855:, has been limited by difficulties in sampling. Oftentimes organisms do not survive being brought to the surface due to experiencing drastic pressure changes in a short amount of time. Work is underway to quantify cell abundance and biomass, but due to poor survival, it is difficult to get accurate counts. In more recent years there has been an effort to categorize the diversity of the eukaryotic assemblages in the bathypelagic zone using methods to assess the genetic compositions of microbial communities based on supergroups, which is a way to classify organisms that have common ancestry. Some important groups of bacterial grazers include
521:. These chemicals can be utilized to sustain metabolism by organisms in the region. Our understanding of these biogeochemical processes has historically been limited due to the difficulty and cost of collecting samples from these ocean depths. Other technological challenges, such as measuring microbial activity under the pressure conditions experienced in the bathypelagic zone, have also restricted our knowledge of the region. Although scientific advancements have increased our understanding over the past several decades, many aspects remain a mystery. One of the major areas of current research is focused on understanding carbon
471:
1036:
964:. The fish are characterized by weak muscles, soft skin, and slimy bodies. The adaptations of some of the fish that live there include small eyes and transparent skin. However, this zone is difficult for fish to live in since food is scarce; resulting in species evolving slow metabolic rates in order to conserve energy. Occasionally, large sources of organic matter from decaying organisms, such as
385:
321:
542:
703:. However, as depth and pressure increase and temperature decreases, the solubility of calcium carbonate also increases, which results in more dissolution and less net transport to the deeper, underlying seafloor. As a result of this rapid change in dissolution rates, sediments in the bathypelagic region vary widely in CaCO
760:
428:. The continental slopes are mostly made up of accumulated sediment, while seamounts and mid-ocean ridges contain large areas of hard substrate that provide habitats for bathypelagic fishes and benthic invertebrates. Although currents at these depths are very slow, the topography of seamounts interrupts the
1043:
This region is understudied due to a lack of data/observations and difficulty of access (i.e. cost, remote locations, extreme pressure). Historically in oceanography, continental margins were the most sampled and researched due to their relatively easy access. However, more recently locations further
1190:
concentrations and global temperatures continue to rise, the efficiency at which the bathypelagic will store and bury the influx of carbon will most likely decrease. While some regions may experience an increase in POC input, such as Arctic regions where increased periods of minimal sea ice coverage
600:
As POM sinks through the water column, it is consumed by organisms which deplete it of nutrients. The size and density of these particles affect their likelihood of reaching organisms in the bathypelagic zone. Smaller parcels of POM often become aggregated together as they fall, which quickens their
1977:
Nagata, Toshi; Tamburini, Christian; Arístegui, Javier; Baltar, Federico; Bochdansky, Alexander B.; Fonda-Umani, Serena; Fukuda, Hideki; Gogou, Alexandra; Hansell, Dennis A.; Hansman, Roberta L.; Herndl, Gerhard J.; Panagiotopoulos, Christos; Reinthaler, Thomas; Sohrin, Rumi; Verdugo, Pedro (August
2149:
Burd, Adrian B.; Hansell, Dennis A.; Steinberg, Deborah K.; Anderson, Thomas R.; Arístegui, Javier; Baltar, Federico; Beaupré, Steven R.; Buesseler, Ken O.; DeHairs, Frank; Jackson, George A.; Kadko, David C.; Koppelmann, Rolf; Lampitt, Richard S.; Nagata, Toshi; Reinthaler, Thomas (August 2010).
4281:
Sweetman, Andrew K.; Thurber, Andrew R.; Smith, Craig R.; Levin, Lisa A.; Mora, Camilo; Wei, Chih-Lin; Gooday, Andrew J.; Jones, Daniel O. B.; Rex, Michael; Yasuhara, Moriaki; Ingels, Jeroen; Ruhl, Henry A.; Frieder, Christina A.; Danovaro, Roberto; Würzberg, Laura (2017-01-01). Deming, Jody W.;
1822:
Carlson, Craig A.; Hansell, Dennis A.; Nelson, Norman B.; Siegel, David A.; Smethie, William M.; Khatiwala, Samar; Meyers, Meredith M.; Halewood, Elisa (August 2010). "Dissolved organic carbon export and subsequent remineralization in the mesopelagic and bathypelagic realms of the North
Atlantic
1563:
Van Dover, C. L.; Arnaud-Haond, S.; Gianni, M.; Helmreich, S.; Huber, J. A.; Jaeckel, A. L.; Metaxas, A.; Pendleton, L. H.; Petersen, S.; Ramirez-Llodra, E.; Steinberg, P. E.; Tunnicliffe, V.; Yamamoto, H. (2018-04-01). "Scientific rationale and international obligations for protection of active
3785:
Marsh, Leigh; Copley, Jonathan T.; Huvenne, Veerle A. I.; Tyler, Paul A.; the Isis ROV Facility (2013-08-01). "Getting the bigger picture: Using precision
Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV) videography to acquire high-definition mosaic images of newly discovered hydrothermal vents in the Southern
650:
delivered to the bathypelagic zone; it primarily takes the form of fecal pellets and dead organisms that sink out of the surface waters and fall toward the ocean floor. Regions with higher primary productivity where particles are able to sink quickly, such as equatorial upwelling zones and the
658:
The vertical mixing of DOC-rich surface waters is also a process that delivers carbon to the bathypelagic zone, however, it constitutes a substantially smaller portion of overall transport than POC delivery. DOC transport occurs most readily in regions with high rates of ventilation or ocean
805:
availability. These essential organic carbon inputs for microbes typically decrease with depth as they are utilized while sinking to the bathypelagic. Microbial production varies over six orders of magnitude based on resource availability in a given area. Prokaryote abundance can range from
3959:
McLean, Dianne L.; Parsons, Miles J. G.; Gates, Andrew R.; Benfield, Mark C.; Bond, Todd; Booth, David J.; Bunce, Michael; Fowler, Ashley M.; Harvey, Euan S.; Macreadie, Peter I.; Pattiaratchi, Charitha B.; Rouse, Sally; Partridge, Julian C.; Thomson, Paul G.; Todd, Victoria L. G. (2020).
3829:
Macreadie, Peter I.; McLean, Dianne L.; Thomson, Paul G.; Partridge, Julian C.; Jones, Daniel O. B.; Gates, Andrew R.; Benfield, Mark C.; Collin, Shaun P.; Booth, David J.; Smith, Luke L.; Techera, Erika; Skropeta, Danielle; Horton, Tammy; Pattiaratchi, Charitha; Bond, Todd (2018-09-01).
4035:
Wynn, Russell B.; Huvenne, Veerle A. I.; Le Bas, Timothy P.; Murton, Bramley J.; Connelly, Douglas P.; Bett, Brian J.; Ruhl, Henry A.; Morris, Kirsty J.; Peakall, Jeffrey; Parsons, Daniel R.; Sumner, Esther J.; Darby, Stephen E.; Dorrell, Robert M.; Hunt, James E. (2014-06-01).
784:
comes from studies of the shallower regions of the ocean because it is easier to access, and it was previously assumed that deeper water did not have suitable physical conditions for diverse microbial communities. The bathypelagic zone receives inputs of organic material and
1052:, are being increasingly studied due to advances in technology and laboratory methods, as well as collaboration with industry. The first discovery of communities subsisting off of the chemical energy in hydrothermal vents was aboard an expedition in 1977 led by
2199:
Antia, Avan N.; Koeve, Wolfgang; Fischer, Gerhard; Blanz, Thomas; Schulz-Bull, Detlef; Schölten, Jan; Neuer, Susanne; Kremling, Klaus; Kuss, Joachim; Peinert, Rolf; Hebbeln, Dirk; Bathmann, Ulrich; Conte, Maureen; Fehner, Uwe; Zeitzschel, B. (December 2001).
779:
A comprehensive understanding of the inputs driving the microbial ecology in the bathypelagic zone is lacking due to limited observational data, but has been improving with advancements in deep-sea technology. A majority of our knowledge of ocean
601:
descent and prohibits their consumption by other organisms, increasing their likelihood of reaching lower depths. The density of these particles may be increased in some regions where minerals associated with some forms of phytoplankton, such as
533:
because previously developed techniques may not be adequate for this region, and indicate remineralization rates much higher than expected. Further work is needed to explore this question, and may require revisions to our understanding of the
392:
The bathypelagic zone is characterized by a nearly constant temperature of approximately 4 °C (39 °F) and a salinity range of 33-35 g/kg. This region has little to no light because sunlight does not reach this deep in the ocean and
984:
of mesopelagic species in that it is not driven by sunlight. Instead, the migration of bathypelagic organisms is driven by other factors, most of which remain unknown. Some research suggests the movement of species within the overlying
1165:
for carbon because of its sheer volume and the century to millennial timescales these waters are isolated from the atmosphere, this ocean zone plays an important role in moderating the effects of anthropogenic climate change. The burial of
1926:
Honjo, Susumu; Eglinton, Timothy; Taylor, Craig; Ulmer, Kevin; Sievert, Stefan; Bracher, Astrid; German, Christopher; Edgcomb, Virginia; Francois, Roger; Iglesias-Rodriguez, M. Debora; Van Mooy, Benjamin; Rapeta, Daniel (2014-09-01).
2987:
Wuchter, Cornelia; Abbas, Ben; Coolen, Marco J. L.; Herfort, Lydie; van
Bleijswijk, Judith; Timmers, Peer; Strous, Marc; Teira, Eva; Herndl, Gerhard J.; Middelburg, Jack J.; Schouten, Stefan; Sinninghe Damsté, Jaap S. (2006-08-15).
897:. The magnitude of their impacts on biological systems is demonstrated by the varying range of viral-to-prokaryote abundance ratios ranging from 1-223, this indicates that there are the same amount or more viruses than prokaryotes.
1152:
decrease, among other physical and chemical alterations. These perturbations may have significant impacts on the organisms that dwell in the bathypelagic region and the properties that deliver organic carbon to the deep sea.
450:. As the bathypelagic region lacks light, these vents play an important role in global ocean chemical processes, thus supporting unique ecosystems that have adapted to utilize chemicals as energy, via
2152:"Assessing the apparent imbalance between geochemical and biochemical indicators of meso- and bathypelagic biological activity: What the @$ ♯! is wrong with present calculations of carbon budgets?"
401:
in this zone ranges from 100-400 atmospheres (atm) due to the increase of 1 atm for every 10 m depth. It is believed that these conditions have been consistent for the past 8000 years.
683:, is typically located near the base bathypelagic zone at approximately 3,500 m depth, but varies among ocean basins. The lysocline lies below the saturation depth (the transition to
2568:
Reinthaler, Thomas; van Aken, Hendrik; Veth, Cornelis; Arístegui, Javier; Robinson, Carol; Williams, Peter J. le B.; Lebaron, Philippe; Herndl, Gerhard J. (May 2006).
1678:
1399:
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Chen CTA, Feely RA, Gendron JF. 1988. Lysocline, calcium carbonate compensation depth, and calcareous sediments in the North
Pacific Ocean. Pac Sci 42(3-4): 237-252.
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make up a larger portion of the total prokaryote cell abundance, and different groups have different growth needs, with some archaea groups for example utilizing
307:
3159:
Pernice, Massimo C; Giner, Caterina R; Logares, Ramiro; Perera-Bel, Júlia; Acinas, Silvia G; Duarte, Carlos M; Gasol, Josep M; Massana, Ramon (April 2016).
2512:"Bacterioplankton distribution and production in deep Pacific waters: Large-scale geographic variations and possible coupling with sinking particle fluxes"
1756:
Arístegui, Javier; Gasol, Josep M.; Duarte, Carlos M.; Herndld, Gerhard J. (September 2009). "Microbial oceanography of the dark ocean's pelagic realm".
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will increase the downward flux of carbon from the surface oceans, overall, there will likely be less carbon sequestered to the bathypelagic region.
2761:
Hansman, Roberta L.; Griffin, Sheila; Watson, Jordan T.; Druffel, Ellen R. M.; Ingalls, Anitra E.; Pearson, Ann; Aluwihare, Lihini I. (2009-04-21).
1928:
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depths. The bathymetry of the bathypelagic zone consists of limited areas where the seafloor is in this depth range along the deepest parts of the
1015:, in this particular region, the migration patterns are not believed to result solely from predator-prey relations. Instead, these relations are
1023:
mixing caused by the upward movement of another species. In addition, the vertical migrating species' timing bathypelagic appears linked to the
593:
or ocean dandruff. This is also the dominant delivery mechanism of food to organisms in the bathypelagic zone because there is no sunlight for
3727:"Diel and lunar cycles of vertical migration extending to below 1000 m in the ocean and the vertical connectivity of depth-tiered populations"
2331:
2291:
2079:
1270:
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Herndl, Gerhard J.; Reinthaler, Thomas; Teira, Eva; van Aken, Hendrik; Veth, Cornelius; Pernthaler, Annelie; Pernthaler, Jakob (May 2005).
1540:
1102:
1095:
1061:
4159:"DEEP SEARCH: DEEP Sea Exploration to Advance Research on Coral/Canyon/Cold seep Habitats: NOAA Office of Ocean Exploration and Research"
699:
of calcite-forming organisms are preserved as they sink toward the sea floor, resulting in sediments with relatively high amounts of CaCO
4085:
2924:
Könneke, Martin; Bernhard, Anne E.; de la Torre, José R.; Walker, Christopher B.; Waterbury, John B.; Stahl, David A. (September 2005).
1123:
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appears to migrate individually over the course of ~4–5 hours towards the surface and then form into groups. While in most regions
300:
2202:"Basin-wide particulate carbon flux in the Atlantic Ocean: Regional export patterns and potential for atmospheric CO 2 sequestration"
3351:
2439:
1331:
4344:
2107:"Factors controlling the flux of organic carbon to the bathypelagic zone of the ocean: FACTORS CONTROLLING ORGANIC CARBON FLUX"
3273:
Motegi, Chiaki; Nagata, Toshi; Miki, Takeshi; Weinbauer, Markus G.; Legendre, Louis; Rassoulzadegand, Fereidoun (2009-08-10).
4038:"Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs): Their past, present and future contributions to the advancement of marine geoscience"
2570:"Prokaryotic respiration and production in the meso- and bathypelagic realm of the eastern and western North Atlantic basin"
2879:"Origins of lipid biomarkers in Santa Monica Basin surface sediment: a case study using compound-specific Δ 14 C analysis"
1110:
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and absorb heat from the atmosphere. However, the ocean's ability to do so will be negatively affected as atmospheric CO
1129:
692:
442:
are also a common feature in some areas of the bathypelagic zone and are primarily formed from the spreading of Earth's
1978:
2010). "Emerging concepts on microbial processes in the bathypelagic ocean – ecology, biogeochemistry, and genomics".
1105:
1611:"An Overview of Seabed Mining Including the Current State of Development, Environmental Impacts, and Knowledge Gaps"
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fecal pellets and dead organisms; these parcels of organic matter fall through the water column and deliver organic
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842:
830:
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798:
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772:
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636:
570:
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2013:
Jackson, G.A. (2002). "Collecting The
Garbage Of The Sea: The Role Of Aggregation In Ocean Carbon Transport": 20.
635:
from the atmosphere into the ocean. Organic carbon is primarily exported to the bathypelagic zone in the form of
3374:"High abundances of viruses in a deep-sea hydrothermal vent system indicates viral mediated microbial mortality"
3057:"Molecular and biogeochemical evidence for ammonia oxidation by marine Crenarchaeota in the Gulf of California"
1183:
736:
664:
640:
506:
241:
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concentrations continue to rise and global temperatures continue to warm. This will lead to changes such as
1057:
981:
977:
676:
3832:"Eyes in the sea: Unlocking the mysteries of the ocean using industrial, remotely operated vehicles (ROVs)"
1929:"Understanding the Role of the Biological Pump in the Global Carbon Cycle: An Imperative for Ocean Science"
2828:
Wuchter, Cornelia; Schouten, Stefan; Boschker, Henricus T.S.; Sinninghe Damsté, Jaap S. (February 2003).
1001:
990:
158:
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and is one form of chemoautotrophy. Based on regional variation and differences in prokaryote abundance,
4364:
4158:
3112:
Edgcomb, Virginia P.; Beaudoin, David; Gast, Rebecca; Biddle, Jennifer F.; Teske, Andreas (2010-08-01).
2018:
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3558:
Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences
1430:"An authoritative global database for active submarine hydrothermal vent fields: GLOBAL VENTS DATABASE"
879:(listed from most to least abundant), with the remaining composition classified as uncertain or other.
4049:
3909:
3846:
3795:
3738:
3670:
3565:
3432:
3385:
3286:
3001:
2937:
2890:
2774:
2709:
2646:
2581:
2523:
2473:
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2271:
2213:
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1987:
1871:
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398:
271:
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Keith, David A.; Ferrer-Paris, Jose R.; Nicholson, Emily; Kingsford, Richard T., eds. (2020-12-15).
968:, create a brief burst of activity by attracting organisms from different bathypelagic communities.
2315:
IUCN Global
Ecosystem Typology 2.0: descriptive profiles for biomes and ecosystem functional groups
1145:
1141:
266:
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3704:
3589:
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Pearson, A.; McNichol, A.P.; Benitez-Nelson, B.C.; Hayes, J.M.; Eglinton, T.I. (September 2001).
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2128:
1903:
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1393:
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569:, and to a far lesser extent, organic inputs from terrestrial sources, make up a majority of the
562:
417:
376:, human knowledge of the bathypelagic zone remains limited by ability to explore the deep ocean.
361:
3553:
3420:
485:
Many of the biogeochemical processes in the bathypelagic region are dependent upon the input of
4012:"What is an ROV? : Ocean Exploration Facts: NOAA Office of Ocean Exploration and Research"
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1413:
US Department of
Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (11 November 2022).
695:(below which there is no calcium carbonate preservation). In a supersaturated environment, the
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4315:
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3925:
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3401:
3347:
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3161:"Large variability of bathypelagic microbial eukaryotic communities across the world's oceans"
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3019:
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Beaulieu, Stace E.; Baker, Edward T.; German, Christopher R.; Maffei, Andrew (November 2013).
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627:, with a small portion transported deeper into the ocean interior. This process, known as the
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4305:
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3962:"Enhancing the Scientific Value of Industry Remotely Operated Vehicles (ROVs) in Our Oceans"
3917:
3854:
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3659:"Diel vertical migration and individual behavior of nekton beyond the ocean's twilight zone"
3620:
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1995:
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1220:
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890:
732:
586:
522:
494:
90:
3554:"Responses by benthic organisms to inputs of organic material to the ocean floor: a review"
1694:"Faunal trophic structure at hydrothermal vents on the southern Mohn's Ridge, Arctic Ocean"
589:, to organisms that live below the photic zone. These parcels are sometimes referred to as
2460:
Martin, John H.; Knauer, George A.; Karl, David M.; Broenkow, William W. (February 1987).
2031:
1175:
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917:
886:
826:
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facilitate precipitation of minerals on the seafloor, making them regions of interest for
451:
447:
443:
425:
394:
4349:
3421:"Bioluminescence in the Ocean: Origins of Biological, Chemical, and Ecological Diversity"
4053:
3913:
3850:
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3674:
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3005:
2941:
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2778:
2713:
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2372:
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2048:
Arístegui, Javier; Agustí, Susana; Middelburg, Jack J.; Duarte, Carlos M. (2005-01-06),
1991:
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1709:
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biomass in the bathypelagic is dependent and thus correlated with the amount of sinking
3193:
3160:
3032:
2989:
2805:
2762:
2738:
2697:
2431:
2105:
Francois, Roger; Honjo, Susumu; Krishfield, Richard; Manganini, Steve (December 2002).
1693:
802:
781:
696:
647:
594:
582:
486:
357:
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that extends from a depth of 1,000 to 4,000 m (3,300 to 13,000 ft) below the
281:
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3657:
Kaartvedt, Stein; Røstad, Anders; Christiansen, Svenja; Klevjer, Thor A. (June 2020).
3113:
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3129:
2485:
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819:
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The ecology of the bathypelagic ecosystem is constrained by its lack of sunlight and
429:
369:
365:
349:
138:
3945:
3858:
3768:
3535:
3316:
2721:
2698:"Contribution of Archaea to Total Prokaryotic Production in the Deep Atlantic Ocean"
2619:
2551:
2235:
1803:
1463:
1186:
are key processes for removing excess atmospheric carbon. However, as atmospheric CO
916:
Despite the lack of light, vision plays a role in life within the bathypelagic with
3882:
3468:
3259:
3098:
2973:
2878:
2682:
2404:
1907:
1053:
1016:
986:
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929:
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535:
409:
337:
149:
112:
79:
46:
4182:
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1609:
Miller, Kathryn A.; Thompson, Kirsten F.; Johnston, Paul; Santillo, David (2018).
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that retain plankton in the seamount region, thus increasing fauna nearby as well
4062:
4037:
3332:"Marine Viruses: Community Dynamics, Diversity and Impact on Microbial Processes"
3234:
3217:
2380:
1577:
1482:"Generation of Seafloor Hydrothermal Vent Fluids and Associated Mineral Deposits"
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rates in the region. Prior studies have struggled to quantify the rates at which
4011:
3609:"Vertical ecology of the pelagic ocean: classical patterns and new perspectives"
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2313:
1035:
1024:
849:
838:
652:
590:
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373:
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230:
57:
3807:
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3343:
2767:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
2569:
2511:
2323:
2175:
2151:
1999:
1844:
3751:
3726:
3682:
3484:"Light and vision in the deep-sea benthos: II. Vision in deep-sea crustaceans"
3397:
3299:
3274:
2593:
2535:
1777:
1415:"The Global Conveyor Belt - Currents: NOAA's National Ocean Service Education"
965:
949:
889:. Their overall abundance can be up to two orders of magnitude lower than the
815:
793:
728:
660:
526:
502:
490:
206:
195:
173:
123:
4319:
4086:"Measurements in support of the Deepwater Horizon incident's response effort"
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3997:
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3961:
3929:
3866:
3815:
3760:
3700:
3632:
3585:
3519:
3452:
3405:
3308:
3275:"Viral control of bacterial growth efficiency in marine pelagic environments"
3243:
3184:
3137:
3082:
3023:
2957:
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2729:
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1627:
1610:
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1515:
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1232:
4157:
US Department of
Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
3921:
3444:
3014:
2787:
1945:
1661:
1497:
1429:
1012:
961:
957:
945:
872:
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852:
822:
have Crenarchaeota 16S rRNA and archaeal amoA gene abundances correlated to
680:
341:
217:
184:
17:
3937:
3874:
3640:
3577:
3527:
3460:
3251:
3202:
3176:
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3090:
3073:
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3041:
2965:
2863:
2814:
2747:
2674:
2396:
1899:
1586:
384:
1321:
1260:
573:(POM) in the ocean. POM is delivered to the bathypelagic zone via sinking
4300:
4283:
3055:
Beman, J. Michael; Popp, Brian N.; Francis, Christopher A. (April 2008).
2925:
2226:
2201:
2123:
2106:
1445:
1049:
925:
876:
856:
834:
421:
4310:
3691:
2949:
1883:
1637:
1523:
1481:
989:
region could prompt individual bathypelagic species to migrate, such as
541:
320:
3608:
3510:
3500:
3483:
2510:
Nagata, Toshi; Fukuda, Hideki; Fukuda, Rumi; Koike, Isao (March 2000).
2184:
2070:
1377:
Global Open Oceans and Deep Seabed (GOODS) biogeographic classification
1265:. Patricia Wheeler (2nd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
1027:. However, the exact indicators causing this timing are still unknown.
1019:, with the species who remain in the bathypelagic benefitting from the
811:
764:
574:
518:
514:
3624:
2763:"The radiocarbon signature of microorganisms in the mesopelagic ocean"
2634:
2602:
1786:
1726:
1717:
1208:
4134:"The Ocean Twilight Zone : Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution"
2658:
2633:
Karner, Markus B.; DeLong, Edward F.; Karl, David M. (January 2001).
2050:"Respiration in the mesopelagic and bathypelagic zones of the oceans"
1955:
1506:
1454:
1375:
1323:
Advances in marine biology. Volume 32, The biogeography of the oceans
1224:
921:
893:, however, there is often high viral abundance found around deep-sea
864:
748:
655:, have the greatest amount of POC delivery to the bathypelagic zone.
530:
479:
597:, with chemoautotrophy playing a more minor role as far as we know.
3338:, Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., pp. 443–479,
1660:
GAO Science, Technology Assessment, and Analytics (November 2022).
1326:. A. J. Southward, J. H. S. Blaxter. London: Academic Press. 1997.
719:, with limited production of microbial biomass via autotrophy. The
3725:
Ochoa, José; Maske, H.; Sheinbaumc, J.; Candela, J. (2013-06-14).
3482:
Frank, Tamara M.; Johnsen, Sönke; Cronin, Thomas W. (2012-10-01).
2357:"Deep-Sea Microorganisms: In situ Response to Nutrient Enrichment"
997:
941:
937:
882:
758:
739:. Despite these limitations, this open-ocean ecosystem is home to
540:
319:
4133:
2635:"Archaeal dominance in the mesopelagic zone of the Pacific Ocean"
356:
because of the lack of sunlight; this feature does not allow for
4284:"Major impacts of climate change on deep-sea benthic ecosystems"
4206:
1414:
759:
4230:
2926:"Isolation of an autotrophic ammonia-oxidizing marine archaeon"
885:
influence biogeochemical cycling through the role they play in
4109:
501:, sinks in the water column or is transported within downward
1692:
Sweetman, Ak; Levin, La; Rapp, Ht; Schander, C (2013-01-21).
609:"ballast" resulting in more rapid transport to deeper depth.
4254:
3330:
Breitbart, Mya; Middelboe, Mathias; Rohwer, Forest (2008),
1541:"Hydrothermal Vents - Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution"
454:, instead of sunlight, to sustain themselves. In addition,
3788:
Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography
2156:
Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography
1980:
Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography
1825:
Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography
1858:
del Giorgio, Paul A.; Duarte, Carlos M. (November 2002).
928:
organisms. In contrast to organisms in the water column,
2318:. IUCN, International Union for Conservation of Nature.
789:
from the surface ocean on the order of 1-3.6 Pg C/year.
3663:
Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers
3378:
Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers
2466:
Deep Sea Research Part A. Oceanographic Research Papers
1294:
848:
Research to quantify bacterial-consuming grazers, like
1380:. UNESCO, Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission.
1161:
The bathypelagic zone currently acts as a significant
1316:
1314:
336:(from Greek βαθύς (bathýs), deep) is the part of the
4345:
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution - Midnight Zone
3790:. Deep-Sea Biodiversity and Life History Processes.
3372:
Ortmann, Alice C.; Suttle, Curtis A. (August 2005).
1564:
hydrothermal vent ecosystems from deep-sea mining".
1535:
1533:
932:
organisms in this region tend to have limited to no
3114:"Marine subsurface eukaryotes: the fungal majority"
2355:Jannasch, Holger W.; Wirsen, Carl O. (1973-05-11).
2563:
2561:
2424:Biogeochemistry of Marine Dissolved Organic Matter
3896:Bellingham, James G.; Rajan, Kanna (2007-11-16).
3652:
3650:
2462:"VERTEX: carbon cycling in the northeast Pacific"
2043:
2041:
1751:
1749:
1747:
1745:
1558:
1556:
948:, and many species of fish, including deep-water
4350:Oregon Coast Aquarium OceanScape - Midnight Zone
4276:
4274:
3780:
3778:
2100:
2098:
2096:
675:The region in the water column at which calcite
623:A majority of organic carbon is produced in the
2994:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1817:
1815:
1813:
497:zones. This organic material, sometimes called
3552:Gooday, A. J.; Turley, Carol M. (1990-06-19).
3547:
3545:
2505:
2503:
1972:
1970:
1968:
1966:
1132:due to their ability to take up atmospheric CO
3898:"Robotics in Remote and Hostile Environments"
3720:
3718:
2056:, Oxford University Press, pp. 181–205,
1921:
1919:
1917:
1369:
1367:
1365:
1254:
1252:
1250:
352:below. The bathypelagic is also known as the
301:
8:
2830:"Bicarbonate uptake by marine Crenarchaeota"
2144:
2142:
1677:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1475:
1473:
1398:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1068:(AUVs), and independent gliders and floats.
833:is thought to be fueled by the oxidation of
818:more readily than others. Some archaea like
404:This ocean depth spans from the edge of the
4183:"Low res biota images - DEEPEND Consortium"
1072:Specific technologies and research projects
806:0.03-2.3x105 cells ml, and have population
1374:Marjo., Agostini, Vera N. Vierros (2009).
308:
294:
29:
4309:
4299:
4061:
3987:
3977:
3750:
3690:
3509:
3499:
3298:
3233:
3192:
3072:
3031:
3013:
2845:
2804:
2786:
2737:
2601:
2225:
2183:
2122:
2069:
2062:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198527084.003.0010
1954:
1944:
1785:
1725:
1636:
1626:
1585:
1505:
1453:
1209:"February 2017 Unsettled, dull and mild"
1044:offshore and at greater depths, such as
1034:
663:or deep water formation sites along the
513:also deliver heat and chemicals such as
469:
383:
1200:
253:
157:
32:
4259:AUVAC: Strengthening the AUV Community
2702:Applied and Environmental Microbiology
2420:"DOC in the Global Ocean Carbon Cycle"
2027:
2016:
1670:
1391:
1347:
1295:"Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution"
679:begins to occur rapidly, known as the
4288:Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene
2990:"Archaeal nitrification in the ocean"
552:) traveling through the water column.
372:. Although larger by volume than the
7:
1434:Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems
1299:Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
1170:in the underlying sediments via the
4110:"SERPENT Project | SERPENT Project"
1124:Effects of climate change on oceans
1060:. More recent advancements include
1000:. In this particular example,
4235:National Deep Submergence Facility
4211:National Deep Submergence Facility
4044:. 50th Anniversary Special Issue.
976:Some bathypelagic species undergo
810:that can range from 0.1–30 years.
771:are linked to dissolved inorganic
735:water, and oxygen inputs from the
659:turnover, such as the interior of
25:
3216:Weinbauer, Markus G. (May 2004).
2054:Respiration in Aquatic Ecosystems
1480:TIVEY, MARGARET KINGSTON (2007).
1080:Ocean Twilight Zone (OTZ) Project
936:. The bathypelagic zone contains
845:inputs to the bathypelagic zone.
3839:Science of the Total Environment
3218:"Ecology of prokaryotic viruses"
3130:10.1111/j.1462-2920.2010.02318.x
2432:10.1016/b978-012323841-2/50017-8
1182:into the ocean interior via the
1180:dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC)
1168:particulate organic carbon (POC)
843:particulate organic carbon (POC)
824:dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC)
646:POC is the largest component of
388:Ocean basin bathymetric features
3859:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.049
3607:Sutton, T. T. (December 2013).
3488:Journal of Experimental Biology
3336:Microbial Ecology of the Oceans
2883:Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta
2722:10.1128/AEM.71.5.2303-2309.2005
1860:"Respiration in the open ocean"
1128:The oceans act as a buffer for
2426:, Elsevier, pp. 685–715,
2284:10.1016/B0-08-043751-6/06119-3
1698:Marine Ecology Progress Series
1066:autonomous underwater vehicles
1:
4187:restore.deependconsortium.org
2903:10.1016/s0016-7037(01)00657-3
2847:10.1016/s0378-1097(03)00060-0
671:Calcium carbonate dissolution
4255:"Autosub Long Range - AUVAC"
4063:10.1016/j.margeo.2014.03.012
3419:Widder, E. A. (2010-05-07).
3235:10.1016/j.femsre.2003.08.001
2486:10.1016/0198-0149(87)90086-0
2381:10.1126/science.180.4086.641
2206:Global Biogeochemical Cycles
2111:Global Biogeochemical Cycles
1578:10.1016/j.marpol.2018.01.020
1148:, temperature increase, and
1130:anthropogenic climate change
693:carbonate compensation depth
631:, plays a large role in the
529:in this region remineralize
3966:Frontiers in Marine Science
2418:Hansell, Dennis A. (2002),
1615:Frontiers in Marine Science
1259:Miller, Charles B. (2012).
841:prokaryote production, and
687:conditions with respect to
4381:
3808:10.1016/j.dsr2.2013.02.007
3731:Limnology and Oceanography
3344:10.1002/9780470281840.ch12
3279:Limnology and Oceanography
3118:Environmental Microbiology
2574:Limnology and Oceanography
2516:Limnology and Oceanography
2324:10.2305/iucn.ch.2020.13.en
2176:10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.02.022
2000:10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.02.019
1845:10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.02.013
1758:Limnology and Oceanography
1121:
1062:remotely operated vehicles
909:
727:(POM) that sinks from the
725:particulate organic matter
637:particulate organic carbon
616:
571:Particulate Organic Matter
557:Particulate organic matter
546:Particulate organic matter
324:Layers of the pelagic zone
4282:Thomsen, Laurenz (eds.).
3752:10.4319/lo.2013.58.4.1207
3683:10.1016/j.dsr.2020.103280
3398:10.1016/j.dsr.2005.04.002
3300:10.4319/lo.2009.54.6.1901
3222:FEMS Microbiology Reviews
2834:FEMS Microbiology Letters
2594:10.4319/lo.2006.51.3.1262
2536:10.4319/lo.2000.45.2.0426
2260:"The Oceanic CaCO3 Cycle"
1778:10.4319/lo.2009.54.5.1501
980:, which differs from the
505:water masses such as the
3979:10.3389/fmars.2020.00220
2264:Treatise on Geochemistry
1628:10.3389/fmars.2017.00418
1056:, an oceanographer from
1031:Research and exploration
737:thermohaline circulation
665:thermohaline circulation
641:dissolved organic carbon
507:Thermohaline Circulation
380:Physical characteristics
3922:10.1126/science.1146230
3613:Journal of Fish Biology
3445:10.1126/science.1174269
3015:10.1073/pnas.0600756103
2788:10.1073/pnas.0810871106
2258:Broecker, W.S. (2003),
1946:10.5670/oceanog.2014.78
1498:10.5670/oceanog.2007.80
1262:Biological oceanography
1219:(4): i–iv. April 2017.
1058:Oregon State University
982:diel vertical migration
972:Diel vertical migration
723:in this region rely on
633:sequestration of carbon
408:down to the top of the
364:, preventing growth of
4163:oceanexplorer.noaa.gov
4016:oceanexplorer.noaa.gov
3578:10.1098/rsta.1990.0060
3177:10.1038/ismej.2015.170
3074:10.1038/ismej.2007.118
2026:Cite journal requires
1354:: CS1 maint: others (
1172:biological carbon pump
1040:
776:
561:Organic material from
553:
482:
389:
344:. It lies between the
325:
27:Zone of the open ocean
4138:twilightzone.whoi.edu
3989:10536/DRO/DU:30137212
2270:, Elsevier: 529–549,
1184:thermohaline conveyor
1038:
829:. The utilization of
762:
544:
473:
387:
323:
4301:10.1525/elementa.203
2227:10.1029/2000GB001376
2124:10.1029/2001GB001722
1446:10.1002/2013GC004998
1150:carbon sequestration
707:content and burial.
619:Oceanic carbon cycle
399:hydrostatic pressure
272:Ocean stratification
4054:2014MGeol.352..451W
3914:2007Sci...318.1098B
3908:(5853): 1098–1102.
3851:2018ScTEn.634.1077M
3800:2013DSRII..92..124M
3743:2013LimOc..58.1207O
3675:2020DSRI..16003280K
3570:1990RSPTA.331..119G
3437:2010Sci...328..704W
3390:2005DSRI...52.1515O
3291:2009LimOc..54.1901M
3006:2006PNAS..10312317W
3000:(33): 12317–12322.
2950:10.1038/nature03911
2942:2005Natur.437..543K
2895:2001GeCoA..65.3123P
2779:2009PNAS..106.6513H
2714:2005ApEnM..71.2303H
2651:2001Natur.409..507K
2586:2006LimOc..51.1262R
2528:2000LimOc..45..426N
2478:1987DSRA...34..267M
2373:1973Sci...180..641J
2276:2003TrGeo...6..529B
2218:2001GBioC..15..845A
2168:2010DSRII..57.1557B
1992:2010DSRII..57.1519N
1884:10.1038/nature01165
1876:2002Natur.420..379D
1837:2010DSRII..57.1433C
1770:2009LimOc..54.1501A
1710:2013MEPS..473..115S
1146:ocean acidification
1083:DEEP SEARCH Project
920:a trait among both
741:microbial organisms
536:global carbon cycle
489:from the overlying
418:continental margins
267:Lake stratification
4114:serpentproject.com
3501:10.1242/jeb.072033
1113:Autosub Long Range
1041:
1009:migration patterns
978:vertical migration
895:hydrothermal vents
782:microbial activity
777:
563:primary production
554:
511:Hydrothermal vents
483:
474:Champagne vent, a
456:hydrothermal vents
440:Hydrothermal vents
390:
362:primary production
326:
277:Aquatic ecosystems
3625:10.1111/jfb.12263
3564:(1616): 119–138.
3494:(19): 3344–3353.
3431:(5979): 704–708.
2936:(7058): 543–546.
2889:(18): 3123–3137.
2773:(16): 6513–6518.
2645:(6819): 507–510.
2367:(4086): 641–643.
2333:978-2-8317-2077-7
2293:978-0-08-043751-4
2162:(16): 1557–1571.
2117:(4): 34–1–34-20.
2081:978-0-19-852708-4
1986:(16): 1519–1536.
1870:(6914): 379–384.
1831:(16): 1433–1445.
1718:10.3354/meps10050
1662:"DEEP-SEA MINING"
1440:(11): 4892–4905.
1272:978-1-4443-3301-5
1011:can be driven by
912:Bathypelagic fish
816:amino acid groups
755:Microbial ecology
717:primary producers
689:calcium carbonate
607:calcium carbonate
478:on the Northwest
476:hydrothermal vent
414:continental slope
406:continental shelf
330:bathypelagic zone
318:
317:
16:(Redirected from
4372:
4332:
4331:
4313:
4303:
4278:
4269:
4268:
4266:
4265:
4251:
4245:
4244:
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4241:
4227:
4221:
4220:
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4203:
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4130:
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3991:
3981:
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3893:
3887:
3886:
3836:
3826:
3820:
3819:
3782:
3773:
3772:
3754:
3737:(4): 1207–1214.
3722:
3713:
3712:
3694:
3654:
3645:
3644:
3619:(6): 1508–1527.
3604:
3598:
3597:
3549:
3540:
3539:
3513:
3503:
3479:
3473:
3472:
3416:
3410:
3409:
3384:(8): 1515–1527.
3369:
3363:
3362:
3361:
3360:
3327:
3321:
3320:
3302:
3285:(6): 1901–1910.
3270:
3264:
3263:
3237:
3213:
3207:
3206:
3196:
3165:The ISME Journal
3156:
3150:
3149:
3109:
3103:
3102:
3076:
3061:The ISME Journal
3052:
3046:
3045:
3035:
3017:
2984:
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2977:
2921:
2915:
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2874:
2868:
2867:
2849:
2825:
2819:
2818:
2808:
2790:
2758:
2752:
2751:
2741:
2708:(5): 2303–2309.
2693:
2687:
2686:
2659:10.1038/35054051
2630:
2624:
2623:
2605:
2580:(3): 1262–1273.
2565:
2556:
2555:
2507:
2498:
2497:
2457:
2451:
2450:
2449:
2448:
2415:
2409:
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2014:
2010:
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2003:
1974:
1961:
1960:
1958:
1948:
1923:
1912:
1911:
1855:
1849:
1848:
1819:
1808:
1807:
1789:
1764:(5): 1501–1529.
1753:
1740:
1739:
1729:
1689:
1683:
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1676:
1668:
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1657:
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1305:
1291:
1285:
1284:
1256:
1245:
1244:
1225:10.1002/wea.2860
1205:
1077:SERPENT Project
891:mesopelagic zone
887:marine food webs
721:trophic networks
691:) and above the
523:remineralization
480:Eifuku seamount.
448:mid-ocean ridges
426:mid-ocean ridges
397:is limited. The
310:
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2458:
2454:
2446:
2444:
2442:
2417:
2416:
2412:
2354:
2353:
2349:
2334:
2311:
2310:
2306:
2298:
2296:
2294:
2257:
2256:
2252:
2247:
2243:
2198:
2197:
2193:
2148:
2147:
2140:
2104:
2103:
2094:
2086:
2084:
2082:
2047:
2046:
2039:
2025:
2015:
2012:
2011:
2007:
1976:
1975:
1964:
1925:
1924:
1915:
1857:
1856:
1852:
1821:
1820:
1811:
1755:
1754:
1743:
1691:
1690:
1686:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1658:
1654:
1608:
1607:
1603:
1587:1721.1/134956.2
1562:
1561:
1554:
1545:
1543:
1539:
1538:
1531:
1479:
1478:
1471:
1427:
1426:
1422:
1412:
1411:
1407:
1390:
1373:
1372:
1363:
1346:
1334:
1320:
1319:
1312:
1303:
1301:
1293:
1292:
1288:
1273:
1258:
1257:
1248:
1207:
1206:
1202:
1197:
1189:
1176:solubility pump
1159:
1139:
1135:
1126:
1120:
1086:DEEPEND Project
1074:
1033:
996:, a species of
974:
934:bioluminescence
918:bioluminescence
914:
908:
903:
773:carbon fixation
757:
713:
706:
702:
673:
629:biological pump
625:epipelagic zone
621:
615:
603:biogenic silica
567:epipelagic zone
559:
468:
466:Biogeochemistry
460:deep-sea mining
452:chemoautotrophy
444:tectonic plates
395:bioluminescence
382:
314:
262:Marine habitats
236:
235:
225:
224:
212:
211:
201:
200:
190:
189:
179:
178:
168:
167:
144:
143:
133:
132:
118:
117:
107:
106:
96:
95:
85:
84:
74:
73:
63:
62:
52:
51:
41:
40:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4378:
4376:
4368:
4367:
4357:
4356:
4353:
4352:
4347:
4340:
4339:External links
4337:
4334:
4333:
4270:
4246:
4222:
4198:
4174:
4149:
4125:
4101:
4077:
4042:Marine Geology
4027:
4003:
3951:
3888:
3821:
3774:
3714:
3646:
3599:
3541:
3474:
3411:
3364:
3352:
3322:
3265:
3228:(2): 127–181.
3208:
3171:(4): 945–958.
3151:
3124:(1): 172–183.
3104:
3067:(4): 429–441.
3047:
2979:
2916:
2869:
2840:(2): 203–207.
2820:
2753:
2688:
2625:
2557:
2522:(2): 426–435.
2499:
2472:(2): 267–285.
2452:
2440:
2410:
2347:
2332:
2304:
2292:
2250:
2241:
2212:(4): 845–862.
2191:
2138:
2092:
2080:
2037:
2028:|journal=
2005:
1962:
1913:
1850:
1809:
1741:
1684:
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1199:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1187:
1158:
1157:Carbon storage
1155:
1137:
1133:
1119:
1118:Climate change
1116:
1115:
1114:
1108:
1099:
1093:
1087:
1084:
1081:
1078:
1073:
1070:
1032:
1029:
1017:commensalistic
973:
970:
907:
904:
902:
899:
808:turnover times
803:organic carbon
769:Crenarchaeaota
756:
753:
712:
709:
704:
700:
685:undersaturated
672:
669:
648:organic carbon
614:
611:
595:photosynthesis
558:
555:
487:organic matter
467:
464:
381:
378:
370:aquatic plants
358:photosynthesis
348:above and the
316:
315:
313:
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305:
298:
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287:
286:
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282:Wild fisheries
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250:
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159:Stratification
155:
154:
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141:
130:
129:
128:
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126:
115:
104:
93:
71:
70:
69:
35:
34:
33:Aquatic layers
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4377:
4366:
4363:
4362:
4360:
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4338:
4329:
4325:
4321:
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4312:
4307:
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4297:
4293:
4289:
4285:
4277:
4275:
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4260:
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4232:
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4208:
4202:
4199:
4188:
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4139:
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4115:
4111:
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4091:
4087:
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4069:
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4059:
4055:
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4047:
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4039:
4031:
4028:
4017:
4013:
4007:
4004:
3999:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3971:
3967:
3963:
3955:
3952:
3947:
3943:
3939:
3935:
3931:
3927:
3923:
3919:
3915:
3911:
3907:
3903:
3899:
3892:
3889:
3884:
3880:
3876:
3872:
3868:
3864:
3860:
3856:
3852:
3848:
3845:: 1077–1091.
3844:
3840:
3833:
3825:
3822:
3817:
3813:
3809:
3805:
3801:
3797:
3793:
3789:
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3507:
3502:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3478:
3475:
3470:
3466:
3462:
3458:
3454:
3450:
3446:
3442:
3438:
3434:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3415:
3412:
3407:
3403:
3399:
3395:
3391:
3387:
3383:
3379:
3375:
3368:
3365:
3355:
3353:9780470281840
3349:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3326:
3323:
3318:
3314:
3310:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3269:
3266:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3219:
3212:
3209:
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3200:
3195:
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3186:
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3003:
2999:
2995:
2991:
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2980:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2947:
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2931:
2927:
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2912:
2908:
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2900:
2896:
2892:
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2870:
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2853:
2848:
2843:
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2835:
2831:
2824:
2821:
2816:
2812:
2807:
2802:
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2754:
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2745:
2740:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2692:
2689:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2629:
2626:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2564:
2562:
2558:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2506:
2504:
2500:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2456:
2453:
2443:
2441:9780123238412
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2406:
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2374:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2358:
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2348:
2343:
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2335:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2316:
2308:
2305:
2295:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2254:
2251:
2245:
2242:
2237:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2195:
2192:
2186:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2145:
2143:
2139:
2134:
2130:
2125:
2120:
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2112:
2108:
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2097:
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2083:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2044:
2042:
2038:
2033:
2020:
2009:
2006:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1973:
1971:
1969:
1967:
1963:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1922:
1920:
1918:
1914:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1854:
1851:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1818:
1816:
1814:
1810:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1752:
1750:
1748:
1746:
1742:
1737:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1688:
1685:
1680:
1674:
1663:
1656:
1653:
1648:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1605:
1602:
1597:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1566:Marine Policy
1559:
1557:
1553:
1542:
1536:
1534:
1530:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1476:
1474:
1470:
1465:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1424:
1421:
1416:
1409:
1406:
1401:
1395:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1378:
1370:
1368:
1366:
1362:
1357:
1351:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1333:0-12-026132-4
1329:
1325:
1324:
1317:
1315:
1311:
1300:
1296:
1290:
1287:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1268:
1264:
1263:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1247:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1204:
1201:
1194:
1192:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1164:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1142:deoxygenation
1131:
1125:
1117:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1100:
1097:
1094:
1091:
1088:
1085:
1082:
1079:
1076:
1075:
1071:
1069:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1037:
1030:
1028:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1004:
1003:Sthenoteuthis
999:
995:
993:
992:Sthenoteuthis
988:
983:
979:
971:
969:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
913:
905:
900:
898:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
878:
874:
870:
869:Stramenopiles
866:
862:
858:
854:
851:
850:heterotrophic
846:
844:
840:
839:heterotrophic
836:
832:
828:
825:
821:
820:Crenarchaeota
817:
813:
809:
804:
800:
796:
795:
790:
788:
783:
774:
770:
766:
761:
754:
752:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
710:
708:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
670:
668:
666:
662:
656:
654:
649:
644:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
620:
612:
610:
608:
604:
598:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
556:
551:
547:
543:
539:
537:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
481:
477:
472:
465:
463:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
435:
431:
427:
423:
420:, as well as
419:
415:
411:
407:
402:
400:
396:
386:
379:
377:
375:
371:
367:
366:phytoplankton
363:
359:
355:
354:midnight zone
351:
350:abyssopelagic
347:
343:
342:ocean surface
339:
335:
331:
322:
311:
306:
304:
299:
297:
292:
291:
289:
288:
283:
280:
278:
275:
273:
270:
268:
265:
263:
260:
259:
258:
257:
252:
243:
234:
233:
232:
223:
219:
210:
208:
199:
198:
197:
188:
186:
177:
176:
175:
166:
165:
164:
163:
160:
156:
151:
142:
140:
131:
125:
116:
114:
113:Abyssopelagic
105:
103:
94:
92:
83:
82:
81:
72:
61:
60:
59:
50:
49:
48:
39:
38:
37:
36:
31:
19:
4365:Oceanography
4311:10722/241753
4291:
4287:
4262:. Retrieved
4258:
4249:
4238:. Retrieved
4234:
4225:
4214:. Retrieved
4210:
4207:"AUV Sentry"
4201:
4190:. Retrieved
4186:
4177:
4166:. Retrieved
4162:
4152:
4141:. Retrieved
4137:
4128:
4117:. Retrieved
4113:
4104:
4093:. Retrieved
4089:
4080:
4045:
4041:
4030:
4019:. Retrieved
4015:
4006:
3969:
3965:
3954:
3905:
3901:
3891:
3842:
3838:
3824:
3791:
3787:
3734:
3730:
3692:10754/662508
3666:
3662:
3616:
3612:
3602:
3561:
3557:
3491:
3487:
3477:
3428:
3424:
3414:
3381:
3377:
3367:
3357:, retrieved
3335:
3325:
3282:
3278:
3268:
3225:
3221:
3211:
3168:
3164:
3154:
3121:
3117:
3107:
3064:
3060:
3050:
2997:
2993:
2982:
2933:
2929:
2919:
2886:
2882:
2872:
2837:
2833:
2823:
2770:
2766:
2756:
2705:
2701:
2691:
2642:
2638:
2628:
2577:
2573:
2519:
2515:
2469:
2465:
2455:
2445:, retrieved
2423:
2413:
2364:
2360:
2350:
2314:
2307:
2297:, retrieved
2267:
2263:
2253:
2244:
2209:
2205:
2194:
2159:
2155:
2114:
2110:
2085:, retrieved
2053:
2019:cite journal
2008:
1983:
1979:
1939:(3): 10–16.
1936:
1933:Oceanography
1932:
1867:
1863:
1853:
1828:
1824:
1761:
1757:
1701:
1697:
1687:
1655:
1638:10871/130175
1618:
1614:
1604:
1569:
1565:
1544:. Retrieved
1492:(1): 50–65.
1489:
1486:Oceanography
1485:
1437:
1433:
1423:
1408:
1376:
1322:
1302:. Retrieved
1298:
1289:
1261:
1216:
1212:
1203:
1160:
1127:
1054:Jack Corliss
1046:ocean ridges
1042:
1002:
991:
975:
915:
906:Fish ecology
881:
847:
792:
791:
778:
714:
674:
657:
645:
622:
599:
560:
484:
438:
432:and creates
412:, and along
410:abyssal zone
403:
391:
353:
334:bathyal zone
333:
329:
327:
242:Thermohaline
102:Bathypelagic
101:
18:Bathypelagic
4231:"ROV Jason"
4048:: 451–468.
3794:: 124–135.
3511:11603/13394
2185:10553/51638
2071:10553/51651
1704:: 115–131.
1025:lunar cycle
966:whale falls
733:mesopelagic
677:dissolution
653:Arabian Sea
591:marine snow
550:marine snow
527:prokaryotes
499:marine snow
495:mesopelagic
374:photic zone
346:mesopelagic
231:Thermocline
124:Hadopelagic
91:Mesopelagic
4264:2022-12-01
4240:2022-12-01
4216:2022-12-01
4192:2022-12-01
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