127:
746:
41:
495:
1736:
1000:
3286:
547:
maintaining themselves in the northeast. Herodotus mentions the Thyni and
Bithyni as settling side by side. No trace of their original language has been preserved, but Herodotus describes them as related to the tribes of Thracian extraction.
481:
The valleys towards the Black Sea abound in fruit trees of all kinds, such as oranges, while the valley of the
Sangarius and the plains near Bursa and Iznik (Nicaea) are fertile and well cultivated. Extensive plantations of
736:
was appointed governor of the combined provinces (109/110 – 111/112), a circumstance which has provided historians with valuable information concerning the Roman provincial administration at that time.
3428:
3413:
1778:
1331:
2911:
1139:"Greek High Culture in Hellenistic and Early Imperial Bithynia: Towards a Prosopography of Practitioners of Greek Culture in Bithynia Down to the Middle of the Third Century AD"
1771:
1475:
126:
1735:
1324:
535:
or during the early Iron Age. The Thyni and
Bithyni appear to have settled simultaneously in the adjoining parts of Asia, where they expelled or subdued the
1764:
1020:
3358:
3353:
2904:
369:
It is occupied by mountains and forests, but has valleys and coastal districts of great fertility. The most important mountain range is the (so-called)
717:, the boundaries of Bithynia changed frequently. During this period, Bithynia was commonly united for administrative purposes with the province of
3348:
1317:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3383:
2897:
1214:
1123:
1095:
1074:
1053:
3378:
3373:
3368:
2920:
1468:
1113:
3388:
1015:
3363:
2284:
407:, or "The sea of Trees"—is not traversed by any mountain chain. The west coast is indented by two deep inlets, the northernmost, the
3393:
2433:
1242:
1193:
776:
400:. The broad tract which projects towards the west as far as the shores of the Bosporus, though hilly and covered with forests—the
3423:
2858:
2109:
1461:
860:
3220:
2177:
2101:
2090:
1842:
established after 584. After massive territorial losses in the 7th century, the remaining provinces were superseded by the
2244:
1878:
3240:
2681:
1787:
1680:
2164:
1558:
920:
616:
the
Bithynians appear to have asserted their independence, and successfully maintained it under two native princes,
1665:
665:
285:
277:
1756:
745:
40:
2361:
2303:
2114:
1588:
435:(Gulf of Cius), about 25 miles (40 km) long. At its extremity is situated the small town of Gemlik (ancient
3304:
1173:
2701:
2686:
2510:
2239:
2186:
2182:
2144:
2076:
1897:
1725:
1715:
1598:
1563:
1543:
1523:
1232:
767:
Bithynia attracted much attention because of its roads and its strategic position between the frontiers of the
681:
677:
661:
411:(ancient Gulf of Astacus), penetrating between 40 and 50 miles (64 and 80 km) into the interior as far as
1277:
806:(2nd century BC), Greek astronomer, discovered precession and discovered how to predict the timing of eclipses
695:
The coinage of these kings show their regal portraits, which tend to be engraved in an extremely accomplished
2505:
2452:
2389:
2229:
2219:
2048:
2018:
1670:
1655:
1593:
1508:
1498:
1225:
897:
815:
634:
486:
supply the silk for which Bursa has long been celebrated, and which is manufactured there on a large scale.
262:
184:
1066:
Kulturtransfer und
Monarchischer Philhellenismus: Bithynien, Pontos und Kappadokien in Hellenistischer Zeit
458:(Filyos), which rises in the Aladağ, about 50 miles (80 km) from the sea, and after flowing by modern
2711:
2154:
2038:
1643:
1503:
809:
657:
621:
1278:"Settlement of the Slavs in Asia Minor During the Rule of Justinian II and the Bishopric των Γορδοσερβων"
3235:
2726:
2495:
2308:
2234:
1827:
1538:
885:
864:
653:
2149:
494:
2864:
2381:
2033:
1865:
1835:
1675:
1568:
891:
803:
20:
3265:
3156:
2870:
2825:
2643:
2633:
2295:
2124:
2071:
2066:
1839:
1573:
1548:
708:
669:
613:
607:
532:
471:
270:
258:
250:
2721:
2696:
2603:
2578:
2467:
2351:
2201:
2013:
1810:
1660:
1618:
1613:
1296:
981:
879:
288:
247:
1453:
3343:
3270:
3215:
2848:
2555:
2545:
2540:
2444:
2414:
2211:
2061:
1952:
1942:
1917:
1912:
1745:
Italy was never constituted as a province, instead retaining a special juridical status until
1705:
1700:
1628:
1623:
1238:
1210:
1189:
1160:
1138:
1129:
1119:
1091:
1084:
Scholten, Joseph (2019). "Building
Hellenistic Bithynia". In Elton, Hugh; Reger, Gary (eds.).
1070:
1049:
910:
733:
575:(modern Karadeniz Ereğli), on the Euxine, about 120 miles (190 km) east of the Bosporus.
531:" migration from the Balkans to Asia Minor would have taken place at some point following the
392:. Both of these ranges are part of the border of mountains which bound the great tableland of
316:
2934:
2784:
2779:
2736:
2691:
2598:
2343:
2333:
2323:
2271:
2008:
2000:
1633:
1603:
1181:
1150:
915:
780:
757:
572:
467:
408:
151:
3418:
3126:
3056:
3037:
2764:
2754:
2661:
2613:
2568:
2487:
2409:
2394:
2313:
2056:
1960:
1932:
1907:
1889:
1518:
1437:
1377:
718:
617:
528:
462:(ancient Bithynion-Claudiopolis) falls into the Euxine, close to the ruins of the ancient
428:
355:
237:
115:
381:(70 miles, 110 km). Its summits are covered with snow for a great part of the year.
339:
439:) at the mouth of a valley, communicating with the lake of Iznik, on which was situated
3225:
3022:
2774:
2769:
2759:
2706:
2651:
2462:
2356:
2328:
2318:
2196:
1985:
1980:
1937:
1927:
1608:
1528:
1484:
794:. The two had a long rivalry with each other over which city held the rank of capital.
714:
689:
587:
552:
300:
299:
Several major cities sat on the fertile shores of the
Propontis (which is now known as
266:
217:
205:
1085:
3337:
3290:
3188:
2656:
2608:
2573:
2563:
2472:
2172:
1975:
1970:
1922:
1902:
1831:
1815:
1553:
1533:
1513:
1115:
Urban Life and Local
Politics in Roman Bithynia: The Small World of Dion Chrysostomos
1011:
1006:
833:
761:
726:
696:
447:
385:
374:
335:
281:
1045:
Forging the Crown: A History of the
Kingdom of Bithynia from Its Origin to Prusias I
560:
2854:
2671:
2666:
2618:
2404:
2371:
2366:
2191:
1965:
1843:
1578:
849:
845:
722:
685:
324:
3172:
1309:
1300:
1266:
1204:
1064:
1043:
3260:
3007:
2964:
2877:
2749:
2716:
2628:
2583:
2457:
2399:
1720:
1649:
1583:
1422:
841:
474:), having a course of more than 100 miles (160 km). The Parthenius (modern
389:
343:
233:
2889:
1850:
and parts of Greece they survived under the themes until the early 9th century.
384:
East of this the range extends for more than 100 miles (160 km), from the
3164:
3111:
3051:
3046:
2992:
2982:
2949:
2744:
2588:
1990:
1819:
1746:
1362:
1185:
1155:
544:
347:
209:
131:
3319:
3306:
1164:
478:), the eastern boundary of the province, is a much less considerable stream.
3245:
2530:
2419:
2028:
2023:
1638:
1417:
787:
772:
638:
564:
556:
518:
508:
451:
424:
416:
308:
304:
254:
225:
95:
475:
370:
1024:. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 12–13.
3071:
2997:
2974:
2969:
2959:
2623:
2515:
2224:
2139:
1847:
1397:
1341:
829:
825:
821:
673:
626:
568:
540:
483:
455:
440:
412:
393:
378:
274:
221:
135:
107:
99:
55:
783:
was constructed around 562 AD. Troops frequently wintered at
Nicomedia.
764:. Only the area to the west of the river retained the name of Bithynia.
672:
had a considerable standing and influence among the minor monarchies of
3255:
3250:
3194:
3184:
3176:
3121:
3116:
3085:
3061:
3042:
3017:
3012:
3002:
2986:
2954:
2820:
2676:
2535:
2477:
2134:
2129:
2119:
1695:
1432:
1427:
1392:
1382:
1372:
836:
598:, which comprised all the countries up to the Hellespont and Bosporus.
595:
591:
579:
536:
513:
420:
363:
359:
241:
81:
269:
in 74 BC, and became united with the Pontus region as the province of
3199:
3180:
3168:
3151:
3131:
3101:
3076:
2944:
2939:
2830:
1710:
1690:
1685:
1352:
1227:
Bithynia: history and administration to the time of Pliny the Younger
854:
791:
768:
750:
729:
432:
401:
397:
331:
320:
213:
201:
103:
77:
59:
2876: Affected (i.e. boundaries modified, abolished or renamed) by
3160:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3106:
3066:
3032:
3027:
2978:
2525:
2520:
2500:
1442:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1387:
1367:
1005:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
760:, Bithynia was again divided into two provinces, separated by the
641:, which soon rose to great prosperity, and during his long reign (
583:
523:
493:
351:
334:, Bithynia was bounded on the east by the river Sangarius (modern
229:
85:
2240:
Numidia (divided as Cirtensis and Militiana during the Tetrarchy)
1206:
Pontus et Bithynia: die römischen Provinzen im Norden Kleinasiens
3080:
463:
459:
436:
312:
253:
was an independent kingdom from the 4th century BC. Its capital
2893:
2809:
2269:
1863:
1799:
1760:
1457:
1313:
555:
established on the coast the colonies of Cius (modern Gemlik);
338:), but the more commonly received division extended it to the
786:
During this time, the most important cities in Bithynia were
45:
Bithynia and Pontus as a province of the Roman Empire, 125 AD
273:. In the 7th century it was incorporated into the Byzantine
163:
3429:
States and territories disestablished in the 1st century BC
1174:"Bithynia: Roman Sovereignty and the Survival of Hellenism"
175:
172:
1834:. Empire permanently partitioned after 395. Exarchates of
1285:Београдски историјски гласник: Belgrade Historical Review
284:
in the 13th century, and was eventually conquered by the
195:
166:
157:
3414:
States and territories established in the 3rd century BC
964:
962:
960:
947:
945:
943:
941:
939:
937:
935:
982:"Kings of Bithynia - Asia Minor Coins - Photo Gallery"
450:
which traverses the province from south to north; the
857:(Lucius Flavius Arrianus), Greek historian, c. 86–160
775:
in the south-east. To secure communications with the
586:
monarchy, with which they fell under the dominion of
244:
to the southeast towards the interior of Asia Minor.
169:
1268:
Notitiae Episcopatuum Ecclesiae Constantinopolitanae
812:(2nd century BC), Greek astronomer and mathematician
688:, he bequeathed his kingdom through his will to the
563:), at the entrance of the Bosporus, nearly opposite
154:
3208:
3094:
2927:
2735:
2642:
2554:
2486:
2443:
2432:
2380:
2342:
2294:
2283:
2210:
2163:
2100:
2089:
2047:
1999:
1951:
1888:
1877:
160:
114:
91:
73:
65:
50:
28:
1172:Harris, B. F. (2016). Temporini, Hildegard (ed.).
680:, was unable to maintain himself in power against
373:(8,000 ft, 2,400 m), which towers above
350:. On the west and southwest it was separated from
1069:(in German). Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht GmbH KG.
624:, the latter of whom assumed the title of king (
346:, thus comprising the district inhabited by the
1271:. Paris: Institut français d'études byzantines.
1087:Regionalism in Hellenistic and Roman Asia Minor
2905:
2857:by the Eastern Empire in 534 as the separate
1772:
1469:
1325:
423:of only about 25 miles (40 km) from the
8:
684:. After being restored to his throne by the
2880:'s administrative reorganization in 534–536
466:, about 40 miles (64 km) northeast of
2912:
2898:
2890:
2806:
2440:
2291:
2280:
2266:
2097:
1885:
1874:
1860:
1796:
1779:
1765:
1757:
1476:
1462:
1454:
1332:
1318:
1310:
1178:Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt
25:
1814:. Provincial administration reformed and
1154:
652:BC), as well as those of his successors,
578:The Bithynians were incorporated by king
454:, which separated it from Mysia; and the
1788:Late Roman and early Byzantine provinces
968:
951:
818:(c. 169 BC – c. 100 BC), Greek physician
744:
725:. This was the situation at the time of
323:, noted for being the birthplace of the
125:
931:
1237:. Ottawa: National Library of Canada.
377:and is clearly visible as far away as
1090:. Ausonius Éditions. pp. 17–24.
7:
1485:Provinces of the early Roman Empire
844:(c. 155 – c. 235), Roman historian,
498:A 15th-century map showing Bithynia.
590:(546 BC), and were included in the
280:. It became a border region to the
257:was rebuilt on the site of ancient
1224:Storey, Stanley Jonathon (1999) .
14:
3359:Provinces of the Byzantine Empire
3354:Praetorian prefecture of the East
781:bridge across the river Sangarius
265:. Bithynia was bequeathed to the
3284:
2220:Africa proconsularis (Zeugitana)
1846:in c. 640–660, although in
1734:
998:
150:
39:
1830:established after the death of
1112:Bekker-Nielsen, Tonnes (2008).
3349:Historical regions of Anatolia
2178:Flaminia et Picenum Annonarium
2102:Diocese of Suburbicarian Italy
1302:History of the Byzantine State
1:
3409:History of Zonguldak Province
3399:History of Kastamonu Province
2245:Tripolitania (Roman province)
1823:
1265:Darrouzès, Jean, ed. (1981).
1118:. Aarhus Universitetsforlag.
1048:. "L'Erma" di Bretschneider.
867:
642:
446:The principal rivers are the
358:and on the south it adjoined
19:For the genus of snails, see
2921:Ancient kingdoms of Anatolia
790:, founded by Nicomedes, and
612:Even before the conquest by
543:and other minor tribes, the
196:
130:Location of Bithynia within
3379:History of Bilecik Province
3374:History of Sakarya Province
3369:History of Kocaeli Province
2853: Re-established after
2165:Diocese of Annonarian Italy
1063:Michels, Christoph (2008).
921:Ancient regions of Anatolia
749:The Constantinople Gate in
236:to the northeast along the
3445:
3404:History of Bartın Province
3389:History of Yalova Province
1305:. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
1276:Komatina, Predrag (2014).
706:
605:
507:Bithynia is named for the
342:, which separated it from
319:. Bithynia also contained
188:
34:Ancient Region of Anatolia
18:
3384:History of Düzce Province
3364:History of Bursa Province
3279:
2843:
2826:Quaestura exercitus (536)
2816:
2805:
2279:
2265:
1873:
1859:
1806:
1795:
1743:
1732:
1494:
1348:
1209:(in German). Von Zabern.
1203:Marek, Christian (2003).
1186:10.1515/9783110860429-007
1156:10.1163/1568525X-bja10120
1042:Paganoni, Eloisa (2019).
882:(2nd century), grammarian
124:
38:
33:
3394:History of Bolu Province
2702:Palaestina III Salutaris
1898:Alpes Poeninae et Graiae
1524:Alpes Graiae et Poeninae
682:Mithridates VI of Pontus
2869: Placed under the
2230:Mauretania Caesariensis
2049:Diocese of the Britains
1671:Mauretania Caesariensis
1021:Encyclopædia Britannica
898:Vendemianus of Bithynia
816:Asclepiades of Bithynia
633:His son and successor,
521:(VII.75) alongside the
263:Nicomedes I of Bithynia
3424:290s BC establishments
2712:Phoenice II Libanensis
2415:Macedonia II Salutaris
1828:praetorian prefectures
1790:(4th–7th centuries AD)
1644:Hispania Tarraconensis
1340:Historical regions of
986:www.asiaminorcoins.com
888:(c. 400 – 473), hermit
810:Theodosius of Bithynia
753:
499:
138:
2434:Praetorian prefecture
2309:Noricum mediterraneum
2285:Praetorian prefecture
2235:Mauretania Sitifensis
2130:Picenum Suburbicarium
2091:Praetorian prefecture
1879:Praetorian prefecture
1826: 293. Permanent
900:(6th century), hermit
894:(died c. 450), hermit
886:Auxentius of Bithynia
865:Constantine the Great
771:in the north and the
748:
676:. But the last king,
497:
289:between 1325 and 1333
129:
2865:Diocese of Illyricum
2859:Prefecture of Africa
2614:Galatia II Salutaris
2382:Diocese of Macedonia
2272:Eastern Roman Empire
2034:Mauretania Tingitana
1866:Western Roman Empire
1676:Mauretania Tingitana
1569:Corsica and Sardinia
1509:Africa proconsularis
1137:Bowie, Ewen (2022).
892:Hypatius of Bithynia
804:Hipparchus of Nicaea
208:in the northwest of
21:Bithynia (gastropod)
3316: /
2871:Quaestura exercitus
2644:Diocese of the East
2634:Pontus Polemoniacus
2296:Diocese of Pannonia
2125:Lucania et Bruttium
2072:Maxima Caesariensis
2067:Flavia Caesariensis
1574:Crete and Cyrenaica
1549:Bithynia and Pontus
1297:Ostrogorsky, George
709:Bithynia and Pontus
608:Kingdom of Bithynia
602:Kingdom of Bithynia
533:Bronze Age collapse
419:), separated by an
271:Bithynia and Pontus
92:Historical capitals
2722:Syria II Salutaris
2579:Armenian Satrapies
2352:Dacia Mediterranea
2274:(395–c. 640)
2202:Venetia et Histria
2110:Apulia et Calabria
1811:Notitia Dignitatum
1661:Lycia et Pamphylia
1639:Hispania Lusitania
1619:Gallia Narbonensis
1614:Gallia Lugdunensis
1180:. 2.7.2: 857–901.
880:Phrynichus Arabius
754:
741:Byzantine province
500:
232:to the southwest,
139:
29:Bithynia (Βιθυνία)
16:Region in Anatolia
3299:
3298:
3291:Turkey portal
2887:
2886:
2849:Septem Provinciae
2839:
2838:
2811:Other territories
2801:
2800:
2797:
2796:
2793:
2792:
2584:Armenia III (536)
2556:Diocese of Pontus
2546:Phrygia Salutaris
2541:Phrygia Pacatiana
2445:Diocese of Thrace
2428:
2427:
2261:
2260:
2257:
2256:
2253:
2252:
2212:Diocese of Africa
2085:
2084:
1953:Diocese of Vienne
1943:Maxima Sequanorum
1855:
1854:
1754:
1753:
1706:Pannonia Superior
1701:Pannonia Inferior
1629:Germania Superior
1624:Germania Inferior
1488:
1451:
1450:
1216:978-3-8053-2925-5
1125:978-87-7124-752-7
1097:978-2-35613-276-5
1076:978-3-89971-536-1
1055:978-88-913-1895-4
911:Bithynian coinage
779:, the monumental
777:eastern provinces
734:Pliny the Younger
664:(149–91 BC), the
216:), adjoining the
200:) was an ancient
194:
143:
142:
3436:
3331:
3330:
3328:
3327:
3326:
3321:
3317:
3314:
3313:
3312:
3309:
3289:
3288:
3287:
2914:
2907:
2900:
2891:
2863: Later the
2847: Later the
2807:
2785:Thebais Inferior
2780:Thebais Superior
2737:Diocese of Egypt
2727:Theodorias (528)
2589:Armenia IV (536)
2441:
2344:Diocese of Dacia
2334:Valeria ripensis
2292:
2281:
2267:
2150:Tuscia et Umbria
2098:
2001:Diocese of Spain
1886:
1875:
1861:
1825:
1808:As found in the
1797:
1781:
1774:
1767:
1758:
1738:
1634:Hispania Baetica
1604:Gallia Aquitania
1486:
1478:
1471:
1464:
1455:
1334:
1327:
1320:
1311:
1306:
1292:
1282:
1272:
1254:
1252:
1251:
1236:
1220:
1199:
1168:
1158:
1133:
1128:. Archived from
1101:
1080:
1059:
1025:
1004:
1002:
1001:
990:
989:
978:
972:
966:
955:
949:
916:Asia Minor Slavs
876:
872:
869:
758:Byzantine Empire
651:
647:
644:
573:Heraclea Pontica
472:Karadeniz Ereğli
468:Heraclea Pontica
371:"Mysian" Olympus
199:
193:romanized:
192:
190:
182:
181:
178:
177:
174:
171:
168:
165:
162:
159:
156:
43:
26:
3444:
3443:
3439:
3438:
3437:
3435:
3434:
3433:
3334:
3333:
3324:
3322:
3318:
3315:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3303:
3302:
3300:
3295:
3285:
3283:
3275:
3204:
3090:
2923:
2918:
2888:
2883:
2835:
2812:
2789:
2765:Augustamnica II
2731:
2638:
2550:
2488:Diocese of Asia
2482:
2435:
2424:
2410:Macedonia Prima
2376:
2338:
2314:Noricum ripense
2286:
2275:
2249:
2206:
2159:
2092:
2081:
2043:
1995:
1961:Alpes Maritimae
1947:
1933:Lugdunensis III
1890:Diocese of Gaul
1880:
1869:
1868:(395–476)
1851:
1818:established by
1802:
1791:
1785:
1755:
1750:
1739:
1730:
1691:Moesia Superior
1686:Moesia Inferior
1519:Alpes Maritimae
1490:
1482:
1452:
1447:
1344:
1338:
1295:
1280:
1275:
1264:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1230:
1223:
1217:
1202:
1196:
1171:
1136:
1126:
1111:
1098:
1083:
1077:
1062:
1056:
1041:
1033:
1031:Further reading
1028:
1014:, ed. (1911). "
1010:
999:
997:
993:
980:
979:
975:
967:
958:
950:
933:
929:
907:
874:
870:
824:(2nd century),
800:
743:
711:
705:
649:
645:
610:
604:
529:Thraco-Phrygian
517:, mentioned by
505:
492:
429:Gulf of Mudanya
356:river Rhyndacus
297:
153:
149:
46:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3442:
3440:
3432:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3336:
3335:
3297:
3296:
3294:
3293:
3280:
3277:
3276:
3274:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3212:
3210:
3206:
3205:
3203:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3098:
3096:
3092:
3091:
3089:
3088:
3083:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2975:Hurrian States
2972:
2970:Hittite Empire
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2931:
2929:
2925:
2924:
2919:
2917:
2916:
2909:
2902:
2894:
2885:
2884:
2882:
2881:
2874:
2867:
2861:
2851:
2844:
2841:
2840:
2837:
2836:
2834:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2817:
2814:
2813:
2810:
2803:
2802:
2799:
2798:
2795:
2794:
2791:
2790:
2788:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2775:Libya Inferior
2772:
2770:Libya Superior
2767:
2762:
2760:Augustamnica I
2757:
2752:
2747:
2741:
2739:
2733:
2732:
2730:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2648:
2646:
2640:
2639:
2637:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2560:
2558:
2552:
2551:
2549:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2516:Lycaonia (370)
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2492:
2490:
2484:
2483:
2481:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2449:
2447:
2438:
2430:
2429:
2426:
2425:
2423:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2386:
2384:
2378:
2377:
2375:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2357:Dacia Ripensis
2354:
2348:
2346:
2340:
2339:
2337:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2300:
2298:
2289:
2277:
2276:
2270:
2263:
2262:
2259:
2258:
2255:
2254:
2251:
2250:
2248:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2216:
2214:
2208:
2207:
2205:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2180:
2175:
2169:
2167:
2161:
2160:
2158:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2106:
2104:
2095:
2087:
2086:
2083:
2082:
2080:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2053:
2051:
2045:
2044:
2042:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2019:Carthaginensis
2016:
2011:
2005:
2003:
1997:
1996:
1994:
1993:
1988:
1986:Novempopulania
1983:
1981:Narbonensis II
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1957:
1955:
1949:
1948:
1946:
1945:
1940:
1938:Lugdunensis IV
1935:
1930:
1928:Lugdunensis II
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1894:
1892:
1883:
1871:
1870:
1864:
1857:
1856:
1853:
1852:
1807:
1804:
1803:
1800:
1793:
1792:
1786:
1784:
1783:
1776:
1769:
1761:
1752:
1751:
1744:
1741:
1740:
1733:
1731:
1729:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1609:Gallia Belgica
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1529:Arabia Petraea
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1495:
1492:
1491:
1483:
1481:
1480:
1473:
1466:
1458:
1449:
1448:
1446:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1349:
1346:
1345:
1339:
1337:
1336:
1329:
1322:
1314:
1308:
1307:
1293:
1273:
1261:
1260:
1256:
1255:
1243:
1221:
1215:
1200:
1194:
1169:
1134:
1132:on 2012-03-01.
1124:
1108:
1107:
1103:
1102:
1096:
1081:
1075:
1060:
1054:
1038:
1037:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1026:
1012:Chisholm, Hugh
994:
992:
991:
973:
956:
930:
928:
925:
924:
923:
918:
913:
906:
903:
902:
901:
895:
889:
883:
877:
858:
852:
839:
819:
813:
807:
799:
798:Notable people
796:
742:
739:
715:Roman province
707:Main article:
704:
703:Roman province
701:
690:Roman Republic
606:Main article:
603:
600:
504:
501:
491:
488:
484:mulberry trees
301:Sea of Marmara
296:
293:
267:Roman Republic
228:. It bordered
218:Sea of Marmara
206:Roman province
204:, kingdom and
141:
140:
122:
121:
118:
116:Roman province
112:
111:
93:
89:
88:
75:
71:
70:
67:
63:
62:
58:, present-day
52:
48:
47:
44:
36:
35:
31:
30:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3441:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3341:
3339:
3332:
3329:
3320:40.5°N 31.0°E
3292:
3282:
3281:
3278:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3226:Armenia Minor
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3213:
3211:
3209:Classical Age
3207:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3190:
3186:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3099:
3097:
3093:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2945:Assuwa League
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2932:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2915:
2910:
2908:
2903:
2901:
2896:
2895:
2892:
2879:
2875:
2872:
2868:
2866:
2862:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2850:
2846:
2845:
2842:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2818:
2815:
2808:
2804:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2742:
2740:
2738:
2734:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2697:Palaestina II
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2649:
2647:
2645:
2641:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2604:Cappadocia II
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2574:Armenia Maior
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2561:
2559:
2557:
2553:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2493:
2491:
2489:
2485:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2450:
2448:
2446:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2431:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2387:
2385:
2383:
2379:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2349:
2347:
2345:
2341:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2301:
2299:
2297:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2282:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2264:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2217:
2215:
2213:
2209:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2173:Alpes Cottiae
2171:
2170:
2168:
2166:
2162:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2107:
2105:
2103:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2088:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2054:
2052:
2050:
2046:
2040:
2039:Tarraconensis
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2006:
2004:
2002:
1998:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1976:Narbonensis I
1974:
1972:
1971:Aquitanica II
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1958:
1956:
1954:
1950:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1923:Lugdunensis I
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1895:
1893:
1891:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1876:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1858:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1832:Constantine I
1829:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1812:
1805:
1798:
1794:
1789:
1782:
1777:
1775:
1770:
1768:
1763:
1762:
1759:
1748:
1742:
1737:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1651:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1514:Alpes Cottiae
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1496:
1493:
1489:
1479:
1474:
1472:
1467:
1465:
1460:
1459:
1456:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1350:
1347:
1343:
1335:
1330:
1328:
1323:
1321:
1316:
1315:
1312:
1304:
1303:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1279:
1274:
1270:
1269:
1263:
1262:
1258:
1257:
1246:
1244:0-612-34324-3
1240:
1234:
1229:
1228:
1222:
1218:
1212:
1208:
1207:
1201:
1197:
1195:9783110860429
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1149:(1): 73–112.
1148:
1144:
1140:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1121:
1117:
1116:
1110:
1109:
1105:
1104:
1099:
1093:
1089:
1088:
1082:
1078:
1072:
1068:
1067:
1061:
1057:
1051:
1047:
1046:
1040:
1039:
1035:
1034:
1030:
1023:
1022:
1017:
1013:
1008:
1007:public domain
996:
995:
987:
983:
977:
974:
971:, p. 13.
970:
969:Chisholm 1911
965:
963:
961:
957:
954:, p. 12.
953:
952:Chisholm 1911
948:
946:
944:
942:
940:
938:
936:
932:
926:
922:
919:
917:
914:
912:
909:
908:
904:
899:
896:
893:
890:
887:
884:
881:
878:
866:
862:
859:
856:
853:
851:
847:
843:
840:
838:
835:
834:Roman Emperor
831:
827:
823:
820:
817:
814:
811:
808:
805:
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801:
797:
795:
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693:
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663:
659:
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640:
636:
631:
630:) in 297 BC.
629:
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511:tribe of the
510:
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409:Gulf of İzmit
406:
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367:
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336:Sakarya river
333:
330:According to
328:
326:
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318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
294:
292:
290:
287:
286:Ottoman Turks
283:
282:Seljuk Empire
279:
276:
272:
268:
264:
261:in 264 BC by
260:
256:
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245:
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66:State existed
64:
61:
57:
53:
49:
42:
37:
32:
27:
22:
3301:
3230:
3157:Neo-Hittites
2831:Spania (552)
2692:Palaestina I
2672:Euphratensis
2619:Helenopontus
2599:Cappadocia I
2593:
2506:Hellespontus
2405:Epirus Vetus
2372:Praevalitana
2287:of Illyricum
2077:Valentia (?)
2062:Britannia II
1966:Aquitanica I
1844:theme system
1809:
1648:
1357:
1301:
1288:
1284:
1267:
1248:. Retrieved
1226:
1205:
1177:
1146:
1142:
1130:the original
1114:
1086:
1065:
1044:
1019:
985:
976:
863:, mother of
785:
766:
755:
723:Roman Empire
712:
694:
686:Roman Senate
678:Nicomedes IV
662:Nicomedes II
632:
625:
611:
577:
550:
522:
512:
506:
480:
470:(the modern
445:
404:
383:
368:
329:
325:Nicene Creed
298:
246:
145:
144:
3323: /
3261:Paphlagonia
2965:Hayasa-Azzi
2878:Justinian I
2750:Aegyptus II
2682:Mesopotamia
2629:Paphlagonia
2458:Haemimontus
2436:of the East
2400:Epirus Nova
2324:Pannonia II
2057:Britannia I
1918:Germania II
1749:'s reforms.
1681:Mesopotamia
1423:Paphlagonia
1036:Hellenistic
842:Cassius Dio
721:within the
697:Hellenistic
635:Nicomedes I
582:within the
405:Ağaç Denizi
390:Paphlagonia
344:Paphlagonia
295:Description
248:Hellenistic
240:coast, and
234:Paphlagonia
185:Koinē Greek
3338:Categories
3325:40.5; 31.0
3236:Cappadocia
3216:Antigonids
3165:Carchemish
3112:Cimmerians
3052:Purushanda
3047:Sagalassos
2983:Kizzuwatna
2950:Carchemish
2928:Bronze Age
2855:reconquest
2745:Aegyptus I
2707:Phoenice I
2662:Cilicia II
2569:Armenia II
2319:Pannonia I
1991:Viennensis
1913:Germania I
1908:Belgica II
1848:Asia Minor
1820:Diocletian
1747:Diocletian
1559:Cappadocia
1363:Cappadocia
1250:2007-05-21
927:References
875: 330
873: – c.
871: 250
756:Under the
658:Prusias II
650: 255
648: – c.
646: 278
637:, founded
551:Later the
545:Mariandyni
427:; and the
348:Mariandyni
340:Parthenius
224:, and the
210:Asia Minor
132:Asia Minor
3246:Commagene
2657:Cilicia I
2609:Galatia I
2564:Armenia I
2531:Pamphylia
2463:Moesia II
2420:Thessalia
2197:Raetia II
2029:Lusitania
2024:Gallaecia
2014:Balearica
1903:Belgica I
1666:Macedonia
1554:Britannia
1418:Pamphylia
1259:Byzantine
1165:0026-7074
1143:Mnemosyne
788:Nicomedia
773:Euphrates
762:Sangarius
692:(74 BC).
654:Prusias I
639:Nicomedia
614:Alexander
565:Byzantium
557:Chalcedon
519:Herodotus
452:Rhyndacus
448:Sangarios
425:Black Sea
417:Nicomedia
415:(ancient
309:Chalcedon
305:Nicomedia
255:Nicomedia
226:Black Sea
96:Nicomedia
69:297–74 BC
54:Northern
3344:Bithynia
3266:Pergamon
3231:Bithynia
3095:Iron Age
2935:Ahhiyawa
2624:Honorias
2594:Bithynia
2367:Moesia I
2362:Dardania
2304:Dalmatia
2225:Byzacena
2192:Raetia I
2140:Sardinia
2115:Campania
2093:of Italy
1816:dioceses
1589:Dalmatia
1504:Aegyptus
1487:(117 AD)
1398:Lycaonia
1358:Bithynia
1342:Anatolia
1299:(1956).
1291:: 33–42.
1016:Bithynia
905:See also
830:eromenos
826:Catamite
822:Antinous
674:Anatolia
670:Bithynia
627:basileus
622:Zipoites
569:Istanbul
567:(modern
559:(modern
541:Caucones
509:Thracian
503:Iron Age
456:Billaeus
394:Anatolia
379:Istanbul
275:Opsikion
251:Bithynia
222:Bosporus
197:Bithynía
146:Bithynia
136:Anatolia
120:Bithynia
56:Anatolia
51:Location
3311:31°00′E
3308:40°30′N
3256:Osroene
3251:Galatia
3241:Cilicia
3221:Armenia
3195:Phrygia
3177:Kammanu
3173:Ḫilakku
3122:Diauehi
3117:Colchis
3086:Zalpuwa
3062:Shupria
3043:Pisidia
3018:Miletus
3003:Kussara
2993:Kalašma
2987:Mitanni
2955:Hapalla
2821:Taurica
2755:Arcadia
2717:Syria I
2687:Osroene
2677:Isauria
2536:Pisidia
2511:Islands
2478:Thracia
2473:Scythia
2468:Rhodope
2187:Aemilia
2183:Liguria
2155:Valeria
2145:Sicilia
2135:Samnium
2120:Corsica
2009:Baetica
1881:of Gaul
1836:Ravenna
1801:History
1726:Thracia
1716:Sicilia
1696:Noricum
1599:Galatia
1564:Cilicia
1544:Assyria
1534:Armenia
1433:Pisidia
1428:Phrygia
1393:Isauria
1383:Galatia
1373:Cilicia
1009::
846:senator
837:Hadrian
832:of the
732:, when
727:Emperor
699:style.
596:Phrygia
592:satrapy
580:Croesus
561:Kadıköy
537:Mysians
527:. The "
514:Bithyni
490:History
421:isthmus
402:Turkish
386:Sakarya
364:Galatia
360:Phrygia
354:by the
259:Astacus
242:Phrygia
189:Βιθυνία
82:Bithyni
3419:297 BC
3271:Pontus
3200:Urartu
3181:Kummuh
3169:Gurgum
3152:Mushki
3132:Etiuni
3102:Aeolia
3077:Wilusa
2998:Kaskia
2940:Arzawa
2873:in 536
2667:Cyprus
2652:Arabia
2453:Europa
2390:Achaea
1840:Africa
1711:Raetia
1656:Iudaea
1650:Italia
1594:Epirus
1579:Cyprus
1499:Achaia
1438:Pontus
1353:Aeolis
1241:
1213:
1192:
1163:
1122:
1094:
1073:
1052:
1003:
861:Helena
855:Arrian
850:consul
848:, and
792:Nicaea
769:Danube
751:Nicaea
730:Trajan
719:Pontus
588:Persia
584:Lydian
571:) and
553:Greeks
476:Bartın
441:Nicaea
433:Gemlik
398:Turkey
332:Strabo
321:Nicaea
317:Apamea
238:Pontic
220:, the
214:Turkey
202:region
104:Nicaea
78:Greeks
74:Nation
60:Turkey
3189:Tabal
3161:Atuna
3147:Lydia
3142:Lycia
3137:Ionia
3127:Doris
3107:Caria
3072:Urumu
3067:Urshu
3033:Nairi
3028:Mysia
3013:Luwia
3008:Lukka
2979:Isuwa
2960:Hatti
2526:Lydia
2521:Lycia
2501:Caria
2395:Creta
2329:Savia
1721:Syria
1584:Dacia
1443:Troad
1413:Mysia
1408:Lydia
1403:Lycia
1388:Ionia
1378:Doris
1368:Caria
1281:(PDF)
1106:Roman
713:As a
666:kings
524:Thyni
413:İzmit
375:Bursa
352:Mysia
278:theme
230:Mysia
108:İznik
100:İzmit
86:Thyni
3185:Quwê
3081:Troy
3057:Seha
3038:Pala
3023:Mira
2496:Asia
1838:and
1539:Asia
1239:ISBN
1211:ISBN
1190:ISBN
1161:ISSN
1120:ISBN
1092:ISBN
1071:ISBN
1050:ISBN
828:and
660:and
620:and
464:Tium
460:Bolu
437:Cius
362:and
315:and
313:Cius
2185:et
1233:PDF
1182:doi
1151:doi
1018:".
668:of
618:Bas
594:of
431:or
388:to
303:):
102:),
3340::
3187:,
3183:,
3179:,
3175:,
3171:,
3167:,
3163:,
2985:,
2981:,
1824:c.
1822:,
1287:.
1283:.
1188:.
1176:.
1159:.
1147:75
1145:.
1141:.
984:.
959:^
934:^
868:c.
656:,
643:c.
539:,
443:.
396:,
366:.
327:.
311:,
307:,
291:.
191:,
187::
183:;
84:,
80:,
3191:)
3159:(
3079:/
3045:/
2989:)
2977:(
2913:e
2906:t
2899:v
1780:e
1773:t
1766:v
1477:e
1470:t
1463:v
1333:e
1326:t
1319:v
1289:5
1253:.
1235:)
1231:(
1219:.
1198:.
1184::
1167:.
1153::
1100:.
1079:.
1058:.
988:.
179:/
176:ə
173:i
170:n
167:ɪ
164:θ
161:ˈ
158:ɪ
155:b
152:/
148:(
134:/
110:)
106:(
98:(
23:.
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