1640:

was established in 1668, but did not issue banknotes until the 19th century.

1022:. With the exception of non-circulating high-value or precious metal issues, 6578: 6501: 6496: 6470: 6304: 6299: 6107: 4749: 3917: 3398: 3350: 3306: 3246: 3198: 3139: 2988: 2982: 2887: 2855: 2821: 2771: 2533: 2524: 2404: 2356: 2352: 2344: 2304: 2246: 2164: 2160: 2096: 2091: 1982: 1890: 1720: 1164: 567: 384: 5018: 4660: 5558: 3899:

The Knights Templar: The History and Myths of the Legendary Military Order

6542: 6522: 6506: 6491: 6439: 6403: 6393: 6350: 6284: 5977: 5930: 5797: 4018: 2811: 2802: 2775: 2632: 2578:, and Woiseck. In addition to the Bielefeld issues, other German leather 2567: 2529: 2456: 2412: 2388: 2364: 2195: 2152: 2116: 2074: 1855: 1436: 1413: 1360:", developed from these promissory notes by the 11th century, during the 1202: 1194: 1088: 1061: 1049: 403: 108: 78: 17: 3958:

De Geschiedenis van het Geld (the History of Money), 1992, Teleac, p. 96

3740:

Security Engineering: A Guide to Building Dependable Distributed Systems

1483:

In the 13th century, Chinese paper money of Mongol Yuan became known in

4525: 3415: 3263: 2961: 2947: 2623:

that is subject to human dermal absorption through handling banknotes.

2598: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2516: 2428: 2424: 2396: 2380: 2292: 2242: 2230: 1409: 1405: 1384: 1341: 1190: 1156: 828: 5010: 4867: 1598:

greater value of notes than the total value of their physical reserves

6434: 6335: 6259: 6040: 5999: 5950: 5842: 5809: 5719: 4543: 3580: 3578: 3576: 3574: 2547: 2452: 2440: 2435:. Other countries have issued commemorative polymer notes, including 2432: 2368: 2360: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2300: 2296: 2238: 1716: 1630: 1622: 1588: 1552: 1484: 1279: 1267: 1206: 1136: 1092: 1076: 1045: 432: 5090:"Canada unveils $ 10 bill featuring civil rights icon Viola Desmond" 4517: 1707:

The first bank to initiate the permanent issue of banknotes was the

2466:

Polymer banknotes were developed to improve durability and prevent

2030:

security features and confirming acceptability of the issuing bank.

1952:

When Brazil changed currencies in 1989, the 1000, 5000, and 10,000

1555:. For international payments, the more efficient and sophisticated 1308: 1155:

dynasties, starting in the 7th century. Its roots were in merchant

6237: 5912: 5848: 4434: 2730: 2563: 2551: 2537: 2484: 2436: 2400: 2372: 2340: 2284: 2280: 2262: 2102: 2084: 2083:) and other fibers are used in Japanese banknote paper (a kind of 2065: 2061: 2047: 1947: 1898: 1837: 1812: 1760: 1694: 1647: 1566: 1540: 1461: 1396: 1365: 1329: 1319: 1307: 1278:). But they were readily accepted—for convenience and security—in 1274:: a promise to pay someone in precious metal on presentation (see 1231: 1120: 1109: 718: 577: 451: 437: 420: 415: 6206: 5396: 3564:

The outline of history, being a plain history of life and mankind

2778:

or burning). Before the 1990s, unfit banknotes were destroyed by

2090:

Most banknotes are made using the mould-made process, in which a

1734:

left the country with a shortage of precious metals for coinage.

6486: 6019: 5972: 5803: 5780: 5656:

Daily Life in China on the Eve of the Mongol Invasion, 1250–1276

3013: 2907: 2127:

banknotes. Windows are also used with the Hybrid substrate from

2124: 1966: 1918: 1887:

Special Administrative Regions of the People's Republic of China

1789: 1668:

A temporary experiment of banknote issue was carried out by Sir

1387:. It was recorded that each year before 1101, the prefecture of 1084: 1072: 1041: 1037: 1023: 1007: 1003: 972: 360: 86: 6210: 5723: 5714:

Counterfeit money was a major problem in the 1850s – Pantagraph

2858:

notes with a typical size of less than 1.5 mm × 16 mm

2218:

of 1914 was worth 14,400 paper Kronen), the devaluation of the

2123:

for the higher denominations of the Europa series (ES2) of the

6254: 5854: 4661:"Virtual Shipwreck and Hoard Map by Daniel Frank Sedwick, LLC" 4257:

The Last Revolution: 1688 and the Creation of the Modern World

4244:, Volume 1, Issue 4 (American Economic Association, 1900) p.10 2119:

to make it very hard to copy. Such technology is applied as a

1826:

or treasury is generally solely responsible within a state or

1741:, there were early attempts at establishing a central bank in 1324:

A Yuan dynasty printing plate and banknote with Chinese words.

4242:

Currency and Banking in the Province of the Massachusetts-Bay

1842:

A $ 5 note issued by Citizens Bank of Louisiana in the 1850s.

1099:, and Law 123 stipulated that a banker was discharged of any 3486:"Ancient Roman IOUs Found Beneath Bloomberg's New London HQ" 3003:

issued in 1890 that was sold at an auction for $ 2,255,000.

2309:

Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation

1711:. Established in 1694 to raise money for the funding of the 4542:

Committee on Payment and Settlement Systems (August 2003).

3933:

History of the weksel: Bill of exchange and promissory note

2749:

A banknote is removed from circulation because of everyday

1205:

of banknotes. Fighting the counterfeiting of banknotes and

2789:

receives a cash deposit from a commercial bank or another

2295:

polymer (or plastic) banknotes; these were printed by the

2182:

and a loss of faith in the value of paper money, e.g. the

1254:

introduced the concept in Europe during the 13th century.

27:

Form of physical currency made of paper, cotton or polymer

4979:, Discovery Publishing House, New Delhi, 2009, pp. 26–27. 3386:

122. If anyone entrusts to ... have committed an offence.

3291:§100. ...he shall write down ... returns to his merchant. 1447:

According to a travelogue of a visit to Prague in 960 by

3833: 3831: 3829: 3595: 3593: 2052:

Obverse and reverse of an old American $ 100 note (1928)

1242:. The use of paper currency later spread throughout the 3618: 3616: 3614: 3612: 3610: 3608: 3414:. Translated by Harper, Robert Francis (2nd ed.). 3262:. Translated by Harper, Robert Francis (2nd ed.). 2147:

In the 18th century, banknotes were produced mainly by

1932:, a government agency that was later taken over by the 1769:

gained a monopoly over the issue of banknotes with the

1336:(618–907). Merchants would issue what are today called 1183:, with European banknotes appearing in 1661 in Sweden. 2971:

United States of America v. U.S. Currency, $ 30,060.00

2693:

featuring a portrait of Canadian civil rights pioneer

2532:, or Sinkiang, in the United Islamic Republic of East 2208:

individual states of the Confederate States of America

1956:

banknotes were overstamped and issued as 1, 5, and 10

4728:"The Banknote Lifecycle – from Design to Destruction" 3954: 3952: 2969:

Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit, held in the case of

2554:, as well as in other times of emergency. During the 2536:

in 1933. Emergency money was also printed in 1902 on

5635:

East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History

3234:

100. Anyone borrowing money shall ... his contract .

6551: 6515: 6479: 6453: 6417: 6359: 6323: 6247: 6028: 5911: 5864: 5829: 5757: 5676:

Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 5, Part 1

4908: 4906: 4904: 4544:"The Role of Central Bank Money in Payment Systems" 3640:William N. Goetzmann; K. Geert Rouwenhorst (2005). 3584: 2995:. Although generally not as widespread as coin and 1372:did not replace coins but was used alongside them. 1087:must present all articles and a signed contract of 5613:Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture 5610: 4549:. Bank for International Settlements. p. 96. 4438: 2753:from its handling. Banknotes are passed through a 2636:especially when the currency is processed through 1889:, arrangements are similar to those in the UK; in 1800:, which would henceforth have sole control of the 1781:established that banknotes would be considered as 1684:followed in Massachusetts' wake and began issuing 1193:of banknotes, is an inherent challenge in issuing 4408:"£2 note issued by Evans, Jones, Davies & Co" 3514:Speeches of J.P. Jones: Money and Tariff, 1890–93 2870:Shredded and briquetted US dollar notes from the 2601:, wooden checkerboard pieces were used as money. 1905:are issued by two different commercial banks. In 1591:began to give out the receipts as payable to the 1495:. Marco Polo's account of paper money during the 1469:described the use of early banknotes in China to 1159:of deposit during the Tang dynasty (618–907), as 5199:Federal Reserve System Cash Product Office (CPO) 4780:"Security features. Europa series €100 banknote" 4084:The History of Money for Understanding Economics 2470:through incorporated security features, such as 1676:starting on December 20, 1690, to help fund the 5506:"2 Million Counterfeit Items Removed From EBay" 2798: 2135:History of counterfeiting and security measures 1893:, three commercial banks are licensed to issue 1571:The first paper money in Europe, issued by the 1511: 1328:The first banknote-type instrument was used in 5379:"International Society for Individual Liberty" 5192:"Fitness Guidelines for Federal Reserve Notes" 5176:(Motion picture). Agence France-Presse. 2012. 4009:Tymoigne, Eric; Wray, L. Randall (July 2005). 2056:Until recently, most banknotes were made from 998:National banknotes are often, but not always, 6222: 5735: 5122:(Press release). Bank of Canada. 8 March 2018 3669: 3667: 3665: 1930:Board of Commissioners of Currency, Singapore 1234:during the 7th century, where it was called " 1171:in large commercial transactions. During the 1131:appeared in 118 BC and were made of leather. 925: 510: 8: 4689: 3635: 3633: 3631: 3159: 5173:Hungarians burn shredded money to stay warm 4165:. Cambridge University Press. p. 137. 3301: 3299: 2925:Intelligent banknote neutralisation systems 2920:Intelligent banknote neutralisation systems 2474:that are extremely difficult to reproduce. 1988:Other costs of using bearer money include: 1487:through the accounts of travelers, such as 1175:(1271–1368), banknotes were adopted by the 6229: 6215: 6207: 5826: 5742: 5728: 5720: 5142:"Ulster Bank reveals 'vertical' banknotes" 5033:"Dowling Duncan redesign the US banknotes" 4144:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3543:The Science of Money and American Finances 3443:§122. If a man give ... it from the thief. 2705:for 2019 were also presented in this way. 1617:, a predecessor of Sweden's central bank, 932: 918: 528: 517: 503: 31: 4866: 4856: 4567:dollar banknotes have been issued by the 4445:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 4122:Encyclopedia of American business history 3853:. Medieval Seminar, All Souls, 2012, p. 8 3733:"Chapter 12: Security Printing and Seals" 2820:may be shredded and then melted down and 2222:in the 1990s, etc. Banknotes may also be 2170:In the early 19th century (the so-called 1874:, prints notes which are legal tender in 1499:is the subject of a chapter of his book, 1213:methods development in recent centuries. 4706:. New York, Toronto: Rinehart & Co. 4704:The Transportation Revolution, 1815–1860 2654:Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States 2241:), which is the first foil application ( 1703:; leaf design by Benjamin Franklin, 1779 5617:. New York: Columbia University Press. 5591:A New Economic View of American History 4953:. Australian Government. Archived from 4473:Jeffrey A. Tucker (16 September 2010). 4312:. Oxford University Press. p. 17. 3837: 3820: 3800:. Oxford University Press. p. 85. 3775:. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 53. 3644:. Oxford University Press. p. 94. 3371:Records of the Past Exploration Society 3319:. Translated by King, Leonard William. 3219:Records of the Past Exploration Society 3152: 2944:Dynamic Intelligent Currency Encryption 2939:Dynamic Intelligent Currency Encryption 2826: 2782:, with a higher risk of manipulations. 2697:is presented in a vertical format. The 1751:federal government of the United States 531: 43: 5588:Atack, Jeremy; Passell, Peter (1994). 5565:from the original on 28 September 2012 4991:Environmental Science & Technology 4586:. Banque Internationale à Luxembourg. 4537: 4535: 4137: 4063: 4052: 4041:from the original on 20 September 2022 3622: 3599: 2210:, the financing of World War I by the 1095:before depositing the articles with a 1018:or commodities and have value only by 6108:Commodity theory of money (Metallism) 5539:from the original on 8 September 2011 5504:Cyndy Aleo-Carreira (25 March 2009). 5289:"Currency Processing and Destruction" 5180:from the original on 2 November 2021. 5063:"2018 New Series Hong Kong Banknotes" 4790:from the original on 12 November 2018 4556:from the original on 9 September 2008 4285:(3rd ed.). Krause Publications. 3749:from the original on 11 December 2013 2894:(approx. 1000 pieces, 1 kg) 2874:(approx. 1000 pieces, 1 kg) 2841:Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco 2586:, Osterwieck, Paderborn and Pößneck. 2202:, the paper currency produced by the 1870:anywhere. The UK's central bank, the 1757:Central bank issuance of legal tender 7: 5638:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. 5512:from the original on 4 November 2011 5407:from the original on 11 October 2012 5359:from the original on 8 November 2020 5269:from the original on 16 October 2007 5228:"How Currency Gets into Circulation" 4435:"The development of central banking" 4388:from the original on 15 January 2013 3971:[Europe's first banknotes]. 3403:"Code of Hammurabi, King of Babylon" 3355:"Code of Hammurabi, King of Babylon" 3311:"Code of Hammurabi, King of Babylon" 3251:"Code of Hammurabi, King of Babylon" 3203:"Code of Hammurabi, King of Babylon" 3175:. British Royal Mint. Archived from 1917:notes until the introduction of the 1266:. Banknotes were seen by some as an 824:Residential mortgage-backed security 5702:(PhD). University of Hertfordshire. 5485:from the original on 26 August 2011 5459:from the original on 13 August 2011 5257:Trichur, Rita (28 September 2007). 4372:"Currency and Bank Notes Act, 1928" 4209:from the original on 3 January 2014 4203:Cité de l’économie et de la monnaie 3902:. New York: Thunder's Mouth Press. 3585:Ebrey, Walthall & Palais (2006) 3466:from the original on 25 August 2017 2914:, Germany (approx. 1 kg) 2785:When a Federal Reserve Bank of the 2011:have been detected in recent years. 1749:, but it was only in 1862 that the 1316:, the world's earliest paper money. 1167:desired to avoid the heavy bulk of 819:Commercial mortgage-backed security 5479:"Forged German Treasure Banknotes" 4934: 4923: 4912: 4894: 4881: 4820:from the original on 13 April 2019 4760:from the original on 17 April 2018 4590:from the original on 27 April 2015 4569:Board of Commissioners of Currency 4260:. Random House. pp. 344–346. 3567:. New York: The Macmillan Company. 2018:Wear costs. Banknotes do not lose 1911:Banque Internationale à Luxembourg 1852:state's four constituent countries 1227:Paper currency first developed in 844:Collateralized mortgage obligation 25: 6085:Akkadian standards of measurement 5716:(Bloomington, Illinois newspaper) 5238:from the original on 17 July 2019 5100:from the original on 8 March 2018 4671:from the original on 23 June 2012 4481:. Mises Institute. Archived from 4348:. Bank of England. Archived from 3433:from the original on 13 June 2021 3365:(3). Translated by Sommer, Otto. 3281:from the original on 13 June 2021 3213:(3). Translated by Sommer, Otto. 2977:Paper money collecting as a hobby 2955:Confiscation and asset forfeiture 1348:to avoid using the heavy bulk of 979:, which were legally required to 5894: 5632:Ebrey; Walthall; Palais (2006). 5594:. New York: W.W. Norton and Co. 5329:from the original on 9 July 2019 5299:from the original on 6 July 2019 5293:Federal Reserve Bank of New York 5232:Federal Reserve Bank of New York 5208:from the original on 9 July 2019 5152:from the original on 25 May 2018 5039:. 14 August 2010. Archived from 4462:– via LSE Research Online. 4410:. British Museum. Archived from 4326:from the original on 1 July 2023 4283:The Early Paper Money of America 4179:from the original on 1 July 2023 4101:from the original on 1 July 2023 4087:. Vincent Lannoye. p. 132. 3873:10.1163/1877-5888_rpp_com_125078 3684:from the original on 1 July 2023 3540:Moulton, Luther Vanhorn (1880). 3521:from the original on 1 July 2023 3331:from the original on 10 May 2021 3058: 3044: 2899: 2892:Federal Reserve Bank of New York 2879: 2872:Federal Reserve Bank of New York 2863: 2847: 2839:Fed Shreds as souvenir from the 2832: 2556:Russian administration of Alaska 2321:biaxially-oriented polypropylene 1443:European explorers and merchants 948: – also called a 539: 483: 471: 55: 5771:(W. Mesoamerica & N. Andes) 4620:from the original on 9 May 2018 3988:Social Science Research Network 2718:where several attempts to make 2699:Northern Irish £5 and £10 notes 2631:Vertical currency is a type of 2315:, Australia produced the first 1934:Monetary Authority of Singapore 1880:Banknotes of the pound sterling 1332:in the 7th century, during the 1250:China. European explorers like 1209:has been a principal driver of 964: – is a type of 5678:. Cambridge University Press. 5259:"Bankers wipe out dirty money" 5088:Brett Bundale (8 March 2018). 4702:Taylor, George Rogers (1951). 4610:"Error Is Human: Part I – PMG" 4475:"Yesterday was a Historic Day" 4346:"A brief history of banknotes" 3546:. Co-operative Press. p. 2991:, is a slowly growing area of 2931:, retail machines, and during 2709:Vending machines and banknotes 1913:was entitled to issue its own 1435:, issued paper money known as 839:Collateralized fund obligation 834:Collateralized debt obligation 1: 6088: 6036:List of historical currencies 5941:Central bank digital currency 5659:. Stanford University Press. 4858:10.1080/03058034.2016.1270876 4756:. National Printing Bureau. 4750:"Banknote Production Process" 4199:"The first European banknote" 4011:"Money: An Alternative Story" 3511:Jones, John Percival (1890). 3488:. 1 June 2016. Archived from 3095:Hybrid paper-polymer banknote 2497: 2461:hybrid paper-polymer banknote 2204:Confederate States of America 2107:Many currencies, such as the 1674:Province of Massachusetts Bay 1033: 729:Initial public offering (IPO) 618:Over-the-counter market (OTC) 6142:Standard of deferred payment 5531:Bank Note (23 August 2011). 5481:. mebanknotes. 28 May 2008. 5067:Hong Kong Monetary Authority 4159:Karl Gunnar Persson (2010). 2558:, banknotes were printed on 2039:Materials used for banknotes 1944:Advantages and disadvantages 1753:, began to print banknotes. 1644:Permanent issue of banknotes 1108:for replacement of deposits 1067:. Law 122 stipulated that a 6610:Accounting source documents 5096:. Toronto Star Newspapers. 4913:Mockford, 2014; pp. 122–123 4882:Mockford, 2014; pp. 118–119 4810:"Hybrid Banknote Substrate" 4120:Geisst, Charles R. (2005). 3931:Moshenskyi, Sergii (2008). 3798:Technology: A World History 3796:Daniel R. Headrick (2009). 3420:University of Chicago Press 3268:University of Chicago Press 3110:List of people on banknotes 3105:List of motifs on banknotes 1563:Birth of European banknotes 1300:Economy of the Song dynasty 1199:anticounterfeiting measures 6646: 4690:Atack & Passell (1994) 3863:Sarnowsky, Jürgen (2011). 3705:Timelines of World History 3160:Atack & Passell (1994) 2980: 2742: 2713:In the late 20th century, 2681:Hong Kong dollar banknotes 2472:optically variable devices 2256: 1699:Fifty-five-dollar bill in 1356:True paper money, called " 1296:List of Chinese inventions 1293: 1220: 764:Exchange-traded fund (ETF) 5889: 5455:. Consumer Fraud Report. 5323:Reserve Bank of Australia 3173:"Legal Tender Guidelines" 2929:automated teller machines 2459:issued the world's first 2313:Reserve Bank of Australia 2297:American Banknote Company 1678:war effort against France 1529:The Travels of Marco Polo 1502:The Travels of Marco Polo 1476:The Travels of Marco Polo 1290:Early Chinese paper money 1036:1755–1750 BC) stipulated 1030:Code of Hammurabi Law 100 6125:Quantity theory of money 5946:Chattel/movable property 5674:Needham, Joseph (1986). 5653:Gernet, Jacques (1962). 5609:Bowman, John S. (2000). 5535:. World Record Academy. 4814:Papierfabrik Louisenthal 4281:Newman, Eric P. (1990). 4240:Andrew McFarland Davis, 4124:. New York. p. 39. 4081:Vincent Lannoye (2011). 2987:Banknote collecting, or 2906:Shredded and briquetted 2886:Shredded and briquetted 2582:from 1923 is known from 2540:shirt fabric during the 2490:Russian American Company 1794:Bank Charter Act of 1844 1771:Bank Charter Act of 1844 1723:first appeared in 1855. 1145:first developed in China 1081:chattel/movable property 814:Mortgage-backed security 5693:Mockford, Jack (2014). 4254:Patrick Dillon (2007). 3771:Peter Bernholz (2003). 2691:2018 Canadian $ 10 bill 2494:Alaskan parchment scrip 2172:Bank Restriction Period 1726:The Scottish economist 1672:as the governor of the 1401:Emperor Huizong of Song 608:Foreign exchange market 397:Commemorative banknotes 6184:Complementary currency 6113:Credit theory of money 6073:Depository institution 5559:"Introducing the IBNS" 4935:Mockford, 2014; p. 127 4924:Mockford, 2014; p. 126 4895:Mockford, 2014; p. 121 4839:Crymble, Adam (2018). 4379:www.legislation.gov.uk 4306:Bouton, Terry (2007). 4062:Cite journal requires 3456:"The History of Money" 2807: 2740: 2513:United States Treasury 2504: 2272: 2216:Austro-Hungarian krone 2149:copper-plate engraving 2112: 2080:Edgeworthia chrysantha 2053: 1962: 1895:Hong Kong dollar notes 1866:or declared in law as 1843: 1819: 1774: 1704: 1657: 1576: 1534: 1480: 1325: 1317: 954:North American English 651:Inflation-indexed bond 478:Numismatics portal 116:Circulating currencies 6625:Written communication 6369:Continuous stationery 6280:Corrugated fiberboard 6167:Digital gold currency 5533:"Long Beach Sale Set" 5037:Dowling | Duncan 4784:European Central Bank 3896:Martin, Sean (2004). 3561:Wells, H. G. (1921). 3085:Contaminated currency 2791:financial institution 2734: 2488: 2353:Hong Kong SAR (China) 2266: 2106: 2051: 1951: 1841: 1833:Federal Reserve Notes 1816: 1764: 1698: 1651: 1636:Riksens Ständers Bank 1570: 1465: 1323: 1311: 1197:. It is countered by 809:Asset-backed security 208:Historical currencies 49:the study of currency 6046:Coincidence of wants 5866:Representative money 4485:on 18 September 2010 4352:on 29 September 2013 4019:10.2139/ssrn.1009611 3680:. pp. 353–355. 3147:Notes and references 2627:Vertical orientation 2595:Hudson's Bay Company 2523:. Most notoriously, 2198:produced during the 2188:Continental Congress 2184:Continental Currency 1701:Continental currency 1276:representative money 993:monetary authorities 179:Fictional currencies 6194:Time-based currency 5201:. 7 February 2019. 5003:2012EnST...46.6515L 3674:Marco Polo (1818). 3462:. 26 October 1996. 3359:Records of the Past 3207:Records of the Past 3179:on 17 December 2008 2912:Deutsche Bundesbank 2910:banknotes from the 2745:Dirty Money Project 2621:endocrine disruptor 2591:Pontiac's Rebellion 2417:Trinidad and Tobago 2192:American Revolution 1915:Luxembourgish franc 1901:, banknotes of the 1652:The sealing of the 1427:The founder of the 366:Commemorative coins 277:Medieval currencies 186:Proposed currencies 6630:Ancient inventions 6063:Clearinghouse bank 5751:Medium of exchange 4845:The London Journal 4647:SS Central America 4414:on 18 January 2012 4229:Discourse on Trade 3851:Dirhams for slaves 3849:Jankowiak, Marek. 3135:United States Note 3052:Numismatics portal 2828:Shredded Banknotes 2814:or as briquettes. 2741: 2505: 2349:Dominican Republic 2273: 2233:produced the 5000 2113: 2054: 1963: 1928:was issued by the 1844: 1820: 1809:Issue of banknotes 1785:during peacetime. 1775: 1705: 1690:medium of exchange 1658: 1602:split tally sticks 1577: 1493:William of Rubruck 1481: 1378:woodblock printing 1326: 1318: 849:Credit-linked note 792:Structured finance 646:Floating rate note 6592: 6591: 6461:Ingrain wallpaper 6270:Coffee cup sleeve 6204: 6203: 6189:Sectoral currency 6135:Market monetarism 6098:Code of Hammurabi 5887: 5886: 5879:Gold certificates 5685:978-0-5218-7566-0 5666:978-0-8047-0720-6 5645:978-0-6181-3384-0 5624:978-0-2311-1004-4 5601:978-0-393-96315-1 5065:(Press release). 5011:10.1021/es300876n 4997:(12): 6515–6522. 4713:978-0-87332-101-3 4692:, pp. 84–86. 4452:978-0-5214-9634-6 4227:Nicholas Barbon, 4131:978-0-8160-4350-7 4094:978-1-4802-0066-1 3942:978-1-4363-0694-2 3882:978-9-0041-4666-2 3807:978-0-19-988759-0 3782:978-1-84376-155-6 3718:978-0-7440-5627-3 3651:978-0-19-517571-4 3130:Trevett v. Weeden 2818:Polymer banknotes 2509:Crane and Company 2299:and developed by 2291:issued the first 2283:issued the first 2269:2000 Romanian lei 2253:Polymer banknotes 2200:French Revolution 2161:watermarked paper 2157:intaglio printing 2129:Giesecke+Devrient 2117:holographic foils 2109:Indonesian rupiah 2077:bark. Mitsumata ( 1979:counterparty risk 1876:England and Wales 1779:Bank Charter Acts 1682:Thirteen Colonies 1619:Sveriges Riksbank 1585:goldsmith bankers 1454:Around 1150, the 1449:Ibrahim ibn Yaqub 1304:Jiaozi (currency) 1211:security printing 1065:contractual terms 942: 941: 899:Credit derivative 712:Equities (stocks) 527: 526: 16:(Redirected from 6637: 6231: 6224: 6217: 6208: 6172:Virtual currency 6157:Digital currency 6093: 6090: 6053:Bureau de change 5904: 5899: 5898: 5897: 5830:Domestic animals 5827: 5744: 5737: 5730: 5721: 5703: 5701: 5689: 5670: 5649: 5628: 5616: 5605: 5575: 5574: 5572: 5570: 5555: 5549: 5548: 5546: 5544: 5528: 5522: 5521: 5519: 5517: 5501: 5495: 5494: 5492: 5490: 5475: 5469: 5468: 5466: 5464: 5449: 5443: 5442: 5440: 5438: 5429:. Archived from 5423: 5417: 5416: 5414: 5412: 5393: 5387: 5386: 5381:. Archived from 5375: 5369: 5368: 5366: 5364: 5345: 5339: 5338: 5336: 5334: 5315: 5309: 5308: 5306: 5304: 5285: 5279: 5278: 5276: 5274: 5254: 5248: 5247: 5245: 5243: 5224: 5218: 5217: 5215: 5213: 5207: 5196: 5188: 5182: 5181: 5168: 5162: 5161: 5159: 5157: 5138: 5132: 5131: 5129: 5127: 5116: 5110: 5109: 5107: 5105: 5085: 5079: 5078: 5076: 5074: 5059: 5053: 5052: 5050: 5048: 5043:on 23 April 2011 5029: 5023: 5022: 4986: 4980: 4973: 4967: 4966: 4964: 4962: 4943: 4937: 4932: 4926: 4921: 4915: 4910: 4899: 4892: 4886: 4879: 4873: 4872: 4870: 4860: 4836: 4830: 4829: 4827: 4825: 4806: 4800: 4799: 4797: 4795: 4776: 4770: 4769: 4767: 4765: 4746: 4740: 4739: 4734:. Archived from 4724: 4718: 4717: 4699: 4693: 4687: 4681: 4680: 4678: 4676: 4665:sedwickcoins.com 4657: 4651: 4636: 4630: 4629: 4627: 4625: 4614:www.pmgnotes.com 4606: 4600: 4599: 4597: 4595: 4580: 4574: 4573: 4563: 4561: 4555: 4548: 4539: 4530: 4529: 4501: 4495: 4494: 4492: 4490: 4470: 4464: 4463: 4461: 4459: 4444: 4430: 4424: 4423: 4421: 4419: 4404: 4398: 4397: 4395: 4393: 4387: 4376: 4368: 4362: 4361: 4359: 4357: 4342: 4336: 4335: 4333: 4331: 4303: 4297: 4296: 4278: 4272: 4271: 4251: 4245: 4238: 4232: 4225: 4219: 4218: 4216: 4214: 4195: 4189: 4188: 4186: 4184: 4156: 4150: 4149: 4143: 4135: 4117: 4111: 4110: 4108: 4106: 4078: 4072: 4071: 4065: 4060: 4058: 4050: 4048: 4046: 4006: 4000: 3999: 3983: 3977: 3976: 3965: 3959: 3956: 3947: 3946: 3928: 3922: 3921: 3893: 3887: 3886: 3860: 3854: 3847: 3841: 3835: 3824: 3818: 3812: 3811: 3793: 3787: 3786: 3768: 3762: 3761: 3756: 3754: 3748: 3737: 3729: 3723: 3722: 3700: 3694: 3693: 3691: 3689: 3671: 3660: 3659: 3637: 3626: 3620: 3603: 3597: 3588: 3582: 3569: 3568: 3558: 3552: 3551: 3537: 3531: 3530: 3528: 3526: 3508: 3502: 3501: 3499: 3497: 3492:on 10 April 2019 3482: 3476: 3475: 3473: 3471: 3452: 3446: 3445: 3440: 3438: 3432: 3407: 3395: 3389: 3388: 3383: 3381: 3347: 3341: 3340: 3338: 3336: 3303: 3294: 3293: 3288: 3286: 3280: 3255: 3243: 3237: 3236: 3231: 3229: 3195: 3189: 3188: 3186: 3184: 3169: 3163: 3157: 3075:Banknote counter 3068: 3063: 3062: 3061: 3054: 3049: 3048: 3047: 2997:stamp collecting 2903: 2883: 2867: 2854:Shreds of unfit 2851: 2836: 2755:banknote sorting 2715:vending machines 2502: 2499: 2449:Northern Ireland 2385:Papua New Guinea 2317:polymer banknote 2311:(CSIRO) and the 2271:polymer banknote 2259:Polymer banknote 2214:(by 1922 1 gold 2186:produced by the 1975:commercial banks 1926:Singapore dollar 1860:Northern Ireland 1848:commercial banks 1615:Stockholms Banco 1581:price revolution 1573:Stockholms Banco 1557:bill of exchange 1549:promissory notes 1532: 1338:promissory notes 1223:History of money 1189:, including the 1129:promissory notes 1035: 977:commercial banks 934: 927: 920: 747:Investment funds 666:Commercial paper 661:Zero-coupon bond 613:Futures exchange 603:Commodity market 543: 529: 519: 512: 505: 490:Money portal 488: 487: 486: 476: 475: 474: 200:History of money 155:Local currencies 59: 50: 32: 21: 6645: 6644: 6640: 6639: 6638: 6636: 6635: 6634: 6595: 6594: 6593: 6588: 6547: 6511: 6475: 6449: 6413: 6355: 6319: 6243: 6235: 6205: 6200: 6152:Unit of account 6091: 6024: 6010:Promissory note 5988:Deposit account 5961:Cheque clearing 5915: 5907: 5900: 5895: 5893: 5883: 5860: 5825: 5793:Precious metals 5760: 5753: 5748: 5710: 5699: 5692: 5686: 5673: 5667: 5652: 5646: 5631: 5625: 5608: 5602: 5587: 5584: 5579: 5578: 5568: 5566: 5557: 5556: 5552: 5542: 5540: 5530: 5529: 5525: 5515: 5513: 5503: 5502: 5498: 5488: 5486: 5477: 5476: 5472: 5462: 5460: 5451: 5450: 5446: 5436: 5434: 5425: 5424: 5420: 5410: 5408: 5395: 5394: 5390: 5385:on 9 June 2012. 5377: 5376: 5372: 5362: 5360: 5355:. 18 May 2015. 5347: 5346: 5342: 5332: 5330: 5317: 5316: 5312: 5302: 5300: 5287: 5286: 5282: 5272: 5270: 5256: 5255: 5251: 5241: 5239: 5226: 5225: 5221: 5211: 5209: 5205: 5194: 5190: 5189: 5185: 5170: 5169: 5165: 5155: 5153: 5148:. 24 May 2018. 5140: 5139: 5135: 5125: 5123: 5118: 5117: 5113: 5103: 5101: 5087: 5086: 5082: 5072: 5070: 5061: 5060: 5056: 5046: 5044: 5031: 5030: 5026: 4988: 4987: 4983: 4977:Bank Regulation 4974: 4970: 4960: 4958: 4951:About Australia 4945: 4944: 4940: 4933: 4929: 4922: 4918: 4911: 4902: 4893: 4889: 4880: 4876: 4838: 4837: 4833: 4823: 4821: 4808: 4807: 4803: 4793: 4791: 4778: 4777: 4773: 4763: 4761: 4748: 4747: 4743: 4738:on 13 May 2012. 4726: 4725: 4721: 4714: 4701: 4700: 4696: 4688: 4684: 4674: 4672: 4659: 4658: 4654: 4637: 4633: 4623: 4621: 4608: 4607: 4603: 4593: 4591: 4584:"BIL's history" 4582: 4581: 4577: 4559: 4557: 4553: 4546: 4541: 4540: 4533: 4518:10.2307/2549352 4512:(44): 180–189. 4503: 4502: 4498: 4488: 4486: 4472: 4471: 4467: 4457: 4455: 4453: 4432: 4431: 4427: 4417: 4415: 4406: 4405: 4401: 4391: 4389: 4385: 4374: 4370: 4369: 4365: 4355: 4353: 4344: 4343: 4339: 4329: 4327: 4320: 4305: 4304: 4300: 4293: 4280: 4279: 4275: 4268: 4253: 4252: 4248: 4239: 4235: 4226: 4222: 4212: 4210: 4197: 4196: 4192: 4182: 4180: 4173: 4158: 4157: 4153: 4136: 4132: 4119: 4118: 4114: 4104: 4102: 4095: 4080: 4079: 4075: 4061: 4051: 4044: 4042: 4008: 4007: 4003: 3985: 3984: 3980: 3967: 3966: 3962: 3957: 3950: 3943: 3930: 3929: 3925: 3910: 3895: 3894: 3890: 3883: 3862: 3861: 3857: 3848: 3844: 3836: 3827: 3819: 3815: 3808: 3795: 3794: 3790: 3783: 3770: 3769: 3765: 3752: 3750: 3746: 3742:. p. 245. 3735: 3731: 3730: 3726: 3719: 3702: 3701: 3697: 3687: 3685: 3673: 3672: 3663: 3652: 3639: 3638: 3629: 3621: 3606: 3598: 3591: 3583: 3572: 3560: 3559: 3555: 3539: 3538: 3534: 3524: 3522: 3510: 3509: 3505: 3495: 3493: 3484: 3483: 3479: 3469: 3467: 3454: 3453: 3449: 3436: 3434: 3430: 3405: 3397: 3396: 3392: 3379: 3377: 3349: 3348: 3344: 3334: 3332: 3325:Yale Law School 3305: 3304: 3297: 3284: 3282: 3278: 3253: 3245: 3244: 3240: 3227: 3225: 3197: 3196: 3192: 3182: 3180: 3171: 3170: 3166: 3158: 3154: 3149: 3144: 3120:Postal currency 3064: 3059: 3057: 3050: 3045: 3043: 3040: 3027: 3009: 2985: 2979: 2957: 2941: 2933:cash-in-transit 2922: 2915: 2904: 2895: 2890:notes from the 2884: 2875: 2868: 2859: 2852: 2843: 2837: 2805:and/or drugs... 2747: 2729: 2711: 2673:cruzeiros reais 2629: 2615:Most recently, 2500: 2480: 2478:Other materials 2409:Solomon Islands 2261: 2255: 2137: 2121:portrait window 2046: 2044:Paper banknotes 2041: 1946: 1903:Macanese pataca 1872:Bank of England 1811: 1798:Bank of England 1767:Bank of England 1759: 1709:Bank of England 1686:bills of credit 1663:Nicholas Barbon 1654:Bank of England 1646: 1565: 1533: 1522: 1471:Medieval Europe 1456:Knights Templar 1445: 1340:in the form of 1306: 1292: 1272:promissory note 1264:precious metals 1225: 1219: 1112:while in their 1016:precious metals 969:promissory note 938: 909: 908: 904:Hybrid security 869: 859: 858: 804:Agency security 794: 784: 783: 779:Segregated fund 759:Closed-end fund 749: 739: 738: 714: 704: 703: 689:Government bond 679: 678:Bonds by issuer 671: 670: 641:Fixed rate bond 636: 635:Bonds by coupon 628: 627: 593: 583: 582: 553: 523: 494: 484: 482: 472: 470: 462: 461: 354:Coin collecting 349: 348: 339: 338: 292: 291: 282: 281: 203: 202: 191: 190: 82: 81: 48: 47: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6643: 6641: 6633: 6632: 6627: 6622: 6617: 6615:Paper products 6612: 6607: 6597: 6596: 6590: 6589: 6587: 6586: 6584:Security paper 6581: 6576: 6571: 6566: 6561: 6555: 6553: 6549: 6548: 6546: 6545: 6540: 6535: 6530: 6525: 6519: 6517: 6513: 6512: 6510: 6509: 6504: 6499: 6494: 6489: 6483: 6481: 6477: 6476: 6474: 6473: 6468: 6463: 6457: 6455: 6451: 6450: 6448: 6447: 6442: 6437: 6432: 6427: 6421: 6419: 6415: 6414: 6412: 6411: 6406: 6401: 6396: 6391: 6386: 6381: 6376: 6371: 6365: 6363: 6357: 6356: 6354: 6353: 6348: 6343: 6338: 6333: 6327: 6325: 6321: 6320: 6318: 6317: 6312: 6307: 6302: 6297: 6292: 6287: 6282: 6277: 6275:Corrugated box 6272: 6267: 6265:Cigarette pack 6262: 6257: 6251: 6249: 6245: 6244: 6236: 6234: 6233: 6226: 6219: 6211: 6202: 6201: 6199: 6198: 6197: 6196: 6191: 6186: 6179:Local currency 6176: 6175: 6174: 6169: 6164: 6162:Cryptocurrency 6154: 6149: 6147:Store of value 6144: 6139: 6138: 6137: 6132: 6122: 6121: 6120: 6110: 6105: 6102:§100; §122–125 6095: 6092: 2150 BC 6082: 6077: 6076: 6075: 6065: 6060: 6055: 6050: 6049: 6048: 6038: 6032: 6030: 6026: 6025: 6023: 6022: 6017: 6012: 6007: 6002: 5997: 5992: 5991: 5990: 5980: 5975: 5970: 5965: 5964: 5963: 5953: 5948: 5943: 5938: 5933: 5927: 5925: 5909: 5908: 5906: 5905: 5890: 5888: 5885: 5884: 5882: 5881: 5876: 5870: 5868: 5862: 5861: 5859: 5858: 5857:(Tibet, China) 5852: 5846: 5840: 5833: 5831: 5824: 5823: 5818: 5813: 5807: 5801: 5800:(cotton cloth) 5795: 5790: 5784: 5778: 5772: 5765: 5763: 5755: 5754: 5749: 5747: 5746: 5739: 5732: 5724: 5718: 5717: 5709: 5708:External links 5706: 5705: 5704: 5690: 5684: 5671: 5665: 5650: 5644: 5629: 5623: 5606: 5600: 5583: 5580: 5577: 5576: 5550: 5523: 5496: 5470: 5444: 5433:on 3 June 2013 5427:"Resource.org" 5418: 5388: 5370: 5353:LinkedIn Pulse 5340: 5310: 5280: 5249: 5219: 5183: 5163: 5146:The Irish News 5133: 5111: 5080: 5069:. 24 July 2018 5054: 5024: 4981: 4968: 4957:on 7 June 2011 4947:"Our Currency" 4938: 4927: 4916: 4900: 4887: 4874: 4831: 4801: 4771: 4741: 4719: 4712: 4694: 4682: 4652: 4631: 4601: 4575: 4531: 4496: 4465: 4451: 4425: 4399: 4363: 4337: 4319:978-0195378566 4318: 4298: 4291: 4273: 4267:978-1844134083 4266: 4246: 4233: 4220: 4190: 4172:978-0521549400 4171: 4151: 4130: 4112: 4093: 4073: 4064:|journal= 4001: 3978: 3960: 3948: 3941: 3935:. p. 55. 3923: 3909:978-1560256458 3908: 3888: 3881: 3855: 3842: 3838:Needham (1986) 3825: 3821:Needham (1986) 3813: 3806: 3788: 3781: 3763: 3724: 3717: 3711:. p. 82. 3695: 3661: 3650: 3627: 3604: 3602:, p. 105. 3589: 3587:, p. 156. 3570: 3553: 3532: 3503: 3477: 3460:pbs.org – Nova 3447: 3390: 3367:Washington, DC 3342: 3316:Avalon Project 3295: 3238: 3215:Washington, DC 3190: 3164: 3162:, p. 469. 3151: 3150: 3148: 3145: 3143: 3142: 3137: 3132: 3127: 3122: 3117: 3115:Money creation 3112: 3107: 3102: 3097: 3092: 3087: 3082: 3080:J. S. G. Boggs 3077: 3071: 3070: 3069: 3055: 3039: 3036: 3026: 3023: 3008: 3005: 2981:Main article: 2978: 2975: 2956: 2953: 2940: 2937: 2921: 2918: 2917: 2916: 2905: 2898: 2896: 2885: 2878: 2876: 2869: 2862: 2860: 2853: 2846: 2844: 2838: 2831: 2829: 2764:paper shredder 2728: 2725: 2710: 2707: 2677:Brazilian real 2675:and the first 2642:money machines 2628: 2625: 2597:. In 1848, in 2521:hyperinflation 2479: 2476: 2468:counterfeiting 2421:United Kingdom 2257:Main article: 2254: 2251: 2220:Yugoslav dinar 2212:Central Powers 2180:hyperinflation 2136: 2133: 2045: 2042: 2040: 2037: 2032: 2031: 2027: 2024: 2020:economic value 2016: 2012: 2005:image scanners 1997:Counterfeiting 1994: 1958:cruzados novos 1945: 1942: 1850:in two of the 1828:currency union 1810: 1807: 1758: 1755: 1645: 1642: 1564: 1561: 1520: 1444: 1441: 1350:copper coinage 1344:of deposit to 1291: 1288: 1221:Main article: 1218: 1215: 1187:Counterfeiting 1169:copper coinage 983:the notes for 960:, or simply a 940: 939: 937: 936: 929: 922: 914: 911: 910: 907: 906: 901: 896: 891: 886: 881: 876: 870: 865: 864: 861: 860: 857: 856: 854:Unsecured debt 851: 846: 841: 836: 831: 826: 821: 816: 811: 806: 801: 799:Securitization 795: 790: 789: 786: 785: 782: 781: 776: 771: 766: 761: 756: 750: 745: 744: 741: 740: 737: 736: 731: 726: 721: 715: 710: 709: 706: 705: 702: 701: 696: 694:Municipal bond 691: 686: 684:Corporate bond 680: 677: 676: 673: 672: 669: 668: 663: 658: 656:Perpetual bond 653: 648: 643: 637: 634: 633: 630: 629: 626: 625: 620: 615: 610: 605: 600: 594: 589: 588: 585: 584: 581: 580: 575: 570: 565: 560: 554: 549: 548: 545: 544: 536: 535: 525: 524: 522: 521: 514: 507: 499: 496: 495: 493: 492: 480: 467: 464: 463: 460: 459: 454: 448: 447: 441: 440: 435: 430: 424: 423: 418: 413: 407: 406: 400: 399: 394: 388: 387: 381: 380: 375: 369: 368: 363: 357: 356: 350: 346: 345: 344: 341: 340: 337: 336: 331: 326: 321: 315: 314: 309: 304: 299: 293: 289: 288: 287: 284: 283: 280: 279: 273: 272: 267: 262: 257: 252: 247: 242: 237: 232: 227: 222: 217: 211: 210: 204: 198: 197: 196: 193: 192: 189: 188: 182: 181: 175: 174: 169: 164: 158: 157: 151: 150: 145: 140: 135: 130: 125: 119: 118: 112: 111: 106: 100: 99: 94: 89: 83: 77: 76: 75: 72: 71: 70: 69: 61: 60: 52: 51: 41: 40: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6642: 6631: 6628: 6626: 6623: 6621: 6618: 6616: 6613: 6611: 6608: 6606: 6603: 6602: 6600: 6585: 6582: 6580: 6577: 6575: 6572: 6570: 6567: 6565: 6562: 6560: 6559:Drink coaster 6557: 6556: 6554: 6550: 6544: 6541: 6539: 6536: 6534: 6531: 6529: 6526: 6524: 6521: 6520: 6518: 6514: 6508: 6505: 6503: 6500: 6498: 6495: 6493: 6490: 6488: 6485: 6484: 6482: 6478: 6472: 6469: 6467: 6464: 6462: 6459: 6458: 6456: 6452: 6446: 6445:Visiting card 6443: 6441: 6438: 6436: 6433: 6431: 6430:Business card 6428: 6426: 6423: 6422: 6420: 6416: 6410: 6407: 6405: 6402: 6400: 6399:Postage stamp 6397: 6395: 6392: 6390: 6389:Manila folder 6387: 6385: 6382: 6380: 6377: 6375: 6374:Greeting card 6372: 6370: 6367: 6366: 6364: 6362: 6358: 6352: 6349: 6347: 6344: 6342: 6339: 6337: 6334: 6332: 6331:Facial tissue 6329: 6328: 6326: 6322: 6316: 6315:Shipping tube 6313: 6311: 6308: 6306: 6303: 6301: 6298: 6296: 6293: 6291: 6288: 6286: 6283: 6281: 6278: 6276: 6273: 6271: 6268: 6266: 6263: 6261: 6258: 6256: 6253: 6252: 6250: 6246: 6242: 6239: 6232: 6227: 6225: 6220: 6218: 6213: 6212: 6209: 6195: 6192: 6190: 6187: 6185: 6182: 6181: 6180: 6177: 6173: 6170: 6168: 6165: 6163: 6160: 6159: 6158: 6155: 6153: 6150: 6148: 6145: 6143: 6140: 6136: 6133: 6131: 6128: 6127: 6126: 6123: 6119: 6116: 6115: 6114: 6111: 6109: 6106: 6104:; c. 1750 BC) 6103: 6099: 6096: 6086: 6083: 6081: 6078: 6074: 6071: 6070: 6069: 6066: 6064: 6061: 6059: 6056: 6054: 6051: 6047: 6044: 6043: 6042: 6039: 6037: 6034: 6033: 6031: 6027: 6021: 6018: 6016: 6013: 6011: 6008: 6006: 6003: 6001: 5998: 5996: 5993: 5989: 5986: 5985: 5984: 5981: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5971: 5969: 5966: 5962: 5959: 5958: 5957: 5954: 5952: 5949: 5947: 5944: 5942: 5939: 5937: 5934: 5932: 5929: 5928: 5926: 5923: 5919: 5914: 5910: 5903: 5892: 5880: 5877: 5875: 5872: 5871: 5869: 5867: 5863: 5856: 5853: 5850: 5847: 5844: 5841: 5838: 5837:Water buffalo 5835: 5834: 5832: 5828: 5822: 5819: 5817: 5814: 5811: 5808: 5806:(Roman world) 5805: 5802: 5799: 5796: 5794: 5791: 5788: 5785: 5782: 5779: 5777:(Mesoamerica) 5776: 5773: 5770: 5767: 5766: 5764: 5762: 5756: 5752: 5745: 5740: 5738: 5733: 5731: 5726: 5725: 5722: 5715: 5712: 5711: 5707: 5698: 5697: 5691: 5687: 5681: 5677: 5672: 5668: 5662: 5658: 5657: 5651: 5647: 5641: 5637: 5636: 5630: 5626: 5620: 5615: 5614: 5607: 5603: 5597: 5593: 5592: 5586: 5585: 5581: 5564: 5560: 5554: 5551: 5538: 5534: 5527: 5524: 5511: 5507: 5500: 5497: 5484: 5480: 5474: 5471: 5458: 5454: 5448: 5445: 5432: 5428: 5422: 5419: 5406: 5402: 5398: 5392: 5389: 5384: 5380: 5374: 5371: 5358: 5354: 5350: 5344: 5341: 5328: 5324: 5320: 5314: 5311: 5298: 5294: 5290: 5284: 5281: 5268: 5264: 5260: 5253: 5250: 5237: 5233: 5229: 5223: 5220: 5204: 5200: 5193: 5187: 5184: 5179: 5175: 5174: 5167: 5164: 5151: 5147: 5143: 5137: 5134: 5121: 5115: 5112: 5099: 5095: 5091: 5084: 5081: 5068: 5064: 5058: 5055: 5042: 5038: 5034: 5028: 5025: 5020: 5016: 5012: 5008: 5004: 5000: 4996: 4992: 4985: 4982: 4978: 4972: 4969: 4956: 4952: 4948: 4942: 4939: 4936: 4931: 4928: 4925: 4920: 4917: 4914: 4909: 4907: 4905: 4901: 4896: 4891: 4888: 4883: 4878: 4875: 4869: 4864: 4859: 4854: 4850: 4846: 4842: 4835: 4832: 4819: 4815: 4811: 4805: 4802: 4789: 4785: 4781: 4775: 4772: 4759: 4755: 4754:www.npb.go.jp 4751: 4745: 4742: 4737: 4733: 4729: 4723: 4720: 4715: 4709: 4705: 4698: 4695: 4691: 4686: 4683: 4670: 4666: 4662: 4656: 4653: 4649: 4648: 4643: 4642: 4635: 4632: 4619: 4615: 4611: 4605: 4602: 4589: 4585: 4579: 4576: 4572: 4570: 4552: 4545: 4538: 4536: 4532: 4527: 4523: 4519: 4515: 4511: 4507: 4500: 4497: 4484: 4480: 4476: 4469: 4466: 4454: 4448: 4443: 4442: 4436: 4429: 4426: 4413: 4409: 4403: 4400: 4384: 4380: 4373: 4367: 4364: 4351: 4347: 4341: 4338: 4325: 4321: 4315: 4311: 4310: 4302: 4299: 4294: 4292:0-87341-120-X 4288: 4284: 4277: 4274: 4269: 4263: 4259: 4258: 4250: 4247: 4243: 4237: 4234: 4231:, 1690. p. 37 4230: 4224: 4221: 4208: 4204: 4200: 4194: 4191: 4178: 4174: 4168: 4164: 4163: 4155: 4152: 4147: 4141: 4133: 4127: 4123: 4116: 4113: 4100: 4096: 4090: 4086: 4085: 4077: 4074: 4069: 4056: 4040: 4036: 4032: 4028: 4024: 4020: 4016: 4012: 4005: 4002: 3997: 3993: 3989: 3982: 3979: 3975:(in Swedish). 3974: 3970: 3964: 3961: 3955: 3953: 3949: 3944: 3938: 3934: 3927: 3924: 3919: 3915: 3911: 3905: 3901: 3900: 3892: 3889: 3884: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3866: 3865:Templar Order 3859: 3856: 3852: 3846: 3843: 3840:, p. 48. 3839: 3834: 3832: 3830: 3826: 3823:, p. 47. 3822: 3817: 3814: 3809: 3803: 3799: 3792: 3789: 3784: 3778: 3774: 3767: 3764: 3760: 3745: 3741: 3734: 3728: 3725: 3720: 3714: 3710: 3706: 3699: 3696: 3683: 3679: 3678: 3670: 3668: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3653: 3647: 3643: 3636: 3634: 3632: 3628: 3625:, p. 80. 3624: 3623:Gernet (1962) 3619: 3617: 3615: 3613: 3611: 3609: 3605: 3601: 3600:Bowman (2000) 3596: 3594: 3590: 3586: 3581: 3579: 3577: 3575: 3571: 3566: 3565: 3557: 3554: 3549: 3545: 3544: 3536: 3533: 3520: 3516: 3515: 3507: 3504: 3491: 3487: 3481: 3478: 3465: 3461: 3457: 3451: 3448: 3444: 3429: 3425: 3421: 3417: 3413: 3412: 3404: 3400: 3394: 3391: 3387: 3376: 3372: 3368: 3364: 3360: 3356: 3352: 3346: 3343: 3330: 3326: 3322: 3321:New Haven, CT 3318: 3317: 3312: 3308: 3302: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3260: 3252: 3248: 3242: 3239: 3235: 3224: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3194: 3191: 3178: 3174: 3168: 3165: 3161: 3156: 3153: 3146: 3141: 3138: 3136: 3133: 3131: 3128: 3126: 3123: 3121: 3118: 3116: 3113: 3111: 3108: 3106: 3103: 3101: 3098: 3096: 3093: 3091: 3088: 3086: 3083: 3081: 3078: 3076: 3073: 3072: 3067: 3056: 3053: 3042: 3037: 3035: 3031: 3024: 3022: 3018: 3015: 3006: 3004: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2984: 2976: 2974: 2972: 2968: 2967:United States 2963: 2954: 2952: 2949: 2945: 2938: 2936: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2919: 2913: 2909: 2902: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2882: 2877: 2873: 2866: 2861: 2857: 2850: 2845: 2842: 2835: 2830: 2827: 2825: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2813: 2806: 2804: 2797: 2794: 2792: 2788: 2787:United States 2783: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2770:A subsequent 2768: 2765: 2761: 2756: 2752: 2751:wear and tear 2746: 2738: 2733: 2726: 2724: 2721: 2716: 2708: 2706: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2695:Viola Desmond 2692: 2687: 2684: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2665: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2634: 2626: 2624: 2622: 2618: 2613: 2611: 2607: 2606:playing cards 2602: 2600: 2596: 2593:, and by the 2592: 2587: 2585: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2477: 2475: 2473: 2469: 2464: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2445:Northern Bank 2442: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2270: 2265: 2260: 2252: 2250: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2227: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2175: 2173: 2168: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2145: 2141: 2134: 2132: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2110: 2105: 2101: 2098: 2093: 2088: 2086: 2082: 2081: 2076: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2050: 2043: 2038: 2036: 2028: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2010: 2006: 2003:and computer 2002: 1998: 1995: 1991: 1990: 1989: 1986: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1971: 1968: 1959: 1955: 1950: 1943: 1941: 1937: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1922: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1883: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1840: 1836: 1834: 1829: 1825: 1815: 1808: 1806: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1786: 1784: 1780: 1772: 1768: 1763: 1756: 1754: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1739:United States 1735: 1733: 1729: 1724: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1702: 1697: 1693: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1670:William Phips 1666: 1664: 1655: 1650: 1643: 1641: 1639: 1637: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1611: 1608: 1603: 1599: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1574: 1569: 1562: 1560: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1539: 1531: 1530: 1525: 1519: 1516: 1510: 1508: 1504: 1503: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1478: 1477: 1473:in his book, 1472: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1457: 1452: 1450: 1442: 1440: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1381: 1379: 1373: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1354: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1322: 1315: 1312:Song dynasty 1310: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1289: 1287: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1260: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1244:Mongol Empire 1241: 1237: 1233: 1230: 1224: 1216: 1214: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1182: 1178: 1177:Mongol Empire 1174: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1117: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1063: 1060:specified in 1059: 1058:maturity date 1055: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1031: 1027: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1012:central banks 1009: 1005: 1001: 996: 994: 990: 989:central banks 986: 982: 978: 974: 970: 967: 963: 959: 955: 951: 947: 935: 930: 928: 923: 921: 916: 915: 913: 912: 905: 902: 900: 897: 895: 892: 890: 887: 885: 882: 880: 877: 875: 872: 871: 868: 863: 862: 855: 852: 850: 847: 845: 842: 840: 837: 835: 832: 830: 827: 825: 822: 820: 817: 815: 812: 810: 807: 805: 802: 800: 797: 796: 793: 788: 787: 780: 777: 775: 772: 770: 767: 765: 762: 760: 757: 755: 752: 751: 748: 743: 742: 735: 734:Short selling 732: 730: 727: 725: 722: 720: 717: 716: 713: 708: 707: 700: 697: 695: 692: 690: 687: 685: 682: 681: 675: 674: 667: 664: 662: 659: 657: 654: 652: 649: 647: 644: 642: 639: 638: 632: 631: 624: 621: 619: 616: 614: 611: 609: 606: 604: 601: 599: 596: 595: 592: 587: 586: 579: 576: 574: 571: 569: 566: 564: 561: 559: 556: 555: 552: 547: 546: 542: 538: 537: 534: 530: 520: 515: 513: 508: 506: 501: 500: 498: 497: 491: 481: 479: 469: 468: 466: 465: 458: 455: 453: 450: 449: 446: 443: 442: 439: 436: 434: 431: 429: 426: 425: 422: 419: 417: 414: 412: 409: 408: 405: 402: 401: 398: 395: 393: 390: 389: 386: 383: 382: 379: 376: 374: 373:Bullion coins 371: 370: 367: 364: 362: 359: 358: 355: 352: 351: 343: 342: 335: 332: 330: 327: 325: 322: 320: 317: 316: 313: 310: 308: 305: 303: 300: 298: 295: 294: 286: 285: 278: 275: 274: 271: 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Retrieved 5553: 5541:. Retrieved 5526: 5514:. Retrieved 5508:. PC World. 5499: 5487:. Retrieved 5473: 5461:. Retrieved 5447: 5435:. Retrieved 5431:the original 5421: 5409:. Retrieved 5400: 5391: 5383:the original 5373: 5361:. Retrieved 5352: 5343: 5331:. Retrieved 5322: 5313: 5301:. Retrieved 5292: 5283: 5273:28 September 5271:. Retrieved 5263:Toronto Star 5262: 5252: 5240:. Retrieved 5231: 5222: 5210:. Retrieved 5198: 5186: 5172: 5166: 5154:. Retrieved 5145: 5136: 5124:. Retrieved 5114: 5102:. Retrieved 5093: 5083: 5071:. Retrieved 5057: 5045:. Retrieved 5041:the original 5036: 5027: 4994: 4990: 4984: 4976: 4975:S.K. Singh, 4971: 4959:. Retrieved 4955:the original 4950: 4941: 4930: 4919: 4890: 4877: 4851:(1): 36–52. 4848: 4844: 4834: 4822:. Retrieved 4813: 4804: 4792:. Retrieved 4783: 4774: 4762:. Retrieved 4753: 4744: 4736:the original 4731: 4722: 4703: 4697: 4685: 4673:. Retrieved 4664: 4655: 4645: 4639: 4634: 4622:. Retrieved 4613: 4604: 4592:. Retrieved 4578: 4565: 4558:. Retrieved 4509: 4505: 4499: 4489:17 September 4487:. Retrieved 4483:the original 4478: 4468: 4456:. Retrieved 4440: 4428: 4416:. Retrieved 4412:the original 4402: 4390:. Retrieved 4378: 4366: 4354:. Retrieved 4350:the original 4340: 4328:. Retrieved 4308: 4301: 4282: 4276: 4256: 4249: 4241: 4236: 4228: 4223: 4211:. Retrieved 4202: 4193: 4181:. Retrieved 4161: 4154: 4121: 4115: 4103:. Retrieved 4083: 4076: 4055:cite journal 4043:. Retrieved 4004: 3987: 3981: 3972: 3963: 3932: 3926: 3898: 3891: 3864: 3858: 3850: 3845: 3816: 3797: 3791: 3772: 3766: 3758: 3751:. Retrieved 3739: 3727: 3707:. New York: 3704: 3698: 3688:19 September 3686:. Retrieved 3676: 3655: 3641: 3563: 3556: 3542: 3535: 3523:. Retrieved 3513: 3506: 3494:. Retrieved 3490:the original 3480: 3468:. Retrieved 3459: 3450: 3442: 3435:. Retrieved 3411:Liberty Fund 3409: 3393: 3385: 3378:. Retrieved 3362: 3358: 3345: 3333:. Retrieved 3314: 3290: 3283:. Retrieved 3259:Liberty Fund 3257: 3241: 3233: 3226:. Retrieved 3210: 3206: 3193: 3181:. Retrieved 3177:the original 3167: 3155: 3066:Money portal 3032: 3028: 3019: 3010: 2986: 2970: 2958: 2942: 2935:operations. 2923: 2816: 2808: 2799: 2795: 2784: 2780:incineration 2769: 2760:central bank 2748: 2720:dollar coins 2712: 2688: 2685: 2667:Since 1979, 2666: 2630: 2614: 2603: 2588: 2546: 2506: 2481: 2465: 2274: 2228: 2176: 2169: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2120: 2114: 2089: 2078: 2058:cotton paper 2055: 2033: 2009:superdollars 2001:photocopiers 1987: 1972: 1964: 1938: 1923: 1884: 1868:legal tender 1845: 1824:central bank 1821: 1802:money supply 1787: 1783:legal tender 1776: 1736: 1725: 1706: 1680:. 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