480:) under the biorefinery concept is a promissory alternative since is possible to obtain biogas and other co-products including ethanol, xylitol, syngas, and electricity; this process also provides high profitability for high production scales. The economic assessment of the integration of organic waste anaerobic digestion with other mixed culture anaerobic fermentation technologies was studied; the highest profit is obtained by dark fermentation of food waste with separation and purification of acetic and butyric acids (47 USD/t of food waste). The technical feasibility, profitability and extent of investment risk to produce sugar syrups from food and beverage waste was analyzed; the
448:
energy contents; the economics of biorefineries depend on the cost-effective processes to transform lignin into value-added fuels and chemicals. The conversion of an existing
Swedish kraft pulp mill to the production of dissolving pulp, electricity, lignin, and hemicellulose has been studied; self-sufficiency in terms of steam and the production of excess steam was a key factor for the integration of a lignin separation plant; in this case; the digester has to be upgraded for preserving the same production level and represents 70% of the total investment cost of conversion. The potential of using the
416:/biodiesel industry, the conversion of this residue into ethanol, heat and power, and cattle feed were evaluated according to techno-economic principles, the scenarios under study shown reduced economic benefits, although their implementation represented a reduction in the environmental impact (climate change and fossil fuel depletion) compared to the traditional biodiesel production. The economic feasibility for bio-oil production from EFB via fast pyrolysis using the fluidized-bed was studied, crude bio-oil can potentially be produced from EFB at a product value of 0.47 $ /kg with a
122:
396:
saccharification and co-fermentation shows a minimum selling price between 50.38 and 62.72 US cents/L which is comparable with the market price. The production of xylitol, citric acid and glutamic acid from sugarcane lignocellulose (bagasse and harvesting residues), each in combination with electricity have been evaluated; the three biorefinery systems were simulated to be annexed to an existing sugar mill in South Africa. The production of xylitol and glutamic acid has shown economic feasibility with an
146:(biomass) into multiple intermediates (carbohydrates, proteins, triglycerides) that can be further converted into value-added products. Each refining phase is also referred to as a "cascading phase". The use of biomass as feedstock can provide a benefit by reducing the impacts on the environment, as lower pollutants emissions and reduction in the emissions of hazard products. In addition, biorefineries are intended to achieve the following goals:
510:
followed by lignocellulosic crops; and finally by first-generation arable crops, although the environmental impacts are sensitive to factors such as crop management practices, harvesting systems, and crop yields. The production of chemicals from biomass feedstock has shown environmental benefits; bulk chemicals from biomass-derived feedstocks have been studied showing savings on non renewable energy use and greenhouse gas emissions.
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730:
532:
US Department of Energy; the LCA of eight food waste valorization routes for the production of HMF shows that the most environmentally favorable option uses less polluting catalyst (AlCl3) and co-solvent (acetone), and provides the highest yield of HMF (27.9 Cmol%), metal depletion and toxicity impacts (marine ecotoxicity, freshwater toxicity, and human toxicity) were the categories with the highest values.
744:
25:
178:
370:
506:(LCA) is a methodology to evaluate the environmental load of a process, from the extraction of raw materials to the end use. LCA can be used to investigate the potential benefits of biorefinery systems; multiple LCA studies has been developed to analyse whether biorefineries are more environmentally friendly compared to conventional alternatives.
517:
shows that these two biorefinery systems are able to mitigate climate change impacts in comparison to gasoline, but higher climate change benefits are achieved with 2G ethanol production (up to 80% reduction). The conversion of palm empty fruit bunches into valuable products (ethanol, heat and power,
531:
The majority of the LCA studies for the valorization of food waste have been focused on the environmental impacts on biogas or energy production, with only few on the synthesis of high value-added chemicals; hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) has been listed as one of the top 10 bio-based chemicals by the
434:
as a viable route for the production of biofuels and biochemicals has been analyzed in the United Arab
Emirates (UAE) context. Three scenarios were examined; in all of them, biodiesel and glycerol is produced; in the first scenario biogas and organic fertilizer is produced by anaerobic fermentation
488:
syrup (9.4%), HFS42 (22.8%) and glucose-rich syrup (58.9%); the sugar syrups also have high cost competitiveness with relatively low net production costs and minimum selling prices. The valorization of municipal solid waste through integrated mechanical biological chemical treatment (MBCT) systems
447:
In regard to the pulp and paper industry; lignin is a natural polymer co-generated and is generally used as boiler fuel to generate heat or steam to cover the energy demand in the process. Since lignin accounts for 10–30 wt% of the available lignocellulosic biomass and is equivalent to ~40% of its
461:
has been investigated; in the process, cellulose is separated by and an alkaline pretreatment and then is hydrolyzed and fermented to produce ethanol, while the resulting liquor containing dissolved lignin is gasified and refined to dimethyl ether; the process demonstrate to be self-sufficient in
145:
Bioenergy Task 42 defined biorefining as "the sustainable processing of biomass into a spectrum of bio-based products (food, feed, chemicals, materials) and bioenergy (biofuels, power and/or heat)". As refineries, biorefineries can provide multiple chemicals by fractioning an initial raw material
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and microalgae to produce biodiesel and the production of animal feed, biogas and organic fertilizer; the third scenario involves the production of lipids from microalgae for the production of biodiesel as well as hydrogen and animal feed as final product; only the first scenario was profitable.
540:
The pulp and paper industry is considered as the first industrialized biorefinery system; in this industrial process other co-products are produced including tall oil, rosin, vanillin, and lignosulfonates. Apart from these co-products; the system includes energy generation (in for of steam and
509:
Feedstock is one of the main sources of environmental impacts in the biofuel production, the source of this impacts are related to the field operation to grow, handle and transport the biomass to the biorefinery gate. Agricultural residues are the feedstock with the lowest environmental impact
497:
One of the main goals of biorefineries is to contribute to a more sustainable industry by the conservation of resources and by reducing greenhouse gas emissions and other pollutants. Nevertheless, other environmental impacts may be associated to the production of biobased products; as land use
407:
As for biodiesel production, this industry also has the potential to integrate biorefinery systems to convert residual biomasses and wastes into biofuel, heat, electricity and bio-based green products. Glycerol is the main co-product in biodiesel production and can be transformed into valuable
466:
from lignin was performed to determine its feasibility; the results showed that the total capital investment was 4.9 M$ based on the plant capacity of 2,544 kg/d of feedstock; besides, the catechol price was estimated to be 1,100 $ /t and the valorization ratio was found to be 3.02.
395:
is a feasible feedstock to produce fuels and chemicals; lignocellulosic bioethanol (2G) is produced in Brazil in two plants with capacities of 40 and 84 Ml/y (about 0.4% of the production capacity in Brazil). TEA of ethanol production using mild liquefaction of bagasse plus simultaneous
1474:
Giwa, Adewale; Adeyemi, Idowu; Dindi, Abdallah; Lopez, Celia García-Baños; Lopresto, Catia
Giovanna; Curcio, Stefano; Chakraborty, Sudip (May 2018). "Techno-economic assessment of the sustainability of an integrated biorefinery from microalgae and Jatropha: A review and case study".
1312:
De Corato, Ugo; De Bari, Isabella; Viola, Egidio; Pugliese, Massimo (May 2018). "Assessing the main opportunities of integrated biorefining from agro-bioenergy co/by-products and agroindustrial residues into high-value added products associated to some emerging markets: A review".
1226:Özüdoğru, H.M. Raoul; Nieder-Heitmann, M.; Haigh, K.F.; Görgens, J.F. (March 2019). "Techno-economic analysis of product biorefineries utilizing sugarcane lignocelluloses: Xylitol, citric acid and glutamic acid scenarios annexed to sugar mills with electricity co-production".
412:, allyl alcohol, propanediols, and glycerol carbonate has been evaluated; all glycerol valorization routes shown to be profitable, being the most attractive the manufacture of glycerol carbonate. Palm empty fruit bunches (EFB) are an abundant lignocellulosic residues from the
400:(IRR) of 12.3% and 31.5%, exceeding the IRR of the base case (10.3%). Likewise, the production of ethanol, lactic acid or methanol and ethanol-lactic acid from sugarcane bagasse have been studied; lactic acid demonstrated to be economically attractive by showing the greatest
1133:
Lopes, Mario Lucio; de Lima
Paulillo, Silene Cristina; Godoy, Alexander; Cherubin, Rudimar Antonio; Lorenzi, Marcel Salmeron; Carvalho Giometti, Fernando Henrique; Domingos Bernardino, Claudemir; de Amorim Neto, Henrique Berbert; de Amorim, Henrique Vianna (December 2016).
1700:
Martínez-Ruano, Jimmy
Anderson; Caballero-Galván, Ashley Sthefanía; Restrepo-Serna, Daissy Lorena; Cardona, Carlos Ariel (2018-04-07). "Techno-economic and environmental assessment of biogas production from banana peel (Musa paradisiaca) in a biorefinery concept".
404:(M$ 476–1278); in the same way; the production of ethanol and lactic acid as co-product was found to be a favorable scenario (net present value between M$ 165 and M$ 718) since this acid has applications in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, chemical and food industry.
2788:
522:
produced by fermentation of glycerol leads to significant reduction of GHG emissions compared to fossil fuel alternatives; however the energy input is double and the contribution to eutrophication is significantly higher The LCA for the integration of
652:, and then products for healthcare, cosmetics, and fine chemicals industries. The side streams will be used for the production of fertilizer and biogas. Other seaweed biorefinery projects include MacroAlgaeBiorefinery (MAB4), SeaRefinery and SEAFARM.
462:
terms of hot utility (fresh steam) demand but with a deficit of electricity; the process can be feasible, economically speaking, but is highly dependent on the development of biofuel prices. The exergetic and economic evaluation for the production of
380:(TEA) is a methodology to evaluate whether a technology or process is economically attractive. TEA research has been developed to provide information about the performance of the biorefinery concept in diverse production systems as sugarcane mills,
489:
for the production of levulinic acid has been studied, the revenue from resource recovery and product generation (without the inclusion of gate fees) is more than enough to out- weigh the waste collection fees, annual capital and operating costs.
373:(a) Counts of operational, planned and under-construction cellulosic biorefineries with biochemical conversion technology, (b) global distribution of plants and (c) shares of corn, wheat, rice, barley and sugarcane residues as feedstock as of 2015
456:
in a repurposed or co-located kraft mill has been studied, a sugar recovery higher than 60% enables the process to be competitive for the production of ethanol from softwood. The repurposing of a kraft pulp mill to produce both ethanol and
674:
into various products. Lignin for example can be transformed into phenolic components which can be used to make glue, plastics and agricultural products (e.g. crop protection). Cellulose can be transformed into clothes and packaging.
2634:
Garcia, Edgar Suarez; Olivieri, Giuseppe; Sijtsma, Lolke; Vermuë, Marian H.; Barbosa, Maria; Reith, J. Hans; van den Berg, Corjan; Eppink, Michel H. M.; Wijffels, René H. (2019), Hallmann, Armin; Rampelotto, Pabulo H. (eds.),
2131:
Levasseur, Annie; Bahn, Olivier; Beloin-Saint-Pierre, Didier; Marinova, Mariya; Vaillancourt, Kathleen (July 2017). "Assessing butanol from integrated forest biorefinery: A combined techno-economic and life cycle approach".
3082:
Patsalou, Maria; Menikea, Kristia
Karolina; Makri, Eftychia; Vasquez, Marlen I.; Drouza, Chryssoula; Koutinas, Michalis (2017). "Development of a citrus peel-based biorefinery strategy for the production of succinic acid".
1580:
Lundberg, Valeria; Bood, Jon; Nilsson, Linus; Axelsson, Erik; Berntsson, Thore; Svensson, Elin (2014-03-25). "Converting a kraft pulp mill into a multi-product biorefinery: techno-economic analysis of a case mill".
527:
from prehydrolysate in a
Canadian Kraft dissolving pulp mill shows that the carbon footprint of this butanol may be 5% lower compare to gasoline; but is not as low as corn butanol (23% lower than that of gasoline).
1793:
Kwan, Tsz Him; Ong, Khai Lun; Haque, Md Ariful; Kulkarni, Sandeep; Lin, Carol Sze Ki (January 2019). "Biorefinery of food and beverage waste valorisation for sugar syrups production: Techno-economic assessment".
2284:
Mongkhonsiri, Ghochapon; Gani, Rafiqul; Malakul, Pomthong; Assabumrungrat, Suttichai (2018). "Integration of the biorefinery concept for the development of sustainable processes for pulp and paper industry".
276:
Products: Biorefineries can be grouped in two main categories according to the conversion of biomass in an energetic or non-energetic product. In this classification the main market must be identified:
2037:
Junqueira, Tassia L.; Chagas, Mateus F.; Gouveia, Vera L. R.; Rezende, Mylene C. A. F.; Watanabe, Marcos D. B.; Jesus, Charles D. F.; Cavalett, Otavio; Milanez, Artur Y.; Bonomi, Antonio (2017-03-14).
548:. Other important features of this industry are a well-established logistic for biomass production, avoiding competition with food production for fertile land, and presenting higher biomass yields.
1269:
Mandegari, Mohsen; Farzad, Somayeh; Görgens, Johann F. (June 2018). "A new insight into sugarcane biorefineries with fossil fuel co-combustion: Techno-economic analysis and life cycle assessment".
1049:
Cherubini, Francesco; Jungmeier, Gerfried; Wellisch, Maria; Willke, Thomas; Skiadas, Ioannis; Van Ree, René; de Jong, Ed (2009). "Toward a common classification approach for biorefinery systems".
678:
In South Africa, Numbitrax LLC bought a Blume
Biorefinery system for producing bioethanol as well as additional high-return offtake products from local and readily available resources such as the
518:
and cattle feed) reduces the impact for climate change and fossil fuel depletion compared to the traditional biodiesel production; but the benefits for toxicity and eutrophication are limited.
1839:"Novel integrated mechanical biological chemical treatment (MBCT) systems for the production of levulinic acid from fraction of municipal solid waste: A comprehensive techno-economic analysis"
2958:
1358:
D’Angelo, Sebastiano C.; Dall’Ara, Agostino; Mondelli, Cecilia; Pérez-Ramírez, Javier; Papadokonstantakis, Stavros (2018-10-26). "Techno-Economic
Analysis of a Glycerol Biorefinery".
544:
This industry has consolidated as the highest consumer of biomass; and uses not only wood as feedstock, it is capable of processing agricultural waste as bagasse, rice straw and
1647:
Fornell, Rickard; Berntsson, Thore; Åsblad, Anders (January 2013). "Techno-economic analysis of a kraft pulp-mill-based biorefinery producing both ethanol and dimethyl ether".
2251:
2363:
Moshkelani, Maryam; Marinova, Mariya; Perrier, Michel; Paris, Jean (2013). "The forest biorefinery and its implementation in the pulp and paper industry: Energy overview".
689:
on waste from the agricultural and food industry (i.e. fruit and vegetable surplus, remaining waste from fruit juice and jam production). These larvae are used to produce
1404:
Vaskan, Pavel; Pachón, Elia Ruiz; Gnansounou, Edgard (2018). "Techno-economic and life-cycle assessments of biorefineries based on palm empty fruit bunches in Brazil".
298:
Mechanical/physical: The chemical structure of the biomass components is preserved. This operation includes pressing, milling, separation, distillation, among others
3530:
897:
874:
304:
Chemical processes: The substrate suffer change by the action of an external chemical (e.g., hydrolysis, transesterification, hydrogenation, oxidation, pulping)
615:
Novamont has converted old petrochemical factories into biorefineries, producing protein, plastics, animal feed, lubricants, herbicides and elastomers from
1187:"Techno-economic analysis of ethanol production from sugarcane bagasse using a Liquefaction plus Simultaneous Saccharification and co-Fermentation process"
1967:
The BREW Project: Medium and long-term opportunities and risks of the biotechnological production of bulk chemicals from renewable resources; Final Report
3535:
1439:
Do, Truong Xuan; Lim, Young-il; Yeo, Heejung (February 2014). "Techno-economic analysis of biooil production process from palm empty fruit bunches".
2096:
Ekman, Anna; Börjesson, Pål (July 2011). "Environmental assessment of propionic acid produced in an agricultural biomass-based biorefinery system".
2398:
1625:
2586:
2508:
3692:
2482:
666:
The BIOCON platform is researching the processing of wood into various products. More precisely, their researchers are looking at transforming
2966:
2320:
Anderson, Nathaniel; Mitchell, Dana (2016). "Forest
Operations and Woody Biomass Logistics to Improve Efficiency, Value, and Sustainability".
2656:
2458:
3603:
3190:
474:
several biorefinery routes has been proposed to upgrade waste streams in valuable products. The production of biogas from banana peel (
1895:
Uihlein, Andreas; Schebek, Liselotte (2009). "Environmental impacts of a lignocellulose feedstock biorefinery system: An assessment".
848:
391:
Bioethanol plants and sugarcane mills are well-established processes where the biorefinery concept can be implemented since sugarcane
2450:
Blue economy 3.0 : the marriage of science, innovation and entrepreneurship creates a new business model that transforms society
502:
of water, the pollution of the environment with pesticides, or higher energy and material demand that lead to environmental burdens.
292:, oil-based crops, grasses, marine biomass); and residues (oil-based residues, lignocellulosic residues, organic residues and others)
3687:
2260:
2235:
1950:
1033:
1008:
108:
655:
FUMI Ingredients produces foaming agents, heat-set gels and emulsifiers from micro-algae with the help of micro-organisms such as
911:
Cherubini, Francesco (July 2017). "The biorefinery concept: Using biomass instead of oil for producing energy and chemicals".
2556:
1626:"Techno-economic analysis of the optimum softwood lignin content for the production of bioethanol in a repurposed Kraft mill"
1510:
Lora, Jairo H (April 2002). "Recent Industrial Applications of Lignin: A Sustainable Alternative to Nonrenewable Materials".
46:
39:
307:
Thermochemical: Severe conditions are apply to the feedstock (high pressure and high temperature, with or without catalyst).
3008:
514:
89:
712:
Biteback Insect makes insect cooking oil, insect butter, fatty alcohols, insect frass protein and chitin from superworm (
3677:
3287:
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Verheyen, Geert R.; Ooms, Tom; Vogels, Liesbeth; Vreysen, Steven; Bovy, Ann; Van Miert, Sabine; Meersman, Filip (2018).
2874:
1185:
Gubicza, Krisztina; Nieves, Ismael U.; William J., Sagues; Barta, Zsolt; Shanmugam, K.T.; Ingram, Lonnie O. (May 2016).
61:
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3623:
3141:
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Dufossé, K.; Ben Aoun, W.; Gabrielle, B. (2017), "Life-Cycle Assessment of Agricultural Feedstock for Biorefineries",
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Platforms: Refers to key intermediates between raw material and final products. The most important intermediates are:
142:
1676:"Techno-Economic Evaluation for Feasibility of Lignin Valorization Process for the Production of Bio-Based Chemicals"
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electricity) to cover its internal energy demand; and it has the potential to feed heat and electricity to the grid.
2039:"Techno-economic analysis and climate change impacts of sugarcane biorefineries considering different time horizons"
121:
589:
377:
151:
68:
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Label the refinery system according by citing the number of platforms, products, feedstock, and processes involved
3608:
3486:
950:
3020:
Kehili, M.; Schmidt, L. M.; Reynolds, W.; Zammel, A.; Zetzl, C.; Smirnova, I.; Allouche, N.; Sayadi, S. (2016).
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Maity, Sunil K. (March 2015). "Opportunities, recent trends and challenges of integrated biorefinery: Part II".
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products through chemocatalytic technologies; the valorization of glycerol for the production of lactic acid,
75:
3682:
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2643:, Grand Challenges in Biology and Biotechnology, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 293–317,
832:
735:
397:
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The aforementioned features are used to classified biorefineries systems according to the following method:
35:
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de Jong, Ed; Jungmeier, Gerfried (2015), "Biorefinery Concepts in Comparison to Petrochemical Refineries",
1982:"Producing Bio-Based Bulk Chemicals Using Industrial Biotechnology Saves Energy and Combats Climate Change"
280:
Energy-driven biorefinery systems: The main product is a second energy carrier as biofuels, power and heat.
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3147:
780:: can be made into tomato flesh (food), tomato seeds (containing fatty acids) and tomato peel (containing
289:
1838:
767:
503:
481:
385:
57:
3022:"Biorefinery cascade processing for creating added value on tomato industrial by-products from Tunisia"
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Ciriminna, Rosaria; Delisi, Riccardo; Albanese, Lorenzo; Meneguzzo, Francesco; Pagliaro, Mario (2017).
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Identify the feedstock, the main technologies included in the process, platform, and the final products
357:
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1993:
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694:
626:
557:
216:
162:
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The high generation of waste biomass is an attractive source for conversion to valuable products
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Supply new building blocks for the production of novel materials with disruptive characteristics
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for shower gel), replacing other vegetable oils such as palm oil, or it can be used in fodder.
342:
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2399:"Chemrec granted $ 70 million to build biorefinery at Swedish pulp mill | Biomassmagazine.com"
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2019:
2011:
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795:: GM tobacco could provide industrial enzymes for biofuel production. Tobacco can also supply
686:
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401:
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Top Value Added Chemicals from Biomass: list of chemicals that can be extracted from biomass
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2372:
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2001:
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1086:"Production of bioethanol, methane and heat from sugarcane bagasse in a biorefinery concept"
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622:
609:
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Biochemical: Processes under low temperature and pressure, using microorganism or enzymes.
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is located in Alberta. The biorefinery utilizes Source Separated Organics from the metro
82:
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1997:
326:
Elaborate a table with the features identified, and the source of internal energy demand
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3021:
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Canadian Startup is Turning Food Waste into Biodegradable, Plastic 3D Printing Filament
2789:"Bume Distillation Sells First South African-Based Biorefinery Plant to Numbitrax, LLC"
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Canada's first Integrated Biorefinery, developed on anaerobic digestion technology by
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fruit cake and seedcake; the second scenario includes the production of lipids from
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Lam, Chor-Man; Yu, Iris K.M.; Hsu, Shu-Chien; Tsang, Daniel C.W. (October 2018).
1660:
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Mabrouk, Aicha; Erdocia, Xabier; González Alriols, Maria; Labidi, Jalel (2017).
729:
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24:
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C6 and C5 sugar and syngas platform biorefinery for bioethanol, FT-diesel and
335:
177:
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2837:
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2153:
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2015:
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2888:"Insects as an Alternative Source for the Production of Fats for Cosmetics"
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1171:
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1084:
Rabelo, S.C.; Carrere, H.; Maciel Filho, R.; Costa, A.C. (September 2011).
560:
company has multiple biorefineries located in Odessa, WA and Missoula, MT.
283:
Material-driven biorefinery systems: The main product is a biobased product
2169:"Life-cycle assessment on food waste valorisation to value-added products"
875:"Bio-based Chemicals: Value Added Products from Biorefineries | Bioenergy"
3498:
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3321:
1754:"Increasing Profits in Food Waste Biorefinery—A Techno-Economic Analysis"
1675:
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781:
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Processes: Conversion process to transform biomass into a final product:
235:
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134:
2195:
1335:
369:
320:
Draw the scheme of the refinery using the features identified in step 1.
16:
Refinery that converts biomass to energy and other beneficial byproducts
3405:
3399:
3348:
3230:
3207:
2709:
2509:"Synthetic palm oil being brewed like beer gets Bill Gates' investment"
1770:
1753:
975:
828:
792:
690:
679:
645:
616:
578:
392:
226:
138:
2987:
Greener straws? Bacteria help turn food waste into compostable plastic
2448:
2006:
1981:
384:
production, pulp and paper mills, and the treatment of industrial and
3451:
3383:
3299:
3245:
1624:
Wu, Shufang; Chang, Houmin; Jameel, Hasan; Phillips, Richard (2014).
1136:"Ethanol production in Brazil: a bridge between science and industry"
810:
802:
777:
698:
667:
649:
572:
346:
261:
239:
198:
192:
1062:
2814:"Opuntia ficus‐indica seed oil: Biorefinery and bioeconomy aspects"
1026:
Biorefineries. Integrated Biochemical Processes for Liquid Biofuels
141:
to energy and other beneficial byproducts (such as chemicals). The
3425:
3368:
3358:
3311:
1837:
Sadhukhan, Jhuma; Ng, Kok Siew; Martinez-Hernandez, Elias (2016).
758:
638:
368:
258:), from hydrolysis of hemicellulose and food and feed side streams
176:
120:
2934:
2532:
3393:
3363:
3172:
3373:
18:
1752:
Bastidas-Oyanedel, Juan-Rodrigo; Schmidt, Jens (2018-06-13).
185:
Biorefineries can be classified based in four main features:
3168:
3126:
1965:
Patel, Martin; Hermann, Barbara; Dornburg, Veronika (2006).
805:: can be made into juice (food) and citrus peel (containing
288:
Feedstock: Dedicated feedstocks (Sugar crops, starch crops,
3131:
3071:
Tobacco plants may boost biofuel and biorefining industries
2483:"Bill Gates-Led Fund Invests in Synthetic Palm Oil Startup"
424:
of 3.2 years and 21.9%, respectively. The integration of
1980:
Hermann, B. G.; Blok, K.; Patel, M. K. (November 2007).
2852:"How to make biodegradable 'plastic' from cactus juice"
701:. The grease is usable in the pharmaceutical industry (
685:
Circular Organics (part of Kempen Insect Valley) grows
2686:"Innovative Bio-refinery platform, BIOCON, wins award"
1024:
Qureshi, Nasib; Hodge, David; Vertès, Alain (2014).
3591:
3523:
3439:
3330:
3206:
168:
Achieve the ultimate goal of reducing GHG emissions
2220:Industrial Biorefineries & White Biotechnology
3009:Bioplastic Feedstock 1st, 2nd and 3rd Generations
2637:"Integrated Biorefineries for Algal Biomolecules"
2587:"FUMI produces proteins for growing vegan market"
873:International Energy Agency - Bioenergy Task 42.
181:Chemical diagram of the activity of a biorefinery
2818:European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology
3531:Bioconversion of biomass to mixed alcohol fuels
3109:Kijk magazine, 10, 2019, page 51: Peelpioneers]
2959:"From Pest to Pot: Can Insects Feed the World?"
484:shown to be satisfactory for the production of
264:from the processing of lignocellulosic biomass.
3184:
8:
3148:Wisconsin Biorefining Development Initiative
1703:Environmental Science and Pollution Research
951:"Seaweed biorefinery: much work, high hopes"
2611:"FUMI Ingredients - World Food Innovations"
1969:. Utrecht, Netherlands: Utrecht University.
1796:Process Safety and Environmental Protection
1583:Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy
1360:ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering
896:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
493:Environmental impact of biorefinery systems
165:(agricultural, urban, and industrial waste)
159:Creation of new jobs, including rural areas
3191:
3177:
3169:
1001:Biorefinery in the Pulp and Paper Industry
536:Biorefinery in the pulp and paper industry
3536:Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage
3047:
3037:
2194:
2184:
2072:
2054:
2005:
1769:
1334:
1202:
1161:
1151:
1101:
365:Economic viability of biorefinery systems
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
1547:Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
1477:Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
1315:Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
944:
942:
513:The environmental assessment for 1G and
2641:Grand Challenges in Algae Biotechnology
1512:Journal of Polymers and the Environment
949:Hoeven, Diederik van der (2018-01-17).
865:
788:Biomaterials use in sustainable textile
125:The Alpena biorefinery plant in the USA
2447:Pauli, Gunter A. (11 September 2017).
1986:Environmental Science & Technology
1935:Life-Cycle Assessment of Biorefineries
889:
330:Some examples of classifications are:
150:Supply the current fuels and chemical
45:Please improve this article by adding
1928:
1926:
1399:
1397:
173:Classification of biorefinery systems
7:
3604:Cellulosic ethanol commercialization
2377:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2011.12.038
2287:Computers & Chemical Engineering
2250:International Energy Agency (2017).
2253:Tracking Clean Energy Progress 2017
629:from carbon-containing waste (i.e.
2228:10.1016/b978-0-444-63453-5.00001-x
1943:10.1016/b978-0-444-63585-3.00003-6
849:Renewable energy commercialization
338:and animal feed from starch crops.
334:C6 sugar platform biorefinery for
14:
2585:Jongeling, Coretta (2019-07-08).
2299:10.1016/j.compchemeng.2018.07.019
1683:Chemical Engineering Transactions
1140:Brazilian Journal of Microbiology
770:(thus a 2nd generation feedstock
3652:
3651:
1441:Energy Conversion and Management
1271:Energy Conversion and Management
913:Energy Conversion and Management
742:
728:
341:Syngas platform biorefinery for
23:
2427:Bio-based Industries Consortium
2507:Campbell, Maeve (2020-03-26).
2146:10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.04.040
1909:10.1016/j.biombioe.2008.12.001
1858:10.1016/j.biortech.2016.04.030
1453:10.1016/j.enconman.2014.01.024
1283:10.1016/j.enconman.2018.03.057
1204:10.1016/j.biortech.2016.01.093
1103:10.1016/j.biortech.2011.05.081
925:10.1016/j.enconman.2010.01.015
452:for producing bioethanol from
1:
3693:Bright green environmentalism
3159:Active Biorefinery Facilities
3097:10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.08.039
3085:Journal of Cleaner Production
2186:10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.07.199
2173:Journal of Cleaner Production
2110:10.1016/j.jclepro.2011.03.008
2098:Journal of Cleaner Production
1418:10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.07.218
1406:Journal of Cleaner Production
1372:10.1021/acssuschemeng.8b03770
1240:10.1016/j.indcrop.2019.03.015
1228:Industrial Crops and Products
575:, and food processing waste.
47:secondary or tertiary sources
2965:. 2016-08-15. Archived from
2615:www.worldfoodinnovations.com
2259:. p. 42. Archived from
1937:, Elsevier, pp. 77–96,
1661:10.1016/j.energy.2012.11.041
799:(i.e. as used in e-liquids).
644:MacroCascade aims to refine
612:waste product as feedstock.
3634:Issues relating to biofuels
3624:Energy return on investment
2924:EOS magazine, February 2020
2892:Journal of Cosmetic Science
2778:EOS magazine, December 2019
2649:10.1007/978-3-030-25233-5_8
2365:Applied Thermal Engineering
2222:, Elsevier, pp. 3–33,
143:International Energy Agency
3709:
3026:Biotechnology for Biofuels
2043:Biotechnology for Biofuels
1808:10.1016/j.psep.2018.10.018
1559:10.1016/j.rser.2014.08.075
1489:10.1016/j.rser.2018.02.032
1327:10.1016/j.rser.2018.02.041
919:(7). Elsevier: 1412–1421.
600:is integrated with a host
590:second-generation biofuels
378:Techno-economic assessment
3647:
3609:Energy content of biofuel
3039:10.1186/s13068-016-0676-x
2793:www.blumedistillation.com
2334:10.1007/s12155-016-9735-1
2056:10.1186/s13068-017-0722-3
1715:10.1007/s11356-018-1848-y
1595:10.1007/s10098-014-0741-8
1153:10.1016/j.bjm.2016.10.003
571:region, open pen feedlot
3688:Sustainable technologies
3583:Thermal depolymerization
3556:Industrial biotechnology
3137:Biorefinery from biomass
1028:. Elsevier. p. 59.
1003:. Elsevier. p. 99.
999:Bajpai, Pratima (2013).
687:black soldier fly larvae
229:, starch, cellulose and
209:water-gas shift reaction
195:from anaerobic digestion
3551:Fischer–Tropsch process
3541:Biomass heating systems
3142:Aqueous-Phase Reforming
1524:10.1023/A:1021070006895
736:Renewable energy portal
398:Internal Rate of Return
267:Liquid from pyrolysis (
2830:10.1002/ejlt.201700013
2732:"Sander Van den Bosch"
1846:Bioresource Technology
1191:Bioresource Technology
1090:Bioresource Technology
821:; also just usable as
556:The fully operational
374:
182:
126:
34:relies excessively on
1897:Biomass and Bioenergy
1051:Modeling and Analysis
604:and utilizes a major
504:Life cycle assessment
482:returns on investment
386:municipal solid waste
372:
290:lignocellulosic crops
180:
163:Valorization of waste
124:
3122:Tactical Biorefinery
2875:Kempen Insect Valley
2533:"AlgeCenter Danmark"
422:return on investment
3678:Biofuels technology
3639:Sustainable biofuel
2403:biomassmagazine.com
1998:2007EnST...41.7915H
1709:(36): 35971–35980.
1366:(12): 16563–16572.
766:: can be made into
680:prickly pear cactus
225:from hydrolysis of
2537:AlgeCenter Danmark
2322:BioEnergy Research
1771:10.3390/en11061551
1146:(Suppl 1): 64–76.
627:synthetic palm oil
588:and production of
558:Blue Marble Energy
477:Musa x paradisiaca
375:
217:water electrolysis
183:
127:
3665:
3664:
3578:Sabatier reaction
2969:on April 10, 2021
2760:scholar.google.fr
2756:"Joost Van Aelst"
2736:scholar.google.be
2710:"Research/BIOCON"
2658:978-3-030-25232-8
2557:"Our Ingredients"
2460:978-1-5245-2107-3
2104:(11): 1257–1265.
2007:10.1021/es062559q
1992:(22): 7915–7921.
1096:(17): 7887–7895.
844:Carbon neutrality
402:net present value
358:saw mill residues
201:from gasification
119:
118:
111:
93:
3700:
3655:
3654:
3499:Pongamia pinnata
3193:
3186:
3179:
3170:
3154:Biorefinery Film
3127:Saccharification
3110:
3107:
3101:
3100:
3079:
3073:
3068:
3062:
3061:
3051:
3041:
3017:
3011:
3006:
3000:
2995:
2989:
2984:
2978:
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2946:
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2925:
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2842:
2841:
2809:
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2779:
2776:
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2767:
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2728:
2722:
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2717:
2706:
2700:
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2673:
2631:
2625:
2624:
2622:
2621:
2607:
2601:
2600:
2598:
2597:
2582:
2576:
2575:
2573:
2572:
2563:. Archived from
2561:FUMI Ingredients
2553:
2547:
2546:
2544:
2543:
2529:
2523:
2522:
2520:
2519:
2504:
2498:
2497:
2495:
2494:
2479:
2473:
2472:
2444:
2438:
2437:
2435:
2434:
2419:
2413:
2412:
2410:
2409:
2395:
2389:
2388:
2371:(2): 1427–1436.
2360:
2354:
2353:
2317:
2311:
2310:
2281:
2275:
2274:
2272:
2271:
2265:
2258:
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2241:
2240:
2215:
2209:
2208:
2198:
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2164:
2158:
2157:
2128:
2122:
2121:
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2076:
2058:
2034:
2028:
2027:
2009:
1977:
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1962:
1956:
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1930:
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1920:
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1773:
1749:
1743:
1742:
1697:
1691:
1690:
1680:
1671:
1665:
1664:
1644:
1638:
1637:
1621:
1615:
1614:
1589:(7): 1411–1422.
1577:
1571:
1570:
1542:
1536:
1535:
1507:
1501:
1500:
1471:
1465:
1464:
1436:
1430:
1429:
1401:
1392:
1391:
1355:
1349:
1348:
1338:
1309:
1303:
1302:
1266:
1260:
1259:
1223:
1217:
1216:
1206:
1182:
1176:
1175:
1165:
1155:
1130:
1124:
1123:
1105:
1081:
1075:
1074:
1046:
1040:
1039:
1021:
1015:
1014:
996:
990:
989:
987:
986:
974:Cascade, Macro.
971:
965:
964:
962:
961:
946:
937:
936:
908:
902:
901:
895:
887:
885:
884:
879:
870:
831:(can be used in
752:
747:
746:
738:
733:
732:
219:and fermentation
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
51:
27:
19:
3708:
3707:
3703:
3702:
3701:
3699:
3698:
3697:
3668:
3667:
3666:
3661:
3643:
3619:Energy forestry
3587:
3519:
3481:Jatropha curcas
3442:
3435:
3343:Camelina sativa
3333:
3326:
3202:
3197:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3104:
3081:
3080:
3076:
3069:
3065:
3019:
3018:
3014:
3007:
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2996:
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2985:
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2952:
2943:
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2933:
2932:
2928:
2923:
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2885:
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2873:
2869:
2860:
2858:
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2849:
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2811:
2810:
2806:
2797:
2795:
2787:
2786:
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2773:
2764:
2762:
2754:
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2749:
2740:
2738:
2730:
2729:
2725:
2715:
2713:
2708:
2707:
2703:
2694:
2692:
2690:www.kuleuven.be
2684:
2683:
2679:
2671:
2669:
2659:
2633:
2632:
2628:
2619:
2617:
2609:
2608:
2604:
2595:
2593:
2591:Resource online
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2583:
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2568:
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2554:
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2541:
2539:
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2416:
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2314:
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2166:
2165:
2161:
2130:
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2125:
2095:
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2090:
2036:
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2031:
1979:
1978:
1974:
1964:
1963:
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1953:
1932:
1931:
1924:
1894:
1893:
1889:
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1836:
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1131:
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1083:
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1063:10.1002/bbb.172
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1011:
998:
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984:
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968:
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955:Bio Based Press
948:
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872:
871:
867:
863:
858:
748:
741:
734:
727:
724:
623:C16 Biosciences
610:sulfite process
581:technology for
554:
538:
495:
367:
257:
253:
249:
213:steam reforming
175:
152:building blocks
115:
104:
98:
95:
52:
50:
44:
40:primary sources
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3706:
3704:
3696:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3683:Oil refineries
3680:
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3659:
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3641:
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3495:
3484:
3477:
3472:
3470:Chinese tallow
3467:
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3455:
3447:
3445:
3437:
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3434:
3433:
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3418:
3413:
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3361:
3356:
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3338:
3336:
3328:
3327:
3325:
3324:
3319:
3317:Water hyacinth
3314:
3309:
3308:
3307:
3297:
3292:
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3290:
3285:
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3274:
3273:
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3248:
3243:
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3161:
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3145:
3139:
3134:
3129:
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3117:
3116:External links
3114:
3112:
3111:
3102:
3074:
3063:
3012:
3001:
2990:
2979:
2950:
2926:
2917:
2898:(3): 187–202.
2878:
2867:
2843:
2824:(8): 1700013.
2804:
2780:
2771:
2747:
2723:
2701:
2677:
2657:
2626:
2602:
2577:
2548:
2524:
2499:
2474:
2459:
2439:
2414:
2390:
2355:
2328:(2): 518–533.
2312:
2276:
2242:
2236:
2210:
2159:
2134:Applied Energy
2123:
2088:
2029:
1972:
1957:
1951:
1922:
1903:(5): 793–802.
1887:
1829:
1785:
1744:
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1502:
1466:
1431:
1393:
1350:
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1261:
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1177:
1125:
1076:
1057:(5): 534–546.
1041:
1034:
1016:
1009:
991:
966:
938:
903:
864:
862:
859:
857:
856:
854:Maggot farming
851:
846:
841:
836:
826:
800:
790:
785:
775:
761:
755:
754:
753:
739:
723:
720:
715:Zophobas morio
657:brewer's yeast
648:into food and
637:) by means of
553:
550:
537:
534:
520:Propionic acid
500:eutrophication
494:
491:
459:dimethyl ether
418:payback period
366:
363:
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361:
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273:
272:
265:
259:
255:
251:
247:
233:
220:
202:
196:
174:
171:
170:
169:
166:
160:
157:
154:
137:that converts
117:
116:
31:
29:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3705:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3675:
3673:
3658:
3650:
3649:
3646:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3629:Food vs. fuel
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3596:
3594:
3590:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3563:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3528:
3526:
3522:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3500:
3496:
3494:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3483:
3482:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3465:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3453:
3449:
3448:
3446:
3444:
3438:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3401:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3344:
3340:
3339:
3337:
3335:
3329:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3306:
3303:
3302:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3280:
3279:
3276:
3272:
3271:vegetable oil
3269:
3268:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3213:
3211:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3194:
3189:
3187:
3182:
3180:
3175:
3174:
3171:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3149:
3146:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3119:
3115:
3106:
3103:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3078:
3075:
3072:
3067:
3064:
3059:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3016:
3013:
3010:
3005:
3002:
2999:
2994:
2991:
2988:
2983:
2980:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2954:
2951:
2940:
2936:
2930:
2927:
2921:
2918:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2882:
2879:
2876:
2871:
2868:
2857:
2853:
2847:
2844:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2808:
2805:
2794:
2790:
2784:
2781:
2775:
2772:
2761:
2757:
2751:
2748:
2737:
2733:
2727:
2724:
2711:
2705:
2702:
2691:
2687:
2681:
2678:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2630:
2627:
2616:
2612:
2606:
2603:
2592:
2588:
2581:
2578:
2567:on 2020-11-30
2566:
2562:
2558:
2552:
2549:
2538:
2534:
2528:
2525:
2514:
2510:
2503:
2500:
2488:
2487:Bloomberg.com
2484:
2478:
2475:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2456:
2452:
2451:
2443:
2440:
2428:
2424:
2418:
2415:
2404:
2400:
2394:
2391:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2359:
2356:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2316:
2313:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2280:
2277:
2266:on 2018-05-07
2262:
2255:
2254:
2246:
2243:
2239:
2237:9780444634535
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2214:
2211:
2206:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2163:
2160:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2127:
2124:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2092:
2089:
2084:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2033:
2030:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1976:
1973:
1968:
1961:
1958:
1954:
1952:9780444635853
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1929:
1927:
1923:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1891:
1888:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1840:
1833:
1830:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1789:
1786:
1781:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1748:
1745:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1696:
1693:
1688:
1684:
1677:
1670:
1667:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1643:
1640:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1620:
1617:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1576:
1573:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1553:: 1446–1466.
1552:
1548:
1541:
1538:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1506:
1503:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1470:
1467:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1435:
1432:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1412:: 3655–3668.
1411:
1407:
1400:
1398:
1394:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1354:
1351:
1346:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1308:
1305:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1265:
1262:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1222:
1219:
1214:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1181:
1178:
1173:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1129:
1126:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1080:
1077:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1045:
1042:
1037:
1035:9780444594983
1031:
1027:
1020:
1017:
1012:
1010:9780124095083
1006:
1002:
995:
992:
981:
980:Macro Cascade
977:
970:
967:
956:
952:
945:
943:
939:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
907:
904:
899:
893:
876:
869:
866:
860:
855:
852:
850:
847:
845:
842:
840:
837:
834:
830:
827:
824:
820:
816:
815:essential oil
812:
808:
807:succinic acid
804:
801:
798:
794:
791:
789:
786:
783:
779:
776:
773:
769:
765:
762:
760:
757:
756:
751:
750:Energy portal
745:
740:
737:
731:
726:
721:
719:
717:
716:
710:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
683:
681:
676:
673:
669:
664:
662:
661:baker's yeast
658:
653:
651:
647:
642:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
618:
613:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
584:
580:
576:
574:
570:
566:
565:Himark BioGas
561:
559:
551:
549:
547:
542:
535:
533:
529:
526:
521:
516:
511:
507:
505:
501:
492:
490:
487:
483:
479:
478:
473:
468:
465:
460:
455:
451:
450:kraft process
445:
442:
438:
433:
432:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
405:
403:
399:
394:
389:
387:
383:
379:
371:
364:
359:
355:
351:
348:
344:
340:
337:
333:
332:
331:
325:
322:
319:
316:
315:
314:
306:
303:
300:
297:
296:
294:
291:
287:
282:
279:
278:
275:
270:
269:pyrolysis oil
266:
263:
260:
245:
241:
237:
234:
232:
231:hemicellulose
228:
224:
221:
218:
214:
210:
206:
203:
200:
197:
194:
191:
190:
188:
187:
186:
179:
172:
167:
164:
161:
158:
155:
153:
149:
148:
147:
144:
140:
136:
132:
123:
113:
110:
102:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60: –
59:
58:"Biorefinery"
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
42:
41:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
3545:
3497:
3491:
3487:
3479:
3462:
3458:Big bluestem
3450:
3443:energy crops
3398:
3341:
3105:
3088:
3084:
3077:
3066:
3029:
3025:
3015:
3004:
2993:
2982:
2971:. Retrieved
2967:the original
2962:
2953:
2942:. Retrieved
2938:
2929:
2920:
2895:
2891:
2881:
2870:
2859:. Retrieved
2855:
2846:
2821:
2817:
2807:
2796:. Retrieved
2792:
2783:
2774:
2763:. Retrieved
2759:
2750:
2739:. Retrieved
2735:
2726:
2714:. Retrieved
2704:
2693:. Retrieved
2689:
2680:
2670:, retrieved
2640:
2629:
2618:. Retrieved
2614:
2605:
2594:. Retrieved
2590:
2580:
2569:. Retrieved
2565:the original
2560:
2551:
2540:. Retrieved
2536:
2527:
2516:. Retrieved
2512:
2502:
2491:. Retrieved
2489:. 2020-03-02
2486:
2477:
2449:
2442:
2431:. Retrieved
2429:. 2014-12-11
2426:
2417:
2406:. Retrieved
2402:
2393:
2368:
2364:
2358:
2325:
2321:
2315:
2290:
2286:
2279:
2268:. Retrieved
2261:the original
2252:
2245:
2219:
2213:
2196:10397/101206
2176:
2172:
2162:
2137:
2133:
2126:
2101:
2097:
2091:
2046:
2042:
2032:
1989:
1985:
1975:
1966:
1960:
1934:
1900:
1896:
1890:
1849:
1845:
1832:
1799:
1795:
1788:
1761:
1757:
1747:
1706:
1702:
1695:
1686:
1682:
1669:
1652:
1648:
1642:
1636:: 6817–6830.
1633:
1630:BioResources
1629:
1619:
1586:
1582:
1575:
1550:
1546:
1540:
1515:
1511:
1505:
1480:
1476:
1469:
1444:
1440:
1434:
1409:
1405:
1363:
1359:
1353:
1336:2318/1664231
1318:
1314:
1307:
1274:
1270:
1264:
1231:
1227:
1221:
1194:
1190:
1180:
1143:
1139:
1128:
1093:
1089:
1079:
1054:
1050:
1044:
1025:
1019:
1000:
994:
983:. Retrieved
979:
969:
958:. Retrieved
954:
916:
912:
906:
881:. Retrieved
868:
839:Gasification
713:
711:
684:
677:
665:
654:
643:
621:
614:
586:gasification
583:black liquor
577:
562:
555:
543:
539:
530:
512:
508:
496:
475:
471:
469:
446:
440:
436:
429:
410:acrylic acid
406:
390:
376:
329:
312:
184:
130:
128:
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
33:
3614:Energy crop
3561:Pellet fuel
3546:Biorefinery
3510:Switchgrass
3354:Coconut oil
3332:Energy from
3266:Cooking oil
3251:Biogasoline
3226:Babassu oil
3091:: 706–716.
2453:. Xlibris.
2179:: 840–848.
2140:: 440–452.
1852:: 131–143.
1802:: 194–208.
1764:(6): 1551.
1483:: 239–257.
1447:: 525–534.
1321:: 326–346.
1234:: 259–268.
833:CHP systems
707:surfactants
594:biomethanol
546:corn stover
131:biorefinery
3672:Categories
3524:Technology
3505:Salicornia
3488:Miscanthus
3411:Sugar beet
3283:cellulosic
3256:Bioliquids
3236:Biobutanol
3132:Biosynergy
2973:2022-08-03
2944:2022-08-03
2935:"BITEBACK"
2861:2022-08-03
2798:2022-08-03
2765:2022-08-03
2741:2022-08-03
2695:2022-08-02
2672:2022-08-02
2620:2022-08-02
2596:2022-08-02
2571:2022-08-02
2542:2022-08-02
2518:2022-08-02
2493:2022-08-02
2469:1021287775
2433:2022-08-02
2423:"Novamont"
2408:2022-08-02
2270:2019-03-04
1689:: 427–432.
985:2022-08-02
976:"Products"
960:2022-08-02
883:2019-02-11
861:References
772:bioplastic
764:Food waste
759:Microalgae
631:food waste
515:2G ethanol
426:microalgae
349:from straw
336:bioethanol
69:newspapers
36:references
3599:Agflation
3492:giganteus
3421:Sunflower
3416:Sugarcane
3334:foodstock
3241:Biodiesel
3200:Bioenergy
2904:1525-7886
2838:1438-7697
2667:213905222
2385:1359-4311
2342:1939-1234
2293:: 70–84.
2205:0959-6526
2154:0306-2619
2118:0959-6526
2065:1754-6834
2049:(1): 50.
2016:0013-936X
1917:0961-9534
1866:0960-8524
1824:105125791
1816:0957-5820
1780:1996-1073
1723:0944-1344
1655:: 83–92.
1611:111152226
1603:1618-954X
1567:1364-0321
1532:136857454
1518:: 39–48.
1497:1364-0321
1461:0196-8904
1426:0959-6526
1388:105754039
1380:2168-0485
1345:1364-0321
1299:102815519
1291:0196-8904
1277:: 76–91.
1256:108653056
1248:0926-6690
1197:: 42–48.
1112:0960-8524
933:0196-8904
819:cellulose
703:cosmetics
672:cellulose
625:produces
602:pulp mill
579:Chemrec's
454:softwoods
382:biodiesel
343:FT-diesel
244:arabinose
236:C5 sugars
223:C6 sugars
99:June 2019
3657:Category
3592:Concepts
3475:Duckweed
3464:Camelina
3441:Non-food
3389:Rapeseed
3379:Palm oil
3322:Wood gas
3295:Methanol
3288:mixtures
3208:Biofuels
3058:27980671
2939:BITEBACK
2912:30052193
2856:BBC News
2716:3 August
2513:euronews
2350:14901394
2307:53791073
2083:28293288
2024:18075108
1882:20163159
1874:27085988
1758:Energies
1731:29626328
1213:26918837
1172:27818090
1120:21689929
1071:84298986
892:cite web
797:nicotine
782:lycopene
722:See also
635:glycerol
592:such as
569:Edmonton
552:Examples
498:change,
486:fructose
464:catechol
441:Jatropha
437:Jatropha
431:Jatropha
414:palm oil
354:furfural
205:Hydrogen
135:refinery
3406:Soybean
3400:Sorghum
3349:Cassava
3278:Ethanol
3261:Biomass
3231:Bagasse
3216:Alcohol
3049:5133755
3032:: 261.
2963:Culture
2074:5348788
1994:Bibcode
1739:4653627
1163:5156502
829:Biomass
793:Tobacco
691:protein
646:seaweed
617:cardoon
606:sulfate
525:butanol
393:bagasse
347:phenols
238:(e.g.,
227:sucrose
139:biomass
83:scholar
3452:Arundo
3384:Potato
3300:Stover
3246:Biogas
3056:
3046:
2910:
2902:
2836:
2712:. 2017
2665:
2655:
2467:
2457:
2383:
2348:
2340:
2305:
2234:
2203:
2152:
2116:
2081:
2071:
2063:
2022:
2014:
1949:
1915:
1880:
1872:
1864:
1822:
1814:
1778:
1737:
1729:
1721:
1649:Energy
1609:
1601:
1565:
1530:
1495:
1459:
1424:
1386:
1378:
1343:
1297:
1289:
1254:
1246:
1211:
1170:
1160:
1118:
1110:
1069:
1032:
1007:
931:
811:pectin
803:Citrus
778:Tomato
699:chitin
697:, and
695:grease
668:lignin
650:fodder
596:or Bio
573:manure
262:Lignin
240:xylose
199:Syngas
193:Biogas
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
3571:stove
3426:Wheat
3369:Maize
3359:Grape
3312:Straw
3221:Algae
2663:S2CID
2346:S2CID
2303:S2CID
2264:(PDF)
2257:(PDF)
1878:S2CID
1842:(PDF)
1820:S2CID
1735:S2CID
1679:(PDF)
1607:S2CID
1528:S2CID
1384:S2CID
1295:S2CID
1252:S2CID
1067:S2CID
878:(PDF)
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