1543:. Since blackcurrant berries are a rich source of the vitamin, and blackcurrant plants are suitable for growing in the UK climate, the British Government encouraged their cultivation and soon the yield of the nation's crop increased significantly. From 1942 onwards, blackcurrant syrup was distributed free of charge to children under the age of two. This may have given rise to the lasting popularity of blackcurrant as a flavouring in Britain. In Britain the commercial crop is completely mechanised and about 1,400 hectares of the fruit are grown, mostly under contract to the juicing industry. Commercially, most large-scale cultivation of blackcurrants is done in eastern Europe for the juice and juice concentrate market. As of 2017, major cultivation efforts to improve fruit characteristics occurred in Scotland, New Zealand, and Poland.
551:
1702:
1724:
582:
570:
1746:
63:
939:
794:
pruning is to remove all weak shoots and those growing out sideways which may get weighed down when fruiting. The remaining branches should be thinned to remove old unproductive wood and to encourage new shoots. An established bush should not be allowed to become overcrowded and should have about one third of its main branches or stems removed each year. When harvesting by machine, plants with an upright growth habit are encouraged.
1011:. Cultivars produced include 'Tisel' and 'Tiben' in 2000 and 'Ores', 'Ruben' and 'Tines' in 2005. Further cultivars 'Polares' and 'Tihope' are being tested. Since 1991, New Zealand has become an important centre for research and development, as its temperate climate is particularly suitable for cultivation of the crop. Breeding programmes are concentrating on yield, large fruit size, consistency of cropping and upright habit.
833:). It causes a decline in yield and is quite widespread in Europe but is rarely encountered on other continents. Symptoms include a modification of leaf shape in summer and swollen buds ("big bud") in winter, each housing thousands of microscopic mites. As pest control has limited effectiveness, severely infected bushes should be destroyed. All new plants purchased should be certified as virus-free.
45:
670:
705:. On a garden scale the plants can be set at intervals of 1.5 to 1.8 m (5 to 6 ft) or they can be set in rows with planting intervals of 1.2 m (4 ft) and row separations of 2.5 m (8 ft) or more. In the UK, young bushes are generally planted deeper than their initial growing level to encourage new stems to grow from the base.
968:
was released in 1998 with increased tolerance to gall mite, and in the same year, 'Ben Gairn' became available. It shows resistance to the reversion virus. For gardeners and the pick-your-own market, 'Ben Sarek', 'Ben Connan' and 'Big Ben' were introduced and have large, sweet berries. The cultivars 'Ben Connan' and 'Big Ben' have gained the
987:). In Poland, the Research Institute of Horticulture has done work on improving the blackcurrant with regard to disease and pest resistance, fruit quality, adaptations to local conditions and mechanical harvesting. Researchers have crossed various varieties and introduced inter-specific genetic material from the gooseberry (
918:) lays its eggs on the underside of the leaves and the voracious larvae work their way along the shoots, stripping off leaf after leaf. In a serious attack, the bush can be denuded of leaves. Larvae of the currant borer drill their way along the centres of shoots, which wilt and die back. Other insect pests include
1025:
disease resistance, are more tolerant of adverse weather conditions and are suitable for machine harvesting. Two new releases from a black currant breeding program in
British Columbia, Canada, 'Blackcomb' and 'Tahsis', were selected for their immunity to white pine blister rust and their frost tolerance.
1562:
still exist as of August 2021. Since the
American federal ban curtailed currant production nationally for nearly a century, the fruit remains largely unknown in the United States and has yet to regain its previous popularity to levels enjoyed in Europe or New Zealand. Owing to its unique flavour
793:
Blackcurrant fruit is borne primarily on one-year-old shoots. Newly planted bushes should be pruned severely, cutting all shoots back to two buds above ground level. This gives the plant a chance to get properly established before needing to put its energy into producing fruit. The general rule when
1024:
and these show resistance to the disease. However the quality and yield of these varieties are poor as compared to non-resistant strains and only
Consort is reliably self-fertile. Back-crossing these varieties to a parent have produced new strains such as 'Titania' that have a higher yield, better
967:
identified genes involved in resistance to gall mite and the blackcurrant reversion virus. 'Ben Lomond' was the first of the 'Ben' varieties and was released in 1975. This was followed by several other cultivars for the juicing industry such as 'Ben Alder' and 'Ben Tirran'. The cultivar 'Ben Hope'
962:
was tasked with developing new varieties suitable for growing in the north of the country. They produced new cultivars that had greater cold tolerance, especially in the spring, ripened earlier and more evenly and had greater fungal disease resistance. Frost tolerance was improved by selecting for
807:
which direct the fruit into continuously moving trailers in the adjoining row. A modern machine can pick up to fifty tonnes of blackcurrants in a day using only one operator and two tractor drivers. The bins should be stored in a cool place. Some fruit is still picked by hand for use in the fresh
1640:
Blackcurrants are also used in savoury cooking. Their astringency creates added flavour in sauces, meats and other dishes. Blackcurrants are included in some unusual combinations of foods. They can be added to tomato and mint to make a salad. Blackcurrants may accompany roast beef, grilled lamb,
802:
On a garden scale, the berries should be picked when dry and ripe. Commercially, most harvesting is done mechanically by straddle harvesters. These move continually down the rows, straddling a row of bushes, shaking the branches and stripping off the fruit. The blackcurrants are placed into half
954:
of blackcurrant. 'Baldwin' was the mainstay of the industry for many years but it has now largely been superseded by more productive and disease-resistant varieties. During the 20th century in Europe, much hybridisation work has been carried out in order to reduce the plant's susceptibility to
853:. On the blackcurrant, it causes the leaves to become pale and later develop tiny orange pustules and sometimes a yellow filamentous coating on some leaves. The fruit crop is little affected but the leaves fall early and growth is slowed the following year. The other host is any of the
697:
of about 6 is ideal for blackcurrants and the ground can be limed if the soil is too acidic. Planting is usually done in the autumn or winter to allow the plants to become established before growth starts in the spring, but container-grown stock can be planted at any time of year.
507:, the fruit may not be able to develop and will fall prematurely. Frost can damage both unopened and open flowers when the temperature falls below −1.9 °C (28.6 °F). The flowers at the base of the strig are more protected by the foliage and are less likely to be damaged.
2179:
Nielsen, I. L.; Haren, G. R.; Magnussen, E. L.; Dragsted, L. O.; Rasmussen, S. E. (2003). "Quantification of anthocyanins in commercial black currant juices by simple high-performance liquid chromatography. Investigation of their pH stability and antioxidative potency".
748:
can be used but care should be taken as it often contains lime and blackcurrants prefer slightly acidic soils. The blackcurrant is a gross feeder and benefits from additional nitrogen, and phosphatic and potash fertilisers should also be applied annually. A balanced
2774:
National
Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.).
393:, but cold weather at flowering time during the spring may reduce the size of the crop. Bunches of small, glossy black fruit develop along the stems in the summer and can be harvested by hand or by machine.
550:
503:. In warm weather, this takes about 48 hours, but in cold weather, it may take a week, and by that time, the ovule may have passed the stage where it is receptive. If fewer than about 35 ovules are
685:
Blackcurrants can grow well on sandy or heavy loams, or forest soils, as long as their nutrient requirements are met. They prefer damp, fertile but not waterlogged ground and are intolerant of
1701:
1014:
In North
America, there is a need for this fruit to have resistance to white pine blister rust. New cultivars such as 'Crusader', 'Coronet' and 'Consort' have been developed there by crossing
1554:
industry. The federal ban on growing currants was shifted to the jurisdictions of individual states in 1966, and was lifted in New York State in 2003 through the efforts of horticulturist
1456:
1723:
1546:
Blackcurrants were once popular in the United States as well, but became less common in the 20th century after currant farming was banned in the early 1900s, when blackcurrants, as a
2753:
976:. and new varieties are being developed continually to improve frost tolerance, disease resistance, machine harvesting, fruit quality, nutritional content and fruit flavour.
781:
ounces) per plant. Weed growth can be suppressed with an organic mulch such as sawdust, bark, mushroom compost or straw, heavy plastic topped with an organic mulch cover or
912:
The blackcurrant leaf midge can cause browning, crimping and distortion of leaves at the tips of shoots but it is seldom a serious problem. The blackcurrant sawfly (
819:
plants are susceptible to several diseases and a number of insect pests. However, new varieties have been or are being developed to overcome some of these problems.
3614:
2938:
3676:
858:
664:
3199:
1615:, and many other sweet dishes. The exceptionally strong flavour can be moderated by combining it with other fruits, such as raspberries and strawberries in
857:, in which it causes serious disease and mortality for the North American species that have not co-evolved with the rust. As a result, the blackcurrant was
693:
during the flowering period may adversely affect the yield and cold winds may restrict the number of flying insects visiting and pollinating the flowers. A
1910:
386:
parts of central and northern Europe and northern Asia, where it prefers damp fertile soils. It is widely cultivated both commercially and domestically.
2430:
499:, but some pollen is distributed by the wind. A pollen grain landing on a stigma will germinate and send a slender pollen tube down the style to the
3562:
2367:
2284:
1962:
3627:
3575:
2039:
2030:
2540:
3229:
701:
Two-year-old bushes are usually planted but strong one-year-old stock can also be used. Planting certified stock avoids the risk of introducing
3761:
3699:
2962:
2786:
3878:
2405:
1558:. As a result, currant growing is making a comeback in New York, Vermont, Connecticut, California, and Oregon. However, several statewide
3106:
2060:
3863:
3523:
3340:
3154:
3044:
2781:. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US).
3868:
2470:
2745:
2397:
3853:
2996:
959:
2692:
3601:
3081:
2140:
Mcdougall, G. J.; Gordon, S.; Brennan, R.; Stewart, D. (2005). "Anthocyanin-flavanol condensation products from black currant (
1571:, awareness and popularity of blackcurrant is once again growing, with a number of consumer products entering the U.S. market.
603:
phytochemicals present in the fruit, seeds, and leaves are being investigated for their potential biological activities. Major
2515:
2900:
2268:
20:
3740:
1820:
In the
Netherlands, blackcurrants are used in a carbonated soft drink named "cassis", not to be confused with the alcoholic
581:
3632:
2800:
909:) is another disease of blackcurrants, but it is not usually a serious problem as most cultivars now have some resistance.
3663:
2035:
1828:
has been made since 1938 with blackcurrant juice concentrate as well as a small quantity of fermented blackcurrant juice.
1619:, or apples in crumbles and pies. The juice can be used in syrups and cordials. Blackcurrants are a common ingredient of
2741:
873:, some of which remain in force as of August 2021. The effectiveness of these restrictions is questionable, since other
2821:
Traitler, H.; Winter, H.; Richli, U.; Ingenbleek, Y. (1984). "Characterization of gamma-linolenic acid in Ribes seed".
3458:
3435:
969:
278:
2101:
Kapasakalidis, P. G.; Rastall, R. A.; Gordon, M. H. (2006). "Extraction of polyphenols from processed black currant (
3174:
2916:
3774:
2666:
1915:
979:
Varieties producing green fruit, less strongly flavoured and sweeter than typical blackcurrants, are cultivated in
620:
569:
3681:
2491:
946:; its berries lack the dark color and strong aroma typical of blackcurrant. This particular cultivar is 'Vertti'.
3207:
955:
disease and frost and also to increase yields. This effort centered mainly in
Scotland, Poland, and New Zealand.
612:
1591:. For culinary use, the fruit is usually cooked with sugar to produce a purée, which can then be passed through
3858:
3704:
2640:
3779:
268:
1798:
may be mixed with beer or alcoholic cider to make drinks including "cider and black", "lager and black", or "
753:
can be used and a 10-10-10 granular product can be spread around the bushes at the rate of 100 to 240 grams (
62:
3549:
1685:
836:
636:
3554:
3541:
1813:
may also be infused with blackcurrant leaves making a deep greenish-yellow beverage with a tart flavor and
3536:
3388:
2571:
1452:
826:
740:
An annual spring mulch of well rotted manure is ideal and poultry manure can also be used but needs prior
628:
404:. Blackcurrants can be eaten raw but are usually cooked in sweet or savoury dishes. They are used to make
3463:
2437:
514:, very dark purple in colour, almost black, with glossy skins and calyxes at the apex (the calyxes being
2375:
2292:
2017:
1970:
1547:
1314:
973:
862:
416:
and are grown commercially for the juice market. The fruit is also used to make alcoholic beverages and
166:
3580:
1443:
737:
is required for cell division and enlargement and is particularly important for young plants and buds.
461:
known as "strigs" up to 8 cm (3 in) long containing 10–20 flowers, each about 8 millimetres (
238:
3332:
Edible
Medicinal And Non-Medicinal Plants: Volume 4, Fruits, Edible Medicinal and Non-medicinal Plants
2547:
1020:
3691:
3497:
3237:
1713:
1510:
1506:
1366:
1327:
822:
515:
1657:, and used to invigorate bananas and other tropical fruits. Blackcurrants can be combined with dark
1745:
1707:
1555:
3655:
3113:
1996:
1757:, juice drinks, and smoothies. In Britain, 95% of the blackcurrants grown are used to manufacture
3820:
3489:
2846:
1925:
1673:
1568:
1301:
1281:
1108:
964:
190:
57:
3812:
3766:
3146:
2966:
1821:
1775:
27:
3619:
3426:
1595:
to separate the juice. The purée can be used to make blackcurrant preserves and be included in
3725:
3471:
3336:
3150:
3040:
2896:
2838:
2792:
2782:
2466:
2264:
2221:
2197:
2161:
2122:
2083:
1799:
1766:
1379:
1196:
989:
677:
Cultivation in Europe is thought to have started around the last decades of the 17th century.
644:
383:
3359:
3330:
2890:
3848:
3730:
2830:
2189:
2153:
2114:
2075:
1784:
1498:(12% DV each). Other nutrients are present in negligible amounts (less than 10% DV, table).
1213:
1003:
883:
782:
745:
938:
3712:
1937:
1689:
1677:
1579:
The fruit of blackcurrants when eaten raw has a strong, tart flavour. It can be made into
914:
804:
409:
371:
100:
2343:
2059:
Gopalan, A.; Reuben, S. C.; Ahmed, S.; Darvesh, A. S.; Hohmann, J.; Bishayee, A. (2012).
1455:
for adults, except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from
865:
for much of the 20th century, and even after the federal ban was lifted in 1966, several
3753:
2313:
1901:
1843:, and the fruit is a source for a blue or violet dye resulting from its rich content of
3873:
3748:
3305:
3139:
3107:"New Nutrition Business, Japan makes a superfruit out of the humble blackcurrant, 2006"
2409:
1919:
1806:
1795:
1780:
1754:
1634:
1630:
1616:
1540:
1536:
894:
844:
511:
379:
87:
3372:
2865:
522:. An established bush can produce about 4.5 kilograms (10 pounds) of fruit each year.
3842:
2696:
1861:
1646:
1588:
1564:
1471:
288:
242:
182:
3085:
1621:
877:
species also host the disease, some are native to North
America, and others such as
725:
promotes growth of individual shoots and increases the weight of individual fruits;
3825:
3476:
2850:
1528:
1060:
919:
495:. The flowers open in succession from the base of the string and are mostly insect
390:
123:
3440:
3060:
2617:
Junnila, S.; et al. (1987). "A green-fruited blackcurrant variety 'Vertti'".
3642:
2596:
3802:
3668:
3650:
3588:
3420:
3259:
1844:
1770:
1502:
1487:
1483:
1044:
898:
890:
878:
730:
702:
604:
2776:
453:
lobes and a serrated margin. All parts of the plant are strongly aromatic. The
1856:
1825:
1814:
1654:
1642:
1596:
1353:
1230:
1179:
994:
902:
866:
854:
750:
718:
600:
504:
496:
475:
with yellow glands, the five lobes of which are longer than the inconspicuous
401:
44:
3528:
3411:
717:
provides strong plant growth and stimulates the production of flower sprigs;
525:
Plants from
Northern Asia are sometimes distinguished as a separate variety,
3510:
1836:
1832:
1788:
1672:
Japan imports US$ 3.6 million of New Zealand blackcurrants for uses as
1666:
1662:
1658:
1604:
1532:
1521:
1495:
1340:
1259:
1246:
726:
722:
669:
492:
488:
484:
397:
367:
3792:
3377:
2796:
2641:"The blackcurrant breeding program in Poland, aims and recent improvements"
2201:
2165:
2126:
2087:
2842:
2643:. Research Institute of Horticulture, Skierniewice, Poland. Archived from
3787:
3450:
3405:
1650:
1162:
951:
714:
557:
431:
is a medium-sized shrub, growing to 1.5 by 1.5 metres (5 by 5 feet). The
113:
3717:
2193:
3567:
3484:
2892:
Welfare and Well Being: Richard Titmuss's Contribution to Social Policy
2834:
2079:
1809:, such as salted cucumbers, and berries for home winemaking. Sweetened
1681:
1608:
1551:
1475:
1142:
980:
943:
741:
734:
694:
686:
450:
2157:
2118:
3593:
1758:
1626:
1612:
1600:
1592:
1584:
1583:
and jellies which set readily because of the fruit's high content of
927:
713:
The blackcurrant requires a number of essential nutrients to thrive;
608:
561:
480:
458:
454:
432:
3382:
2644:
3280:
16:
Species of flowering plant in the gooseberry family Grossulariaceae
3606:
3515:
1810:
1744:
1559:
937:
923:
870:
849:
690:
668:
500:
476:
472:
413:
375:
143:
133:
74:
1550:
of white pine blister rust, were considered a threat to the U.S.
1805:
In Russia, blackcurrant leaves may be used for flavoring tea or
1491:
1392:
519:
3502:
3386:
1524:
of the leaves, bark or roots was used as a traditional remedy.
1840:
1645:
duck with blackcurrants was a delicacy in nineteenth century
1580:
1479:
1084:
733:
and helps increase yields through interaction with potassium;
417:
405:
2717:
803:
tonne bins and to minimise stoppage time, some machines have
847:
to complete its life cycle. One host is plants in the genus
2693:"Specialty Crop Profile: Ribes (Currants and Gooseberries)"
1880:
Same in many Romance languages: Spanish, Portuguese, French
1732:(blackcurrant pie), a popular dessert in Lithuanian cuisine
1501:
Blackcurrant seed oil is rich in vitamin E and unsaturated
2746:"Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels"
2673:. The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research
2463:
The Royal Horticultural Society Encyclopedia of Gardening
942:
Green currant is a variant of blackcurrant cultivated in
1817:
taste. The berries may be infused in a similar manner.
1486:, the raw fruit has high vitamin C content (218% of the
1007:). The resulting offspring were further back-crossed to
901:
may cause the fruit to rot in a wet season. Currant and
655:
The blackcurrant is native to northern Europe and Asia.
3084:. New Zealand Blackcurrant Co-Operative. Archived from
510:
In midsummer the strigs of green fruit ripen to edible
2977:. Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team
3335:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 39.
1769:
blackcurrants are also the primary ingredient in the
3175:"Andy Hamilton's delicious homemade creme de cassis"
3020:
Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (1968).
1779:, which in turn is added to white wine to produce a
744:
with straw or other waste vegetable material. Spent
3395:
2226:
Economic plants and their diseases, pests and weeds
1761:(a brand of fruit juice whose name is derived from
1428:
1416:
1391:
1378:
1365:
1352:
1339:
1326:
1313:
1300:
1279:
1258:
1245:
1229:
1212:
1195:
1178:
1161:
1140:
1105:
1081:
1057:
1043:
1038:
3161:Scottish Crop Research Institute Ben blackcurrant.
3138:
2778:Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium
2546:. Scottish Crop Research Institute. Archived from
721:aids growth, the setting of fruit and crop yield;
3037:Tender, vol.2: a cook's guide to the fruit garden
1291:
1152:
2695:. Virginia Cooperative Extension. Archived from
2316:. Department of Horticulture, Cornell University
1839:. The leaves can be extracted to yield a yellow
2997:"Blackcurrants nutrients hailed as opportunity"
2338:
2336:
2334:
2332:
2330:
471: in) in diameter. Each flower has a hairy
1924:Note that this website has been superseded by
1039:Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
3281:"Hero Cassis is Originally Brewed since 1938"
2667:"Blackcurrant breeding plots at Waipuna farm"
2539:Brennan, R. M.; Gordon, S. L.; Lanham, P. G.
2396:Hummer, Kim; Postman, Joseph (1 March 2000).
2374:. The Blackcurrant Foundation. Archived from
2291:. The Blackcurrant Foundation. Archived from
1969:. The Blackcurrant Foundation. Archived from
1482:(table). Per 100 g serving providing 63
8:
2510:
2508:
2486:
2484:
2482:
2215:
2213:
2211:
1033:
665:Blackcurrant production in the United States
3137:Cox, Kenneth; Curtis-Machin, Raoul (2008).
435:are alternate, simple, 3 to 5 centimetres (
3383:
2742:United States Food and Drug Administration
2254:
2252:
2250:
2248:
2246:
2244:
2242:
2182:Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
2146:Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
2107:Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
1911:World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
1831:Blackcurrant seed oil is an ingredient in
1122:
1032:
897:can infect the leaves and shoot tips, and
43:
34:
3022:Home Preservation of Fruit and Vegetables
2344:"Organic Black Currant Production Manual"
2314:"Minor fruits: gooseberries and currants"
983:, where they are called "greencurrants" (
2634:
2632:
2431:"Which magazine: Blackcurrant reversion"
1835:preparations, often in combination with
825:is a serious disease transmitted by the
689:. Although the bushes are winter hardy,
2917:"US Agricultural Research Service Note"
2534:
2532:
2040:United States Department of Agriculture
2031:Germplasm Resources Information Network
1893:
1873:
1765:) and similar fruit syrups and juices.
1697:
546:
203:
2061:"The health benefits of blackcurrants"
1753:The juice forms the basis for various
1649:. They can provide a dipping sauce at
449:to 2 inches) broad and long with five
396:The raw fruit is particularly rich in
2975:The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov)
2937:Foderaro, Lisa W. (16 October 2003).
1991:
1989:
1987:
1470:Raw blackcurrants are 82% water, 15%
7:
3692:2c787e47-21a6-4aaa-aa82-04c331388d1c
2541:"Blackcurrant breeding and genetics"
2406:National Clonal Germplasm Repository
1539:, became difficult to obtain in the
3368:characteristics, cultivation, uses.
3306:"Hero 'THE ORIGINAL' Cassis 1,25 L"
3200:"Cider & Black Cocktail Recipe"
2691:Bratsch, Anthony; Williams, Jerry.
2494:. The Blackcurrant Foundation. 2009
2465:. Dorling Kindersley. p. 415.
2461:Brickell, Christopher, ed. (1992).
2220:Doronina, A. Ju.; Terekhina, N. V.
1680:products and as quick-frozen (IQF)
3082:"Blackcurrants: Basics of cooking"
3039:. UK: Fourth Estate. p. 592.
14:
1684:for culinary production as jams,
3780:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:792873-1
2895:. The Policy Press. p. 85.
2889:Titmuss, Richard Morris (2001).
1722:
1700:
960:Scottish Crop Research Institute
580:
568:
549:
61:
3173:Hamilton, Andy (11 July 2012).
2803:from the original on 2024-05-09
2756:from the original on 2024-03-27
2518:. Blackcurrant Foundation. 2017
2349:. PEI Horticultural Association
2222:"Crops: European Black Currant"
1749:Ribena blackcurrant juice drink
647:– are among other polyphenols.
2995:Addy, Rod (9 September 2009).
2870:Botanical.com: A modern herbal
1641:duck, seafood and shellfish.
26:For blackcurrant liqueur, see
21:Black currant (disambiguation)
1:
2492:"The blackcurrant: Varieties"
2263:. Penguin. pp. 101–118.
2036:Agricultural Research Service
1999:. Royal Horticultural Society
1997:"Grow your own blackcurrants"
1563:and richness in polyphenols,
1490:, DV) and moderate levels of
1034:Currants, European black, raw
1001:) and the flowering currant (
2619:Annales Agriculturae Fenniae
2516:"A History of Blackcurrants"
2402:Currant and Gooseberry Pests
1451:Percentages estimated using
643:, which are retained in the
3879:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
3378:The Blackcurrant Foundation
3230:"Snakebite Cocktail Recipe"
3145:. Frances Lincoln. p.
1653:. They can be blended with
1444:Link to USDA Database entry
970:Royal Horticultural Society
859:banned in the United States
681:Site selection and planting
3895:
3864:Fruits originating in Asia
3373:Berry Crops Grower's Guide
3141:Garden plants for Scotland
1916:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
1794:In the UK, a blackcurrant
1049:264 kJ (63 kcal)
891:American gooseberry mildew
662:
25:
18:
2398:"Black Currant Gall Mite"
1450:
1440:
1436:
1412:
1404:
1275:
1271:
1136:
1132:
1125:
1121:
1101:
1097:
1077:
1073:
1053:
541:is considered a synonym.
322:(Turcz. ex Ledeb.) Jancz.
196:
189:
172:
165:
58:Scientific classification
56:
51:
42:
37:
3869:Plants described in 1753
2665:Langford, Geoff (2010).
1824:liqueur. The variety by
1730:Juodųjų serbentų pyragas
651:Distribution and habitat
518:), each containing many
3854:Flora of temperate Asia
3258:Boylan, Andrew (2007).
3234:Alex's cocktail recipes
3204:Alex's cocktail recipes
3024:. HMSO. pp. 16–23.
2671:Plant and food research
2259:Gilbert, E. G. (1970).
1629:-like dessert in North
1453:US recommendations
837:White pine blister rust
709:Manures and fertilizers
295:Botrycarpum obtusilobum
3360:PFAF Plant Database —
3035:Slater, Nigel (2010).
2718:"McGinnis Berry Crops"
1750:
1531:, most fruits rich in
1457:the National Academies
947:
934:Research and cultivars
843:) needs two alternate
827:blackcurrant gall mite
674:
3063:. Denmark-getaway.com
1748:
1127:Vitamins and minerals
974:Award of Garden Merit
941:
751:artificial fertilizer
672:
374:grown for its edible
3262:. Incredible Edibles
1714:The Blackcurrant Pie
1511:gamma-linolenic acid
1507:alpha-linolenic acid
869:continued their own
831:Cecidophyopsis ribis
729:is a constituent of
370:shrub in the family
19:For other uses, see
3329:Lim, T. K. (2012).
2864:Grieve, M. (1931).
2068:Food & Function
1708:Willem Claesz. Heda
1674:dietary supplements
1569:essential nutrients
1214:Pantothenic acid (B
1035:
963:late flowering and
907:Drepanopeziza ribis
887:were never banned.
841:Cronartium ribicola
673:Cultivated specimen
587:Close-up of berries
2943:The New York Times
2835:10.1007/BF02534727
2368:"Pest and Disease"
2261:Soft Fruit Growing
2080:10.1039/c2fo30058c
1926:World Flora Online
1751:
1418:Other constituents
948:
812:Diseases and pests
675:
206:Botrycarpum nigrum
3836:
3835:
3726:Open Tree of Life
3389:Taxon identifiers
3287:. 15 October 2020
2788:978-0-309-48834-1
2285:"Plant Nutrients"
2194:10.1021/jf034004+
2158:10.1021/jf0512095
2119:10.1021/jf052999l
1463:
1462:
1408:
1407:
990:Ribes grossularia
645:juice concentrate
479:. There are five
358:), also known as
346:
345:
339:
331:
327:Ribes pauciflorum
323:
311:
299:
291:
281:
275:Ribes cyathiforme
271:
257:
245:
218:
214:Grossularia nigra
210:
3886:
3829:
3828:
3816:
3815:
3806:
3805:
3796:
3795:
3783:
3782:
3770:
3769:
3757:
3756:
3744:
3743:
3734:
3733:
3721:
3720:
3708:
3707:
3695:
3694:
3685:
3684:
3672:
3671:
3669:NBNSYS0000003515
3659:
3658:
3646:
3645:
3636:
3635:
3623:
3622:
3610:
3609:
3597:
3596:
3584:
3583:
3571:
3570:
3558:
3557:
3545:
3544:
3532:
3531:
3519:
3518:
3506:
3505:
3493:
3492:
3480:
3479:
3467:
3466:
3454:
3453:
3444:
3443:
3431:
3430:
3429:
3416:
3415:
3414:
3384:
3347:
3346:
3326:
3320:
3319:
3317:
3316:
3302:
3296:
3295:
3293:
3292:
3277:
3271:
3270:
3268:
3267:
3260:"Currant, black"
3255:
3249:
3248:
3246:
3245:
3236:. Archived from
3225:
3219:
3218:
3216:
3215:
3206:. Archived from
3195:
3189:
3188:
3186:
3185:
3170:
3164:
3163:
3144:
3134:
3128:
3127:
3125:
3124:
3118:
3112:. Archived from
3111:
3103:
3097:
3096:
3094:
3093:
3078:
3072:
3071:
3069:
3068:
3057:
3051:
3050:
3032:
3026:
3025:
3017:
3011:
3010:
3008:
3007:
2992:
2986:
2985:
2983:
2982:
2959:
2953:
2952:
2950:
2949:
2939:"New York Times"
2934:
2928:
2927:
2925:
2924:
2913:
2907:
2906:
2886:
2880:
2879:
2877:
2876:
2866:"Currant, black"
2861:
2855:
2854:
2818:
2812:
2811:
2809:
2808:
2771:
2765:
2764:
2762:
2761:
2738:
2732:
2731:
2729:
2728:
2714:
2708:
2707:
2705:
2704:
2688:
2682:
2681:
2679:
2678:
2662:
2656:
2655:
2653:
2652:
2636:
2627:
2626:
2614:
2608:
2607:
2605:
2604:
2593:
2587:
2586:
2584:
2583:
2568:
2562:
2561:
2559:
2558:
2552:
2545:
2536:
2527:
2526:
2524:
2523:
2512:
2503:
2502:
2500:
2499:
2488:
2477:
2476:
2458:
2452:
2451:
2449:
2448:
2442:
2436:. Archived from
2435:
2427:
2421:
2420:
2418:
2417:
2408:. Archived from
2393:
2387:
2386:
2384:
2383:
2372:The blackcurrant
2364:
2358:
2357:
2355:
2354:
2348:
2340:
2325:
2324:
2322:
2321:
2310:
2304:
2303:
2301:
2300:
2289:The blackcurrant
2281:
2275:
2274:
2256:
2237:
2236:
2234:
2233:
2217:
2206:
2205:
2176:
2170:
2169:
2137:
2131:
2130:
2098:
2092:
2091:
2065:
2056:
2050:
2049:
2047:
2046:
2014:
2008:
2007:
2005:
2004:
1993:
1982:
1981:
1979:
1978:
1967:The blackcurrant
1959:
1953:
1952:
1950:
1949:
1938:"Black currant:
1934:
1928:
1923:
1898:
1881:
1878:
1726:
1704:
1295:
1234:
1217:
1200:
1183:
1166:
1156:
1123:
1036:
1004:Ribes sanguineum
965:genetic research
884:Ribes uva-crispa
783:landscape fabric
780:
779:
775:
772:
766:
765:
761:
758:
746:mushroom compost
607:in blackcurrant
584:
572:
556:In mountains of
553:
536:
535:
483:surrounding the
470:
469:
465:
457:are produced in
448:
447:
443:
440:
337:
330:Turcz. ex Ledeb.
329:
321:
309:
297:
287:
277:
267:
255:
236:
226:
216:
208:
178:
66:
65:
47:
35:
3894:
3893:
3889:
3888:
3887:
3885:
3884:
3883:
3859:Flora of Europe
3839:
3838:
3837:
3832:
3824:
3819:
3811:
3809:
3801:
3799:
3791:
3786:
3778:
3773:
3765:
3760:
3752:
3747:
3739:
3737:
3729:
3724:
3716:
3713:Observation.org
3711:
3703:
3698:
3690:
3688:
3680:
3675:
3667:
3662:
3654:
3649:
3641:
3640:MichiganFlora:
3639:
3631:
3626:
3618:
3613:
3605:
3600:
3592:
3587:
3579:
3574:
3566:
3561:
3553:
3548:
3540:
3535:
3527:
3522:
3514:
3509:
3501:
3496:
3488:
3483:
3475:
3470:
3462:
3457:
3449:
3447:
3439:
3434:
3425:
3424:
3419:
3410:
3409:
3404:
3391:
3356:
3351:
3350:
3343:
3328:
3327:
3323:
3314:
3312:
3304:
3303:
3299:
3290:
3288:
3279:
3278:
3274:
3265:
3263:
3257:
3256:
3252:
3243:
3241:
3228:Schultz, Alex.
3227:
3226:
3222:
3213:
3211:
3198:Schultz, Alex.
3197:
3196:
3192:
3183:
3181:
3172:
3171:
3167:
3157:
3136:
3135:
3131:
3122:
3120:
3116:
3109:
3105:
3104:
3100:
3091:
3089:
3080:
3079:
3075:
3066:
3064:
3059:
3058:
3054:
3047:
3034:
3033:
3029:
3019:
3018:
3014:
3005:
3003:
2994:
2993:
2989:
2980:
2978:
2961:
2960:
2956:
2947:
2945:
2936:
2935:
2931:
2922:
2920:
2915:
2914:
2910:
2903:
2888:
2887:
2883:
2874:
2872:
2863:
2862:
2858:
2820:
2819:
2815:
2806:
2804:
2789:
2773:
2772:
2768:
2759:
2757:
2740:
2739:
2735:
2726:
2724:
2716:
2715:
2711:
2702:
2700:
2690:
2689:
2685:
2676:
2674:
2664:
2663:
2659:
2650:
2648:
2638:
2637:
2630:
2616:
2615:
2611:
2602:
2600:
2597:"Blackcurrants"
2595:
2594:
2590:
2581:
2579:
2570:
2569:
2565:
2556:
2554:
2550:
2543:
2538:
2537:
2530:
2521:
2519:
2514:
2513:
2506:
2497:
2495:
2490:
2489:
2480:
2473:
2460:
2459:
2455:
2446:
2444:
2440:
2433:
2429:
2428:
2424:
2415:
2413:
2395:
2394:
2390:
2381:
2379:
2366:
2365:
2361:
2352:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2341:
2328:
2319:
2317:
2312:
2311:
2307:
2298:
2296:
2283:
2282:
2278:
2271:
2258:
2257:
2240:
2231:
2229:
2219:
2218:
2209:
2178:
2177:
2173:
2152:(20): 7878–85.
2139:
2138:
2134:
2113:(11): 4016–21.
2105:L.) residues".
2100:
2099:
2095:
2063:
2058:
2057:
2053:
2044:
2042:
2016:
2015:
2011:
2002:
2000:
1995:
1994:
1985:
1976:
1974:
1961:
1960:
1956:
1947:
1945:
1936:
1935:
1931:
1900:
1899:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1884:
1879:
1875:
1870:
1853:
1822:crème de cassis
1776:crème de cassis
1743:
1738:
1737:
1736:
1733:
1727:
1718:
1711:
1705:
1678:functional food
1665:in traditional
1635:Danish cuisines
1577:
1519:
1468:
1446:
1441:
1399:
1386:
1373:
1360:
1347:
1334:
1321:
1308:
1296:
1266:
1253:
1240:
1232:
1224:
1215:
1207:
1198:
1190:
1181:
1173:
1164:
1157:
1128:
1117:
1112:
1093:
1088:
1069:
1064:
1031:
958:In Britain the
950:There are many
936:
915:Nematus ribesii
814:
805:cross conveyors
800:
791:
777:
773:
770:
768:
763:
759:
756:
754:
711:
683:
667:
661:
653:
598:
593:
592:
591:
588:
585:
576:
573:
564:
554:
527:
526:
467:
463:
462:
445:
441:
438:
436:
426:
372:Grossulariaceae
342:
335:Ribesium nigrum
224:
222:Ribes kolymense
202:
201:
185:
180:
174:
161:
134:Grossulariaceae
60:
31:
28:Crème de cassis
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3892:
3890:
3882:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3841:
3840:
3834:
3833:
3831:
3830:
3826:wfo-0000405161
3817:
3807:
3797:
3784:
3771:
3758:
3745:
3735:
3722:
3709:
3696:
3686:
3673:
3660:
3647:
3637:
3624:
3611:
3598:
3585:
3572:
3559:
3546:
3533:
3520:
3507:
3494:
3481:
3468:
3455:
3445:
3432:
3417:
3401:
3399:
3393:
3392:
3387:
3381:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3355:
3354:External links
3352:
3349:
3348:
3342:978-9400740532
3341:
3321:
3297:
3272:
3250:
3220:
3190:
3165:
3156:978-0711226753
3155:
3129:
3098:
3073:
3052:
3046:978-0007325214
3045:
3027:
3012:
2987:
2954:
2929:
2908:
2901:
2881:
2856:
2813:
2787:
2766:
2733:
2722:Berrycrops.net
2709:
2683:
2657:
2628:
2609:
2588:
2563:
2528:
2504:
2478:
2471:
2453:
2422:
2388:
2359:
2326:
2305:
2276:
2269:
2238:
2207:
2188:(20): 5861–6.
2171:
2132:
2093:
2074:(8): 795–809.
2051:
2009:
1983:
1954:
1929:
1920:The Plant List
1892:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1883:
1882:
1872:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1865:
1864:
1859:
1852:
1849:
1742:
1739:
1735:
1734:
1728:
1721:
1719:
1706:
1699:
1696:
1695:
1694:
1669:at Christmas.
1617:summer pudding
1576:
1573:
1541:United Kingdom
1518:
1515:
1467:
1464:
1461:
1460:
1448:
1447:
1442:
1438:
1437:
1434:
1433:
1430:
1426:
1425:
1420:
1414:
1413:
1410:
1409:
1406:
1405:
1402:
1401:
1397:
1395:
1389:
1388:
1384:
1382:
1376:
1375:
1371:
1369:
1363:
1362:
1358:
1356:
1350:
1349:
1345:
1343:
1337:
1336:
1332:
1330:
1324:
1323:
1319:
1317:
1311:
1310:
1306:
1304:
1298:
1297:
1290:
1285:
1277:
1276:
1273:
1272:
1269:
1268:
1264:
1262:
1256:
1255:
1251:
1249:
1243:
1242:
1238:
1236:
1227:
1226:
1222:
1220:
1210:
1209:
1205:
1203:
1193:
1192:
1188:
1186:
1176:
1175:
1171:
1169:
1159:
1158:
1151:
1146:
1138:
1137:
1134:
1133:
1130:
1129:
1126:
1119:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1106:
1103:
1102:
1099:
1098:
1095:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1082:
1079:
1078:
1075:
1074:
1071:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1058:
1055:
1054:
1051:
1050:
1047:
1041:
1040:
1030:
1027:
935:
932:
895:powdery mildew
863:disease vector
813:
810:
808:fruit market.
799:
796:
790:
787:
710:
707:
682:
679:
660:
657:
652:
649:
621:delphinidin-3-
613:delphinidin-3-
597:
596:Phytochemicals
594:
590:
589:
586:
579:
577:
574:
567:
565:
555:
548:
545:
544:
543:
539:R. cyathiforme
491:and two fused
425:
422:
344:
343:
341:
340:
332:
324:
312:
300:
292:
282:
272:
258:
246:
227:
225:(Trautv.) Kom.
219:
211:
199:
198:
197:
194:
193:
187:
186:
181:
170:
169:
163:
162:
158:R. nigrum
155:
153:
149:
148:
141:
137:
136:
131:
127:
126:
121:
117:
116:
111:
104:
103:
98:
91:
90:
85:
78:
77:
72:
68:
67:
54:
53:
49:
48:
40:
39:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3891:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3846:
3844:
3827:
3822:
3818:
3814:
3808:
3804:
3798:
3794:
3789:
3785:
3781:
3776:
3772:
3768:
3763:
3759:
3755:
3750:
3746:
3742:
3736:
3732:
3727:
3723:
3719:
3714:
3710:
3706:
3701:
3697:
3693:
3687:
3683:
3678:
3674:
3670:
3665:
3661:
3657:
3652:
3648:
3644:
3638:
3634:
3629:
3625:
3621:
3616:
3612:
3608:
3603:
3599:
3595:
3590:
3586:
3582:
3577:
3573:
3569:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3551:
3547:
3543:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3525:
3521:
3517:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3499:
3495:
3491:
3486:
3482:
3478:
3473:
3469:
3465:
3460:
3456:
3452:
3446:
3442:
3437:
3433:
3428:
3422:
3418:
3413:
3407:
3403:
3402:
3400:
3398:
3394:
3390:
3385:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3365:
3363:
3358:
3357:
3353:
3344:
3338:
3334:
3333:
3325:
3322:
3311:
3307:
3301:
3298:
3286:
3282:
3276:
3273:
3261:
3254:
3251:
3240:on 2013-01-31
3239:
3235:
3231:
3224:
3221:
3210:on 2013-05-09
3209:
3205:
3201:
3194:
3191:
3180:
3176:
3169:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3152:
3148:
3143:
3142:
3133:
3130:
3119:on 2010-05-14
3115:
3108:
3102:
3099:
3088:on 2013-06-05
3087:
3083:
3077:
3074:
3062:
3061:"Danish food"
3056:
3053:
3048:
3042:
3038:
3031:
3028:
3023:
3016:
3013:
3002:
2998:
2991:
2988:
2976:
2972:
2970:
2964:
2958:
2955:
2944:
2940:
2933:
2930:
2918:
2912:
2909:
2904:
2898:
2894:
2893:
2885:
2882:
2871:
2867:
2860:
2857:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2829:(12): 923–8.
2828:
2824:
2817:
2814:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2784:
2780:
2779:
2770:
2767:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2737:
2734:
2723:
2719:
2713:
2710:
2699:on 2013-09-09
2698:
2694:
2687:
2684:
2672:
2668:
2661:
2658:
2647:on 2013-09-17
2646:
2642:
2639:Pluta, Stan.
2635:
2633:
2629:
2624:
2620:
2613:
2610:
2598:
2592:
2589:
2577:
2576:'Ben Connan'"
2575:
2567:
2564:
2553:on 2015-09-24
2549:
2542:
2535:
2533:
2529:
2517:
2511:
2509:
2505:
2493:
2487:
2485:
2483:
2479:
2474:
2472:9780863189791
2468:
2464:
2457:
2454:
2443:on 2019-08-17
2439:
2432:
2426:
2423:
2412:on 2012-09-26
2411:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2392:
2389:
2378:on 2013-09-17
2377:
2373:
2369:
2363:
2360:
2345:
2339:
2337:
2335:
2333:
2331:
2327:
2315:
2309:
2306:
2295:on 2013-09-17
2294:
2290:
2286:
2280:
2277:
2272:
2266:
2262:
2255:
2253:
2251:
2249:
2247:
2245:
2243:
2239:
2227:
2223:
2216:
2214:
2212:
2208:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2175:
2172:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2136:
2133:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2097:
2094:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2062:
2055:
2052:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2032:
2027:
2025:
2021:
2013:
2010:
1998:
1992:
1990:
1988:
1984:
1973:on 2013-09-17
1972:
1968:
1964:
1958:
1955:
1943:
1941:
1933:
1930:
1927:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1912:
1907:
1905:
1897:
1894:
1887:
1877:
1874:
1867:
1863:
1862:White currant
1860:
1858:
1855:
1854:
1850:
1848:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1829:
1827:
1823:
1818:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1803:
1801:
1797:
1792:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1777:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1747:
1740:
1731:
1725:
1720:
1716:
1715:
1709:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1670:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1638:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1623:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1574:
1572:
1570:
1566:
1565:dietary fibre
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1544:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1525:
1523:
1516:
1514:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1499:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1472:carbohydrates
1465:
1458:
1454:
1449:
1445:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1403:
1396:
1394:
1390:
1383:
1381:
1377:
1370:
1368:
1364:
1357:
1355:
1351:
1344:
1342:
1338:
1331:
1329:
1325:
1318:
1316:
1312:
1305:
1303:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1283:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1263:
1261:
1257:
1250:
1248:
1244:
1237:
1235:
1228:
1221:
1219:
1211:
1204:
1202:
1194:
1187:
1185:
1180:Riboflavin (B
1177:
1170:
1168:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1144:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1124:
1120:
1114:
1111:
1110:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1090:
1087:
1086:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1066:
1063:
1062:
1061:Carbohydrates
1056:
1052:
1048:
1046:
1042:
1037:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1022:
1021:R. ussuriense
1017:
1012:
1010:
1006:
1005:
1000:
996:
992:
991:
986:
982:
977:
975:
971:
966:
961:
956:
953:
945:
940:
933:
931:
929:
925:
921:
920:scale insects
917:
916:
910:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
886:
885:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
851:
846:
842:
838:
834:
832:
828:
824:
820:
818:
811:
809:
806:
797:
795:
788:
786:
784:
752:
747:
743:
738:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
708:
706:
704:
699:
696:
692:
688:
680:
678:
671:
666:
658:
656:
650:
648:
646:
642:
640:
634:
632:
626:
624:
618:
616:
610:
606:
602:
595:
583:
578:
571:
566:
563:
559:
552:
547:
542:
540:
534:
530:
523:
521:
517:
513:
508:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
460:
456:
452:
434:
430:
423:
421:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
394:
392:
387:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
360:black currant
357:
356:
351:
336:
333:
328:
325:
320:
316:
313:
308:
304:
301:
296:
293:
290:
286:
283:
280:
276:
273:
270:
266:
262:
259:
254:
250:
247:
244:
240:
235:
231:
228:
223:
220:
215:
212:
209:(L.) A. Rich.
207:
204:
195:
192:
188:
184:
179:
177:
171:
168:
167:Binomial name
164:
160:
159:
154:
151:
150:
147:
146:
142:
139:
138:
135:
132:
129:
128:
125:
122:
119:
118:
115:
112:
109:
106:
105:
102:
99:
96:
93:
92:
89:
88:Tracheophytes
86:
83:
80:
79:
76:
73:
70:
69:
64:
59:
55:
50:
46:
41:
38:Blackcurrant
36:
33:
29:
22:
3427:Ribes nigrum
3397:Ribes nigrum
3396:
3367:
3364:Blackcurrant
3362:Ribes nigrum
3361:
3331:
3324:
3313:. Retrieved
3309:
3300:
3289:. Retrieved
3284:
3275:
3264:. Retrieved
3253:
3242:. Retrieved
3238:the original
3233:
3223:
3212:. Retrieved
3208:the original
3203:
3193:
3182:. Retrieved
3179:The Guardian
3178:
3168:
3160:
3140:
3132:
3121:. Retrieved
3114:the original
3101:
3090:. Retrieved
3086:the original
3076:
3065:. Retrieved
3055:
3036:
3030:
3021:
3015:
3004:. Retrieved
3000:
2990:
2979:. Retrieved
2974:
2969:Ribes nigrum
2968:
2957:
2946:. Retrieved
2942:
2932:
2921:. Retrieved
2911:
2891:
2884:
2873:. Retrieved
2869:
2859:
2826:
2822:
2816:
2805:. Retrieved
2777:
2769:
2758:. Retrieved
2749:
2736:
2725:. Retrieved
2721:
2712:
2701:. Retrieved
2697:the original
2686:
2675:. Retrieved
2670:
2660:
2649:. Retrieved
2645:the original
2622:
2618:
2612:
2601:. Retrieved
2591:
2580:. Retrieved
2574:Ribes nigrum
2573:
2566:
2555:. Retrieved
2548:the original
2520:. Retrieved
2496:. Retrieved
2462:
2456:
2445:. Retrieved
2438:the original
2425:
2414:. Retrieved
2410:the original
2401:
2391:
2380:. Retrieved
2376:the original
2371:
2362:
2351:. Retrieved
2318:. Retrieved
2308:
2297:. Retrieved
2293:the original
2288:
2279:
2260:
2230:. Retrieved
2225:
2185:
2181:
2174:
2149:
2145:
2142:Ribes nigrum
2141:
2135:
2110:
2106:
2103:Ribes nigrum
2102:
2096:
2071:
2067:
2054:
2043:. Retrieved
2029:
2023:
2020:Ribes nigrum
2019:
2012:
2001:. Retrieved
1975:. Retrieved
1971:the original
1966:
1957:
1946:. Retrieved
1944:. NatureGate
1940:Ribes nigrum
1939:
1932:
1918:– via
1909:
1904:Ribes nigrum
1903:
1896:
1876:
1845:anthocyanins
1830:
1819:
1804:
1802:and black".
1793:
1774:
1763:Ribes nigrum
1762:
1752:
1729:
1712:
1671:
1661:or added to
1639:
1625:, a popular
1620:
1578:
1545:
1529:World War II
1526:
1520:
1505:, including
1500:
1484:kilocalories
1469:
1422:
1417:
1292:
1287:
1280:
1153:
1148:
1141:
1107:
1083:
1059:
1019:
1015:
1013:
1008:
1002:
999:Ribes rubrum
998:
988:
985:viherherukka
984:
978:
957:
949:
913:
911:
906:
889:
882:
879:red currants
874:
848:
840:
835:
830:
821:
816:
815:
801:
792:
739:
712:
700:
684:
676:
654:
638:
630:
622:
614:
605:anthocyanins
599:
538:
532:
529:Ribes nigrum
528:
524:
509:
429:Ribes nigrum
428:
427:
395:
391:winter hardy
388:
363:
359:
355:Ribes nigrum
354:
353:
350:blackcurrant
349:
347:
334:
326:
318:
315:Ribes nigrum
314:
306:
303:Ribes nigrum
302:
294:
285:Ribes olidum
284:
274:
264:
261:Ribes nigrum
260:
253:chlorocarpum
252:
249:Ribes nigrum
248:
234:chlorocarpum
233:
230:Ribes nigrum
229:
221:
213:
205:
176:Ribes nigrum
175:
173:
157:
156:
144:
124:Saxifragales
107:
94:
81:
32:
3754:kew-2426569
3651:NatureServe
3589:iNaturalist
3421:Wikispecies
2404:. USDA/ARS
2228:. AgroAtlas
1963:"Flowering"
1597:cheesecakes
1503:fatty acids
1488:Daily Value
1163:Thiamine (B
905:leaf spot (
867:U.S. states
855:white pines
731:chlorophyll
659:Cultivation
641:-rutinoside
637:cyanidin-3-
629:cyanidin-3-
625:-rutinoside
537:, of which
424:Description
402:polyphenols
338:(L.) Medik.
319:pauciflorum
101:Angiosperms
3843:Categories
3810:WisFlora:
3749:Plant List
3315:2024-03-28
3291:2024-03-28
3266:2013-06-04
3244:2013-06-01
3214:2013-06-01
3184:2013-06-01
3123:2009-12-06
3092:2013-06-04
3067:2013-06-06
3006:2013-06-04
2981:2009-12-06
2963:USDA, NRCS
2948:2009-12-06
2923:2009-12-06
2902:1861342993
2875:2013-06-03
2807:2024-06-21
2760:2024-03-28
2727:2024-03-28
2703:2013-09-08
2677:2013-06-03
2651:2013-09-10
2625:: 278–283.
2603:2021-02-17
2582:2021-02-17
2557:2013-09-10
2522:2017-12-10
2498:2016-12-12
2447:2012-06-13
2416:2013-03-09
2382:2013-09-08
2353:2013-06-02
2320:2013-09-08
2299:2013-09-08
2270:1445512254
2232:2013-06-02
2045:2013-06-04
2003:2016-07-14
1977:2013-09-08
1948:2013-09-08
1888:References
1857:Jostaberry
1815:astringent
1787:to make a
1676:, snacks,
1667:mince pies
1655:mayonnaise
1643:Canvasback
1556:Greg Quinn
1535:, such as
1354:Phosphorus
995:redcurrant
903:gooseberry
798:Harvesting
742:composting
719:phosphorus
663:See also:
633:-glucoside
617:-glucoside
601:Polyphenol
516:persistent
505:fertilised
497:pollinated
217:(L.) Rupr.
3555:241000646
3542:241000646
2024:sibiricum
1837:vitamin E
1833:cosmetics
1807:preserves
1800:snakebite
1789:Kir Royal
1785:champagne
1767:Macerated
1741:Beverages
1690:preserves
1663:mincemeat
1659:chocolate
1651:barbecues
1605:ice cream
1533:vitamin C
1522:Decoction
1496:manganese
1478:and 0.4%
1466:Nutrition
1367:Potassium
1341:Manganese
1328:Magnesium
1260:Vitamin E
1247:Vitamin C
1231:Vitamin B
1197:Niacin (B
1016:R. nigrum
1009:R. nigrum
952:cultivars
823:Reversion
727:magnesium
723:potassium
533:sibiricum
410:preserves
398:vitamin C
384:temperate
368:deciduous
307:europaeum
265:sibiricum
152:Species:
71:Kingdom:
3800:VASCAN:
3793:29100051
3788:Tropicos
3656:2.150329
3620:10588424
3607:792873-1
3448:BioLib:
3406:Wikidata
2965:(n.d.).
2801:Archived
2797:30844154
2754:Archived
2744:(2024).
2202:13129285
2166:16190645
2127:16719528
2088:22673662
1851:See also
1771:apéritif
1755:squashes
1647:New York
1609:desserts
1575:Culinary
1423:Quantity
1348:0.256 mg
1288:Quantity
1282:Minerals
1241:0.066 mg
1225:0.398 mg
1149:Quantity
1143:Vitamins
899:botrytis
715:nitrogen
558:Buryatia
378:. It is
191:Synonyms
130:Family:
114:Eudicots
52:Berries
3849:Berries
3568:2986192
3485:Ecocrop
3412:Q146604
3310:Hero.nl
3285:Hero.nl
2851:9631226
2843:6098796
1686:jellies
1682:produce
1622:rødgrød
1613:sorbets
1552:logging
1537:oranges
1527:During
1517:History
1476:protein
1400:0.27 mg
1322:1.54 mg
1302:Calcium
1191:0.05 mg
1174:0.05 mg
1109:Protein
993:), the
981:Finland
944:Finland
928:earwigs
789:Pruning
776:⁄
762:⁄
735:calcium
703:viruses
695:soil pH
687:drought
575:Flowers
560:,
512:berries
493:carpels
481:stamens
466:⁄
459:racemes
455:flowers
451:palmate
444:⁄
376:berries
366:, is a
279:Pojark.
140:Genus:
120:Order:
75:Plantae
3762:PLANTS
3731:248647
3689:NZOR:
3529:173122
3503:583204
3464:473360
3441:219018
3339:
3153:
3043:
2919:. USDA
2899:
2849:
2841:
2823:Lipids
2795:
2785:
2469:
2267:
2200:
2164:
2144:L.)".
2125:
2086:
1796:squash
1783:or to
1759:Ribena
1717:(1641)
1631:German
1627:kissel
1601:yogurt
1593:muslin
1585:pectin
1548:vector
1380:Sodium
1374:322 mg
1254:181 mg
1208:0.3 mg
1068:15.4 g
1045:Energy
924:aphids
691:frosts
635:, and
609:pomace
562:Russia
485:stigma
477:petals
433:leaves
414:syrups
412:, and
389:It is
380:native
364:cassis
310:Jancz.
289:Moench
269:W.Wolf
243:Rehder
232:forma
3874:Ribes
3738:PFI:
3700:NZPCN
3682:78511
3633:24488
3615:IRMNG
3594:54430
3581:31845
3524:EUNIS
3516:RIBNI
3477:4SYG6
3451:39405
3117:(PDF)
3110:(PDF)
3001:Nutra
2847:S2CID
2599:. RHS
2578:. RHS
2551:(PDF)
2544:(PDF)
2441:(PDF)
2434:(PDF)
2347:(PDF)
2064:(PDF)
2022:var.
1868:Notes
1811:vodka
1474:, 1%
1429:Water
1361:59 mg
1335:24 mg
1309:55 mg
1116:1.4 g
1092:0.4 g
1018:with
875:Ribes
861:as a
850:Ribes
845:hosts
817:Ribes
531:var.
520:seeds
501:ovule
489:style
473:calyx
317:var.
305:var.
263:var.
256:Späth
251:var.
239:Späth
145:Ribes
108:Clade
95:Clade
82:Clade
3813:4813
3803:6077
3775:POWO
3767:RINI
3741:1872
3718:7316
3705:2887
3677:NCBI
3643:1419
3628:ITIS
3602:IPNI
3576:GRIN
3563:GBIF
3511:EPPO
3490:9282
3459:BOLD
3436:APNI
3337:ISBN
3151:ISBN
3041:ISBN
2897:ISBN
2839:PMID
2793:PMID
2783:ISBN
2467:ISBN
2265:ISBN
2198:PMID
2162:PMID
2123:PMID
2084:PMID
1826:Hero
1633:and
1589:acid
1587:and
1581:jams
1567:and
1560:bans
1509:and
1494:and
1492:iron
1432:82 g
1393:Zinc
1387:2 mg
1315:Iron
1267:1 mg
1252:201%
1029:Uses
926:and
893:and
881:and
871:bans
487:and
418:dyes
406:jams
400:and
348:The
298:Opiz
200:List
3821:WFO
3664:NBN
3550:FoC
3537:FNA
3498:EoL
3472:CoL
3147:146
2831:doi
2750:FDA
2190:doi
2154:doi
2115:doi
2076:doi
1841:dye
1781:Kir
1688:or
1480:fat
1372:11%
1346:11%
1293:%DV
1154:%DV
1085:Fat
972:'s
767:to
382:to
362:or
3845::
3823::
3790::
3777::
3764::
3751::
3728::
3715::
3702::
3679::
3666::
3653::
3630::
3617::
3604::
3591::
3578::
3565::
3552::
3539::
3526::
3513::
3500::
3487::
3474::
3461::
3438::
3423::
3408::
3366:—
3308:.
3283:.
3232:.
3202:.
3177:.
3159:.
3149:.
2999:.
2973:.
2941:.
2868:.
2845:.
2837:.
2827:19
2825:.
2799:.
2791:.
2752:.
2748:.
2720:.
2669:.
2631:^
2623:26
2621:.
2531:^
2507:^
2481:^
2400:.
2370:.
2329:^
2287:.
2241:^
2224:.
2210:^
2196:.
2186:51
2184:.
2160:.
2150:53
2148:.
2121:.
2111:54
2109:.
2082:.
2070:.
2066:.
2038:,
2034:.
2028:.
1986:^
1965:.
1914:.
1908:.
1847:.
1791:.
1773:,
1692:.
1637:.
1611:,
1607:,
1603:,
1599:,
1513:.
1398:2%
1385:0%
1359:5%
1333:6%
1320:9%
1307:4%
1265:7%
1239:4%
1223:8%
1206:2%
1189:4%
1172:4%
930:.
922:,
785:.
627:,
619:,
611:–
420:.
408:,
241:)
183:L.
110::
97::
84::
3345:.
3318:.
3294:.
3269:.
3247:.
3217:.
3187:.
3126:.
3095:.
3070:.
3049:.
3009:.
2984:.
2971:"
2967:"
2951:.
2926:.
2905:.
2878:.
2853:.
2833::
2810:.
2763:.
2730:.
2706:.
2680:.
2654:.
2606:.
2585:.
2572:"
2560:.
2525:.
2501:.
2475:.
2450:.
2419:.
2385:.
2356:.
2323:.
2302:.
2273:.
2235:.
2204:.
2192::
2168:.
2156::
2129:.
2117::
2090:.
2078::
2072:3
2048:.
2026:"
2018:"
2006:.
1980:.
1951:.
1942:"
1922:.
1906:"
1902:"
1710:,
1459:.
1233:6
1218:)
1216:5
1201:)
1199:3
1184:)
1182:2
1167:)
1165:1
997:(
839:(
829:(
778:2
774:1
771:+
769:8
764:2
760:1
757:+
755:3
639:O
631:O
623:O
615:O
468:8
464:3
446:4
442:1
439:+
437:1
352:(
237:(
30:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
