3052:
149:
517:
132:
3059:
4472:
2296:
4033:
4038:
170:
3045:
2290:
2284:
748:
4532:
4478:
765:
Due to the size of the finds, a height of 280 centimetres (9.2 ft) is assumed. The pronounced massiveness of the bones leads to weight estimates between 350 and 400 kilograms (770 and 880 lb) or 319 to 350 kilograms (703 to 772 lb), however, some finds have clear size differences that
597:
and the
Brontornithidae is very uncertain and in a constant flux, which is largely due to the fragmentary nature of the remains. Originally placed on the base of the Phorusrhacidae ("terror birds"), there are several different views on its classification todau. After several cladistic studies, the
639:
was referred to their own subfamily of
Brontornithinae, very large and massive birds which also included physical territories and paraphysis. The allocation to the Phorusrhacidae was mainly based of the strong lower jaw symphysis and the targeted Tarsometatatarsus at the front and back, and was
774:
specimens, FM-P13259 and MLP-91 (lectotype), both coming from the same geographical region and geological formation, shows them as not to present any anatomical differences, apart from size, where in the first is around one third smaller than the second. The idea is that they are examples of
640:
supported by
Herculano M. F. Alvarenga and Elizabeth Höfling in 2003. A revision of the genre of Federico L. Agnolin in 2007 rejects the assignment based on these characteristics to the Phorusrhacids, since they also occur in other early large running birds, for example in
606:
and the
Phorusrhacidae. Since the introduction of the Brontornithidae as a family group, this has mostly been considered monogeneric or monospecific. Some authors have considered other genera as possible relatives, but most of these have been regarded as synonyms of
592:
is a genus of birds (Aves), which is sometimes referred to its own family
Brontornithidae. These are very large, flightless birds from the Miocene of South America and are known from very fragmentary material. The exact systematic assignment of
630:
was usually attributed as a genus to the extinct family of the
Phorusrhacidae ("Terror birds"), which was quite widespread in South America and comprises large to very large, mostly predatory birds. These are related to the
814:
There is uncertainty about the species' diet, due to the lack of well preserved skull material and overlap between specimens. Due to the original placement within the "terror birds" grouping, some researchers believe that
722:. As a result, the genus moved close to the Phorusrhacidae, but not directly in it. Suggesting that the previous study a misinterpreted the orientation of the tarsometatarsus as a central point of systematic assignment of
702:
was also pointed out several times, which in occurs in the
Phorusrhacidae. Furthermore, the short and robust construction of the mandible contrasts to the long and slim mandibles of Phorusrhacids, again suggested that
847:
inhabited more open landscapes, as they have also been proven for the Santa Cruz formation. The short and wide
Tarsometatarsus compared to the Tibiotarsus suggests a slow locomotion adapted to the enormous body mass.
1241:
648:. The rotation of the middle shape of the Tibiotarsus and the construction of the square leg suggest for a closer relationship with the goose family (aneriform) rather than Phorusrhacidae. For these reasons,
842:
do not show stronger bends compared to
Phorusrhacids and thus do not allow raptor-like claws for tearing meat, which suggests a more plant-based diet. Considering its enormous body size, it is assumed that
697:
With other cladist analyses suggested the structure of resemble that of
Anserimorphs. The lack of the striking bone footbridge (Pons Supratendineus) on the front of the lower joint of the tibiotarsus of
1154:
Acosta-Hospitalache, C., & Tambussi, C. (2005). Phorusrhacidae Psilopterinae (Aves) en la Formación Sarmiento de la localidad de Gran Hondonada (Eoceno Superior), Patagonia, Argentina.
3051:
635:, sharing features such as a hook-shaped upper beak and the curved ungues, which had sharp claws and thus distinguish the birds as predatory carnivores. Within the Phorusrhacids,
4612:
1017:
A reassessment of the giant birds Liornis floweri Ameghino, 1895 and Callornis giganteus Ameghino, 1895, from the Santacrucian (late Early Miocene) of Argentina.
1222:
Tambussi, C. P. (2011). Palaeoenvironmental and faunal inferences based on the avian fossil record of Patagonia and Pampa: what works and what does not.
1205:
Buffetaut, E. (2014). Tertiary ground birds from Patagonia (Argentina) in the Tournouër collection of the Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris.
830:. Studies on the lower jaw indicate that it was most likely not suitable for tearing animal food. The width and strong lower jaw is similar to that of
560:. If these conclusions are valid, this would mean that there are three groups of giant basal anseriformes, in chronological order of divergence: the
4599:
683:
in 1927. Subsequently, after Agnolin's revision, his analysis was met with some approval from other paleontologists, but disagreements from other.
4671:
1242:"Supplementary material from "The evolution of giant flightless birds and novel phylogenetic relationships for extinct fowl (Aves, Galloanseres)""
403:
and Alcides Mercerart in 1891, the fossils being a left femur, tibiotarsus, fibula, and tarsometatarsus all from the same individual found in the
707:
isn't a phorusrhacid. According to the examinations already mentioned, the different design of the lower jaw also results in a different diet of
4721:
1442:
1050:
Agnolin, F. (2007). Brontornis burmeisteri Moreno & Mercerat, un Anseriformes (Aves) gigante del Mioceno Medio de Patagonia, Argentina.
2295:
4471:
916:"Reappraisal on the Phylogenetic Relationships of the Enigmatic Flightless Bird (Brontornis burmeisteri) Moreno and Mercerat, 1891"
447:, one of the two formations the taxon is definitively known from. Some additional fossils, including a quadrate, were referred to
4032:
3058:
412:
552:) being true phorusrhacids. The subfamily containing the latter two had been proposed to be renamed to Physornithinae, with
823:
with a sharp and hooked top beak, though paleontologists are unsure because the tip of the preserved mandibles is missing.
690:
was justified in the placement with the special expression of a fragmented thoracic vertebrae. Once again, suggesting that
4716:
443:
were also referred to the type, but they haven't been described in detail. These fossils were found in the lower Miocene
3044:
676:
508:
specimens has come into question due to the uncertain and debated phylogenetic position of the genus and its synonyms.
482:
based on a distal tibiotarsus, distal tarsometatarsus, and two pedal phalanges of a juvenile that was synonymized with
148:
4037:
1331:"The evolution of giant flightless birds and novel phylogenetic relationships for extinct fowl (Aves, Galloanseres)"
1083:"The evolution of giant flightless birds and novel phylogenetic relationships for extinct fowl (Aves, Galloanseres)"
598:
Brontornithidae have been found as basal geese relatives. On the other hand, they also form the sister group of the
451:
by Moreno & Mercerart in 1891, but these were dubiously referred. Mercerat named another taxon synonymized with
169:
4711:
4686:
2289:
1301:
Degrange, F. J., Noriega, J. I., & Areta, J. I. (2012). Diversity and paleobiology of the Santacrucian birds.
668:
in their own subfamily in Phorusrhacidae, Brontornithinae, though it is sometimes referred to as Physornithinae.
516:
4676:
2235:
1435:
797:
4666:
2588:
1533:
2283:
4157:
2992:
131:
4681:
4552:
4535:
4134:
4078:
444:
4706:
4638:
4394:
2614:
2179:
4365:
1016:
1413:
South American and Antarctic continental Cenozoic birds: Paleobiogeographic affinities and disparities
245:
4696:
4477:
1428:
1342:
1094:
248:
1329:
Worthy, Trevor H.; Degrange, Federico J.; Handley, Warren D.; Lee, Michael S. Y. (11 October 2017).
375:. Its taxonomic position is highly controversial, with authors alternatively considering it to be a
3366:
2891:
2757:
2392:
1303:
Early Miocene paleobiology in Patagonia: high-latitude paleocommunities of the Santa Cruz Formation
463:
4422:
3494:
3443:
3120:
2860:
2083:
1560:
791:
583:
474:
in 1895 based on four pedal phalanges found at Monte Leon. The species has been synonymized with
279:
164:
3271:
3211:
4643:
4322:
3706:
4701:
4691:
4625:
4617:
4274:
3618:
3473:
2746:
2531:
2135:
1502:
1376:
1358:
1120:
937:
776:
561:
4630:
997:
Catálogo de los pájaros fósiles de la República Argentina conservados en el Museo de La Plata
419:
as well. Unknowingly, Moreno & Mercerat also named a species now seen as synonymous with
4505:
4430:
4372:
3965:
3856:
3610:
3503:
3201:
2935:
2914:
2224:
2158:
2065:
1702:
1366:
1350:
1279:
1249:
1110:
1102:
927:
400:
241:
4590:
4452:
4445:
4408:
4329:
4313:
3893:
3865:
3452:
3110:
2969:
2900:
2772:
2735:
2577:
2562:
2481:
2437:
2416:
2193:
2072:
2029:
1854:
1785:
1518:
440:
436:
157:
1081:
Worthy, Trevor H.; Degrange, Federico J.; Handley, Warren D.; Lee, Michael S. Y. (2017).
819:
could have been a carrion eater. Correspondingly, art and skull reconstructions depicted
652:
was excluded from the Phorusrhacids and moved to the base of the goose birds by Agnolin.
1346:
1183:
Tambussi, C. P., & Degrange, F. J. (2013). The Paleogene birds of South America. In
1098:
4495:
4437:
4401:
4298:
4230:
4205:
4178:
4146:
3790:
3760:
3565:
3404:
3322:
3221:
2981:
2907:
2870:
2368:
2165:
1924:
1820:
1759:
1738:
1371:
1330:
1115:
1082:
767:
747:
645:
575:
408:
372:
779:. There is the possibility that they represent two species. These measures would make
4660:
4515:
4510:
4379:
4239:
4123:
4067:
3746:
3665:
3632:
3596:
3549:
3519:
3466:
3459:
3345:
3336:
3150:
3130:
2673:
2662:
2548:
2517:
2474:
2423:
2409:
2103:
1835:
1813:
1798:
1716:
1253:
979:
Catalogue of fossil birds: part 3 (Ralliformes, Ichthyornithiformes, Charadriiformes)
719:
660:
641:
599:
548:
404:
384:
376:
368:
89:
1319:
Buffetaut, E. THE BRONTORNITHIDAE: NEW DATA ABOUT AN OLD PALAEORNITHOLOGICAL RIDDLE.
4525:
4387:
4114:
3988:
3981:
3920:
3838:
3625:
3511:
3390:
3302:
3231:
3190:
3140:
2958:
2811:
2796:
2781:
2715:
2603:
2555:
2467:
2357:
2212:
2172:
2151:
2144:
2124:
2117:
2110:
2057:
2042:
1978:
1935:
1896:
1766:
1745:
1676:
1654:
557:
537:
492:
424:
380:
256:
45:
1067:
Tambussi, C. P., & Degrange, F. J. (2013). Neogene Birds of South America. In
1272:"Dryad Data -- A new method for estimating locomotion type in large ground birds"
4584:
4350:
4260:
4195:
3936:
3886:
3817:
3769:
3534:
3480:
3428:
3375:
3261:
3241:
3180:
2944:
2694:
2684:
2347:
2186:
1951:
1910:
1881:
1874:
1842:
1752:
1686:
1626:
1613:
1572:
1451:
1137:
Buffetaut, E. (2017). A brontornithid from the Deseadan (Oligocene) of Bolivia.
881:
432:
423:
that includes: various bill and skull fragments, seven vertebrae and fragments,
64:
4575:
415:. In the same paper, two distal tibiotarsi from the same area were referred to
17:
4415:
4090:
3974:
3944:
3911:
3879:
3845:
3831:
3824:
3648:
3558:
3352:
3312:
3251:
3160:
3089:
3076:
3004:
2951:
2827:
2804:
2789:
2725:
2652:
2540:
2510:
2503:
2446:
2402:
2096:
1985:
1969:
1958:
1917:
1903:
1867:
1828:
1806:
1174:
Silva, L. G. D. (2020). Revisão sobre a biomecânica da família Phorusrhacidae.
459:, in 1893, though the fossil is now lost so this assessment is unverifiable.
221:
109:
74:
1362:
1270:
Angst, Delphine; Buffetaut, Eric; Lecuyer, Christophe; Amiot, Romain (2016).
941:
726:. It was pointed out that, the previous studies only used sparse material of
4520:
4500:
4336:
4291:
4253:
4246:
3803:
3736:
3716:
3696:
3686:
3676:
3586:
3420:
3413:
3382:
2877:
2704:
2496:
2378:
2050:
1992:
1944:
1888:
1774:
1643:
1545:
1493:
785:
654:
566:
542:
364:
181:
114:
58:
1380:
1124:
4569:
4343:
4215:
3872:
3810:
3572:
3526:
3170:
2921:
2845:
2489:
2453:
1999:
1731:
1484:
1475:
757:
586:
diagnostic of phorusrhacids, supporting its placement within that group.
201:
104:
99:
84:
79:
69:
49:
1354:
1283:
1106:
675:
had originally been favored by the first descriptions of the genus, but
4604:
4357:
4103:
3951:
3776:
3291:
2631:
2460:
2326:
2313:
2247:
826:
Contrarily, some paleontologists have proposed an herbivorous diet for
686:
A phylogenetic analysis of Phorusrhacidae in 2011 again concluded that
632:
620:
603:
119:
94:
41:
1271:
932:
915:
766:
can reach up to 33% based on the tarsometatarsus. A comparison of the
3928:
3726:
3603:
3281:
1665:
1469:
490:
was also synonymized in 1967, but it has since been synonymized with
191:
4546:
1723:
746:
515:
428:
360:
140:
4055:
4000:
211:
4550:
4053:
3074:
2311:
1611:
1462:
1424:
540:, with other genera traditionally assigned to Brontornithinae (
504:
or a distinct close relative. Recently, the affinities of some
1420:
882:
Systematic revision of the Phorusrhacidae (Aves: Ralliformes).
1052:
Revista del museo argentino de ciencias naturales nueva serie
664:, on the other hand, have been considered close relatives of
578:
of Australia. However, other analyses have also argued that
623:, making it the oldest known Brontornithid fossil known.
1185:
South American and Antarctic Continental Cenozoic Birds
1069:
South American and Antarctic Continental Cenozoic Birds
838:
two herbivorous large birds. Likewise, the ungues of
4310:
4271:
4227:
4211:
4201:
4191:
3962:
3908:
3787:
3757:
3742:
3732:
3722:
3712:
3702:
3692:
3682:
3672:
3661:
3583:
3546:
3491:
3440:
3401:
3363:
3333:
3318:
3308:
3298:
3287:
3277:
3267:
3257:
3247:
3237:
3227:
3217:
3207:
3197:
3186:
3176:
3166:
3156:
3146:
3136:
3126:
3116:
3106:
2978:
2932:
2888:
2857:
2840:
2769:
2753:
2742:
2731:
2721:
2711:
2700:
2690:
2680:
2669:
2658:
2648:
2600:
2574:
2528:
2434:
2389:
2374:
2364:
2353:
2343:
2221:
2026:
1699:
1682:
1672:
1661:
1650:
1639:
615:. However, a Tibiotarsus of a large bird similar to
263:
4559:
4309:
4270:
4226:
4176:
4145:
4122:
4113:
4089:
4066:
3999:
3961:
3907:
3855:
3786:
3756:
3646:
3582:
3545:
3490:
3439:
3400:
3362:
3332:
3087:
3003:
2977:
2968:
2931:
2887:
2856:
2825:
2768:
2629:
2599:
2573:
2527:
2433:
2388:
2324:
2246:
2220:
2211:
2134:
2082:
2025:
1968:
1934:
1853:
1784:
1697:
1624:
1571:
1544:
1517:
500:, another Ameghino taxon, may also be a synonym of
528:Recent work has cast doubt on the hypothesis that
619:was found in Oligocene strata in Salla-Luribay,
783:the fourth-heaviest bird found thus far, after
1436:
8:
1411:Tambussi, C. P., & Degrange, F. (2012).
880:Alvarenga, H. M., & Höfling, E. (2003).
1207:Bulletin de la Société géologique de France
421:Brontornis burmeisteri, Rostrornis floweri,
4547:
4184:
4119:
4095:
4063:
4050:
3795:
3654:
3099:
3095:
3084:
3071:
2974:
2833:
2641:
2637:
2336:
2332:
2321:
2308:
2217:
2088:
2034:
2022:
1859:
1790:
1708:
1632:
1621:
1608:
1550:
1523:
1514:
1459:
1443:
1429:
1421:
995:Moreno, F. P., & Mercerat, A. (1891).
730:. However, a 2021 study once again found
714:However, a study from 2017 suggested that
147:
130:
31:
1370:
1224:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society
1114:
931:
679:classified it as a relative of geese and
1415:. Springer Science & Business Media.
856:
322:
294:
1240:Lee, Michael S. Y. (20 October 2017).
1170:
1168:
411:strata of the Santa Cruz Formation in
1315:
1313:
1311:
1297:
1295:
1293:
1265:
1263:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1193:
973:
971:
7:
1046:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1011:
1009:
1007:
1005:
999:. Taller de Publicaciones del Museo.
991:
989:
987:
969:
967:
965:
963:
961:
959:
957:
955:
953:
951:
909:
907:
905:
903:
901:
899:
897:
876:
874:
872:
870:
868:
866:
864:
862:
860:
775:intraspecific variation, possibly
399:were described by paleontologists
25:
1187:(pp. 29-47). Springer, Dordrecht.
1071:(pp. 59-86). Springer, Dordrecht.
4531:
4530:
4476:
4470:
4036:
4031:
3057:
3050:
3043:
2294:
2288:
2282:
1254:10.6084/m9.figshare.c.3897364.v2
1156:Spanish Journal of Palaeontology
1139:Contrib. Mus. Argent. Cienc. Nat
520:Speculative life restoration of
168:
671:This phylogenetic position for
4672:Miocene birds of South America
413:Santa Cruz Province, Argentina
1:
4722:Fossil taxa described in 1891
1402:Alvarenga & Höfling, 2003
1393:Alvarenga & Höfling, 2003
914:Agnolin, Federico L. (2021).
435:. Some pedal phalanges and a
363:of giant bird that inhabited
718:belonged to sister taxon to
4738:
1335:Royal Society Open Science
1087:Royal Society Open Science
885:Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia
694:sat within Anserimorpha.
536:may actually represent an
328:Moreno & Mercerat 1891
308:Moreno & Mercerat 1891
300:Moreno & Mercerat 1891
273:Moreno & Mercerat 1891
4490:
4468:
4187:
4098:
4062:
4049:
4029:
3798:
3657:
3102:
3098:
3083:
3070:
3041:
2836:
2644:
2640:
2339:
2335:
2320:
2307:
2280:
2091:
2037:
2021:
1862:
1793:
1711:
1635:
1620:
1607:
1553:
1526:
1513:
1458:
798:Pachystruthio dmanisensis
677:Mathilde Dolgopol de Sáez
285:
278:
262:
255:
165:Scientific classification
163:
155:
146:
138:
129:
34:
981:. University of Florida.
734:to be a Gastornithiform.
602:, which combine today's
466:, also found fossils of
1015:Buffetaut, E. (2016).
762:
525:
397:Brontornis burmeisteri
268:Brontornis burmeisteri
27:Extinct genus of birds
4639:Paleobiology Database
2180:Paralitherizinosaurus
977:Brodkorb, P. (1967).
750:
711:than Phorusrhacids.
519:
457:Stephanornis princeps
395:The first fossils of
4717:Fossils of Argentina
761:(yellow) and a human
478:Ameghino also named
472:Brontornis platyonyx
445:Monte León Formation
383:(terror bird) or an
333:Brontornis platyonyx
3367:Patagopterygiformes
2892:Confuciusornithidae
2758:Scansoriopterygidae
2393:Scansoriopterygidae
1355:10.1098/rsos.170975
1347:2017RSOS....470975W
1284:10.5061/dryad.609j4
1107:10.1098/rsos.170975
1099:2017RSOS....470975W
751:Size comparison of
532:is a phorusrhacid.
498:Callornis giganteus
464:Florentino Ameghino
325:Rostrornis floweri
3495:Songlingornithidae
3444:Hongshanornithidae
2861:Omnivoropterygidae
2773:Jeholornithiformes
2084:Therizinosauroidea
792:Dromornis stirtoni
763:
584:thoracic vertebrae
574:, and finally the
526:
4712:Neogene Argentina
4687:Serravallian life
4654:
4653:
4626:Open Tree of Life
4553:Taxon identifiers
4544:
4543:
4486:
4485:
4466:
4465:
4462:
4461:
4366:Lutetodontopteris
4275:Gastornithiformes
4172:
4171:
4168:
4167:
4056:Aves / Neornithes
4045:
4044:
4027:
4026:
4023:
4022:
4019:
4018:
4001:Aves / Neornithes
3903:
3902:
3642:
3641:
3474:Parahongshanornis
3066:
3065:
3039:
3038:
3035:
3034:
3031:
3030:
3027:
3026:
3023:
3022:
2821:
2820:
2747:Archaeopterygidae
2625:
2624:
2532:Archaeopterygidae
2303:
2302:
2278:
2277:
2274:
2273:
2270:
2269:
2266:
2265:
2207:
2206:
2203:
2202:
2136:Therizinosauridae
2017:
2016:
2013:
2012:
2009:
2008:
1603:
1602:
1599:
1598:
1595:
1594:
1591:
1590:
1503:Maniraptoriformes
1246:The Royal Society
933:10.3390/d13020090
786:Aepyornis maximus
777:sexual dimorphism
524:as an anserimorph
433:right tibiotarsus
431:, ectocondyle of
352:
351:
319:
291:
251:
42:Early-Mid Miocene
16:(Redirected from
4729:
4677:Burdigalian life
4647:
4646:
4634:
4633:
4621:
4620:
4608:
4607:
4595:
4594:
4593:
4580:
4579:
4578:
4548:
4534:
4533:
4506:Deinonychosauria
4481:
4480:
4474:
4431:Protodontopteryx
4373:Macrodontopteryx
4312:
4273:
4229:
4213:
4203:
4193:
4185:
4120:
4096:
4064:
4051:
4040:
4035:
3966:Cimolopterygidae
3964:
3910:
3857:Hesperornithidae
3796:
3789:
3759:
3744:
3734:
3724:
3714:
3704:
3694:
3684:
3674:
3663:
3655:
3585:
3548:
3493:
3442:
3403:
3365:
3335:
3320:
3310:
3300:
3289:
3279:
3269:
3259:
3249:
3239:
3229:
3219:
3209:
3199:
3188:
3178:
3168:
3158:
3148:
3138:
3128:
3118:
3108:
3100:
3096:
3085:
3072:
3061:
3055:
3054:
3047:
2980:
2975:
2936:Jinguofortisidae
2934:
2915:Eoconfuciusornis
2890:
2859:
2842:
2834:
2771:
2755:
2744:
2733:
2723:
2713:
2702:
2692:
2682:
2671:
2660:
2650:
2642:
2638:
2602:
2576:
2530:
2436:
2391:
2376:
2366:
2355:
2345:
2337:
2333:
2322:
2309:
2298:
2292:
2286:
2236:Oviraptorosauria
2225:Oviraptorosauria
2223:
2218:
2159:Nanshiungosaurus
2089:
2066:Jianchangosaurus
2035:
2028:
2023:
1860:
1791:
1709:
1703:Alvarezsauroidea
1701:
1684:
1674:
1663:
1652:
1641:
1633:
1622:
1609:
1551:
1524:
1515:
1508:
1507:
1460:
1445:
1438:
1431:
1422:
1416:
1409:
1403:
1400:
1394:
1391:
1385:
1384:
1374:
1326:
1320:
1317:
1306:
1299:
1288:
1287:
1267:
1258:
1257:
1237:
1231:
1220:
1214:
1203:
1188:
1181:
1175:
1172:
1163:
1152:
1146:
1135:
1129:
1128:
1118:
1078:
1072:
1065:
1059:
1048:
1027:
1020:Palaeovertebrata
1013:
1000:
993:
982:
975:
946:
945:
935:
911:
892:
878:
554:Physornis fortis
462:Moreno's rival,
427:, lower part of
401:Francisco Moreno
345:
341:Liornis floweri
337:
329:
318:Species synonymy
317:
309:
301:
289:
265:
240:
233:
173:
172:
151:
134:
124:
61:
40:Temporal range:
32:
21:
4737:
4736:
4732:
4731:
4730:
4728:
4727:
4726:
4667:Brontornithinae
4657:
4656:
4655:
4650:
4642:
4637:
4629:
4624:
4616:
4611:
4603:
4598:
4589:
4588:
4583:
4574:
4573:
4568:
4555:
4545:
4540:
4482:
4475:
4458:
4453:Tympanonesiotes
4446:Pseudodontornis
4409:Palaeochenoides
4330:Caspiodontornis
4314:Pelagornithidae
4305:
4266:
4222:
4164:
4141:
4109:
4085:
4058:
4041:
4015:
3995:
3957:
3899:
3894:Parahesperornis
3866:Asiahesperornis
3851:
3782:
3752:
3651:
3638:
3578:
3541:
3486:
3453:Archaeornithura
3435:
3396:
3358:
3328:
3111:Archaeorhynchus
3092:
3079:
3062:
3049:
3019:
2999:
2970:Ornithothoraces
2964:
2927:
2901:Changchengornis
2883:
2852:
2830:
2817:
2764:
2736:Anchiornithidae
2634:
2621:
2595:
2589:Dromaeosauridae
2578:Dromaeosauridae
2569:
2563:Anchiornithidae
2523:
2482:Liaoningvenator
2438:Anchiornithidae
2429:
2417:Scansoriopteryx
2384:
2329:
2316:
2299:
2262:
2242:
2199:
2194:Therizinosaurus
2130:
2078:
2073:Lingyuanosaurus
2030:Therizinosauria
2005:
1964:
1930:
1855:Parvicursorinae
1849:
1786:Alvarezsauridae
1780:
1705:
1693:
1629:
1616:
1587:
1567:
1540:
1534:Avemetatarsalia
1519:Avemetatarsalia
1509:
1465:
1464:
1454:
1449:
1419:
1410:
1406:
1401:
1397:
1392:
1388:
1328:
1327:
1323:
1318:
1309:
1300:
1291:
1269:
1268:
1261:
1239:
1238:
1234:
1221:
1217:
1204:
1191:
1182:
1178:
1173:
1166:
1153:
1149:
1136:
1132:
1080:
1079:
1075:
1066:
1062:
1049:
1030:
1014:
1003:
994:
985:
976:
949:
913:
912:
895:
879:
858:
854:
812:
807:
745:
740:
626:Traditionally,
514:
480:Liornis floweri
470:which he named
441:tarsometatarsus
393:
348:
343:
335:
327:
321:
320:
313:
307:
299:
293:
292:
274:
271:
239:
231:
167:
158:tarsometatarsus
125:
123:
122:
117:
112:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
57:17.5–11.6
56:
55:
53:
38:
28:
23:
22:
18:Brontornithidae
15:
12:
11:
5:
4735:
4733:
4725:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4689:
4684:
4679:
4674:
4669:
4659:
4658:
4652:
4651:
4649:
4648:
4635:
4622:
4609:
4596:
4581:
4565:
4563:
4557:
4556:
4551:
4542:
4541:
4539:
4538:
4528:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4503:
4498:
4496:Archaeornithes
4491:
4488:
4487:
4484:
4483:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4463:
4460:
4459:
4457:
4456:
4449:
4442:
4438:Protopelicanus
4434:
4427:
4419:
4412:
4405:
4402:Osteodontornis
4398:
4391:
4384:
4376:
4369:
4362:
4354:
4347:
4340:
4333:
4326:
4318:
4316:
4307:
4306:
4304:
4303:
4299:Dromornithidae
4295:
4288:
4279:
4277:
4268:
4267:
4265:
4264:
4257:
4250:
4243:
4235:
4233:
4231:Dromornithidae
4224:
4223:
4221:
4220:
4209:
4206:Perplexicervix
4199:
4188:
4182:
4179:Incertae sedis
4174:
4173:
4170:
4169:
4166:
4165:
4163:
4162:
4161:
4160:
4158:Pangalliformes
4151:
4149:
4147:Pangalliformes
4143:
4142:
4140:
4139:
4138:
4137:
4128:
4126:
4117:
4111:
4110:
4108:
4107:
4099:
4093:
4087:
4086:
4084:
4083:
4082:
4081:
4072:
4070:
4060:
4059:
4054:
4047:
4046:
4043:
4042:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4024:
4021:
4020:
4017:
4016:
4014:
4013:
4012:
4011:
4005:
4003:
3997:
3996:
3994:
3993:
3985:
3978:
3970:
3968:
3959:
3958:
3956:
3955:
3948:
3941:
3933:
3925:
3916:
3914:
3905:
3904:
3901:
3900:
3898:
3897:
3890:
3883:
3876:
3869:
3861:
3859:
3853:
3852:
3850:
3849:
3842:
3835:
3828:
3821:
3814:
3807:
3799:
3793:
3791:Hesperornithes
3784:
3783:
3781:
3780:
3773:
3765:
3763:
3761:Ichthyornithes
3754:
3753:
3751:
3750:
3740:
3730:
3720:
3710:
3700:
3690:
3680:
3670:
3658:
3652:
3647:
3644:
3643:
3640:
3639:
3637:
3636:
3629:
3622:
3615:
3607:
3600:
3592:
3590:
3580:
3579:
3577:
3576:
3569:
3566:Similiyanornis
3562:
3554:
3552:
3543:
3542:
3540:
3539:
3531:
3523:
3516:
3508:
3499:
3497:
3488:
3487:
3485:
3484:
3477:
3470:
3463:
3456:
3448:
3446:
3437:
3436:
3434:
3433:
3425:
3417:
3409:
3407:
3405:Ambiortiformes
3398:
3397:
3395:
3394:
3387:
3379:
3371:
3369:
3360:
3359:
3357:
3356:
3349:
3341:
3339:
3330:
3329:
3327:
3326:
3323:Zhongjianornis
3316:
3306:
3296:
3285:
3275:
3265:
3255:
3245:
3235:
3225:
3222:Jianchangornis
3215:
3205:
3195:
3184:
3174:
3164:
3154:
3144:
3134:
3124:
3114:
3103:
3093:
3088:
3081:
3080:
3075:
3068:
3067:
3064:
3063:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3036:
3033:
3032:
3029:
3028:
3025:
3024:
3021:
3020:
3018:
3017:
3016:
3015:
3009:
3007:
3001:
3000:
2998:
2997:
2996:
2995:
2993:Enantiornithes
2986:
2984:
2982:Enantiornithes
2972:
2966:
2965:
2963:
2962:
2955:
2948:
2940:
2938:
2929:
2928:
2926:
2925:
2918:
2911:
2908:Confuciusornis
2904:
2896:
2894:
2885:
2884:
2882:
2881:
2874:
2871:Omnivoropteryx
2866:
2864:
2854:
2853:
2851:
2850:
2837:
2831:
2826:
2823:
2822:
2819:
2818:
2816:
2815:
2808:
2801:
2793:
2786:
2777:
2775:
2766:
2765:
2763:
2762:
2751:
2740:
2729:
2719:
2709:
2698:
2688:
2678:
2667:
2656:
2645:
2635:
2630:
2627:
2626:
2623:
2622:
2620:
2619:
2618:
2617:
2608:
2606:
2597:
2596:
2594:
2593:
2592:
2591:
2582:
2580:
2571:
2570:
2568:
2567:
2559:
2552:
2545:
2536:
2534:
2525:
2524:
2522:
2521:
2514:
2507:
2500:
2493:
2486:
2478:
2471:
2464:
2457:
2450:
2442:
2440:
2431:
2430:
2428:
2427:
2420:
2413:
2406:
2398:
2396:
2386:
2385:
2383:
2382:
2372:
2369:Pneumatoraptor
2362:
2351:
2340:
2330:
2325:
2318:
2317:
2312:
2305:
2304:
2301:
2300:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2275:
2272:
2271:
2268:
2267:
2264:
2263:
2261:
2260:
2259:
2258:
2252:
2250:
2244:
2243:
2241:
2240:
2239:
2238:
2229:
2227:
2215:
2209:
2208:
2205:
2204:
2201:
2200:
2198:
2197:
2190:
2183:
2176:
2169:
2166:Neimongosaurus
2162:
2155:
2148:
2140:
2138:
2132:
2131:
2129:
2128:
2121:
2114:
2107:
2100:
2092:
2086:
2080:
2079:
2077:
2076:
2069:
2062:
2054:
2047:
2038:
2032:
2019:
2018:
2015:
2014:
2011:
2010:
2007:
2006:
2004:
2003:
1996:
1989:
1982:
1974:
1972:
1966:
1965:
1963:
1962:
1955:
1948:
1940:
1938:
1932:
1931:
1929:
1928:
1925:Trierarchuncus
1921:
1914:
1907:
1900:
1893:
1885:
1878:
1871:
1863:
1857:
1851:
1850:
1848:
1847:
1839:
1832:
1825:
1821:Bonapartenykus
1817:
1810:
1803:
1794:
1788:
1782:
1781:
1779:
1778:
1771:
1763:
1760:Shishugounykus
1756:
1749:
1742:
1739:Bonapartenykus
1735:
1728:
1720:
1712:
1706:
1698:
1695:
1694:
1692:
1691:
1680:
1670:
1659:
1648:
1636:
1630:
1625:
1618:
1617:
1612:
1605:
1604:
1601:
1600:
1597:
1596:
1593:
1592:
1589:
1588:
1586:
1585:
1584:
1583:
1577:
1575:
1569:
1568:
1566:
1565:
1564:
1563:
1554:
1548:
1542:
1541:
1539:
1538:
1537:
1536:
1527:
1521:
1511:
1510:
1506:
1505:
1496:
1487:
1478:
1472:
1463:
1456:
1455:
1450:
1448:
1447:
1440:
1433:
1425:
1418:
1417:
1404:
1395:
1386:
1341:(10): 170975.
1321:
1307:
1289:
1259:
1232:
1215:
1189:
1176:
1164:
1147:
1130:
1093:(10): 170975.
1073:
1060:
1028:
1001:
983:
947:
893:
855:
853:
850:
811:
808:
806:
803:
772:B. burmeisteri
768:tarsometatarsi
744:
741:
739:
736:
646:Dromornithidae
644:or within the
513:
510:
409:Middle Miocene
392:
389:
379:, typically a
373:Middle Miocene
359:is an extinct
350:
349:
347:
346:
338:
330:
316:
315:
314:
312:
311:
302:
290:Genus synonymy
288:
287:
286:
283:
282:
276:
275:
272:
260:
259:
253:
252:
229:
225:
224:
219:
215:
214:
209:
205:
204:
199:
195:
194:
189:
185:
184:
179:
175:
174:
161:
160:
153:
152:
144:
143:
136:
135:
127:
126:
118:
113:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
62:
39:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4734:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4682:Langhian life
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4664:
4662:
4645:
4640:
4636:
4632:
4627:
4623:
4619:
4614:
4610:
4606:
4601:
4597:
4592:
4586:
4582:
4577:
4571:
4567:
4566:
4564:
4562:
4558:
4554:
4549:
4537:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4516:Odontornithes
4514:
4512:
4511:Odontognathae
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4493:
4492:
4489:
4479:
4473:
4455:
4454:
4450:
4448:
4447:
4443:
4440:
4439:
4435:
4433:
4432:
4428:
4425:
4424:
4420:
4418:
4417:
4413:
4411:
4410:
4406:
4404:
4403:
4399:
4397:
4396:
4392:
4390:
4389:
4385:
4382:
4381:
4377:
4375:
4374:
4370:
4368:
4367:
4363:
4360:
4359:
4355:
4353:
4352:
4348:
4346:
4345:
4341:
4339:
4338:
4334:
4332:
4331:
4327:
4325:
4324:
4320:
4319:
4317:
4315:
4308:
4301:
4300:
4296:
4294:
4293:
4289:
4286:
4285:
4281:
4280:
4278:
4276:
4269:
4263:
4262:
4258:
4256:
4255:
4251:
4249:
4248:
4244:
4242:
4241:
4240:Barawertornis
4237:
4236:
4234:
4232:
4225:
4218:
4217:
4210:
4208:
4207:
4200:
4198:
4197:
4190:
4189:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4180:
4175:
4159:
4155:
4154:
4153:
4152:
4150:
4148:
4144:
4136:
4135:Anserimorphae
4132:
4131:
4130:
4129:
4127:
4125:
4124:Anserimorphae
4121:
4118:
4116:
4112:
4106:
4105:
4101:
4100:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4088:
4080:
4079:Palaeognathae
4076:
4075:
4074:
4073:
4071:
4069:
4068:Palaeognathae
4065:
4061:
4057:
4052:
4048:
4039:
4034:
4009:
4008:
4007:
4006:
4004:
4002:
3998:
3991:
3990:
3986:
3984:
3983:
3979:
3977:
3976:
3972:
3971:
3969:
3967:
3960:
3954:
3953:
3949:
3947:
3946:
3942:
3939:
3938:
3934:
3931:
3930:
3926:
3923:
3922:
3918:
3917:
3915:
3913:
3906:
3896:
3895:
3891:
3889:
3888:
3884:
3882:
3881:
3877:
3875:
3874:
3870:
3868:
3867:
3863:
3862:
3860:
3858:
3854:
3848:
3847:
3843:
3841:
3840:
3836:
3834:
3833:
3829:
3827:
3826:
3822:
3820:
3819:
3815:
3813:
3812:
3808:
3806:
3805:
3801:
3800:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3785:
3779:
3778:
3774:
3772:
3771:
3767:
3766:
3764:
3762:
3755:
3749:
3748:
3747:Tingmiatornis
3741:
3739:
3738:
3731:
3729:
3728:
3721:
3719:
3718:
3711:
3709:
3708:
3701:
3699:
3698:
3691:
3689:
3688:
3681:
3679:
3678:
3671:
3668:
3667:
3666:Antarcticavis
3660:
3659:
3656:
3653:
3650:
3645:
3635:
3634:
3633:Shuilingornis
3630:
3628:
3627:
3623:
3621:
3620:
3616:
3613:
3612:
3608:
3606:
3605:
3601:
3599:
3598:
3597:Changzuiornis
3594:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3581:
3575:
3574:
3570:
3568:
3567:
3563:
3561:
3560:
3556:
3555:
3553:
3551:
3550:Yanornithidae
3544:
3537:
3536:
3532:
3529:
3528:
3524:
3522:
3521:
3520:Songlingornis
3517:
3514:
3513:
3509:
3506:
3505:
3501:
3500:
3498:
3496:
3489:
3483:
3482:
3478:
3476:
3475:
3471:
3469:
3468:
3467:Longicrusavis
3464:
3462:
3461:
3460:Hongshanornis
3457:
3455:
3454:
3450:
3449:
3447:
3445:
3438:
3431:
3430:
3426:
3423:
3422:
3418:
3416:
3415:
3411:
3410:
3408:
3406:
3399:
3393:
3392:
3388:
3385:
3384:
3380:
3378:
3377:
3373:
3372:
3370:
3368:
3361:
3355:
3354:
3350:
3348:
3347:
3346:Mengciusornis
3343:
3342:
3340:
3338:
3337:Schizoouridae
3331:
3325:
3324:
3317:
3315:
3314:
3307:
3305:
3304:
3297:
3294:
3293:
3286:
3284:
3283:
3276:
3274:
3273:
3266:
3264:
3263:
3256:
3254:
3253:
3246:
3244:
3243:
3236:
3234:
3233:
3226:
3224:
3223:
3216:
3214:
3213:
3206:
3204:
3203:
3196:
3193:
3192:
3185:
3183:
3182:
3175:
3173:
3172:
3165:
3163:
3162:
3155:
3153:
3152:
3151:Changzuiornis
3145:
3143:
3142:
3135:
3133:
3132:
3131:Brevidentavis
3125:
3123:
3122:
3115:
3113:
3112:
3105:
3104:
3101:
3097:
3094:
3091:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3073:
3069:
3060:
3056:
3053:
3046:
3013:
3012:
3011:
3010:
3008:
3006:
3002:
2994:
2990:
2989:
2988:
2987:
2985:
2983:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2967:
2961:
2960:
2956:
2954:
2953:
2949:
2947:
2946:
2942:
2941:
2939:
2937:
2930:
2924:
2923:
2919:
2917:
2916:
2912:
2910:
2909:
2905:
2903:
2902:
2898:
2897:
2895:
2893:
2886:
2880:
2879:
2875:
2873:
2872:
2868:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2855:
2849:
2847:
2839:
2838:
2835:
2832:
2829:
2824:
2814:
2813:
2809:
2807:
2806:
2802:
2799:
2798:
2794:
2792:
2791:
2787:
2784:
2783:
2779:
2778:
2776:
2774:
2767:
2760:
2759:
2752:
2749:
2748:
2741:
2738:
2737:
2730:
2728:
2727:
2720:
2718:
2717:
2710:
2707:
2706:
2699:
2697:
2696:
2689:
2687:
2686:
2679:
2676:
2675:
2674:Cretaaviculus
2668:
2665:
2664:
2657:
2655:
2654:
2647:
2646:
2643:
2639:
2636:
2633:
2628:
2616:
2612:
2611:
2610:
2609:
2607:
2605:
2598:
2590:
2586:
2585:
2584:
2583:
2581:
2579:
2572:
2565:
2564:
2560:
2558:
2557:
2553:
2551:
2550:
2549:Archaeopteryx
2546:
2543:
2542:
2538:
2537:
2535:
2533:
2526:
2520:
2519:
2518:Yixianosaurus
2515:
2513:
2512:
2508:
2506:
2505:
2501:
2499:
2498:
2494:
2492:
2491:
2487:
2484:
2483:
2479:
2477:
2476:
2475:Fujianvenator
2472:
2470:
2469:
2465:
2463:
2462:
2458:
2456:
2455:
2451:
2449:
2448:
2444:
2443:
2441:
2439:
2432:
2426:
2425:
2421:
2419:
2418:
2414:
2412:
2411:
2410:Epidexipteryx
2407:
2405:
2404:
2400:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2387:
2381:
2380:
2373:
2371:
2370:
2363:
2360:
2359:
2352:
2350:
2349:
2342:
2341:
2338:
2334:
2331:
2328:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2310:
2306:
2297:
2293:
2291:
2285:
2256:
2255:
2254:
2253:
2251:
2249:
2245:
2237:
2233:
2232:
2231:
2230:
2228:
2226:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2210:
2196:
2195:
2191:
2189:
2188:
2184:
2182:
2181:
2177:
2175:
2174:
2170:
2168:
2167:
2163:
2161:
2160:
2156:
2154:
2153:
2149:
2147:
2146:
2142:
2141:
2139:
2137:
2133:
2127:
2126:
2122:
2120:
2119:
2115:
2113:
2112:
2108:
2106:
2105:
2104:Beipiaosaurus
2101:
2099:
2098:
2094:
2093:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2081:
2075:
2074:
2070:
2068:
2067:
2063:
2060:
2059:
2055:
2053:
2052:
2048:
2045:
2044:
2040:
2039:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2024:
2020:
2002:
2001:
1997:
1995:
1994:
1990:
1988:
1987:
1983:
1981:
1980:
1976:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1967:
1961:
1960:
1956:
1954:
1953:
1949:
1947:
1946:
1942:
1941:
1939:
1937:
1933:
1927:
1926:
1922:
1920:
1919:
1915:
1913:
1912:
1908:
1906:
1905:
1901:
1899:
1898:
1894:
1891:
1890:
1886:
1884:
1883:
1879:
1877:
1876:
1872:
1870:
1869:
1865:
1864:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1852:
1845:
1844:
1840:
1838:
1837:
1836:Heptasteornis
1833:
1831:
1830:
1826:
1823:
1822:
1818:
1816:
1815:
1814:Alvarezsaurus
1811:
1809:
1808:
1804:
1801:
1800:
1799:Achillesaurus
1796:
1795:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1783:
1777:
1776:
1772:
1769:
1768:
1764:
1762:
1761:
1757:
1755:
1754:
1750:
1748:
1747:
1743:
1741:
1740:
1736:
1734:
1733:
1729:
1726:
1725:
1721:
1719:
1718:
1717:Achillesaurus
1714:
1713:
1710:
1707:
1704:
1696:
1689:
1688:
1681:
1679:
1678:
1671:
1668:
1667:
1660:
1657:
1656:
1649:
1646:
1645:
1638:
1637:
1634:
1631:
1628:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1610:
1606:
1581:
1580:
1579:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1570:
1562:
1558:
1557:
1556:
1555:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1543:
1535:
1531:
1530:
1529:
1528:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1504:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1473:
1471:
1467:
1466:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1446:
1441:
1439:
1434:
1432:
1427:
1426:
1423:
1414:
1408:
1405:
1399:
1396:
1390:
1387:
1382:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1325:
1322:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1298:
1296:
1294:
1290:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1266:
1264:
1260:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1236:
1233:
1230:(2), 458-474.
1229:
1225:
1219:
1216:
1213:(3), 207-214.
1212:
1208:
1202:
1200:
1198:
1196:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1180:
1177:
1171:
1169:
1165:
1162:(2), 127-132.
1161:
1157:
1151:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1134:
1131:
1126:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1077:
1074:
1070:
1064:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1018:
1012:
1010:
1008:
1006:
1002:
998:
992:
990:
988:
984:
980:
974:
972:
970:
968:
966:
964:
962:
960:
958:
956:
954:
952:
948:
943:
939:
934:
929:
925:
921:
917:
910:
908:
906:
904:
902:
900:
898:
894:
890:
886:
883:
877:
875:
873:
871:
869:
867:
865:
863:
861:
857:
851:
849:
846:
841:
837:
833:
829:
824:
822:
818:
809:
804:
802:
800:
799:
794:
793:
788:
787:
782:
778:
773:
769:
760:
759:
754:
749:
742:
737:
735:
733:
729:
725:
721:
720:Cariamiformes
717:
712:
710:
706:
701:
695:
693:
689:
684:
682:
678:
674:
669:
667:
663:
662:
661:Paraphysornis
657:
656:
651:
647:
643:
638:
634:
629:
624:
622:
618:
614:
610:
605:
601:
600:Cariamiformes
596:
591:
587:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
568:
563:
562:gastornithids
559:
555:
551:
550:
549:Paraphysornis
545:
544:
539:
535:
531:
523:
518:
511:
509:
507:
503:
499:
496:
494:
489:
488:Liornis minor
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
460:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
390:
388:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
357:
344:Ameghino 1895
342:
339:
336:Ameghino 1895
334:
331:
326:
323:
306:
303:
298:
295:
284:
281:
277:
270:
269:
261:
258:
254:
250:
247:
243:
238:
237:
230:
227:
226:
223:
220:
217:
216:
213:
210:
207:
206:
203:
200:
197:
196:
193:
190:
187:
186:
183:
180:
177:
176:
171:
166:
162:
159:
154:
150:
145:
142:
137:
133:
128:
121:
116:
111:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
60:
51:
47:
43:
37:
33:
30:
19:
4707:Santacrucian
4560:
4526:Unenlagiidae
4451:
4444:
4436:
4429:
4421:
4414:
4407:
4400:
4393:
4388:Odontopteryx
4386:
4378:
4371:
4364:
4356:
4349:
4342:
4335:
4328:
4321:
4297:
4290:
4283:
4282:
4259:
4252:
4245:
4238:
4214:
4204:
4194:
4177:
4115:Galloanserae
4102:
3989:Lamarqueavis
3987:
3982:Cimolopteryx
3980:
3973:
3950:
3943:
3935:
3927:
3921:Australornis
3919:
3892:
3885:
3878:
3871:
3864:
3844:
3839:Pasquiaornis
3837:
3830:
3823:
3816:
3809:
3802:
3775:
3768:
3745:
3735:
3725:
3715:
3705:
3695:
3685:
3675:
3664:
3631:
3626:Khinganornis
3624:
3617:
3609:
3602:
3595:
3571:
3564:
3557:
3533:
3525:
3518:
3512:Piscivoravis
3510:
3502:
3479:
3472:
3465:
3458:
3451:
3427:
3419:
3412:
3391:Patagopteryx
3389:
3381:
3374:
3351:
3344:
3321:
3311:
3303:Xinghaiornis
3301:
3290:
3280:
3270:
3260:
3250:
3240:
3232:Jiuquanornis
3230:
3220:
3210:
3200:
3191:Gargantuavis
3189:
3179:
3169:
3159:
3149:
3141:Changmaornis
3139:
3129:
3119:
3109:
3048:
2959:Jinguofortis
2957:
2950:
2943:
2920:
2913:
2906:
2899:
2876:
2869:
2843:
2812:Neimengornis
2810:
2803:
2797:Jixiangornis
2795:
2788:
2782:Dalianraptor
2780:
2756:
2745:
2734:
2724:
2716:Yandangornis
2714:
2703:
2693:
2683:
2672:
2661:
2651:
2615:Troodontidae
2604:Troodontidae
2561:
2556:Wellnhoferia
2554:
2547:
2539:
2516:
2509:
2502:
2495:
2488:
2480:
2473:
2468:Eosinopteryx
2466:
2459:
2452:
2445:
2422:
2415:
2408:
2401:
2377:
2367:
2358:Palaeopteryx
2356:
2346:
2287:
2213:Pennaraptora
2192:
2185:
2178:
2173:Nothronychus
2171:
2164:
2157:
2152:Erlikosaurus
2150:
2145:Erliansaurus
2143:
2125:Suzhousaurus
2123:
2118:Martharaptor
2116:
2111:Enigmosaurus
2109:
2102:
2095:
2071:
2064:
2058:Fukuivenator
2056:
2049:
2043:Eshanosaurus
2041:
1998:
1991:
1984:
1979:Albertonykus
1977:
1957:
1950:
1943:
1936:Ceratonykini
1923:
1916:
1909:
1902:
1897:Nemegtonykus
1895:
1887:
1880:
1873:
1866:
1841:
1834:
1827:
1819:
1812:
1805:
1797:
1773:
1767:Tugulusaurus
1765:
1758:
1751:
1746:Haplocheirus
1744:
1737:
1730:
1722:
1715:
1685:
1677:Migmanychion
1675:
1664:
1655:Fukuivenator
1653:
1642:
1498:
1489:
1480:
1412:
1407:
1398:
1389:
1338:
1334:
1324:
1302:
1275:
1245:
1235:
1227:
1223:
1218:
1210:
1206:
1184:
1179:
1159:
1155:
1150:
1142:
1138:
1133:
1090:
1086:
1076:
1068:
1063:
1055:
1051:
1023:
1019:
996:
978:
923:
919:
888:
884:
844:
839:
835:
831:
827:
825:
820:
816:
813:
805:Paleobiology
796:
790:
784:
780:
771:
764:
756:
752:
731:
727:
723:
715:
713:
708:
704:
699:
696:
691:
687:
685:
680:
672:
670:
665:
659:
653:
649:
642:Anserimorphs
636:
627:
625:
616:
613:Phorusrhacos
612:
608:
594:
589:
588:
579:
571:
565:
558:type species
553:
547:
541:
533:
529:
527:
521:
505:
501:
497:
493:Phorusrhacos
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
461:
456:
452:
448:
425:femoral head
420:
416:
396:
394:
381:phorusrhacid
355:
354:
353:
340:
332:
324:
304:
296:
267:
266:
257:Type species
235:
234:
218:Infraclass:
46:Santacrucian
35:
29:
4697:Colloncuran
4585:Wikispecies
4423:Proceriavis
4395:Odontoptila
4351:Gigantornis
4261:Ilbandornis
4196:Asteriornis
3937:Neogaeornis
3887:Hesperornis
3818:Chupkaornis
3770:Ichthyornis
3535:Yixianornis
3481:Tianyuornis
3429:Palintropus
3376:Alamitornis
3262:Meemannavis
3242:Juehuaornis
3181:Eogranivora
3121:Bellulornis
2945:Chongmingia
2695:Overoraptor
2685:Fukuipteryx
2348:Imperobator
2187:Segnosaurus
1952:Ceratonykus
1911:Parvicursor
1882:Khulsanurus
1875:Jaculinykus
1843:Patagonykus
1753:Patagonykus
1687:Yaverlandia
1627:Maniraptora
1614:Maniraptora
1573:Maniraptora
1452:Maniraptora
1058:(1), 15-25.
891:(4), 55-91.
738:Description
476:Brontornis.
385:anserimorph
377:cariamiform
367:during the
4661:Categories
4591:Brontornis
4561:Brontornis
4494:See also:
4416:Pelagornis
4284:Brontornis
4091:Neognathae
4010:see below↓
3975:Ceramornis
3945:Polarornis
3912:Vegaviidae
3880:Fumicollis
3846:Potamornis
3832:Judinornis
3825:Enaliornis
3649:Ornithurae
3559:Abitusavis
3353:Schizooura
3313:Yumenornis
3272:Platanavis
3252:Kaririavis
3212:Horezmavis
3161:Chaoyangia
3090:Euornithes
3077:Euornithes
3014:see below↓
3005:Euornithes
2952:Cratonavis
2828:Pygostylia
2805:Kompsornis
2790:Jeholornis
2726:Zhongornis
2653:Alcmonavis
2541:Alcmonavis
2511:Xiaotingia
2504:Serikornis
2447:Anchiornis
2403:Ambopteryx
2257:see below↓
2097:Alxasaurus
1986:Linhenykus
1970:Mononykini
1959:Xixianykus
1918:Qiupanykus
1904:Ondogurvel
1868:Dzharaonyx
1829:Bradycneme
1807:Alnashetri
1582:see below↓
1485:Dinosauria
1305:, 138-155.
852:References
845:Brontornis
840:Brontornis
836:Aepyornis,
828:Brontornis
821:Brontornis
817:Brontornis
781:Brontornis
753:Brontornis
732:Brontornis
728:Brontornis
724:Brontornis
716:Brontornis
709:Brontornis
705:Brontornis
700:Brontornis
692:Brontornis
688:Brontornis
673:Brontornis
666:Brontornis
650:Brontornis
637:Brontornis
628:Brontornis
617:Brontornis
609:Brontornis
595:Brontornis
590:Brontornis
580:Brontornis
572:Brontornis
570:and kin),
538:anseriform
534:Brontornis
530:Brontornis
522:Brontornis
506:Brontornis
502:Brontornis
484:Brontornis
468:Brontornis
453:Brontornis
449:Brontornis
429:left femur
417:Brontornis
356:Brontornis
310:(in part)
297:Rostrornis
236:Brontornis
222:Neognathae
36:Brontornis
4521:Sauriurae
4501:Carinatae
4337:Cyphornis
4323:Aequornis
4292:Gastornis
4254:Genyornis
4247:Dromornis
3804:Baptornis
3737:Limenavis
3717:Iaceornis
3707:Guildavis
3697:Gallornis
3687:Cerebavis
3677:Apatornis
3587:Gansuidae
3421:Apsaravis
3414:Ambiortus
3383:Kuszholia
2878:Sapeornis
2705:Rahonavis
2497:Pedopenna
2379:Rahonavis
2051:Falcarius
1993:Mononykus
1945:Albinykus
1775:Xiyunykus
1644:Elopteryx
1561:Theropoda
1546:Theropoda
1494:Theropoda
1468:Kingdom:
1363:2054-5703
942:1424-2818
926:(2): 90.
920:Diversity
832:Gastornis
681:Gastornis
655:Physornis
582:exhibits
576:mihirungs
567:Gastornis
543:Physornis
512:Evolution
486:in 1967.
437:trochleae
365:Argentina
188:Kingdom:
182:Eukaryota
4702:Friasian
4692:Laventan
4576:Q2339690
4570:Wikidata
4536:Category
4344:Dasornis
4216:Qinornis
3873:Canadaga
3811:Brodavis
3619:Iteravis
3611:Hollanda
3573:Yanornis
3527:Yanornis
3504:Hollanda
3202:Hollanda
3171:Dingavis
2922:Yangavis
2846:Proornis
2490:Ostromia
2454:Aurornis
2000:Shuvuuia
1732:Bannykus
1476:Chordata
1474:Phylum:
1470:Animalia
1381:29134094
1145:, 39-47.
1125:29134094
758:Kelenken
391:Taxonomy
280:Synonyms
246:Mercerat
202:Chordata
198:Phylum:
192:Animalia
178:Domain:
50:Laventan
4631:4131147
4618:1148097
4605:4852219
4358:Laornis
4104:Neoaves
3952:Vegavis
3777:Janavis
3292:Wyleyia
2632:Avialae
2461:Caihong
2327:Paraves
2314:Paraves
2248:Paraves
1372:5666277
1343:Bibcode
1116:5666277
1095:Bibcode
770:of two
755:(red),
633:seriama
621:Bolivia
604:Seriema
556:as the
305:Liornis
228:Genus:
208:Class:
156:Fossil
139:Fossil
3929:Maaqwi
3727:Kookne
3604:Gansus
3282:Vorona
2663:Balaur
1666:Kakuru
1379:
1369:
1361:
1123:
1113:
940:
795:, and
244:&
242:Moreno
4644:53585
4613:IRMNG
1724:Aorun
1499:Clade
1490:Clade
1481:Clade
1276:Dryad
1026:, e3.
405:Lower
369:Early
361:genus
141:femur
4600:GBIF
4380:Manu
4156:see
4133:see
4077:see
2991:see
2613:see
2587:see
2234:see
1559:see
1532:see
1377:PMID
1359:ISSN
1121:PMID
938:ISSN
834:and
810:Diet
743:Size
658:and
546:and
249:1891
212:Aves
65:PreꞒ
1889:Kol
1367:PMC
1351:doi
1280:doi
1250:doi
1228:103
1211:185
1111:PMC
1103:doi
928:doi
611:or
439:of
371:to
4663::
4641::
4628::
4615::
4602::
4587::
4572::
2424:Yi
1501::
1492::
1483::
1375:.
1365:.
1357:.
1349:.
1337:.
1333:.
1310:^
1292:^
1278:.
1274:.
1262:^
1248:.
1244:.
1226:,
1209:,
1192:^
1167:^
1160:20
1158:,
1141:,
1119:.
1109:.
1101:.
1089:.
1085:.
1054:,
1031:^
1024:40
1022:,
1004:^
986:^
950:^
936:.
924:13
922:.
918:.
896:^
889:43
887:,
859:^
801:.
789:,
455:,
387:.
115:Pg
59:Ma
4441:?
4426:?
4383:?
4361:?
4311:†
4302:?
4287:?
4272:†
4228:†
4219:?
4212:†
4202:†
4192:†
3992:?
3963:†
3940:?
3932:?
3924:?
3909:†
3788:†
3758:†
3743:†
3733:†
3723:†
3713:†
3703:†
3693:†
3683:†
3673:†
3669:?
3662:†
3614:?
3589:?
3584:†
3547:†
3538:?
3530:?
3515:?
3507:?
3492:†
3441:†
3432:?
3424:?
3402:†
3386:?
3364:†
3334:†
3319:†
3309:†
3299:†
3295:?
3288:†
3278:†
3268:†
3258:†
3248:†
3238:†
3228:†
3218:†
3208:†
3198:†
3194:?
3187:†
3177:†
3167:†
3157:†
3147:†
3137:†
3127:†
3117:†
3107:†
2979:†
2933:†
2889:†
2863:?
2858:†
2848:"
2844:"
2841:†
2800:?
2785:?
2770:†
2761:?
2754:†
2750:?
2743:†
2739:?
2732:†
2722:†
2712:†
2708:?
2701:†
2691:†
2681:†
2677:?
2670:†
2666:?
2659:†
2649:†
2601:†
2575:†
2566:?
2544:?
2529:†
2485:?
2435:†
2395:?
2390:†
2375:†
2365:†
2361:?
2354:†
2344:†
2222:†
2061:?
2046:?
2027:†
1892:?
1846:?
1824:?
1802:?
1770:?
1727:?
1700:†
1690:?
1683:†
1673:†
1669:?
1662:†
1658:?
1651:†
1647:?
1640:†
1444:e
1437:t
1430:v
1383:.
1353::
1345::
1339:4
1286:.
1282::
1256:.
1252::
1143:7
1127:.
1105::
1097::
1091:4
1056:9
944:.
930::
564:(
495:.
407:-
264:†
232:†
120:N
110:K
105:J
100:T
95:P
90:C
85:D
80:S
75:O
70:Ꞓ
54:~
52:)
48:-
44:(
20:)
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