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and objects may move towards the eye at faster and more dangerous speeds in air than in water. Additionally, when at their fully aquatic juvenile stage of development, their eyes are not in the positioning with which they blink, but as adults, their eyes elevate to a position that can blink, which they do when they are not submerged or bump into a surface, suggesting blinking emerged as an adaptation to terrestrial life as opposed to aquatic life.
105:
155:, in the upper eyelid and the inferior palpebral muscle in the lower 3 eyelid are responsible for widening the eyes. These muscles are not only imperative in blinking, but they are also important in many other functions such as squinting and winking. The inferior palpebral muscle is coordinated with the inferior rectus to pull down the lower lid when one looks down.
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373:. Computer vision syndrome can be prevented by taking regular breaks, focusing on objects far from the screen, having a well-lit workplace, or using a blink reminder application. Studies suggest that adults can learn to maintain a healthy blinking rate while reading or looking at a computer screen using
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blink 32% more often than other women on average for unknown reasons. Generally, between each blink is an interval of 2–10 seconds; actual rates vary by individual, averaging around 17 blinks per minute in a laboratory setting. However, when the eyes are focused on an object for an extended period of
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Infants do not blink at the same rate of adults; in fact, infants only blink at an average rate of one or two times in a minute. The reason for this difference is unknown, but it is suggested that infants do not require the same amount of eye lubrication that adults do because their eyelid opening is
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upon species shifting from aquatic to terrestrial habitats. For example, compared to an aquatic environment, in a terrestrial environment, the corneal cells must be kept moist such that vital substances like oxygen can more easily diffuse into them, detritus may adhere to the eye in dry conditions,
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Blinking may have other functions since it occurs more often than necessary just to keep the eye lubricated. Researchers think blinking may help with disengagement of attention; following blink onset, cortical activity decreases in the dorsal network and increases in the default-mode network,
954:
Aiello, Brett R.; Bhamla, M. Saad; Gau, Jeff; Morris, John G. L.; Bomar, Kenji; da Cunha, Shashwati; Fu, Harrison; Laws, Julia; Minoguchi, Hajime; Sripathi, Manognya; Washington, Kendra; Wong, Gabriella; Shubin, Neil H.; Sponberg, Simon; Stewart, Thomas A. (24 April 2023).
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during their first month of life. Infants also get a significant amount more sleep than adults do and, as discussed earlier, fatigued eyes blink more. However, throughout childhood the blink rate increases, and by adolescence, it is usually equivalent to that of adults.
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Early tetrapods in the transition to land, which would later yield all non-mudskipper blinking species, possessed similar characteristics regarding eye positioning that suggest blinking arose in response to aerial vision and terrestrial lifestyle.
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associated with internal processing. Blink speed can be affected by elements such as fatigue, eye injury, medication, and disease. The blinking rate is determined by the "blinking center", but it can also be affected by external stimulus.
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There have been mixed results when studying gender-dependent differences in blinking rates, with results varying from the women's rate nearly doubling the men's to no significant difference between them. In addition, women using
186:. The duration of a blink is on average 100–150 milliseconds according to UCL researcher and between 100 and 400 ms according to the Harvard Database of Useful Biological Numbers. Closures in excess of 1000 ms were defined as
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Blinking provides moisture to the eye by irrigation using tears and a lubricant the eyes secrete. The eyelid provides suction across the eye from the tear duct to the entire eyeball to keep it from drying out.
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or objects that appear rapidly in front of the eye. A reflex blink is not necessarily a conscious blink either; however it does happen faster than a spontaneous blink. Reflex blink may occur in response to
178:—a body of nerve cells between the base and outer surface of the brain. Nevertheless, external stimuli can contribute. The orbicularis oculi is a facial muscle; therefore its actions are translated by the
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Sforza, Chiarella; Rango, Mario; Galante, Domenico; Bresolin, Nereo; Ferrario, Virgilio F. (2008). "Spontaneous blinking in healthy persons: An optoelectronic study of eyelid motion".
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Spontaneous blinking is done without external stimuli and internal effort. This type of blinking is conducted in the pre-motor brain stem and happens without conscious effort, like
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Freed, WJ; Kleinman, JE; Karson, CN; Potkin, SG; Murphy, DL; Wyatt, RJ (1980). "Eye-blink rates and platelet monoamine oxidase activity in chronic schizophrenic patients".
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time, such as when reading, the rate of blinking decreases to about 4 to 5 times per minute. This is the major reason that eyes dry out and become fatigued when reading.
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Doughty, M. J. (2002). "Further assessment of gender- and blink pattern-related differences in the spontaneous eyeblink activity in primary gaze in young adult humans".
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Kuwamizu, Ryuta; Suwabe, Kazuya; Damrongthai, Chorphaka; Fukuie, Takemune; Ochi, Genta; Hyodo, Kazuki; Hiraga, Taichi; Nagano-Saito, Atsuko; Soya, Hideaki (July 2021).
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Bentivoglio, A. R.; Bressman, S. B.; Cassetta, E.; Carretta, D.; Tonali, P.; Albanese, A. (November 1997). "Analysis of blink rate patterns in normal subjects".
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Yolton, D. P.; Yolton, R. L.; López, R.; Bogner, B.; Stevens, R.; Rao, D. (1994). "The effects of gender and birth control pill use on spontaneous blink rates".
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Plainis, S.; Murray, I. J.; Carden, D. (2006). "The dazzle reflex: Electrophysiological signals from ocular muscles reveal strong binocular summation effects".
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from other tetrapod species, but for similar purposes), suggest that blinking (which involves the eye retracting in mudskippers) may have arose in response to
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Though one may think that the stimulus triggering blinking is dry or irritated eyes, it is most likely that it is controlled by a "blinking center" of the
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that create a line of defense against dust and other elements to the eye. The eyelashes catch most of these irritants before they reach the eyeball.
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There are multiple muscles that control reflexes of blinking. The main muscles, in the upper eyelid, that control the opening and closing are the
151:. The orbicularis oculi closes the eye, while the contraction of the levator palpebrae muscle opens the eye. The Müller's muscle, or the
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Erfassung von individuellem
Beanspruchungserleben bei kognitiven Belastungssituationen mittels Mustererkennung im Lidschlagverhalten.
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Eye blinking can be a criterion for diagnosing medical conditions. For example, excessive blinking may help to indicate the onset of
843:"The (b)link between creativity and dopamine: Spontaneous eye blink rates predict and dissociate divergent and convergent thinking"
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is associated with a higher rate of spontaneous eye blinking. Conditions in which there is reduced dopamine availability such as
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716:"Spontaneous and reflex activity of facial muscles in dystonia, Parkinson's disease, and in normal subjects"
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have an increased rate. Blink rate is associated with dopamine-related executive function and creativity.
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When the eyes dry out or become fatigued due to reading on a computer screen, it can be an indication of
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618:"Spontaneous blink rates correlate with dopamine levels in the caudate nucleus of MPTP-treated monkeys"
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220:. The soft tissues involved in blinking have not been preserved in the fossil record, but study of
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was also demonstrated by means of a laboratory study. Lying may affect the rate of blinking.
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49:. A single blink is determined by the forceful closing of the eyelid or inactivation of the
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796:"Spontaneous eye blink rate as predictor of dopamine-related cognitive function—A review"
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898:"Spontaneous Eye Blink Rate Connects Missing Link between Aerobic Fitness and Cognition"
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Taylor, JR; Elsworth, JD; Lawrence, MS; Sladek Jr, JR; Roth, RH; Redmond Jr, DE (1999).
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Colzato, LS; Van Den
Wildenberg, WP; Van Wouwe, NC; Pannebakker, MM; Hommel, B (2009).
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448:"Blink-related momentary activation of the default mode network while viewing videos"
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957:"The origin of blinking in both mudskippers and tetrapods is linked to life on land"
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Experimental Brain
Research. Experimentelle Hirnforschung. Experimentation Cerebrale
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667:"Dopamine and inhibitory action control: evidence from spontaneous eye blink rates"
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A voluntary blink is a conscious blink, with the use of all 3 divisions of the
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have reduced eye blink rate, while conditions in which it is raised such as
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603:"Average duration of a single eye blink – Human Homo sapiens – BNID 100706"
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Greater activation of dopaminergic pathways dopamine production in the
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occurs in response to an external stimulus, such as contact with the
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smaller in relation to adults. Additionally, infants do not produce
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root. The levator palpebrae superioris' action is sent through the
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57:, not the full open and close. It is an essential function of the
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Nakano, T.; Kato, M.; Morito, Y.; Itoi, S.; Kitazawa, S. (2012).
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Chermahini, Soghra Akbari; Hommel, Bernhard (1 June 2010).
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are hairs which grow from the edges of the upper and lower
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Jongkees, Bryant J.; Colzato, Lorenza S. (December 2016).
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224:(a group of amphibious fish species that evolved blinking
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which function to catch irritants when the eye is blinked.
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The correlation between human eyelid blink behavior and
1244:修, 福島; 正男, 斎藤 (31 March 1998). "バイオフィードバック法による瞬目の訓練".
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across and remove irritants from the surface of the
53:and the activation of the palpebral portion of the
721:Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry
392:. A reduced rate of blinking is associated with
902:Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise
453:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
132:Blinking also protects the eye from irritants.
1167:Journal of the American Optometric Association
1053:"Why do babies blink less often than adults?"
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947:
92:, the blinking of only one eye, as a form of
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21:"Blink" redirects here. For other uses, see
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518:, Wiesbaden: Springer Vieweg, 2021. DOI:
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800:Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews
108:Birds, reptiles and sharks blink with a
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16:Rapid closing and opening of the eyelid
112:from one side of the eye to the other.
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1123:Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics
1010:Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics
549:Leal, Sharon; Vrij, Aldert (2008).
245:There are three types of blinking.
149:levator palpebrae superioris muscle
714:Deuschl, G; Goddemeier, C (1998).
124:Closed eye of a human, displaying
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551:"Blinking During and After Lying"
213:Blinking is present in all major
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1135:10.1111/j.1475-1313.2008.00577.x
1092:10.1097/00006324-200207000-00013
1022:10.1111/j.1475-1313.2006.00350.x
166:Central nervous system's control
859:10.1016/j.cognition.2010.03.007
812:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.08.020
1051:Juan, Stephen (30 June 2006).
531:N Reßut & A Hoppe (2019):
41:is a bodily function; it is a
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1084:American Academy of Optometry
555:Journal of Nonverbal Behavior
1075:Optometry and Vision Science
914:10.1249/MSS.0000000000002590
51:levator palpebrae superioris
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683:10.1007/s00221-009-1862-x
567:10.1007/s10919-008-0051-0
337:Blinking in everyday life
522:– ISBN 978-3-658-36051-1
371:computer vision syndrome
976:10.1073/pnas.2220404120
589:"Blink and you miss it"
475:10.1073/pnas.1214804110
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635:10.1006/exnr.1999.7093
622:Experimental Neurology
153:superior tarsal muscle
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80:Some animals, such as
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23:Blink (disambiguation)
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768:Biological Psychiatry
734:10.1136/jnnp.64.3.320
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45:rapid closing of the
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1290:at Wikimedia Commons
388:or disorders of the
209:Evolutionary origins
160:psychological stress
110:nictitating membrane
100:Function and anatomy
969:(18): e2220404120.
466:2013PNAS..110..702N
394:Parkinson's disease
363:oral contraceptives
230:selective pressures
199:Parkinson's disease
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539:. – ISSN 0340-2444
176:lenticular nucleus
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61:that helps spread
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249:Spontaneous blink
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375:biofeedback
222:mudskippers
188:microsleeps
71:conjunctiva
1086:: 439–47.
433:"Blinking"
417:References
293:, skin of
1266:0386-1856
1215:0885-3185
938:231585782
922:1530-0315
867:0010-0277
847:Cognition
806:: 58–82.
259:digestion
255:breathing
134:Eyelashes
126:eyelashes
82:tortoises
1298:Category
1288:Blinking
1231:12607655
1143:18565090
1108:24140202
1100:12137399
1038:27075991
1030:16684158
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820:27555290
701:19484465
652:43504305
644:10448434
575:43996756
502:23267078
484:42553853
400:See also
342:Children
333:muscle.
315:auditory
215:tetrapod
195:striatum
86:hamsters
39:Blinking
33:Blinking
1223:9399231
1180:7822673
781:7417620
752:9527141
743:2169979
692:2700244
493:3545766
462:Bibcode
386:strokes
303:optical
299:eyebrow
291:eyelash
287:corneal
285:(e.g.,
283:stimuli
280:tactile
174:of the
138:eyelids
90:winking
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1178:
1151:542559
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