2367:
137:
666:
869:
326:
812:
34:
498:
Local linguistic evidence suggests continued political activity in the area from the time of the Roman retreat from
Britain and before the arrival of the Angles. Important Anglian centres in Bernicia bear names of British origin, or are known by British names elsewhere:
794:
After this victory, Oswald appears to have been recognised by both
Bernicians and Deirans as king of a properly united Northumbria. The kings of Bernicia were thereafter supreme in that kingdom, although Deira had its own sub-kings at times during the reigns of
3352:
712:, who is said to have obtained the throne and the kingdom about 547. His sons spent many years fighting a united force from the surrounding Brythonic kingdoms until their alliance collapsed into civil war.
3322:
2713:
546:
Analysis of a potential derivation has not produced a consensus. The most commonly cited etymology gives the meaning as "Land of the
Mountain Passes" or "Land of the Gaps" (tentatively proposed by
842:
after the stronghold of its high-reeves. The lands between Tyne and Tees were granted to the
Community of St. Cuthbert, forming an ecclesiastical buffer zone between Jórvík and Bamburgh. In 927
740:) around the year 616. Edwin then became king. The early part of Edwin's reign was possibly spent fighting enemies from the Brythonic exiles of the old British kingdom, operating out of
80:
2706:
846:
accepted West Saxon overlordship; however, the lands north of the Tees remained outside of the West Saxon administrative system of shires and hundreds until after the
3337:
1172:"Upper Wharfedale : Being a complete account of the history, antiquities and scenery of the picturesque valley of the Wharfe, from Otley to Langstrothdale"
2699:
2196:
2467:
2316:
2492:
3347:
2509:
2477:
3312:
2722:
2529:
2487:
1268:
136:
2580:
1400:
1132:
1085:
728:
with his own kingdom by force around the year 604. He ruled the two kingdoms (united as
Northumbria) until he was defeated and killed by
2595:
2544:
1459:
3317:
2590:
1194:
2539:
2497:
2346:
2138:
1414:
1386:
1372:
1358:
1336:
1322:
1244:
1219:
1155:
1124:
3332:
3327:
2356:
2351:
2189:
3357:
3342:
2878:
2773:
2514:
2482:
2309:
1603:
1583:
911:
905:
301:
287:
273:
3253:
2504:
1171:
2853:
2585:
2863:
2680:
2570:
2549:
960:
721:
2325:
2182:
783:, son of Æthelfrith, but after about a year he went to Cadwallon to sue for peace and was killed. Eanfrith's brother
2753:
2738:
2554:
2534:
2519:
2366:
2302:
1613:
1608:
1598:
847:
2845:
2664:
2401:
1653:
1588:
729:
20:
3132:
3362:
3230:
2813:
2748:
2730:
2472:
1593:
764:
753:
59:
3152:
2938:
2649:
2602:
2234:
1452:
936:
800:
642:
593:
or, literally, "The Old North". The kingdom may have been ruled from the site that later became the
English
476:
815:
England in 878. The independent rump of the former
Kingdom of Northumbria (yellow) was to the north of the
3243:
3157:
2659:
2451:
2246:
1570:
1485:
948:
76:
3039:
2633:
2524:
2441:
2276:
2143:
1145:
843:
788:
784:
614:
2788:
3307:
3215:
3147:
2981:
2868:
2808:
2654:
2426:
2282:
2270:
2264:
2240:
975:
942:
831:
796:
780:
733:
697:
673:
371:
185:
120:
2575:
2446:
1727:
768:
3209:
3198:
2966:
2951:
2946:
2818:
2386:
2222:
2070:
1874:
1510:
1445:
1296:
924:
858:
827:
772:
547:
455:
397:
The
Anglian territory of Bernicia was approximately equivalent to the modern English counties of
391:
3220:
3183:
3162:
2858:
578:
The
Brythonic kingdom of the area was formed from what had once been the southern lands of the
3188:
3173:
3137:
3024:
2798:
2618:
2436:
2431:
2341:
2252:
2158:
1539:
1410:
1396:
1382:
1368:
1354:
1332:
1318:
1240:
1215:
1190:
1151:
1128:
1120:
1081:
954:
820:
760:), joining the kingdom of Northumbria; which drew him into direct conflict with Wales proper.
744:. After this, it is said that on Easter Day 627 Edwin converted to Christianity in return for
685:
637:) that may represent the kings of the British kingdom in the area, which may have been called
617:. It is unknown when the Angles finally conquered the whole region, but around 604 is likely.
278:
3258:
3248:
3059:
2961:
2956:
2913:
2898:
2893:
2758:
2623:
2416:
2228:
1575:
1490:
1285:
930:
737:
540:
492:
1393:
The Making of
Scotland: Angels, Fools and Tyrants: Britons and Angles in Southern Scotland.
779:, Northumbria was divided back into Bernicia and Deira. Bernicia was then briefly ruled by
3286:
3238:
2928:
2923:
2908:
2835:
2793:
2783:
2381:
2216:
1934:
1829:
1737:
1495:
983:
918:
834:, the united Kingdom of Northumbria disintegrated. The lands north of the Tyne remained a
776:
725:
709:
693:
665:
226:
3122:
3117:
3092:
3004:
3281:
3276:
3203:
3193:
3167:
3127:
3107:
3087:
3082:
3069:
3019:
2971:
2903:
2888:
2873:
2830:
2803:
2778:
2396:
2148:
2009:
1889:
1834:
398:
383:
344:
203:
2691:
868:
649:
referred to these monarchs, chiefly because he identified this man as the murderer of
3301:
3142:
3054:
3029:
2823:
2258:
2163:
1969:
1959:
1949:
1939:
1929:
1742:
1700:
1515:
689:
406:
402:
142:
85:
49:
3034:
3044:
1690:
1468:
1071:
650:
646:
555:
414:
410:
379:
69:
2994:
2406:
1924:
1075:
3268:
3178:
3049:
1919:
1909:
1864:
1732:
1705:
1648:
1522:
987:
654:
602:
491:(West Saxon dialect). The counter hypothesis suggesting these names represent a
480:
430:
418:
319:
165:
1427:
708:) in the early 6th century. The first Anglian king in the historical record is
2918:
2628:
2294:
2120:
2095:
2080:
2043:
2026:
1979:
1974:
1884:
1879:
1869:
1849:
1819:
1782:
1767:
1685:
1663:
1289:
630:
589:
524:
422:
306:
3112:
3014:
2743:
2110:
2105:
2090:
2055:
1999:
1984:
1964:
1944:
1894:
1859:
1844:
1839:
1747:
1658:
1560:
1471:
681:
626:
551:
442:
2999:
582:, possibly as part of the division of a supposed 'great northern realm' of
570:
as a result of Anglian expansion in that territory during the 7th century.
16:
Early medieval Anglo-Saxon kingdom in northeast England (6th century – 654)
2421:
2115:
2100:
2085:
2060:
2004:
1989:
1914:
1814:
1809:
1762:
1673:
1668:
1625:
1565:
1351:
Kings and Warriors, Craftsmen and Priests in Northern Britain AD 550–850.
839:
835:
816:
741:
594:
583:
579:
500:
387:
356:
292:
155:
1437:
811:
479:. This name was then adopted by the Anglian settlers who rendered it in
3102:
3097:
2411:
2174:
2153:
2075:
2065:
1772:
1643:
1638:
1117:
The History of England – From the Earliest Times to the Norman Conquest
854:
749:
610:
516:
350:
175:
586:
in c. AD 420. This northern realm is referred to by Welsh scholars as
3077:
3009:
1994:
1954:
1904:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1777:
1757:
1752:
1722:
1717:
1695:
1544:
1505:
1500:
1315:
The Gododdin of Aneurin: Text and context from Dark-Age North Britain
1077:
The Gododdin of Aneirin: text and context from Dark-Age North Britain
991:
512:
539:
seems to represent the British form, possibly for the hill-fort of
425:. In the early 7th century, it merged with its southern neighbour,
2989:
2768:
2031:
2021:
1899:
1532:
968:
757:
745:
426:
495:
adaption of an earlier English form is considered less probable.
1824:
1263:
692:
period. Others are thought to have migrated north (by sea) from
528:
112:
2695:
2298:
2178:
1441:
853:
In 973, Scots sovereignty over northern Bernicia, now known as
826:
After the decisive defeat of Northumbrian forces by the Viking
863:
27:
1421:
Northumbria, 500–1100: Creation and Destruction of a Kingdom.
767:
on 12 October 633, in which Edwin was defeated and killed by
1329:
Northumbria, 500–1100: Creation and Destruction of a Kingdom
787:
then raised an army and finally defeated Cadwallon at the
1276:
Breeze, Andrew (September 2009). "The Name of Bernicia".
1237:
The Formation of the English Kingdom in the Tenth Century
982:
Under Oswald son of Æthelfrith, Bernicia was united with
3353:
States and territories disestablished in the 7th century
906:
List of monarchs of Northumbria § Kings of Bernicia
386:
settlers of the 6th century in what is now southeastern
880:
1365:
Arthur's Britain: History and Archaeology, AD 367–634.
752:-speaking kingdom that once existed in the modern-day
554:
has been dismissed as linguistically unsound. In 1997
433:, and its borders subsequently expanded considerably.
3323:
States and territories established in the 6th century
1353:
Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, Edinburgh, 2003.
558:
suggested the conflation of a probable primary form *
550:). An earlier derivation from the tribal name of the
601:. Near this high-status residence lay the island of
3267:
3229:
3068:
2980:
2937:
2844:
2729:
2673:
2642:
2611:
2563:
2460:
2374:
2334:
2131:
1624:
1553:
1478:
340:
236:
223:
213:
199:
191:
181:
171:
161:
151:
107:
1119:By Thomas Hodgkin, Published by READ BOOKS, 2007,
1187:Ælfred's Britain: war and peace in the Viking age
75:for phonetic transcriptions, with an appropriate
597:, which certainly features in Welsh sources as
2707:
2310:
2190:
1453:
8:
2714:
2700:
2692:
2317:
2303:
2295:
2197:
2183:
2175:
1460:
1446:
1438:
1428:The Politics of Exile in Early Northumbria
1214:. Cambridge University Press. p. 11.
1080:. University of Wales Press. p. 216.
475:. Academics agree the name was originally
135:
104:
1409:Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London, 1973.
1147:Celtic Culture: a historical encyclopedia
1310:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
810:
664:
1379:The Kingdom of Northumbria AD 350–1100.
1210:Darby, Henry Clifford (7 August 1986).
1003:
160:
1674:Bilmingas (part of south Lincolnshire)
1317:. Cardiff: University of Wales Press.
1308:The Gododdin: The Oldest Scottish poem
1269:Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum
1010:
409:, as well as the Scottish counties of
3338:6th-century establishments in England
1301:Language and History in Early Britain
1054:Language and History in Early Britain
1037:Language and History in Early Britain
235:
222:
212:
208:
7:
645:surmised that the line of a certain
2723:Royal houses of Britain and Ireland
927:, possibly Ida's brother (559–560)
65:for transliterated languages, and
45:of its non-English content, using
14:
2139:Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain
2365:
867:
672:Some of the Angles of Bernicia (
653:who was, at the time, besieging
519:was once imprisoned) represents
324:
299:
285:
271:
32:
3348:History of the Scottish Borders
957:, possibly Adda's son (585–593)
951:, possibly Adda's son (579–585)
912:List of monarchs of Northumbria
3313:Peoples of Anglo-Saxon England
1150:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 515–516.
605:(formerly known, in Welsh, as
81:multilingual support templates
1:
1303:. Edinburgh University Press.
994:invasion of the 9th Century.
978:, son of Æthelfrith (633–634)
716:A forcibly united Northumbria
2681:History of the British Isles
1395:Canongate, Edinburgh, 1999.
1306:Jackson, Kenneth H. (1969).
680:) may have been employed as
574:Political history and memory
2327:Scotland in the Middle Ages
1327:Rollason, David W. (2003).
963:, son of Æthelric (593–616)
838:independent kingdom called
3379:
2101:Sumortūnsǣte and Glestinga
1239:. OUP Oxford. p. 10.
1235:Molyneaux, George (2017).
990:from 634 onward until the
903:
487:(Northumbrian dialect) or
18:
3318:History of Northumberland
2363:
2212:
1290:10.1017/S0003581509990096
763:Following the disastrous
732:(who had given refuge to
621:Kings of British Bryneich
535:("town of Colud"), where
429:, to form the kingdom of
250:
246:
238:• merged with Deira
225:• Shared crown with
209:
134:
129:
21:Bernicia (disambiguation)
1189:. London: Head of Zeus.
921:, son of Eoppa (547–559)
765:Battle of Hatfield Chase
754:West Riding of Yorkshire
3333:7th century in Scotland
3328:6th century in Scotland
1367:Penguin, London, 1989.
1278:The Antiquaries Journal
1039:, pp. 701–5; Rollason,
701:
677:
629:pedigrees of princely "
453:and in the 9th-century
382:kingdom established by
375:
162:Official languages
113:
3358:630s disestablishments
3343:7th century in England
1381:Sutton, Stroud, 1993.
1313:Koch, John T. (1997).
1144:Koch, John T. (2006).
1056:, pp. 701–5; Jackson,
945:, son of Ida (572–579)
939:, son of Ida (568–572)
933:, son of Ida (560–568)
857:, was acknowledged by
823:
730:Rædwald of East Anglia
669:
562:with the native form *
417:, stretching from the
3254:Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
2634:Scandinavian Scotland
2619:Lordship of the Isles
2144:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
1753:Nox-gaga and Oht-gaga
814:
789:Battle of Heavenfield
668:
2586:Wars of Independence
2206:Monarchs of Bernicia
1788:Frithuwald's Sūþrīge
1426:Ziegler, Michelle. "
1041:Northumbria 500–1100
1024:Northumbria 500–1100
976:Eanfrith of Bernicia
609:), which became the
186:Anglo-Saxon paganism
79:. Knowledge (XXG)'s
43:specify the language
41:This article should
19:For other uses, see
2576:Davidian Revolution
1297:Jackson, Kenneth H.
1185:Adams, Max (2017).
830:, at the Battle of
807:Rump of Northumbria
769:Cadwallon ap Cadfan
738:Ælle, king of Deira
724:(Æðelfriþ), united
441:Bernicia occurs in
215:• Established
109:Kingdom of Bernicia
2869:Mann and the Isles
1580:Lists of monarchs
1407:The Age of Arthur.
879:. You can help by
828:Great Heathen Army
824:
670:
625:There are several
548:Kenneth H. Jackson
523:; and the name of
509:Historia Brittonum
456:Historia Brittonum
392:North East England
172:Minority languages
146:or "The Old North"
3295:
3294:
2689:
2688:
2347:Early Middle Ages
2292:
2291:
2172:
2171:
2159:Mercian Supremacy
1669:Spalda (Spalding)
1434:2 (1999). Online.
1419:Rollason, David,
1401:978-0-86241-875-5
1133:978-1-4067-0896-7
1087:978-0-7083-1374-9
900:Kings of Bernicia
897:
896:
821:Kingdom of Jórvík
613:of the Bernician
568:civitas Brigantum
376:Bernice, Beornice
365:
364:
336:
335:
332:
331:
312:
311:
279:Sub-Roman Britain
103:
102:
83:may also be used.
3370:
3133:Síl nÁedo Sláine
3040:Ó Máel Sechlainn
2716:
2709:
2702:
2693:
2674:Related articles
2571:Christianisation
2369:
2357:Late Middle Ages
2352:High Middle Ages
2328:
2319:
2312:
2305:
2296:
2199:
2192:
2185:
2176:
1576:Wiglaf of Mercia
1462:
1455:
1448:
1439:
1363:Alcock, Leslie,
1349:Alcock, Leslie,
1293:
1251:
1250:
1232:
1226:
1225:
1212:Domesday England
1207:
1201:
1200:
1182:
1176:
1175:
1168:
1162:
1161:
1141:
1135:
1114:
1108:
1105:
1099:
1098:
1096:
1094:
1067:
1061:
1050:
1044:
1033:
1027:
1020:
1014:
1008:
892:
889:
871:
864:
859:Edgar of England
720:Ida's grandson,
688:during the late
661:English Bernicia
631:Men of the North
359:
353:
328:
327:
316:
315:
303:
302:
289:
288:
275:
274:
268:
267:
252:
251:
139:
124:
116:
105:
98:
95:
89:
74:
68:
64:
58:
54:
48:
36:
35:
28:
3378:
3377:
3373:
3372:
3371:
3369:
3368:
3367:
3363:Former kingdoms
3298:
3297:
3296:
3291:
3263:
3225:
3064:
2976:
2933:
2840:
2725:
2720:
2690:
2685:
2669:
2638:
2607:
2559:
2456:
2370:
2361:
2330:
2326:
2323:
2293:
2288:
2208:
2203:
2173:
2168:
2127:
1620:
1549:
1474:
1466:
1346:
1344:Further reading
1275:
1260:
1255:
1254:
1247:
1234:
1233:
1229:
1222:
1209:
1208:
1204:
1197:
1184:
1183:
1179:
1170:
1169:
1165:
1158:
1143:
1142:
1138:
1115:
1111:
1106:
1102:
1092:
1090:
1088:
1070:
1068:
1064:
1051:
1047:
1034:
1030:
1021:
1017:
1009:
1005:
1000:
908:
902:
893:
887:
884:
877:needs expansion
848:Norman invasion
809:
777:Penda of Mercia
718:
663:
623:
576:
439:
355:
354:
349:
325:
300:
286:
272:
239:
229:
216:
147:
130:6th century–654
125:
118:
110:
99:
93:
90:
84:
72:
66:
62:
60:transliteration
56:
52:
46:
37:
33:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3376:
3374:
3366:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3300:
3299:
3293:
3292:
3290:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3273:
3271:
3265:
3264:
3262:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3235:
3233:
3227:
3226:
3224:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3207:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3174:Uí Ceinnselaig
3171:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3138:Clann Cholmáin
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3074:
3072:
3070:Gaelic Ireland
3066:
3065:
3063:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3025:Ó Gallchobhair
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2986:
2984:
2978:
2977:
2975:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2943:
2941:
2935:
2934:
2932:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2850:
2848:
2842:
2841:
2839:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2827:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2735:
2733:
2727:
2726:
2721:
2719:
2718:
2711:
2704:
2696:
2687:
2686:
2684:
2683:
2677:
2675:
2671:
2670:
2668:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2646:
2644:
2640:
2639:
2637:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2615:
2613:
2609:
2608:
2606:
2605:
2600:
2599:
2598:
2593:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2567:
2565:
2561:
2560:
2558:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2501:
2500:
2495:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2464:
2462:
2458:
2457:
2455:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2378:
2376:
2372:
2371:
2364:
2362:
2360:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2338:
2336:
2332:
2331:
2324:
2322:
2321:
2314:
2307:
2299:
2290:
2289:
2287:
2286:
2280:
2274:
2268:
2262:
2256:
2250:
2244:
2238:
2232:
2226:
2220:
2213:
2210:
2209:
2204:
2202:
2201:
2194:
2187:
2179:
2170:
2169:
2167:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2149:Burghal Hidage
2146:
2141:
2135:
2133:
2129:
2128:
2126:
2125:
2124:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2048:
2047:
2046:
2036:
2035:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2014:
2013:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1801:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1710:
1709:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1678:
1677:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1630:
1628:
1622:
1621:
1619:
1618:
1617:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1557:
1555:
1551:
1550:
1548:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1536:
1535:
1530:
1520:
1519:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1482:
1480:
1476:
1475:
1467:
1465:
1464:
1457:
1450:
1442:
1436:
1435:
1432:The Heroic Age
1424:
1417:
1405:Morris, John,
1403:
1389:
1377:Higham, N.J.,
1375:
1361:
1345:
1342:
1341:
1340:
1325:
1311:
1304:
1294:
1273:
1259:
1256:
1253:
1252:
1245:
1227:
1220:
1202:
1196:978-1784080297
1195:
1177:
1163:
1156:
1136:
1109:
1100:
1086:
1074:, ed. (1997).
1062:
1045:
1028:
1015:
1002:
1001:
999:
996:
980:
979:
971:rule 616–633)
965:
964:
958:
952:
946:
940:
934:
928:
922:
904:Main article:
901:
898:
895:
894:
874:
872:
808:
805:
717:
714:
686:Hadrian's Wall
662:
659:
635:Gwŷr y Gogledd
622:
619:
575:
572:
438:
435:
399:Northumberland
363:
362:
361:
360:
345:United Kingdom
342:
338:
337:
334:
333:
330:
329:
322:
313:
310:
309:
304:
296:
295:
290:
282:
281:
276:
264:
263:
258:
248:
247:
244:
243:
240:
237:
234:
233:
230:
224:
221:
220:
217:
214:
211:
210:
207:
206:
204:Early Medieval
201:
200:Historical era
197:
196:
193:
189:
188:
183:
179:
178:
173:
169:
168:
163:
159:
158:
153:
149:
148:
140:
132:
131:
127:
126:
111:
108:
101:
100:
40:
38:
31:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3375:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3305:
3303:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3274:
3272:
3270:
3266:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3244:Orange-Nassau
3242:
3240:
3237:
3236:
3234:
3232:
3231:Great Britain
3228:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3211:
3208:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3194:Ó Conchobhair
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3075:
3073:
3071:
3067:
3061:
3060:Ó Conchobhair
3058:
3056:
3055:Mac Lochlainn
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2987:
2985:
2983:
2979:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2944:
2942:
2940:
2936:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2851:
2849:
2847:
2843:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2811:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2736:
2734:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2717:
2712:
2710:
2705:
2703:
2698:
2697:
2694:
2682:
2679:
2678:
2676:
2672:
2666:
2665:Privy Council
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2647:
2645:
2641:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2629:The Old North
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2616:
2614:
2610:
2604:
2601:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2588:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2568:
2566:
2562:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2490:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2465:
2463:
2459:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2379:
2377:
2373:
2368:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2339:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2320:
2315:
2313:
2308:
2306:
2301:
2300:
2297:
2284:
2281:
2278:
2275:
2272:
2269:
2266:
2263:
2260:
2257:
2254:
2251:
2248:
2245:
2242:
2239:
2236:
2233:
2230:
2227:
2224:
2221:
2218:
2215:
2214:
2211:
2207:
2200:
2195:
2193:
2188:
2186:
2181:
2180:
2177:
2165:
2164:Tribal Hidage
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2136:
2134:
2130:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2053:
2052:
2049:
2045:
2042:
2041:
2040:
2037:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2019:
2018:
2015:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1970:Southumbrians
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1930:Middle Angles
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1857:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1815:Andredes Leag
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1743:Middle Saxons
1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1715:
1714:
1711:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1683:
1682:
1679:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1636:
1635:
1632:
1631:
1629:
1627:
1623:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1581:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1558:
1556:
1552:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1525:
1524:
1521:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1503:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1483:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1470:
1463:
1458:
1456:
1451:
1449:
1444:
1443:
1440:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1422:
1418:
1416:
1415:0-297-17601-3
1412:
1408:
1404:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1391:Lowe, Chris,
1390:
1388:
1387:0-86299-730-5
1384:
1380:
1376:
1374:
1373:0-14-139069-7
1370:
1366:
1362:
1360:
1359:0-903903-24-5
1356:
1352:
1348:
1347:
1343:
1338:
1337:0-521-81335-2
1334:
1331:. Cambridge.
1330:
1326:
1324:
1323:0-7083-1374-4
1320:
1316:
1312:
1309:
1305:
1302:
1298:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1274:
1271:
1270:
1265:
1262:
1261:
1257:
1248:
1246:9780192542939
1242:
1238:
1231:
1228:
1223:
1221:9780521310260
1217:
1213:
1206:
1203:
1198:
1192:
1188:
1181:
1178:
1173:
1167:
1164:
1159:
1157:9781851094400
1153:
1149:
1148:
1140:
1137:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1125:1-4067-0896-8
1122:
1118:
1113:
1110:
1104:
1101:
1089:
1083:
1079:
1078:
1073:
1066:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1049:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1032:
1029:
1025:
1019:
1016:
1012:
1007:
1004:
997:
995:
993:
989:
985:
977:
974:
973:
972:
970:
962:
959:
956:
953:
950:
947:
944:
941:
938:
935:
932:
929:
926:
923:
920:
917:
916:
915:
913:
907:
899:
891:
882:
878:
875:This section
873:
870:
866:
865:
862:
860:
856:
851:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
822:
818:
813:
806:
804:
802:
798:
792:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
761:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
715:
713:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
667:
660:
658:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
620:
618:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
591:
585:
581:
573:
571:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
544:
542:
541:St Abb's Head
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
515:(where Saint
514:
510:
506:
502:
496:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
457:
452:
448:
444:
436:
434:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
403:Tyne and Wear
400:
395:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
358:
352:
348:
347:
346:
343:
341:Today part of
339:
323:
321:
318:
317:
314:
308:
305:
298:
297:
294:
291:
284:
283:
280:
277:
270:
269:
266:
265:
262:
259:
257:
254:
253:
249:
245:
241:
231:
228:
218:
205:
202:
198:
194:
190:
187:
184:
180:
177:
174:
170:
167:
164:
157:
154:
150:
145:
144:
143:Y Hen Gogledd
138:
133:
128:
122:
115:
106:
97:
87:
82:
78:
71:
61:
51:
44:
39:
30:
29:
26:
22:
3189:Mac Carthaig
3163:Uí Dúnlainge
3118:Uí Fiachrach
3045:Mac Murchada
3005:Corcu Loígde
2883:
2763:
2643:Institutions
2468:Architecture
2391:
2375:Early Realms
2205:
2050:
2038:
2017:Northumbria:
2016:
1960:South Engele
1854:
1830:Ceasterware
1804:
1723:Godhelmingas
1712:
1680:
1634:East Anglia:
1633:
1527:
1516:Middel Seaxe
1431:
1420:
1406:
1392:
1378:
1364:
1350:
1328:
1314:
1307:
1300:
1281:
1277:
1267:
1236:
1230:
1211:
1205:
1186:
1180:
1166:
1146:
1139:
1116:
1112:
1103:
1091:. Retrieved
1076:
1072:John T. Koch
1069:Note 566 in
1065:
1058:The Gododdin
1057:
1053:
1048:
1040:
1036:
1031:
1023:
1018:
1006:
981:
966:
909:
885:
881:adding to it
876:
852:
825:
819:Danelaw and
799:and his son
793:
762:
719:
705:
671:
651:Urien Rheged
647:Morcant Bulc
638:
634:
624:
607:Ynys Medcaut
606:
598:
587:
577:
567:
566:for the old
563:
559:
556:John T. Koch
545:
536:
532:
527:is given by
520:
508:
504:
497:
488:
484:
472:
468:
464:
460:
459:, (§ 61) as
454:
450:
446:
440:
415:East Lothian
411:Berwickshire
396:
367:
366:
261:Succeeded by
260:
255:
141:
91:
77:ISO 639 code
73:}}
67:{{
63:}}
57:{{
53:}}
47:{{
42:
25:
3308:Northumbria
3269:Isle of Man
3216:Ó Domhnaill
3179:Dalcassians
3153:Glendamnach
3108:Dál nAraidi
3083:Síl Conairi
2879:Northumbria
2864:Strathclyde
2809:Plantagenet
2774:Northumbria
2603:Renaissance
2581:Great Cause
2493:Agriculture
2452:Strathclyde
2010:Wreocensæte
1935:North Engle
1920:Lindisfaras
1890:Cilternsæte
1850:Modingahema
1604:Northumbria
1584:East Anglia
1523:Northumbria
1486:East Anglia
1469:Anglo-Saxon
1107:John Morris
1011:Breeze 2009
988:Northumbria
832:York in 867
698:Old English
682:mercenaries
674:Old English
655:Lindisfarne
643:John Morris
603:Lindisfarne
533:Coludi urbs
481:Old English
437:Etymologies
431:Northumbria
380:Anglo-Saxon
372:Old English
320:Northumbria
256:Preceded by
219:6th century
166:Old English
121:Old English
3302:Categories
3210:FitzGerald
3143:Eóganachta
3030:Ó Domhnail
2660:Parliament
2530:Literature
2515:Government
2483:Demography
2259:Æthelfrith
2247:Frithuwald
2096:Sumorsaete
2081:Glastening
2066:Brycgstowl
2044:Haestingas
2027:Beodarsæte
1980:Stoppingas
1975:Spaldingas
1950:Pencersæte
1895:Duddensæte
1880:Beormingas
1875:Banesbyrig
1810:Andredsley
1783:Pæding-tun
1768:Waeclingas
1728:Haueringas
1701:Caningaege
1696:Daenningas
1686:Brahhingas
1659:Herstingas
1571:Frithuwald
1258:References
1093:18 October
1022:Rollason,
961:Æthelfrith
949:Frithuwald
910:(see also
722:Æthelfrith
599:Din Guardi
590:Hen Ogledd
525:Coldingham
505:Din Guaire
503:is called
445:poetry as
307:Hen Ogledd
192:Government
94:March 2023
3287:Somhairle
3158:Raithlind
3123:Uí Briúin
3113:Connachta
3015:Connachta
2995:Dál Riata
2967:Mathrafal
2947:Aberffraw
2929:Somhairle
2819:Lancaster
2789:Knýtlinga
2510:Geography
2505:Education
2478:Childhood
2407:Dál Riata
2342:Sub-Roman
2285:(642–670)
2279:(634–641)
2273:(632–633)
2267:(616–632)
2261:(593–616)
2255:(585–593)
2249:(579–585)
2243:(572–579)
2237:(568–572)
2231:(560–568)
2225:(559–560)
2219:(547–559)
2111:Wiltsaete
2106:Sunningas
2091:Rēadingas
2071:Dornsaete
2056:Eorlingas
2022:Elmetsæte
2000:Weorgoran
1985:Sweordora
1965:Snotingas
1955:Reagesate
1925:Magonsæte
1910:Glestinga
1845:Limenwara
1835:Eastorege
1778:Woccingas
1733:Hroðingas
1718:Gillingas
1561:Bretwalda
1472:heptarchy
1284:: 73–79.
1052:Jackson,
1035:Jackson,
736:, son of
702:Derenrice
627:Old Welsh
552:Brigantes
493:Brythonic
443:Old Welsh
378:) was an
182:Religion
3277:Uí Ímair
3212:(Norman)
3206:(Norman)
3199:Ó Ruairc
3184:Ó Briain
3168:Uí Ímair
3128:Uí Néill
3050:Ó Briain
3020:Uí Néill
2894:Galloway
2889:Uí Ímair
2884:Bernicia
2846:Scotland
2799:Normandy
2779:Uí Ímair
2764:Bernicia
2540:Religion
2525:Language
2520:Identity
2447:Scotland
2422:Gododdin
2417:Galloway
2392:Bernicia
2387:Bamburgh
2271:Eanfrith
2241:Theodric
2235:Æthelric
2132:See also
2116:Wihtwara
2086:Meonwara
2061:Basingas
2005:Westerne
1915:Husmerae
1865:Æbbingas
1860:Ælfingas
1825:Cantware
1820:Boroware
1798:Deningei
1793:Dæningas
1763:Tewingas
1758:Tetingas
1706:Gegingas
1626:Regiones
1566:Iclingas
1554:Monarchs
1528:Bernicia
1479:Kingdoms
1299:(1953).
1060:, p. 81.
1043:, p. 81.
1026:, p. 81.
986:to form
943:Theodric
937:Æthelric
888:May 2020
840:Bamburgh
836:de facto
801:Ecgfrith
791:in 634.
781:Eanfrith
742:Gododdin
678:Beornice
639:Bryneich
595:Bamburgh
584:Coel Hen
580:Votadini
501:Bamburgh
489:Beornice
465:Birneich
461:Berneich
451:Byrneich
447:Bryneich
388:Scotland
368:Bernicia
357:Scotland
293:Votadini
195:Monarchy
156:Bamburgh
114:Beornice
3259:Windsor
3249:Hanover
3221:Ó Néill
3170:(Norse)
3148:Chaisil
3103:Cruthin
3098:Osraige
3093:Dáirine
3035:Ó Néill
2982:Ireland
2962:Gwynedd
2957:Dinefwr
2952:Cunedda
2924:Stewart
2914:Balliol
2899:Dunkeld
2814:Angevin
2744:Wuffing
2731:England
2624:Marches
2550:Warfare
2545:Society
2488:Economy
2412:Fortriu
2154:Danelaw
2076:Gewisse
2051:Wessex:
2039:Sussex:
1995:Undaium
1990:Tomsæte
1945:Pecsæte
1885:Bilsæte
1870:Arosæte
1855:Mercia:
1748:Haering
1664:Ikelgas
1644:Suffolk
1639:Norfolk
1511:Lindsey
1174:. 1900.
855:Lothian
844:Ealdred
773:Gwynedd
756:, near
750:Cumbric
615:bishops
564:Brïγent
560:Bernech
521:Dinbaer
517:Wilfrid
507:in the
485:Bernice
473:Birnech
469:Bernech
421:to the
384:Anglian
351:England
176:Cumbric
152:Capital
86:See why
3282:Crovan
3239:Stuart
3078:Laigin
3010:Laigin
3000:Érainn
2909:Sverre
2859:Óengus
2854:Fergus
2836:Stuart
2794:Godwin
2784:Wessex
2754:Sussex
2739:Mercia
2612:Places
2596:Second
2564:Events
2461:Topics
2442:Rhinns
2437:Orkney
2277:Oswald
2223:Glappa
2121:Ytenes
2032:Loidis
1940:Pecset
1905:Gyrwas
1840:Lympne
1713:Surrey
1681:Essex:
1614:Wessex
1609:Sussex
1599:Mercia
1545:Wessex
1540:Sussex
1506:Hwicce
1501:Mercia
1413:
1399:
1385:
1371:
1357:
1335:
1321:
1243:
1218:
1193:
1154:
1131:
1123:
1084:
992:Viking
969:Deiran
967:Under
925:Glappa
785:Oswald
684:along
513:Dunbar
477:Celtic
407:Durham
405:, and
117:
3204:Burgh
3088:Ulaid
2990:Ulaid
2972:Tudor
2939:Wales
2919:Bruce
2904:Moray
2874:Alpin
2831:Tudor
2804:Blois
2769:Deira
2759:Essex
2650:Court
2591:First
2555:Women
2535:Music
2498:Trade
2432:Moray
2427:Isles
2283:Oswiu
2265:Edwin
2253:Hussa
1900:Gaini
1805:Kent:
1654:Gywre
1589:Essex
1533:Deira
1491:Essex
1423:2008.
998:Notes
984:Deira
955:Hussa
817:Norse
797:Oswiu
758:Leeds
746:Elmet
734:Edwin
726:Deira
694:Deira
690:Roman
537:Colud
427:Deira
419:Forth
227:Deira
2824:York
2749:Kent
2382:Alba
2335:Eras
2229:Adda
1773:Tota
1738:Haka
1691:Beda
1649:Elge
1594:Kent
1496:Kent
1411:ISBN
1397:ISBN
1383:ISBN
1369:ISBN
1355:ISBN
1333:ISBN
1319:ISBN
1264:Bede
1241:ISBN
1216:ISBN
1191:ISBN
1152:ISBN
1129:ISBN
1121:ISBN
1095:2011
1082:ISBN
931:Adda
775:and
706:Dere
611:seat
529:Bede
471:and
423:Tees
413:and
390:and
50:lang
2655:Law
2473:Art
2397:Cat
2217:Ida
1430:."
1286:doi
919:Ida
883:.
850:.
771:of
748:(a
710:Ida
704:or
633:" (
588:Yr
531:as
483:as
449:or
242:654
232:604
70:IPA
3304::
2402:Cé
1282:89
1280:.
1266:,
1127:,
914:)
861:.
803:.
700::
676::
657:.
641:.
543:.
511:;
467:,
463:,
401:,
394:.
374::
55:,
2715:e
2708:t
2701:v
2318:e
2311:t
2304:v
2198:e
2191:t
2184:v
1461:e
1454:t
1447:v
1339:.
1292:.
1288::
1272:.
1249:.
1224:.
1199:.
1160:.
1097:.
1013:.
890:)
886:(
696:(
370:(
123:)
119:(
96:)
92:(
88:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
