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1182:, the military leader of anti-colonial revolution, were among the many people across Vietnamese society who opposed the governments plans. In an attempt to stop the spread of information across the globe, the government banned domestic reporters from reporting on bauxite mining. However, reporters turned to Vietnamese language websites and blogs where the reporting and discussion continued. On April 12, 2009, several well-respected Vietnamese scholars started a petition against the mining of bauxite that was signed by 135 accomplished and well known "Intellectuals". This petition helped unite the scattered anti-bauxite movement into a unified opposition against the state. These acts of governmental defiance were met with repressive state actions. Many domestic online reporters were arrested, and legislative action was taken to repress scientific research.
1191:
contribute to the regions fertility. The Indian bauxite industry is interested in developing this land for aluminum production, which poses great risk to the terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Historically, the
Indigenous peoples living on these lands have shown resistance to development, and oppose any new bauxite mining projects in the area. This has led to violent conflicts between Indigenous communities and police. On December 16, 2000, police killed three Indigenous protestors and wounded over a dozen more during a protest over a bauxite project in the
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29:
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government should mine bauxite in the region because the reserve is environmentally and culturally significant. In 2016, the government along with NGO's began the process of upgrading the reserved to a national park. However, that year an election took place, and before it became official, the newly elected
National Patriotic Party (NPP) rejected the plan. In 2017, the government of Ghana signed a
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49:
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37:
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Most of India's bauxite ore reserves, which are among the top ten largest in the world, are located on tribal land. These tribal lands are densely populated and home to over 100 million
Indigenous Indian peoples. The mountain summits located on these lands act as a source of water and greatly
1154:
Traditional Area and is overseen by the king known as
Okyenhene. In 2013, an NGO called A Rocha Ghana held a summit with the forestry and water resource commission, the minister of lands, the minister of the environment, and other important stakeholders. They came to the conclusion that no future
1149:
range in Ghana, classified as an ecologically important forest reserve with an area of 17,400 hectares (43,000 acres), has been is a recent site of conflict and controversy surrounding baxuite mining. The forest reserve is one of the only two upland evergreen forests in Ghana, and makes up a
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that would create the legal framework required to develop and establish an integrated bauxite industry. In may of that year, the government began drilling deep holes in the reserve. These actions sparked several protests, including a 95-kilometre (59 mi) march from the reserve to the
1056:
the mine once operations have finished. During the strip mining process, the biodiversity and habitat once present in the area is completely lost and the hydrological and soil characteristics in the region are permanently altered. Other environmental impacts of bauxite mining include
1159:
with China to develop new bauxite mining infrastructure in Ghana. Although there was no official plan to mine the Atewa Forest
Reserve, tensions between local communities, NGO and the government began to rise. In 2019, tensions began to reach a peak when the government presented the
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Bauxite extraction and refining has numerous negative consequences to the environment and to people. The negative impacts are well documented and there are many examples from all over the world. These impacts include the destruction of the environment, water, and air
1112:
In the tropical regions of Asia, central Africa, South
America and northern Australia, there has been an increase of bauxite mines on traditional and indigenous lands. This has resulted in a number of negative social impacts on local and indigenous peoples. In the
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presidential palace, an informational billboard campaign led by A Rocha Ghana, and a youth march. In 2020, A Rocha Ghana also sued the government over the drilling in the reserve after they failed to provide a statement explaining their actions.
1012:. Achievable extraction efficiencies critically depend on the original concentration in the feed bauxite. At a typical feed concentration of 50 ppm, about 15 percent of the contained gallium is extractable. The remainder reports to the
1861:
Cusack, Patricia B.; Courtney, Ronan; Healy, Mark G.; O'Donoghue, Lisa; Ujaczki, Eva (2019). "An evaluation of the general composition and critical raw material content of bauxite residue in a storage area over a twelve-year period".
1173:
In early 2009, the
Vietnamese Government proposed a plan to mine remote regions of the central highlands. This proposal was highly controversial and sparked a nationwide debate and the most significant domestic conflict since the
1136:
Region of Guinea have caused in 35 conflicts which include movements of revolts and road blockades. These conflicts have resulted in the loss of human life, the destruction of heavy machinery, and damage to government buildings.
1417:
Dibattista, Ilaria; Camara, Abdoul Rachid; Molderez, Ingrid; Benassai, Edoardo Maria; Palozza, Francesco (2023). "Socio-environmental impact of mining activities in Guinea: The case of bauxite extraction in the region of Boké".
1043:
The social and environmental impacts of bauxite extraction are well documented. Most of the world's bauxite deposits can be found within 1 to 20 metres (3 ft 3 in to 65 ft 7 in) of the earths surface.
980:
forms in the can, then there is a likelihood for the cargo to liquefy; although conversely, even if the sample remains dry it does not conclusively prove that it will remain that way, or that it is safe for loading.
1103:
of all life. Red mud was responsible for killing all life in the Marcal River in
Hungary after a spill occurred in 2010. When red mud dries, it turns into dust that can cause lung disease, cancer and birth defects.
914:, by heating in rotary kilns or fluid flash calciners to a temperature in excess of 1,000 °C (1,830 °F). This aluminium oxide is dissolved at a temperature of about 960 °C (1,760 °F) in molten
363:. In comparison with the iron-rich laterites, the formation of bauxites depends even more on intense weathering conditions in a location with very good drainage. This enables the dissolution of the
1117:
Region of Guinea, there has been a significant increase in bauxite mining pressure on the local population. This has resulted in potable water issues, air pollution, food contamination, and land
1035:
1377:
Ky, Lee; Ly, Ho; Kh, Tan; Yy, Tham; Sp, Ling; Am, Qureshi; T, Ponnudurai; R, Nordin (December 1, 2017). "Environmental and
Occupational Health Impact of Bauxite Mining in Malaysia: A Review".
976:
in 2015. One method which can demonstrate this effect is the "can test", in which a sample of the material is placed in a cylindrical can and struck against a surface many times. If a moist
1481:
Muhs, Daniel R.; Budahn, James R. (2009). "Geochemical evidence for
African dust and volcanic ash inputs to terra rossa soils on carbonate reef terraces, northern Jamaica, West Indies".
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can cause the cargo to shift rapidly inside the hold and make the ship unstable, potentially sinking the ship. One vessel suspected to have been sunk in this way was the
1099:, monohydrate aluminium, and trihydrate aluminium that do not break down in nature. When improperly stored, red mud can contaminate soil and water, which can result in
2753:
1325:
In 1861, H. Sainte-Claire Deville credits Berthier with naming "bauxite", on p. 309, "Chapitre 1. Minerais alumineux ou bauxite" of: H. Sainte-Claire Deville (1861)
827:
Bauxite being digested by washing with a hot solution of sodium hydroxide at 175 °C (347 °F) under pressure at National Aluminium Company, Nalconagar, India.
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Guinea has a long history of mining related conflicts between communities and mining companies. Between 2015 and 2018, new bauxite mining operations in the
2766:
945:. The method was complicated and consumed materials that were themselves expensive at that time. This made early elemental aluminium more expensive than
839:. Bauxite rocks are typically classified according to their intended commercial application: metallurgical, abrasive, cement, chemical, and refractory.
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Annandale, Mark; Meadows, John; Erskine, Peter (2021). "Indigenous forest livelihoods and bauxite mining: A case-study from northern Australia".
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898:. After separation of the residue by filtering, pure gibbsite is precipitated when the liquid is cooled, and then seeded with fine-grained
1975:
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1058:
2107:
1763:
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Frenzel, Max; Ketris, Marina P.; Seifert, Thomas; Gutzmer, Jens (March 2016). "On the current and future availability of gallium".
2657:
2739:
2687:
1048:
is the most common technique used for extracting shallow bauxite. This process involves removing the vegetation, top soil, and
2121:
Geological and geochemical evolution of the Bolkardaği bauxite deposits, Karaman, Turkey: Transformation from shale to bauxite
1327:"De la présence du vanadium dans un minerai alumineux du midi de la France. Études analytiques sur les matières alumineuses."
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significant portion of the remaining 20% of forested habitat left in Ghana. The Atewa range falls under the jurisdiction of
1329:(On the presence of vanadium in an alumina mineral from the Midi of France. Analytical studies of aluminous substances.),
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1708:
923:
874:(AlOOH); the different forms of the aluminium component will dictate the extraction conditions. The undissolved waste,
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1683:
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41:
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Bauxite mining has led to protests, civil unrest, and violent conflicts in Guinea, Ghana, Vietnam, and India.
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2006:"Bauxite mining at Atewa Forest Reserve, Ghana: a political ecology of a conservation-exploitation conflict"
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layers – dispersed clays which were concentrated as the enclosing limestones gradually dissolved during
269:
Numerous classification schemes have been proposed for bauxite but, as of 1982, there was no consensus.
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1427:
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As of 2010, approximately 70% to 80% of the world's dry bauxite production is processed first into
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217:
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1178:. Government scientists, journalists, religious leaders, retired high level state officials, and
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solution at a temperature of 150 to 200 °C (300 to 390 °F). At these temperatures, the
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liquor. From this it can be extracted by a variety of methods. The most recent is the use of
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2017:
1935:
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than producing aluminium from ores, may considerably extend the world's bauxite reserves.
230:
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1931:
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1804:
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2005:
1977:
The Vietnamese Bauxite Mining Controversy: the Emergence of a New Oppositional Politics
1661:
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461:
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336:
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1295:(Analysis of hydrated alumina from Les Beaux, department of the Mouths-of-the-Rhone),
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224:
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28:
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to expose the bauxite ore. The overlying soil is typically stockpiled in order to
420:
1847:
1502:
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2452:
2219:
2116:. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry p. 385–388 Vol.266, No.3
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879:
803:
48:
2021:
1314:
listed the hydrated alumina from Les Beaux as "beauxite". (See: A. Dufrénoy,
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1826:
Moskalyk, R. R. (2003). "Gallium: the backbone of the electronics industry".
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1293:"Analyse de l'alumine hydratée des Beaux, département des Bouches-du-Rhóne"
36:
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2068:
Padel, F. (2015). "The Bauxite-Aluminium Industry and India's Adivasis".
1636:"Bauxite and Alumina Statistics and Information | U.S. Geological Survey"
1024:
918:. Next, this molten substance can yield metallic aluminium by passing an
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871:
867:
859:
368:
340:
297:
273:
238:
199:
143:
132:
128:
117:
56:
2114:
Comparison of bauxites from Jamaica, the Dominican Republic and Suriname
1757:"Compilation of Gallium Resource Data for Bauxite Deposits Author: USGS"
412:
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3011:
3006:
2961:
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2102:. Developments in Economic Geology 27, Elsevier Sci. Publ. 624 p.
1892:
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392:
388:
384:
371:. Zones with highest aluminium content are frequently located below a
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114:
110:
52:
1980:(PhD thesis). University of California, Berkeley – via ProQuest.
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883:
764:
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659:
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437:
352:
348:
293:
289:
242:
2144:
961:, bauxite is a Group A cargo that may liquefy if excessively moist.
398:
deposits from episodes of significant volcanism in Central America.
1318:, volume 3 (Paris, France: Carilian-Goeury et Vor Dalmont, 1847),
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617:
554:
491:
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47:
35:
27:
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in the lateritic bauxite deposits is almost exclusively gibbsite.
2906:
2493:
2469:
2445:
2300:
2276:
1162:
Ghana Integrated Bauxite and Aluminium Development Authority Act
946:
933:, aluminium ore was refined by heating ore along with elemental
842:
Bauxite ore is usually heated in a pressure vessel along with a
331:
The lateritic bauxites are found mostly in the countries of the
321:
2735:
2163:
1709:"Bulk Jupiter sinking: A stark reminder of bauxite cargo risks"
922:
through it in the process of electrolysis, which is called the
3016:
2677:
2224:
2202:
2194:
2190:
469:
281:
1261:"The Clay Minerals Society Glossary for Clay Science Project"
1087:
sludge, with a high pH around 13, that is a byproduct of the
77:
21:
This article is about the ore. For the town in Arkansas, see
1306:
In 1847, in the cumulative index of volume 3 of his series,
858:). The aluminium compounds in the bauxite may be present as
86:
448:
because it is almost always found near the surface of the
436:
Australia is the largest producer of bauxite, followed by
929:
Prior to the invention of this process, and prior to the
387:, recent analysis of the soils showed elevated levels of
878:, after the aluminium compounds are extracted contains
2071:
Mining, the Aluminium Industry and Indigenous Peoples
83:
80:
89:
74:
3157:
3112:
3069:
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2640:
2553:
2504:
2347:
2210:
2201:
2093:
Karst Bauxites: Bauxite deposits on carbonate rocks
1451:
1449:
926:, named after its American and French discoverers.
71:
1249:. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 2-PA20.
1913:
1911:
1909:
1907:
1905:
1903:
1412:
1410:
1408:
1999:
1997:
1995:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1987:
1786:
1784:
468:2023 Bauxite production and reserves (thousand
1969:
1967:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1959:
1957:
811:, to be shipped elsewhere for processing; 2007
391:, suggesting that the bauxite originates from
288:The carbonate bauxites occur predominantly in
2747:
2175:
2112:Grant, C.; Lalor, G. and Vutchkov, M. (2005)
2063:
2061:
2059:
2057:
1555:"Bauxite and Alumina 2023 Annual Publication"
1517:"Bauxite and Alumina 2020 Annual Publication"
989:Bauxite is the main source of the rare metal
8:
1091:. It contains several elements such as
424:One of the world's largest bauxite mines in
1609:Australia, Geoscience (December 19, 2023).
113:. Bauxite consists mostly of the aluminium
2754:
2740:
2732:
2207:
2182:
2168:
2160:
799:Aluminium § Production and refinement
466:
320:and residual accumulation of intercalated
105:content. It is the world's main source of
2037:
1891:
1688:Baltic and International Maritime Council
1372:
1370:
1368:
1039:Mineração Rio do Norte (MRN) Bauxite Mine
902:. The gibbsite is usually converted into
212:
205:
194:
183:
179:
175:
171:
157:
153:
123:
2098:Bárdossy, G. and Aleva, G.J.J. (1990):
1584:"BBC - GCSE Bitesize: Making aluminium"
1235:
1121:disputes due to improper compensation.
1023:Bauxite is also a potential source for
486:
408:List of countries by bauxite production
316:), where they were formed by lateritic
233:discovered bauxite near the village of
265:Bauxite with core of unweathered rock
220:and is reddish-brown, white, or tan.
7:
2123:. Journal of Geochemical Exploration
1896:– via Elsevier Science Direct.
1769:from the original on October 9, 2022
1660:Michael Quinion (January 23, 2006).
1535:from the original on October 9, 2022
1351:"March 23, 1821: Bauxite Discovered"
1246:Geological Survey Professional Paper
996:During the processing of bauxite to
55:mineral maps of bauxite ore-forming
1920:Journal of Environmental Management
1460:. Amsterdam: Elsevier. p. 16.
807:Bauxite being loaded at Cabo Rojo,
2763:Lists of countries and territories
2698:Volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS)
2134:USGS Minerals Information: Bauxite
276:bauxites (silicate bauxites) from
16:Sedimentary rock rich in aluminium
14:
2095:. Elsevier Sci. Publ. 441 p.
1243:Geological Survey (U.S.) (1986).
2715:
1349:Burgess, N. (October 26, 2015).
1331:Annales de Chimie et de Physique
757:
736:
715:
694:
673:
652:
631:
610:
589:
568:
547:
526:
505:
416:World bauxite production in 2005
67:
2678:Magmatic nickel-copper-iron-PGE
2668:Kambalda-type komatiitic nickel
1813:10.1016/j.resourpol.2015.11.005
1281:. Minerals Education Coalition.
3194:List of international rankings
2688:Sedimentary exhalative (SedEx)
2152:New International Encyclopedia
1:
2663:Iron oxide copper gold (IOCG)
2139:Mineral Information Institute
1940:10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113014
1884:10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.10.083
1864:Journal of Cleaner Production
1440:10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.135720
1420:Journal of Cleaner Production
1379:IIUM Medical Journal Malaysia
1004:, gallium accumulates in the
367:and the precipitation of the
1848:10.1016/j.mineng.2003.08.003
1684:"IMSBC CODE GROUP A CARGOES"
1503:10.1016/j.quaint.2007.10.026
272:Vadász (1951) distinguished
2004:Purwins, Sebastian (2022).
1662:"Aluminium versus aluminum"
1157:Memorandum of Understanding
835:and then into aluminium by
216:). Bauxite appears dull in
3257:
2653:Carbonate-hosted lead-zinc
2022:10.1007/s10708-020-10303-3
1076:
796:
405:
20:
3188:
2711:
1303: : 531-534. Notes:
776:
755:
734:
713:
692:
671:
650:
629:
608:
587:
566:
545:
524:
503:
476:
1735:"What a Can Test Can Do"
1483:Quaternary International
1031:Socio-ecological impacts
2193:, mineral mixtures and
1391:10.31436/imjm.v16i2.346
1093:sodium aluminoscilicate
402:Production and reserves
335:. They were formed by
187:) and small amounts of
101:with a relatively high
1974:Morris, Jason (2013).
1562:U.S. Geological Survey
1525:U.S. Geological Survey
1310:, French mineralogist
1180:General Võ Nguyên Giáp
1040:
828:
812:
460:, which requires less
433:
417:
284:(carbonate bauxites):
266:
253:and soil degradation.
59:
45:
33:
2703:Orogenic gold deposit
2648:Banded iron formation
2091:Bárdossy, G. (1982):
1456:Bárdossy, G. (1982).
1316:Traité de minéralogie
1308:Traité de minéralogie
1038:
826:
806:
444:. Bauxite is usually
423:
415:
264:
51:
39:
32:Reddish-brown bauxite
31:
2119:Hanilçi, N. (2013).
1828:Minerals Engineering
1715:. September 20, 2019
1664:. Worldwidewords.org
1615:Geoscience Australia
1590:on February 25, 2018
1219:United Company RUSAL
1083:Red mud is a highly
924:Hall–Héroult process
894:and some un-reacted
793:Aluminium production
452:, with little or no
375:surface layer. The
2722:Minerals portal
2658:Heavy mineral sands
2077:. pp. 101–112.
1932:2021JEnvM.29413014A
1876:2019JCPro.208..393C
1840:2003MiEng..16..921M
1805:2016RePol..47...38F
1495:2009QuInt.196...13M
1432:2023JCPro.38735720D
1291:P. Berthier (1821)
1018:aluminium hydroxide
967:free surface effect
900:aluminium hydroxide
473:
458:aluminium recycling
377:aluminium hydroxide
326:chemical weathering
3226:Aluminium minerals
2100:Lateritic Bauxites
1737:. February 8, 2021
1267:on April 16, 2016.
1041:
1010:ion-exchange resin
829:
813:
809:Dominican Republic
467:
434:
418:
267:
60:
46:
34:
3221:Sedimentary rocks
3208:
3207:
2767:industrial output
2729:
2728:
2636:
2635:
1467:978-0-444-99727-2
1337: : 309-342.
1297:Annales des mines
1209:Bauxite, Arkansas
1193:Rayagada district
985:Source of gallium
824:
790:
789:
161:), the aluminium
23:Bauxite, Arkansas
3248:
3199:Lists by country
2756:
2749:
2742:
2733:
2720:
2719:
2718:
2673:Lateritic nickel
2629:
2617:
2605:
2593:
2581:
2569:
2546:
2534:
2522:
2497:
2485:
2473:
2461:
2449:
2437:
2425:
2413:
2401:
2389:
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2365:
2340:
2328:
2316:
2304:
2292:
2280:
2268:
2256:
2240:
2228:
2208:
2184:
2177:
2170:
2161:
2156:
2148:
2079:
2078:
2076:
2065:
2052:
2051:
2041:
2016:(2): 1085–1097.
2001:
1982:
1981:
1971:
1952:
1951:
1915:
1898:
1897:
1895:
1858:
1852:
1851:
1823:
1817:
1816:
1793:Resources Policy
1788:
1779:
1778:
1776:
1774:
1768:
1761:
1753:
1747:
1746:
1744:
1742:
1731:
1725:
1724:
1722:
1720:
1705:
1699:
1698:
1696:
1694:
1680:
1674:
1673:
1671:
1669:
1657:
1651:
1650:
1648:
1646:
1632:
1626:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1606:
1600:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1586:. Archived from
1580:
1574:
1573:
1571:
1569:
1559:
1551:
1545:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1534:
1528:. January 2020.
1521:
1513:
1507:
1506:
1478:
1472:
1471:
1453:
1444:
1443:
1414:
1403:
1402:
1374:
1363:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1346:
1340:
1289:
1283:
1282:
1275:
1269:
1268:
1263:. Archived from
1257:
1251:
1250:
1240:
1101:local extinction
1097:calcium titanate
1059:soil degradation
1006:sodium hydroxide
920:electric current
876:bauxite tailings
852:sodium aluminate
850:is dissolved as
844:sodium hydroxide
825:
779:
762:
761:
760:
741:
740:
739:
720:
719:
718:
699:
698:
697:
678:
677:
676:
657:
656:
655:
636:
635:
634:
615:
614:
613:
594:
593:
592:
573:
572:
571:
552:
551:
550:
531:
530:
529:
510:
509:
508:
490:
474:
215:
208:
197:
186:
160:
131:(γ-AlO(OH)) and
126:
99:sedimentary rock
96:
95:
92:
91:
88:
85:
82:
79:
76:
73:
3256:
3255:
3251:
3250:
3249:
3247:
3246:
3245:
3211:
3210:
3209:
3204:
3203:
3184:
3153:
3135:per unit of GDP
3125:
3108:
3065:
2798:
2794:
2772:
2760:
2730:
2725:
2716:
2714:
2707:
2683:Porphyry copper
2632:
2623:
2611:
2599:
2587:
2575:
2563:
2549:
2540:
2528:
2516:
2500:
2491:
2479:
2467:
2455:
2443:
2431:
2419:
2407:
2395:
2383:
2371:
2359:
2343:
2334:
2322:
2310:
2298:
2286:
2274:
2262:
2246:
2234:
2222:
2197:
2188:
2146:"Bauxite"
2143:
2130:
2088:
2086:Further reading
2083:
2082:
2074:
2067:
2066:
2055:
2003:
2002:
1985:
1973:
1972:
1955:
1917:
1916:
1901:
1860:
1859:
1855:
1834:(10): 921–929.
1825:
1824:
1820:
1790:
1789:
1782:
1772:
1770:
1766:
1759:
1755:
1754:
1750:
1740:
1738:
1733:
1732:
1728:
1718:
1716:
1707:
1706:
1702:
1692:
1690:
1682:
1681:
1677:
1667:
1665:
1659:
1658:
1654:
1644:
1642:
1634:
1633:
1629:
1619:
1617:
1608:
1607:
1603:
1593:
1591:
1582:
1581:
1577:
1567:
1565:
1557:
1553:
1552:
1548:
1538:
1536:
1532:
1519:
1515:
1514:
1510:
1480:
1479:
1475:
1468:
1455:
1454:
1447:
1416:
1415:
1406:
1376:
1375:
1366:
1356:
1354:
1348:
1347:
1343:
1312:Armand Dufrénoy
1299:, 1st series,
1290:
1286:
1277:
1276:
1272:
1259:
1258:
1254:
1242:
1241:
1237:
1232:
1224:MS Bulk Jupiter
1214:Rio Tinto Alcan
1205:
1188:
1171:
1143:
1130:
1110:
1081:
1075:
1067:water pollution
1033:
987:
955:
953:Maritime safety
931:Deville process
913:
909:
904:aluminium oxide
865:
815:
801:
795:
780:Other countries
777:
758:
756:
737:
735:
716:
714:
695:
693:
674:
672:
653:
651:
632:
630:
611:
609:
590:
588:
569:
567:
548:
546:
527:
525:
506:
504:
488:
410:
404:
383:In the case of
306:carbonate rocks
259:
231:Pierre Berthier
214:
210:
207:
203:
196:
192:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
159:
155:
151:
125:
121:
70:
66:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3254:
3252:
3244:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3231:Bauxite mining
3228:
3223:
3213:
3212:
3206:
3205:
3202:
3201:
3196:
3190:
3189:
3186:
3185:
3183:
3182:
3177:
3175:Motor vehicles
3172:
3167:
3161:
3159:
3155:
3154:
3152:
3151:
3150:
3149:
3142:Greenhouse gas
3139:
3138:
3137:
3132:
3123:
3118:
3116:
3110:
3109:
3107:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3075:
3073:
3067:
3066:
3064:
3063:
3062:
3061:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3040:
3039:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2853:
2852:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2811:
2810:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2782:
2780:
2774:
2773:
2761:
2759:
2758:
2751:
2744:
2736:
2727:
2726:
2712:
2709:
2708:
2706:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2644:
2642:
2638:
2637:
2634:
2633:
2631:
2630:
2618:
2606:
2594:
2582:
2570:
2557:
2555:
2551:
2550:
2548:
2547:
2535:
2523:
2510:
2508:
2502:
2501:
2499:
2498:
2486:
2474:
2462:
2450:
2438:
2426:
2414:
2402:
2390:
2378:
2366:
2353:
2351:
2345:
2344:
2342:
2341:
2329:
2317:
2305:
2293:
2281:
2269:
2257:
2241:
2229:
2216:
2214:
2205:
2199:
2198:
2189:
2187:
2186:
2179:
2172:
2164:
2158:
2157:
2141:
2136:
2129:
2128:External links
2126:
2125:
2124:
2117:
2110:
2096:
2087:
2084:
2081:
2080:
2053:
1983:
1953:
1899:
1853:
1818:
1780:
1748:
1726:
1700:
1675:
1652:
1627:
1601:
1575:
1564:. January 2024
1546:
1508:
1473:
1466:
1458:Karst Bauxites
1445:
1404:
1364:
1341:
1339:
1338:
1333:, 3rd series,
1323:
1284:
1270:
1252:
1234:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1227:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1204:
1201:
1187:
1184:
1170:
1167:
1142:
1139:
1129:
1126:
1109:
1106:
1077:Main article:
1074:
1071:
1032:
1029:
986:
983:
954:
951:
911:
907:
863:
794:
791:
788:
787:
784:
781:
774:
773:
770:
767:
753:
752:
749:
746:
732:
731:
728:
725:
711:
710:
707:
704:
690:
689:
686:
683:
669:
668:
665:
662:
648:
647:
644:
641:
627:
626:
623:
620:
606:
605:
602:
599:
585:
584:
581:
578:
564:
563:
560:
557:
543:
542:
539:
536:
522:
521:
518:
515:
501:
500:
497:
494:
485:
484:
481:
478:
462:electric power
428:, in northern
406:Main article:
403:
400:
381:
380:
341:silicate rocks
337:lateritization
329:
258:
255:
251:soil pollution
146:(FeO(OH)) and
44:for comparison
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3253:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3218:
3216:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3191:
3187:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3165:Manufacturing
3163:
3162:
3160:
3156:
3148:
3145:
3144:
3143:
3140:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3127:
3126:
3120:
3119:
3117:
3115:
3111:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3076:
3074:
3072:
3068:
3060:
3057:
3056:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3038:
3035:
3034:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2851:
2848:
2847:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2809:
2806:
2805:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2783:
2781:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2768:
2764:
2757:
2752:
2750:
2745:
2743:
2738:
2737:
2734:
2724:
2723:
2710:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2645:
2643:
2641:Deposit types
2639:
2627:
2622:
2619:
2615:
2610:
2607:
2603:
2598:
2595:
2591:
2586:
2583:
2579:
2574:
2571:
2567:
2562:
2559:
2558:
2556:
2552:
2544:
2539:
2536:
2532:
2527:
2524:
2520:
2515:
2512:
2511:
2509:
2507:
2503:
2495:
2490:
2487:
2483:
2478:
2475:
2471:
2466:
2463:
2459:
2454:
2451:
2447:
2442:
2439:
2435:
2430:
2427:
2423:
2418:
2415:
2411:
2406:
2403:
2399:
2394:
2391:
2387:
2382:
2379:
2375:
2370:
2367:
2363:
2358:
2355:
2354:
2352:
2350:
2346:
2338:
2333:
2330:
2326:
2321:
2318:
2314:
2309:
2306:
2302:
2297:
2294:
2290:
2285:
2282:
2278:
2273:
2270:
2266:
2261:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2245:
2242:
2238:
2233:
2230:
2226:
2221:
2218:
2217:
2215:
2213:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2185:
2180:
2178:
2173:
2171:
2166:
2165:
2162:
2154:
2153:
2147:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2131:
2127:
2122:
2118:
2115:
2111:
2109:
2108:0-444-98811-4
2105:
2101:
2097:
2094:
2090:
2089:
2085:
2073:
2072:
2064:
2062:
2060:
2058:
2054:
2049:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1988:
1984:
1979:
1978:
1970:
1968:
1966:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1958:
1954:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1914:
1912:
1910:
1908:
1906:
1904:
1900:
1894:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1857:
1854:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1822:
1819:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1787:
1785:
1781:
1765:
1758:
1752:
1749:
1736:
1730:
1727:
1714:
1710:
1704:
1701:
1689:
1685:
1679:
1676:
1663:
1656:
1653:
1641:
1637:
1631:
1628:
1616:
1612:
1605:
1602:
1589:
1585:
1579:
1576:
1563:
1556:
1550:
1547:
1531:
1527:
1526:
1518:
1512:
1509:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1477:
1474:
1469:
1463:
1459:
1452:
1450:
1446:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1413:
1411:
1409:
1405:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1373:
1371:
1369:
1365:
1352:
1345:
1342:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1304:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1288:
1285:
1280:
1274:
1271:
1266:
1262:
1256:
1253:
1248:
1247:
1239:
1236:
1229:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1206:
1202:
1200:
1198:
1194:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1177:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1152:Akyem Abuakwa
1148:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1119:expropriation
1116:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1089:Bayer process
1086:
1080:
1072:
1070:
1068:
1064:
1063:air pollution
1060:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1037:
1030:
1028:
1026:
1021:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
1002:Bayer process
999:
994:
992:
984:
982:
979:
975:
974:
968:
964:
960:
952:
950:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
927:
925:
921:
917:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
861:
857:
856:Bayer process
853:
849:
845:
840:
838:
834:
810:
805:
800:
792:
785:
782:
775:
771:
768:
766:
754:
750:
747:
745:
733:
729:
726:
724:
712:
708:
705:
703:
691:
687:
684:
682:
670:
666:
663:
661:
649:
645:
642:
640:
628:
624:
621:
619:
607:
603:
600:
598:
586:
582:
579:
577:
565:
561:
558:
556:
544:
540:
537:
535:
523:
519:
516:
514:
502:
498:
495:
493:
487:
482:
479:
475:
471:
465:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
431:
427:
422:
414:
409:
401:
399:
397:
394:
390:
386:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
286:
285:
283:
279:
275:
270:
263:
256:
254:
252:
246:
244:
240:
236:
232:
229:
226:
223:In 1821, the
221:
219:
201:
190:
167:
164:
149:
145:
142:
139:with the two
138:
135:(α-AlO(OH)),
134:
130:
119:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
94:
64:
58:
54:
50:
43:
40:Bauxite with
38:
30:
24:
19:
2713:
2572:
2393:Chalcopyrite
2195:ore deposits
2191:Ore minerals
2150:
2120:
2113:
2099:
2092:
2070:
2013:
2009:
1976:
1923:
1919:
1867:
1863:
1856:
1831:
1827:
1821:
1796:
1792:
1771:. Retrieved
1751:
1741:November 21,
1739:. Retrieved
1729:
1719:November 21,
1717:. Retrieved
1712:
1703:
1693:November 21,
1691:. Retrieved
1678:
1668:December 19,
1666:. Retrieved
1655:
1643:. Retrieved
1640:www.usgs.gov
1639:
1630:
1618:. Retrieved
1614:
1604:
1592:. Retrieved
1588:the original
1578:
1566:. Retrieved
1561:
1549:
1537:. Retrieved
1523:
1511:
1486:
1482:
1476:
1457:
1423:
1419:
1382:
1378:
1355:. Retrieved
1344:
1334:
1330:
1315:
1307:
1300:
1296:
1287:
1273:
1265:the original
1255:
1245:
1238:
1189:
1172:
1161:
1144:
1131:
1123:
1111:
1082:
1054:rehabilitate
1046:Strip mining
1042:
1022:
995:
988:
973:Bulk Jupiter
972:
963:Liquefaction
956:
928:
841:
837:electrolysis
830:
751:Undisclosed
723:Saudi Arabia
456:. Increased
435:
396:volcanic ash
382:
271:
268:
247:
222:
211:FeO·TiO
163:clay mineral
62:
61:
18:
2477:Pentlandite
2453:Molybdenite
2220:Cassiterite
1893:10379/14624
1870:(20): 393.
1773:December 1,
1645:February 8,
1489:(1–2): 15.
1176:Vietnam War
880:iron oxides
870:(AlOOH) or
499:30,000,000
446:strip mined
432:, Australia
373:ferruginous
339:of various
241:, southern
141:iron oxides
3241:Weathering
3215:Categories
3147:per capita
3130:per capita
2932:Molybdenum
2877:Gadolinium
2862:Dysprosium
2778:Metallurgy
2621:Wolframite
2597:Sperrylite
2506:Carbonates
2489:Sphalerite
2458:molybdenum
2405:Chalcocite
2308:Pyrolusite
2010:GeoJournal
1926:: 113014.
1713:Safety4Sea
1426:: 135720.
1279:"Aluminum"
1230:References
1050:overburden
959:bulk cargo
797:See also:
786:4,570,000
709:5,800,000
681:Kazakhstan
646:2,000,000
604:1,000,000
583:2,700,000
541:7,400,000
520:3,500,000
480:Production
454:overburden
430:Queensland
318:weathering
3114:Emissions
3079:Bentonite
3054:Zirconium
3002:Tellurium
2992:Strontium
2972:Ruthenium
2952:Palladium
2937:Neodymium
2922:Manganese
2917:Magnesium
2786:Aluminium
2609:Scheelite
2590:beryllium
2578:aluminium
2538:Malachite
2531:magnesium
2526:Magnesite
2519:magnesium
2429:Cobaltite
2369:Argentite
2357:Acanthite
2332:Uraninite
2320:Tantalite
2313:manganese
2296:Magnetite
2260:Columbite
2030:0343-2521
1799:: 38–50.
1611:"Bauxite"
1568:March 20,
1399:2735-2285
1108:Conflicts
1020:streams.
939:potassium
848:aluminium
597:Indonesia
513:Australia
483:Reserves
365:kaolinite
310:limestone
274:lateritic
257:Formation
228:geologist
166:kaolinite
148:haematite
107:aluminium
103:aluminium
57:pisoliths
3236:Regolith
3089:Fluorite
3084:Feldspar
3037:reserves
3027:Tungsten
3022:Titanium
2997:Tantalum
2977:Samarium
2967:Rubidium
2957:Platinum
2902:Iron ore
2872:Europium
2857:Chromium
2803:Antimony
2770:rankings
2626:tungsten
2614:tungsten
2602:platinum
2514:Dolomite
2417:Cinnabar
2349:Sulfides
2325:tantalum
2289:titanium
2284:Ilmenite
2272:Hematite
2253:tantalum
2237:chromium
2232:Chromite
2048:32989342
1948:34144319
1764:Archived
1620:March 6,
1594:April 1,
1539:June 29,
1530:Archived
1357:July 31,
1203:See also
1085:alkaline
1025:vanadium
965:and the
916:cryolite
872:diaspore
868:boehmite
860:gibbsite
772:850,000
730:180,000
688:160,000
667:480,000
625:650,000
562:710,000
369:gibbsite
343:such as
314:dolomite
298:Suriname
280:bauxite
239:Provence
235:Les Baux
200:ilmenite
144:goethite
133:diaspore
129:boehmite
118:gibbsite
115:minerals
42:US penny
3099:Silicon
3071:Mineral
3059:reserve
3044:Yttrium
3032:Uranium
3012:Thulium
3007:Terbium
2962:Rhodium
2947:Niobium
2927:Mercury
2912:Lithium
2897:Iridium
2887:Holmium
2850:smelter
2835:Cadmium
2830:Caesium
2825:Bismuth
2820:Bauxite
2808:reserve
2693:Uranium
2573:Bauxite
2422:mercury
2381:Bornite
2337:uranium
2265:niobium
2249:niobium
2155:. 1905.
2039:7512217
1928:Bibcode
1872:Bibcode
1836:Bibcode
1801:Bibcode
1491:Bibcode
1428:Bibcode
1353:. Earth
1320:p. 799.
1169:Vietnam
1079:Red mud
1073:Red mud
1014:red mud
1000:in the
998:alumina
991:gallium
896:alumina
892:titania
862:(Al(OH)
833:alumina
702:Vietnam
639:Jamaica
517:110,000
496:327,000
477:Country
450:terrain
393:Miocene
389:cadmium
385:Jamaica
357:syenite
345:granite
333:tropics
302:Jamaica
189:anatase
111:gallium
97:) is a
63:Bauxite
53:QEMSCAN
3170:Cement
3158:Others
3094:Iodine
2982:Silver
2942:Nickel
2892:Indium
2867:Erbium
2845:Copper
2840:Cobalt
2815:Barium
2566:barium
2561:Baryte
2543:copper
2482:nickel
2465:Pyrite
2441:Galena
2434:cobalt
2410:copper
2398:copper
2386:copper
2374:silver
2362:silver
2244:Coltan
2212:Oxides
2106:
2046:
2036:
2028:
1946:
1464:
1397:
1197:Odisha
1128:Guinea
1065:, and
978:slurry
943:vacuum
935:sodium
888:calcia
884:silica
778:
765:Guyana
763:
744:Greece
742:
721:
700:
679:
660:Russia
658:
637:
622:22,000
616:
601:23,000
595:
580:35,000
576:Brazil
574:
559:60,000
553:
538:82,000
534:Guinea
532:
511:
489:
438:Guinea
359:, and
353:basalt
349:gneiss
304:above
300:, and
294:Guyana
290:Europe
243:France
225:French
218:luster
198:) and
122:Al(OH)
3180:Paper
2987:Steel
2585:Beryl
2554:Other
2075:(PDF)
1767:(PDF)
1760:(PDF)
1558:(PDF)
1533:(PDF)
1520:(PDF)
1385:(2).
1186:India
1147:Atewa
1141:Ghana
957:As a
941:in a
854:(the
783:9,000
769:1,700
748:1,800
727:4,000
706:4,000
685:5,800
664:6,100
643:7,700
618:India
555:China
492:World
442:China
426:Weipa
361:shale
278:karst
204:FeTiO
137:mixed
3104:Salt
3049:Zinc
2907:Lead
2882:Gold
2494:zinc
2470:iron
2446:lead
2301:iron
2277:iron
2251:and
2203:Ores
2104:ISBN
2044:PMID
2026:ISSN
1944:PMID
1775:2017
1743:2021
1721:2021
1695:2021
1670:2011
1647:2024
1622:2024
1596:2018
1570:2024
1541:2020
1462:ISBN
1395:ISSN
1359:2021
1145:The
1134:Boké
1115:Boké
1016:and
947:gold
906:, Al
470:tons
440:and
322:clay
312:and
282:ores
182:(OH)
109:and
3017:Tin
2765:by
2225:tin
2034:PMC
2018:doi
1936:doi
1924:294
1888:hdl
1880:doi
1868:208
1844:doi
1809:doi
1499:doi
1487:196
1436:doi
1424:387
1387:doi
1195:of
971:MS
937:or
866:),
237:in
209:or
193:TiO
127:),
3217::
3122:CO
2791:Al
2149:.
2056:^
2042:.
2032:.
2024:.
2014:87
2012:.
2008:.
1986:^
1956:^
1942:.
1934:.
1922:.
1902:^
1886:.
1878:.
1866:.
1842:.
1832:16
1830:.
1807:.
1797:47
1795:.
1783:^
1762:.
1711:.
1686:.
1638:.
1613:.
1560:.
1522:.
1497:.
1485:.
1448:^
1434:.
1422:.
1407:^
1393:.
1383:16
1381:.
1367:^
1335:61
1199:.
1095:,
1069:.
1061:,
1027:.
993:.
949:.
890:,
886:,
882:,
472:)
355:,
351:,
347:,
296:,
292:,
245:.
174:Si
170:Al
152:Fe
87:aɪ
78:ɔː
3124:2
2797:3
2795:O
2793:2
2755:e
2748:t
2741:v
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2564:(
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2323:(
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2020::
1950:.
1938::
1930::
1890::
1882::
1874::
1850:.
1846::
1838::
1815:.
1811::
1803::
1777:.
1745:.
1723:.
1697:.
1672:.
1649:.
1624:.
1598:.
1572:.
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1501::
1493::
1470:.
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1438::
1430::
1401:.
1389::
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1322:)
1301:6
912:3
910:O
908:2
864:3
328:.
308:(
213:2
206:3
202:(
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191:(
184:4
180:5
178:O
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156:O
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65:(
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