1990:
970:) under the daimyo, with 80% of peasants under the 5% samurai class, followed by craftsmen and merchants. However, various studies have revealed since about 1995 that the classes of peasants, craftsmen, and merchants under the samurai are equal, and the old hierarchy chart has been removed from Japanese history textbooks. In other words, peasants, craftsmen, and merchants are not a social pecking order, but a social classification. The
2273:
2174:
5906:
27:
1024:
1917:
One concession was the passing of the
Special Measures Law for Assimilation Projects, which provided financial aid for the discriminated communities. In 1976, legislation was also approved banning third parties from investigating another person's family registry. This traditional system of registry,
3723:
Ichinomiya
Yoshinari and Group K21 and Terazono Atsushi (eds.) (2003), Dowa riken no shinso 2 (Jinken Mafia-ka suru "Buraku Kaiho Domei" no renkinjutsu o ou! — The true face of Dowa interests 2 (Chasing the alchemy of the "Buraku Liberation League" which Mafiaizes human rights) ("Invasion of human
1970:
rights, campaign on behalf of a wide range of other groups such as women, the disabled, ethnic minorities, foreign residents and released prisoners. Even into the early 1990s, however, discussion of the 'liberation' of these discriminated communities, or even their existence, was rare in public
1548:
villages ceased to exist by the 1960s because of either urban development or integration into mainstream society. However, in other regions, many of their residents continued to suffer from slum-like housing and infrastructure, lower economic status, illiteracy, and lower general educational
1869:
ancestors as "manly martyrs of industry" and argued that to submit meekly to oppression would be to insult and profane these ancestors. Despite internal divisions among anarchist, Bolshevik, and social democratic factions, and despite the
Japanese government's establishment of an alternate
1191:
Slow-changing social attitudes, especially in the countryside, meant that abattoirs and their workers were often met with hostility from local residents. Continued ostracism, the decrease of living standards and the development of modern construction and city sprawl resulted in former
805:(peripatetic or settled) would live outside common population centers and maintained some socio-ethical significance, albeit negligible. They were also employed as mediators in disputes. Spatial and geographic markers played a significant role in the distinction between the
381:
refers either to hamlet people per se or is used as an abbreviation of people from a discriminated community/hamlet. Very old people tend to use the word in the former meaning. Its use is sometimes frowned upon, though it is by far the most commonly used term in
English.
2010:
Early sessions were marked by occasions of violence and kidnapping, and several BLL activists have been arrested for such acts. The legality of these sessions is still disputed, but to this date the authorities have mostly ignored them except in the more extreme cases.
1117:
were deprived of the exclusive rights of disposal of dead bodies of horses and cattle. The elimination of their monopolies of certain occupations actually resulted in a decrease of their general living standards, while social discrimination simply continued.
2217:
We shouldn't disgrace our ancestors and violate humanity by our harsh words and terrible actions. We, who know how cold the human world is, and how to take care of humanity, can seek and rejoice from the bottom of our hearts in the warmth and light of human
864:
communities there would usually be a centralized chieftain who was given the exclusive license of tanning, candle wicks and other similar occupations, employing their peers and concentrating great wealth and local power. This chieftain took on the name of
1913:
publicised the problems of the group. The incident involved the murder conviction of a member of the discriminated communities based on circumstantial evidence, which is generally given little weight against physical evidence in
Japanese courts.
784:
and
Buddhist cultures, which aimed for a certain purity of body and mind, considered working with dead animals, blood, or any sort of decaying object as polluting, and hence occupations like butchery and leather tanning were besmirched. The
789:, people who held such occupations, dealt with pollution and were thus considered inferior or sub-human. However, because of their ability to deal with pollution, several myths emerged from the Heian through medieval periods about certain
2088:
often disputed the BLL, accusing them of chauvinism. The conflict between the two organizations increased during 1974 when a clash between teachers belonging to a JCP-affiliated union and BLL activists at a high school in Yoka, rural
983:, which comprised people guilty of certain crimes and their offspring. As Japanese society stabilized, the demand for leather declined, as it was used largely for warring purposes, and along with the Tokugawa caste policy, the
1593:, such as construction of new housing and community facilities such as health centers, libraries and swimming pools. The projects were terminated in 2002 with a total funding of an estimated 12 trillion yen over 33 years.
2007:'s rights groups. The BLL is known for its fierce "denunciation and explanation sessions", where alleged perpetrators of discriminatory actions or speech are summoned for a public hearing before a panel of activists.
2067:(JCP). It was formed in 1979 by BLL activists who were either purged from the organization or abandoned it during the late 1960s, due to, among other things, their opposition to the decision that subsidies to the
691:
parents sometimes do not tell their children about their ancestry in hopes of avoiding discrimination. Because of this, there is an increasingly large population that has no idea that others would consider them
974:
held occupations associated with religious impurity, and were subsequently relegated as outcastes and subject to ostracization in the mainstream
Japanese society. Among the members of the outcastes were the
1937:
populations, began special education programs which they hoped would encourage greater educational and economic success for young members of the group and decrease the discrimination they faced.
1174:
The practice of eating meat existed even during the Edo period, but the official ban of the consumption of meat from livestock was ended in 1871 in order to "Westernise" the country. Many former
1928:
ancestry if consulted. By the new legislation, these records could now be consulted only for legal cases, making it more difficult to identify or discriminate against members of the group.
1015:
were generally economically subsistent on the government's purchase of the war equipment they produced, and they adopted occupations in the military as jailers, torturers and executioners.
3795:"Zenkoku Buraku Kaihou Undou Rengkai" (National Buraku Liberation Alliance) (2004), "Zenkairen Dai 34 Kai Teiki Taikai Ni Tuite" ('About the Zenkairen 34th Regular Meeting), available at
3779:
Buraku
Liberation and Human Rights Research Institute (2005 ), Photo Document of the Post-war 60 Years-Development of the Buraku Liberation Movement, Osaka: Kaiho Publishing Company Ltd.
2137:
issue has basically been resolved" and formally disbanded. On March 4, 2004, they began a new organization known as the "National
Confederation of Human Rights Movements in The Community"
650:, as well as their social status and typical occupations varied over time, but typically included ex-convicts and vagrants who worked as town guards, street cleaners or entertainers.
4982:
2213:) was initiated in Kyoto, Mankichi Saiko, a founder of the society and Jodo Shinshu priest, said, critiquing aggressive postures on the denouncement of acts of discrimination:
1857:
to unite in resistance to discrimination, and sought to create a positive identity for the victims of discrimination, insisting that the time had come to be "proud of being
1640:
ancestry. These checks are now illegal, and marriage discrimination is diminishing; Nadamoto
Masahisa of the Buraku History Institute estimates that between 60 and 80% of
4073:
3430:[The History and Present Situation of Discriminated Buraku in Tokyo Full Text] (in Japanese). Tokyo: Buraku Liberation League. March 23, 2003. Archived from
5942:
1388:
asserted to be living in modern Japan varies from source to source. Japanese government statistics show the number of residents of assimilation districts who claim
1617:
ancestry, and if they are, this awareness may only be awareness of the history of feudal Japan. Due to the sensitive nature of the topic and the campaigns by the
1011:
were passed, and by the 18th century, they were prohibited from entering temples, homes of common citizens and schools without permission . At this point, the
4520:, January 15, 2009. Article by Norimitsu Onishi on Buraku history and current status, with a focus on Hiromu Nonaka, a prominent politician of Buraku descent.
2096:
In 1988, the BLL formed the International Movement Against All Forms of Discrimination and Racism (IMADR). The BLL sought for the IMADR to be recognized as a
4526:
3400:
2024:
prompted the BLL to demand the publisher halt publication of the Japanese translation of the book. Van Wolferen condemned this as an international scandal.
1436:. About three quarters of the districts are in rural areas. The size of each community ranged from less than five households to more than 1,000 households.
5710:
5585:
5595:
3869:
5853:
4501:
7110:
6418:
4751:
5702:
5640:
2113:
about the alleged human rights violations committed by the BLL in the course of their "denunciation sessions" held with accused "discriminators".
2605:
917:
established the Tokugawa Shogunate, systemically extirpating the previous disarray in Japan wrought by rampant internecine strife and warring by
3424:
2122:
often conducted denunciation sessions as fierce as those of the BLL. Nonetheless, the IMADR was designated a UN human rights NGO in March 1993.
5682:
5013:
4659:
3008:
1213:
There were many terms used to indicate former outcastes, their communities or settlements at the time. Official documents referred to them as
7145:
5677:
3098:
2844:
2813:"Problems with References to Historical Documents in J. M. Ramseyer, "On the Invention of Identity Politics: The Buraku Outcastes in Japan""
5687:
3998:
1652:, whereas for people born during the late 1930s and early 1940s, the rate was 10%. Over the past decades, the number of marriages between
1007:), and often used the two outcaste groups as scapegoats. Various humiliating injunctions mandating certain dress codes or hairstyles for
7170:
5935:
5720:
1807:
174:
came into use to refer to the former caste members and their descendants, who continue to experience stigmatization and discrimination.
37:
5868:
5848:
5827:
1568:
to provide funding to these communities. Communities deemed to be in need of funding were designated for various Assimilation Projects
1198:
communities becoming slum areas. Prejudice against the consumption of meat continued throughout the Meiji period. In 1872, a group of
5832:
5715:
5558:
4208:
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3883:
3784:
3746:
3711:
3690:
3408:
3342:
2974:
2881:
2795:
2732:
2681:
2646:
999:). As the Edo period witnessed local prosperity, the shogunate augmented the differences between the four classes (even between the
65:
1664:
have increased, and opinion polls have shown a decrease in the number of Japanese willing to state they would discriminate against
2898:
1621:
to remove any references in the media that may propagate discrimination against them, the issue is rarely discussed in the media.
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7175:
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3902:
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3301:
1142:
7160:
7155:
6118:
5928:
5570:
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1268:
2079:
were BLL members, and not all residents of the areas targeted for subsidies were historically descended from the outcastes.
3799:
1964:
have been established across the country by prefectural governments and local authorities; these, in addition to promoting
7190:
5984:
5966:
5863:
5635:
5630:
5114:
4609:
Hah, Chong-do; Lapp, Christopher C. (May 1978). "Japanese Politics of Equality in Transition: The Case of the Burakumin".
2247:
was not recognized until the BLL's criticism sessions became widespread. For example, in 1979 the Director-General of the
2100:
1491:
1289:, now considered inappropriate, started being used by officials during the 1900s, and resulted in the meaning of the word
4056:
3645:
7034:
6423:
5858:
5692:
5657:
5608:
5332:
3681:
Upham, Frank K. (1987), Instrumental Violence and the Struggle for Buraku Liberation, 146–190, in Michael Weiner (ed.),
2338:, politician of the Minshutō Party of Japan, a member of the House of Representatives in the Diet (national legislature)
2020:
463:, an official term for districts designated for government and local authority assimilation projects from 1969 to 2002.
801:, were associated with the tanning industry, and had the exclusive rights to tan hides. Prior to the Edo period, these
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6012:
5812:
5802:
5669:
4877:
4406:
3575:
3484:
3359:
2571:
1919:
3453:
3132:[The Slaughtering System and the Slaughtering Industry in the First Year of the Meiji Era: A Case of Hyogo].
1584:
2344:, politician of the Minshutō Party of Japan, a member of the House of Councillors in the Diet (national legislature)
1494:
during 2003, 76% of Tokyo residents would not change their opinion of a close neighbor whom they discovered to be a
795:'s abilities to cleanse ritual pollution, and in some portrayals even possess magical powers. Another outcaste, the
5792:
5131:
4652:
4523:
4458:
3669:"Seeking to End Discrimination Through Dowa Education | Carnegie Council for Ethics in International Affairs"
3668:
7150:
6998:
6095:
5975:
5817:
5757:
4452:
4200:
1634:. Traditionalist families have been known to check on the backgrounds of potential in-laws to identify people of
1631:
925:
position, consolidated central authority, managed to exert control over strategically important daimyo and their
7165:
5762:
5752:
5109:
4921:
4483:
4401:
3702:
Pharr, Susan J. (1990), Burakumin Protest: The incident at Yoka High School_, 133–145, in Michael Weiner(ed.),
3272:"Nihonjin wa Edo jidai ni mo 'niku' o ai shoku shite ita nikushoku o kihi shite ita to no tsūsetsu ga aru ga…"
3271:
2669:
2378:
2064:
1998:
1884:
1782:
1618:
1395:
1028:
3929:["Toru Hashimoto is a Buraku demon boy" Interview with the chairman of the Buraku Liberation League].
3277:[There is a common theory that the Japanese ate "meat" in the Edo period and avoided eating meat...].
4462:
6822:
5909:
5807:
5742:
3875:
3611:[Dōwa district] (in Japanese). Buraku Liberation and Human Rights Research Institute. Archived from
1210:
and four of them were killed. They claimed that gods would leave Japan because the Japanese had eaten meat.
1078:
5767:
5396:
5138:
4359:
4112:"Fighting the Taboo Cycle: Google Map Protests and Buraku Human Rights Activism in Historical Perspective"
2388:
2383:
1694:
Cases of continuing social discrimination are known to occur mainly in western Japan, particularly in the
1517:
7071:
7006:
6639:
6238:
6135:
5822:
5797:
5787:
5777:
5772:
5625:
4693:
4645:
4549:
4495:
2405:
1903:
1899:
1579:
1207:
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1032:
160:, these occupations acquired a hereditary status of oppression, and became an unofficial class of the
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2615:
1906:
parties, influenced the government into making important concessions during the late 1960s and 1970s.
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3431:
3113:
1754:
1726:
1342:
philosophy which concentrated on confronting and criticising alleged perpetrators of discrimination.
43:
there is significant conflict between thematic and chronological organization throughout the article.
4415:
4111:
3360:"The Burakumin: The Complicity of Japanese Buddhism in Oppression and an Opportunity for Liberation"
1989:
1931:
During the 1980s, some educators and local governments, particularly in areas with relatively large
1161:" tried to buy alcohol, four men were killed, four men were injured and 25 houses were destroyed by
6773:
6428:
6368:
6305:
6261:
5267:
5072:
5047:
5027:
4931:
3023:
2540:
2507:
2317:
2252:
2090:
1766:
1750:
1716:
residents (whatever their ancestry) and associate them with squalor, unemployment and criminality.
1703:
1476:
1468:
1304:
Attempts to resolve the problem during the early 20th century were of two types: the 'assimilation'
1165:. In another village, as part of an anti-Government riot, 263 houses were destroyed and 18 former
4067:
The Burakumin: The Complicity of Japanese Buddhism in Oppression and an Opportunity for Liberation
2788:
Japan's Outcaste Abolition: the Struggle for National Inclusion and the Making of the Modern State
1467:
are in a majority; per a 1997 report, they accounted for more than 70 percent of all residents of
941:, ruled by dividing the people into four main categories. Older scholars believed that there were
7140:
7016:
6445:
6382:
5424:
5406:
5401:
5389:
5223:
5042:
5022:
4992:
4774:
4746:
4626:
4597:
4578:
Gottlieb, Nanette (1998). "Discriminatory language in Japan: Burakumin, the disabled and women".
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4343:
4288:
4247:
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4139:
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3534:
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2015:
1948:
1770:
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1152:
1042:
870:
840:
830:
201:
4513:
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2204:
1472:
4008:
3126:
1449:, wanting to avoid the negative attention that could come from explicitly declaring themselves
6044:
6035:
6007:
5429:
5347:
5084:
5037:
4975:
4804:
4547:
Shimahara, Nobuo (1984). "Toward the Equality of a Japanese Minority: The case of Burakumin".
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4204:
4172:
4131:
4084:
3960:
3879:
3780:
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2728:
2677:
2642:
2347:
2313:
1762:
1742:
1734:
1521:
1056:
777:
409:
is a term sometimes used by human rights groups, and has a degree of political meaning to it.
254:
141:
3454:"Hōritsu dai roku jū-gō (Akira shi shi nana ichi rei) dōwa taisaku jigyō tokubetsu sochi-hō"
3088:
2663:
1137:
6793:
6754:
6545:
6278:
5873:
5747:
5647:
5477:
5285:
5175:
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5099:
4852:
4847:
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4589:
4558:
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4123:
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157:
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4867:
4857:
4530:
4354:
4003:
3906:
3803:
2437:
2400:
2353:
2207:
originally patronized the lower castes. In 1922, when the National Levelers' Association (
1910:
1883:, the National Committee for Burakumin Liberation was initiated, changing its name to the
1455:. BLL has extrapolated Meiji-era figures to arrive at an estimate of nearly three million
937:, which scholars characterize as the unification of Japan. The Tokugawa shogunate, citing
914:
902:
894:
780:
in the first millennium led to the castigation of meat eating and similar activities. The
500:
279:
was used for an outcast community that was discriminated against officially and formally.
100:
3459:[Law No. 60 (Showa 44.7.10) Dowa countermeasures business special measures law].
2986:
1398:(BLL) figures are estimates of the total number of descendants of all former and current
1252:
1097:
882:
829:. Their position was more mobile, and they were usually thought to be less polluted. The
734:
3114:
Buraku Mondai in Japan: Historical and Modern Perspectives and Directions for the Future
758:
6870:
6813:
6731:
6648:
6059:
5993:
5575:
5519:
5358:
5315:
5243:
4987:
4958:
4883:
4837:
4779:
4736:
3952:
2812:
2749:
2546:
2422:
2359:
2110:
2097:
1796:
1428:
throughout the country. Most were located in western Japan, while none were located in
1355:
1181:
1102:
898:
844:
739:
273:
is still used in a non-pejorative sense to refer to any hamlet. Historically, the term
258:
133:
94:
5920:
3980:
3846:
3704:
Race, Ethnicity and Migration in Modern Japan Volume II Indigenous and Colonial Others
3683:
Race, Ethnicity and Migration in Modern Japan Volume II Indigenous and Colonial Others
2750:"Measuring Discrimination in Spatial Equilibrium: 100 Years of Japan's Invisible Race"
2272:
2173:
7134:
7062:
7011:
6968:
6699:
6685:
6332:
6077:
5416:
5213:
5002:
4872:
4862:
4820:
4794:
4789:
4726:
4686:
4601:
4411:: The Complicity of Japanese Buddhism in Oppression and an Opportunity for Liberation
4347:
4184:
4143:
3899:
3737:
Neary, Ian (1997), Burakumin In Contemporary Japan_, 50–78, in Michael Weiner (ed.),
3725:
3612:
3311:
2981:
2673:
2578:
2365:
2341:
2335:
2304:
2116:
According to a BLL-funded think tank, when cases of discrimination were alleged, the
1507:
4315:
4153:"Binding Burakumin: Marxist Historiography and the Narration of Difference in Japan"
3397:
Illustrated Today's Buraku Discrimination Based on Survey Results in Various Regions
3237:[A new aspect of the word "etagari": rethinking it in a context of history]
3190:
3162:[Phases of Popular Consciousness in Riots against the Buraku Emancipation].
3158:桐村 彰郎 (December 1, 1989). "Buraku kaihō hantai ikki ni miru minshū ishiki no shosō"
2925:
1630:
most often manifests itself in the form of marriage discrimination and sometimes in
1611:
region, people in general are often not aware of the issues experienced by those of
1326:
communities and integration with the mainstream Japanese society, and the 'levelers'
7086:
6433:
5449:
5376:
5155:
5145:
5064:
4814:
4721:
4671:
4365:
3196:[On Business History of Hokkaido Coal Mining and Shipping Corporation(3)].
2463:
2449:
1880:
1480:
1351:
987:
were relegated to the peripheries of villages or formed their own communities. The
921:, local feudal lords. He restored the power and influence of the hitherto vitiated
890:
886:
773:
6287:
4127:
3231:
1023:
466:
The social issue concerning "discriminated communities" is usually referred to as
4022:藤岡, 雅 (August 30, 2014). "Yunikuro Yanai ga fūin shita 'ichizoku' no monogatari"
1552:
In 1969, the government passed the Special Measures Law for Assimilation Projects
704:
ancestry may be viewed as one and discriminated against if they move to a former
7091:
6977:
6887:
6621:
6323:
6126:
6017:
5613:
5444:
5434:
5384:
5366:
5277:
5238:
5032:
4943:
4926:
3796:
3127:"Meijishonen ni okeru heigyūba shori-sei to to Chiku-Gyō – Hyōgo no jirei kara"
3018:
1944:
1087:
decree, giving outcasts equal legal status. It is currently known better as the
848:
436:
was a term used during the early 20th century but is now considered pejorative.
161:
125:
4536:
4051:. 'Religious Discrimination' and 'Jodo shinshu Honganji' sections adapted from
3923:
2320:, lawyer, the 52nd governor of Osaka Prefecture, and former Mayor of Osaka city
6875:
6690:
6612:
6473:
6193:
5459:
4799:
4593:
4510:, November 30, 1995. Nicholas Kristof on the state of toleration at that time.
4168:
3822:[National Federation of Regional Human Rights Movements] (in Japanese)
3724:
rights" incidents in liberation education and human rights education), Tokyo:
3650:
1201:
934:
698:. Discrimination is primarily based on ancestry and location; someone with no
165:
129:
6672:
6456:
4562:
4339:
4284:
4243:
4176:
4135:
4088:
3871:
Rights Make Might: Global Human Rights and Minority Social Movements in Japan
3583:
3371:
3209:
3175:
3065:
2941:
2440:, a collective term for the outcast endogamous communities of India and Nepal
2248:
1368:
was fixed to an ancestral home address, which allowed people to deduce their
763:
7096:
7025:
6914:
6745:
6350:
6184:
6175:
6086:
5505:
5500:
5467:
5439:
5327:
5322:
5258:
5233:
5180:
5094:
4809:
4741:
4543:, October 31, 2009. Blair McBride on Buraku status of North-East Tokyo area.
3499:
3250:
2459:
2429:
1707:
1267:
and denounced the discrimination against them when he campaigned during the
1060:
671:
because both classes were forced to live in separate village neighborhoods.
104:
4048:
3375:
3191:"Hokkaidō tankō kisen (kabu) hyaku-nen no keiei-shi to keiei-sha-zō (san)"
2583:
1433:
1188:, as they were thought to be experienced with the handling of dead bodies.
966:
4331:
7115:
7053:
6950:
6896:
6722:
6482:
6220:
6109:
5514:
5486:
5472:
5339:
5305:
5263:
5248:
5208:
4953:
4502:"Japan's Invisible Minority: Better Off Than in Past, but Still Outcasts"
4477:
3530:
3090:
Socio-economic Mobility and Low-status Minorities: Slow Roads to Progress
2926:"On Business History of Hokkaido Coal Mining and Shipping Corporation(2)"
2501:
1730:
1429:
1162:
4376:
The Buraku Liberation and Human Rights Research Institute, ed. (1986).
3924:"'Hashimototōru wa buraku no kizzu' buraku kaihō dōmei iin-chō ni kiku"
3538:
3514:
3073:
3049:
2255:" claiming that there was no discrimination against burakumin in Japan.
1710:
regions, where many people, especially the older generation, stereotype
1510:
for being a resident of certain areas associated traditionally with the
1350:
Although liberated legally during 1871 with the abolition of the feudal
1206:, who objected to the Emperor's consumption of meat, tried to enter the
7101:
7044:
6959:
6942:
6933:
6841:
6680:
6592:
6563:
6393:
6269:
6211:
6202:
6153:
6144:
5998:
5510:
5495:
5491:
5253:
5203:
5195:
5185:
5089:
5077:
4936:
4832:
4826:
4630:
4570:
4292:
2836:
Japanese Fiction of the Allied Occupation: Vision, Embodiment, Identity
2523:
2483:
2356:, writer, social critic and public figure known for his underworld ties
1691:
family was significantly less than the national average (60% in 1992).
1185:
957:
826:
137:
4489:
4465:(National Confederation of Human Rights Movements in the Community) →
4251:
4219:
2184: with: perspective and general expertise cleanup. You can help by
6850:
6788:
6764:
6713:
6704:
6572:
6554:
6493:
6407:
6341:
6314:
6296:
6100:
6068:
6026:
5482:
5295:
5228:
5168:
5163:
4970:
4439:
4419:
2533:
2467:
2308:
1800:
1608:
1365:
922:
918:
825:
status, applying to certain criminals, beggars and camp followers of
781:
267:
issue is much less publicly prominent, such as Hokkaido and Okinawa,
110:
4622:
4276:
4260:
257:
term which refers literally to a small, generally rural, commune or
4235:
2238:, which disassociated from the BLL in 1968, regrets this decision.
1255:
was a late 19th century statesmen who worked for the liberation of
185:
were recognized as owners of fields, some with very large incomes (
6905:
6859:
6832:
6657:
6603:
6523:
6514:
6505:
6229:
5290:
5218:
4769:
4537:"Mysterious Past Meets Uncertain Future in Tokyo's Sanya District"
2443:
2417:
1988:
1758:
1699:
1695:
1022:
814:
36:
may be in need of reorganization to comply with Knowledge (XXG)'s
1876:, the Levelers Association remained active until the late 1930s.
1500:; 4.9% of respondents, on the other hand, would actively avoid a
1055:
The feudal caste system in Japan ended formally in 1869 with the
839:
and allowed them to beg in designated areas. They had to work as
6740:
6359:
6164:
5300:
4842:
3390:
Zusetsu kyō no buraku sabetsu kakuchi no jittai chōsa kekka yori
1870:
organization, the Yūma, designed to reduce the influence of the
1320:
philosophy which encouraged improvements in living standards of
926:
187:
5924:
5544:
4901:
4641:
4637:
4448:
Buraku: in Community, Democracy, and Performance by Bruce Caron
4026:[The story of the "clan" sealed by UNIQLO and Yanai].
2867:
Rekishi no naka no Amerika to niku shokumotsu to ten'nō sabetsu
1943:
rights groups exist presently in all parts of Japan except for
4220:"The Buraku in Modern Japanese Literature: Texts and Contexts"
2267:
2168:
324:
is a commonly used, polite term, with people from them called
20:
4104:
Embodying Difference: The Making of Burakumin in Modern Japan
3628:
Yakuza: The Explosive Account of Japan's Criminal Underworld
2874:
Rice and Meat in History Food and the Emperor Discrimination
1787:
Yakuza: The Explosive Account of Japan's Criminal Underworld
1607:
areas are still an issue in certain regions. Outside of the
1151:) happened around the country. For example, in a village in
881:
living in the hamlets located in the eight provinces of the
4466:
3816:
3630:. Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley Publishing Co. p. 133.
2446:
or Agotes, the former outcast community of France and Spain
1679:
addresses that were developed first in 1975 to exclude the
216:
throughout the country, as well as jurisdiction within the
4471:
3335:
Working Skin: Making Leather, Making a Multicultural Japan
2725:
Working Skin: Making Leather, Making a Multicultural Japan
2639:
Working Skin: Making Leather, Making a Multicultural Japan
1898:
during the 1950s. The league, with the endorsement of the
103:
commonly believed to be descended from members of the pre-
4402:
The Buraku Liberation and Human Rights Research Institute
2748:
Yamagishi, Atsushi; Sato, Yasuhiro (September 10, 2022).
1835:
organized a campaign, the "Levelers Association of Japan"
191:) and some economic power. Their chief held the title of
4396:
3515:"A Case Study of Buraku and Non-Buraku Couples in Japan"
2699:"Solving Anti-Burakujūmin Prejudice in the 21st Century"
3559:
Guest, Robert (July 9, 1992). "A tale of two sisters".
3482:
Guest, Robert (July 9, 1992). "From the Cutting Room".
2899:"Danzaemon — The Story of Old Japan's Underworld Kings"
2284:
2185:
1413:
A 1993 report by the Japanese government counted 4,533
1234:, while the newly liberated outcasts called themselves
47:
7116:
7102:
7063:
7054:
7045:
7026:
7017:
6978:
6969:
6960:
6951:
6943:
6934:
6925:
6915:
6906:
6897:
6888:
6877:
6860:
6851:
6842:
6833:
6814:
6794:
6780:
6774:
6765:
6746:
6732:
6723:
6714:
6705:
6691:
6658:
6649:
6640:
6631:
6622:
6613:
6604:
6593:
6584:
6573:
6564:
6555:
6546:
6515:
6506:
6494:
6483:
6474:
6465:
6435:
6408:
6394:
6369:
6360:
6351:
6342:
6333:
6324:
6315:
6306:
6297:
6288:
6279:
6270:
6248:
6239:
6230:
6221:
6212:
6203:
6194:
6185:
6176:
6166:
6154:
6145:
6136:
6127:
6110:
6101:
6087:
6078:
6069:
6060:
6051:
6045:
6036:
6027:
6018:
5999:
5976:
5967:
3425:"Tōkyō no hisabetsuburaku no rekishi to genjō zenbun"
2327:
2260:
2242:
2233:
2227:
2208:
2156:
2132:
2126:
2117:
2104:
2083:
2074:
2068:
2058:
2034:
2028:
2002:
1981:
1975:
1965:
1938:
1932:
1923:
1871:
1864:
1858:
1852:
1846:
1830:
1820:
1811:
1790:
1720:
1711:
1686:
1680:
1674:
1665:
1659:
1653:
1647:
1641:
1635:
1625:
1612:
1602:
1543:
1537:
1511:
1501:
1495:
1462:
1456:
1450:
1444:
1405:
1399:
1389:
1383:
1369:
1359:
1321:
1296:
1290:
1262:
1256:
1227:
1199:
1193:
1175:
1166:
1156:
1122:
1112:
1046:
1036:
859:
834:
820:
812:
796:
790:
719:
705:
699:
693:
686:
680:
666:
660:
654:
645:
608:
569:
545:
443:
431:
414:
404:
387:
376:
359:
319:
302:
274:
268:
262:
233:
169:
151:
145:
3308:
Buraku Liberation and Human Rights Research Institute
3134:
Buraku Liberation and Human Rights Research Institute
2527:
2505:
2477:
2471:
2453:
1922:
since the 19th century, would reveal an individual's
2427:
1601:
Cases of social discrimination against residents of
1364:
nor improve their living standards; until recently,
6997:
6806:
6534:
6381:
6260:
5959:
5841:
5733:
5701:
5668:
5594:
5557:
5458:
5415:
5375:
5357:
5276:
5194:
5154:
5063:
5056:
5011:
4914:
4760:
4714:
4441:
electronic journal of contemporary Japanese studies
4432:Prejudice in the 21st Century: Suggestions from 21
4421:
electronic journal of contemporary Japanese studies
3153:
3151:
2703:
Electronic Journal of Contemporary Japanese Studies
2500:; ''idle/lazy/fallen/indolent people'') in
2073:should be limited to the BLL members only. Not all
2018:'s criticism of the BLL in his much-acclaimed book
1404:residents, including current residents without any
4533:Sat May 2, 2009 – Jay Alabaster, Associated Press.
4306:Neary, Ian. "Burakumin in contemporary Japan", in
1845:, to advance their rights. The Declaration of the
979:(hereditary outcastes), landless peasants and the
168:. After the feudal system was abolished, the term
4438:, discussion paper by Alastair McLauchlan in the
3770:Ichinomiya, Group K21 and Terazono (eds.) (2003).
2326:, politician and businessman who was called the "
352:, 'person from a discriminated community/hamlet')
4524:Old Japanese maps on Google Earth unveil secrets
2538:
2434:, the former outcast community of Korean society
1673:Many companies were known to have used lists of
933:leader of Japan. His rule brought out about the
772:formed as a distinct group some time during the
4370:The Japan We Never Knew: A Journey of Discovery
4308:Japan's Minorities: The Illusion of Homogeneity
3739:Japan's Minorities: The Illusion of Homogeneity
2641:. University of California Press. p. 113.
2222:After many petitions from the BLL, in 1969 the
2215:
2146:
2048:
1889:
1838:
1577:
1561:
1414:
1335:
1313:
1275:
1235:
1214:
1128:
1088:
1064:
1045:. He was a statesman and termed "the father of
942:
749:
725:
614:
590:
575:
551:
504:
482:
467:
449:
340:
325:
239:
192:
108:
79:
3337:. University of California Press. p. 92.
2860:
2858:
2856:
2727:. University of California Press. p. 86.
2140:
2042:
1957:
1571:
1555:
1421:
1329:
1307:
1282:
1261:. He transferred his resident registration to
1242:
1221:
1135:
1095:
1071:
949:
868:
756:
732:
621:
597:
582:
558:
511:
489:
474:
456:
421:
394:
366:
347:
332:
309:
246:
199:
117:
88:
50:to make improvements to the overall structure.
5936:
4653:
3797:http://www.geocities.jp/zenkairen21/01-5.html
3757:
3755:
2897:Strusiewicz, Cezary Jan (December 21, 2022).
2545:, the outcast community of Vietnam after the
2283: with: Expert expansion. You can help by
2001:is considered one of the most militant among
1725:communities were identified in the following
877:and was given the authority to supervise the
8:
5337:
4514:"Japan's Outcasts Still Wait for Acceptance"
4397:The Headquarters of Buraku Liberation League
337:, 'discriminated community (hamlet) people')
4074:"Portrait of a Tokugawa Outcaste Community"
3986:. Buraku Liberation League. September 1983.
2573:第35回 教科書から『士農工商』が消えた ー後編ー 令和3年広報うき「ウキカラ」8月号
2566:
2564:
2251:Sect of Buddhism made a speech at the "3rd
1487:, they accounted for more than 60 percent.
627:
517:
144:. The term encompasses both the historical
6538:
5943:
5929:
5921:
5563:
5554:
5541:
5060:
4911:
4898:
4711:
4660:
4646:
4638:
2828:
2826:
4416:Cooperativeness and Buraku Discrimination
3706:, London and New York: Routledge Curzon.
3685:, London and New York: Routledge Curzon.
2697:McLauchlan, Alastair (January 31, 2003).
2522:; ''nine name fishermen'' in the
208:and had the authority to issue orders to
66:Learn how and when to remove this message
7111:Simultaneous recruiting of new graduates
4418:, discussion paper by Takuya Ito in the
4261:"The Creation of the Edo Outcaste Order"
1816:account for about 60 percent of yakuza.
1806:Mitsuhiro Suganuma, an ex-member of the
1795:account for about 70% of the members of
1542:settlements built on the site of former
281:
107:feudal class which were associated with
3274:日本人は江戸時代にも｢肉｣を愛食していた 肉食を忌避していたとの通説があるが…
2961:
2773:
2560:
1490:According to a survey performed by the
819:, meaning 'non-human', was another pre-
4461:(National Buraku Liberation Alliance)→
3817:"Zenkoku chiiki jinken undō sō rengō"
3626:Kaplan, David E.; Dubro, Alec (1986).
2253:World Conference on Religion and Peace
1121:During the early Meiji era, many anti-
3997:Tim Larimer Sonobe (March 26, 2001).
3900:"Hashimoto needs a much thicker skin"
3519:Journal of Comparative Family Studies
2817:The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus
2368:, chief cabinet secretary (1998–1999)
2241:Religious discrimination against the
1443:communities chose not to register as
1085:, 'Edict Abolishing Ignoble Classes')
613:may have been descended included the
177:On the other hand, in practice, both
7:
4372:(Stoddart Publishing, Toronto: 1996)
4049:Library of Congress, Country Studies
3868:Tsutsui, Kiyoteru (August 3, 2018).
3576:"Japan's Burakumin: An Introduction"
1993:Flag of the Buraku Liberation League
1563:dōwa taisaku jigyō tokubetsu sochihō
1532:Discrimination in access to services
1301:villages in certain parts of Japan.
544:, a term now considered derogatory.
261:. In the regions of Japan where the
4110:Amos, Timothy (September 2, 2015).
3461:The House of Representatives, Japan
3050:""Burakumin" at the End of History"
2148:Zenkoku Chiiki Jinken Undō Sōrengō'
1829:As early as 1922, officials of the
1808:Public Security Intelligence Agency
4903:
4480:(Burakumin in Kyoto research data)
3843:"Shin Buddhism and the Buraku-min"
2924:OBA, Yoshirō (December 25, 2012).
2050:Zenkoku Buraku Kaihō Undō Rengōkai
1439:It is estimated that around 1,000
1295:('hamlet') coming to imply former
991:were eventually forced to join in
685:as a separate group is difficult.
653:During the 19th century, the term
574:refer to their own communities as
14:
4316:"Burakumin at the End of History"
2876:] (in Japanese). Tokyo: 平凡社.
1863:". The declaration portrayed the
776:, AD 794–1185. The permeation of
316:'Discriminated community/hamlet'
5905:
5904:
4303:(1996 Honolulu Higashi Honganji)
4301:Shin Buddhism and the Buraku-min
4151:Amos, Timothy (September 2007).
3933:(in Japanese). December 30, 2012
3358:Leslie D. Alldritt (July 2000).
3136:(in Japanese). November 20, 2004
2271:
2172:
1954:"Human Rights Promotion Centers"
1027:The most famous official of the
607:Other outcaste groups from whom
25:
3500:"Kyoto Ijin: Nadamoto Masahisa"
3281:(in Japanese). November 8, 2017
3189:OBA, Yoshirō (March 25, 2013).
3087:Meerman, Jacob (June 2, 2009).
2033:activist group is the National
6119:Light skin in Japanese culture
5546:
4474:(Burakumin research institute)
4455:(Burakumin research institute)
3651:"Speech by Mitsuhiro Suganuma"
3403:. March 15, 1997. p. 31.
2976:「士農工商」や「四民平等」の用語が使われていないことについて
2518:
2513:
2496:
2491:
1536:In many parts of the country,
964:), craftsmen, and merchants" (
809:and other members of society.
1:
5985:Blood type personality theory
5951:Japanese social concepts and
4382:Burakumin Problems Dictionary
4128:10.1080/10371397.2015.1119028
3310:(in Japanese). Archived from
3022:(in Japanese). Archived from
2985:(in Japanese). Archived from
2614:(in Japanese). Archived from
2582:(in Japanese). Archived from
1918:kept for all Japanese by the
1492:Tokyo Metropolitan Government
342:hisabetsu buraku shusshin-sha
7146:Human rights abuses in Japan
7035:Japanese blue collar workers
3841:Kasahara, Toshinori (1996).
3456:法律第六十号(昭四四・七・一〇) 同和対策事業特別措置法
2790:. Routledge. pp. 34–5.
2021:The Enigma of Japanese Power
1366:Japanese family registration
1059:. In 1871, the newly formed
1035:(1887–1966), who was born a
503:, the outcastes were termed
7117:
7103:
7064:
7055:
7046:
7027:
7018:
6979:
6970:
6961:
6952:
6944:
6935:
6926:
6916:
6907:
6898:
6889:
6878:
6861:
6852:
6843:
6834:
6815:
6795:
6781:
6775:
6766:
6747:
6733:
6724:
6715:
6706:
6692:
6659:
6650:
6641:
6632:
6623:
6614:
6605:
6594:
6585:
6574:
6565:
6556:
6547:
6516:
6507:
6495:
6484:
6475:
6466:
6436:
6409:
6395:
6370:
6361:
6352:
6343:
6334:
6325:
6316:
6307:
6298:
6289:
6280:
6271:
6249:
6240:
6231:
6222:
6213:
6204:
6195:
6186:
6177:
6167:
6155:
6146:
6137:
6128:
6111:
6102:
6088:
6079:
6070:
6061:
6052:
6046:
6037:
6028:
6019:
6000:
5977:
5968:
4265:Journal of Japanese Studies
4224:Journal of Japanese Studies
3561:Far Eastern Economic Review
3513:Morgan, Charlie V. (2007).
3485:Far Eastern Economic Review
3129:明治初年における斃牛馬処理制とと畜業 -兵庫の事例から
2786:McCormack, Noah Y. (2012).
2528:
2506:
2478:
2472:
2454:
2428:
2328:
2307:, founder and president of
2261:
2243:
2234:
2228:
2226:changed its opinion on the
2209:
2157:
2147:
2133:
2127:
2118:
2105:
2101:Non-Government Organization
2084:
2075:
2069:
2059:
2049:
2035:
2029:
2003:
1982:
1976:
1966:
1939:
1933:
1924:
1890:
1872:
1865:
1859:
1853:
1847:
1839:
1831:
1821:
1812:
1791:
1721:
1712:
1687:
1681:
1675:
1666:
1660:
1654:
1648:
1642:
1636:
1626:
1613:
1603:
1578:
1562:
1544:
1538:
1512:
1506:neighbor. There is still a
1502:
1496:
1463:
1457:
1451:
1445:
1415:
1406:
1400:
1390:
1384:
1370:
1360:
1336:
1322:
1314:
1297:
1291:
1276:
1263:
1257:
1236:
1228:
1215:
1200:
1194:
1176:
1167:
1157:
1129:
1123:
1113:
1089:
1065:
1047:
1037:
943:
860:
835:
821:
813:
797:
791:
750:
726:
720:
706:
700:
694:
687:
681:
667:
661:
655:
646:
615:
609:
591:
576:
570:
552:
546:
505:
483:
468:
461:, 'assimilation districts')
450:
444:
432:
415:
405:
388:
377:
360:
341:
326:
320:
303:
275:
269:
263:
240:
234:
193:
170:
152:
146:
109:
80:
7207:
7171:Identity politics in Japan
4752:Weberian (three-component)
3802:December 23, 2008, at the
3741:, London: Routledge p. 66
3364:Journal of Buddhist Ethics
3333:Hankins, Joseph D (2014).
2833:Orbaugh, Sharalyn (2007).
2811:Toriyama, Hiroshi (2021).
2723:Hankins, Joseph D (2014).
2637:Hankins, Joseph D (2014).
2362:, writer, critic, and poet
1980:Liberation League and the
1803:crime syndicate in Japan.
1685:. The average income of a
1354:, this did not end social
527:an abundance of defilement
401:'Unliberated communities'
6541:
6096:Japanese political values
5900:
5566:
5553:
5540:
4910:
4897:
4710:
4681:
4594:10.1080/10357829808713193
4201:Stanford University Press
4169:10.1080/10371390701494168
4072:Amos, Timothy P. (2006).
3926:「橋下徹は部落の鬼っ子」 部落解放同盟委員長に聞く
3913:, October 28, 2012, p. 9.
3905:January 12, 2013, at the
3093:. Routledge. p. 98.
2141:
2043:
1958:
1810:, testified in 2006 that
1572:
1556:
1426:, assimilation districts)
1422:
1330:
1308:
1283:
1243:
1222:
1136:
1096:
1072:
950:
889:, as well as in parts of
869:
757:
733:
659:was invented to name the
622:
598:
583:
559:
512:
490:
475:
457:
422:
395:
367:
348:
333:
310:
247:
200:
118:
89:
5874:Pre-industrial East Asia
4563:10.1080/0305006840200305
4498:(Burakumin rights group)
4492:(Burakumin rights group)
4486:(Burakumin rights group)
4377:
4259:Groemer, Gerald (2001).
4199:. Stanford, California:
4027:
4023:
3981:"Buraku Liberation News"
3925:
3818:
3607:
3455:
3426:
3392:
3302:
3273:
3233:
3193:北海道炭鉱汽船(株)百年の経営史と経営者像(三)
3192:
3159:
3128:
3009:
2975:
2869:
2670:Harvard University Press
2662:Frédéric, Louis (2002).
2606:
2572:
2379:Buraku Liberation League
2165:Religious discrimination
2065:Japanese Communist Party
1999:Buraku Liberation League
1885:Buraku Liberation League
1619:Buraku Liberation League
1396:Buraku Liberation League
1029:Buraku Liberation League
479:, 'assimilation issues')
7181:Discrimination in Japan
7176:Social history of Japan
7040:Japanese business terms
7012:Business card etiquette
6823:Japanese street fashion
4922:Administrative detainee
4467:Zenkoku Jinken Ren Blog
4218:Fowler, Edward (2000).
3876:Oxford University Press
3232:"'Eta kari' ni tsuite"
3116:– Emily A. Su-lan Reber
2395:Discrimination in Japan
41:. The reason given is:
5338:
4360:The Broken Commandment
4098:on September 28, 2023.
4011:on September 30, 2007.
3393:図説 今日の部落差別 各地の実態調査結果より
2865:Harada, Nobuo (1993).
2839:. BRILL. p. 393.
2539:
2389:Departures (2008 film)
2384:Feudal Japan hierarchy
2220:
2125:On March 3, 2004, the
2093:, put 29 in hospital.
1994:
1909:During the 1960s, the
1394:ancestry, whereas the
1063:government issued the
1052:
7161:Japanese caste system
7156:Demographics of Japan
7072:Labor unions in Japan
5879:Pre-industrial Europe
4550:Comparative Education
4529:May 26, 2009, at the
4384:]. 解放出版社(Kaihou).
4332:10.1353/sor.2003.0019
4310:, Michael Weiner, ed.
4299:Kasahara, Toshinori.
4197:The Meiji Restoration
3574:Alastair McLaughlan.
3399:] (in Japanese).
3378:on November 25, 2005.
2476:('small people') and
2458:) ('boat people') in
2406:Human rights in Japan
2205:Jōdo Shinshū Buddhism
1992:
1597:Social discrimination
1516:, and some lingering
1249:, among other terms.
1208:Tokyo Imperial Palace
1109:, Emancipation Edict)
1026:
1019:End of the feudal era
537:an abundance of filth
442:A term used much for
162:Tokugawa class system
16:Japanese ethnic group
7191:Class discrimination
5960:Sociocultural values
5736: or countries
5547:By country or region
4785:Class discrimination
4581:Asian Studies Review
4065:Alldritt, Leslie D.
3531:10.3138/jcfs.38.1.31
2989:on November 30, 2023
2532:('music people') in
2316:, politician of the
2131:announced that "the
2063:, affiliated to the
1287:, 'special hamlets')
1271:from Osaka and won.
1130:Kaihōrei-hantai-ikki
939:neo-Confucian theory
833:regarded beggars as
718:The predecessors to
644:. The definition of
7077:Lifetime employment
6429:Japanese honorifics
5268:Vanniar (Chieftain)
4444:, January 31, 2003.
4424:, October 31, 2005.
4314:Neary, Ian (2003).
4193:Beasley, William G.
4024:ユニクロ・柳井が封印した「一族」の物語
3657:. October 19, 2006.
3048:NEARY, IAN (2003).
2672:Reference Library.
2318:Nippon Ishin no Kai
2103:, but in 1991, the
2039:Liberation Alliance
1920:Ministry of Justice
1520:in matters such as
841:restroom attendants
778:Buddhism into Japan
602:, 'village people')
481:or, less commonly,
327:hisabetsu-burakumin
284:
48:editing the article
7082:Management culture
6502:Sitting positions
5849:18th-century Spain
5703:Standard of living
5407:Upper middle class
5402:Lower middle class
4993:Political prisoner
4775:Chattering classes
4747:Spoon class theory
4518:The New York Times
4507:The New York Times
4081:East Asian History
3999:"Head of the Pack"
3160:部落解放反対一揆にみる民衆意識の諸相
2870:歴史のなかの米と肉 食物と天皇・差別
2665:Japan Encyclopedia
2586:on August 30, 2023
2332:liberation father"
2324:Jiichirō Matsumoto
2158:Zenkoku Jinken Ren
2016:Karel van Wolferen
1995:
1891:Buraku Kaihō Dōmei
1785:and Alec Dubro in
1624:Prejudice against
1580:dōwa taisaku jigyō
1485:Fukuoka Prefecture
1346:Post-war situation
1053:
1043:Fukuoka prefecture
1033:Jiichirō Matsumoto
831:Tokugawa shogunate
714:Historical origins
589:and themselves as
550:towns were termed
494:, 'hamlet issues')
428:'Special hamlets'
282:
158:Japan's feudal era
7128:
7127:
6993:
6992:
6038:Hara hachi bun me
6008:Celibacy syndrome
5918:
5917:
5896:
5895:
5892:
5891:
5729:
5728:
5536:
5535:
5532:
5531:
5528:
5527:
5430:Lumpenproletariat
4932:illegal immigrant
4893:
4892:
4805:Classless society
4102:Amos, Timothy P.
4083:(32/33): 83–108.
3957:ikizama shinizama
3586:on April 30, 2006
3563:. pp. 28–29.
3488:. pp. 28–29.
3427:東京の被差別部落の歴史と現状・全文
3100:978-1-135-97281-3
2846:978-90-04-15546-6
2301:
2300:
2210:Zenkoku-suiheisha
2202:
2201:
1777:Yakuza membership
1461:. In some areas,
1247:, 'new citizens')
1180:began to work in
1057:Meiji restoration
440:
439:
156:outcasts. During
97:/village people')
76:
75:
68:
38:layout guidelines
7198:
7151:Society of Japan
7120:
7106:
7067:
7058:
7049:
7030:
7021:
6982:
6973:
6964:
6955:
6947:
6938:
6929:
6919:
6910:
6901:
6892:
6881:
6864:
6855:
6846:
6837:
6818:
6798:
6796:Yamato nadeshiko
6784:
6778:
6769:
6755:Net cafe refugee
6750:
6736:
6727:
6718:
6709:
6695:
6676:
6662:
6653:
6644:
6635:
6626:
6617:
6608:
6597:
6588:
6577:
6568:
6559:
6550:
6539:
6519:
6510:
6498:
6487:
6478:
6469:
6460:
6439:
6424:Honorific speech
6419:Dining etiquette
6412:
6398:
6373:
6364:
6355:
6346:
6337:
6328:
6319:
6310:
6301:
6292:
6283:
6274:
6252:
6243:
6234:
6225:
6216:
6207:
6198:
6189:
6180:
6170:
6158:
6149:
6140:
6131:
6114:
6105:
6091:
6082:
6073:
6064:
6055:
6049:
6040:
6031:
6022:
6003:
5980:
5971:
5945:
5938:
5931:
5922:
5908:
5907:
5735:
5636:Mexican-American
5564:
5555:
5542:
5343:
5286:Business magnate
5176:Knowledge worker
5061:
4949:dual or multiple
4912:
4899:
4853:Social exclusion
4848:Social cleansing
4762:
4712:
4701:Economic classes
4662:
4655:
4648:
4639:
4634:
4605:
4574:
4385:
4355:Shimazaki, Toson
4351:
4296:
4255:
4214:
4188:
4157:Japanese Studies
4147:
4116:Japanese Studies
4099:
4097:
4091:. Archived from
4078:
4047:originally from
4032:
4031:
4019:
4013:
4012:
4007:. Archived from
3994:
3988:
3987:
3985:
3977:
3971:
3970:
3949:
3943:
3942:
3940:
3938:
3931:Business Journal
3920:
3914:
3898:Brasor, Philip,
3896:
3890:
3889:
3865:
3859:
3858:
3856:
3854:
3845:. Archived from
3838:
3832:
3831:
3829:
3827:
3813:
3807:
3793:
3787:
3777:
3771:
3768:
3762:
3759:
3750:
3735:
3729:
3721:
3715:
3700:
3694:
3679:
3673:
3672:
3665:
3659:
3658:
3638:
3632:
3631:
3623:
3617:
3616:
3615:on May 22, 2006.
3602:
3596:
3595:
3593:
3591:
3582:. Archived from
3571:
3565:
3564:
3556:
3550:
3549:
3547:
3545:
3510:
3504:
3503:
3496:
3490:
3489:
3479:
3473:
3472:
3470:
3468:
3450:
3444:
3443:
3441:
3439:
3421:
3415:
3414:
3386:
3380:
3379:
3374:. Archived from
3355:
3349:
3348:
3330:
3324:
3323:
3321:
3319:
3297:
3291:
3290:
3288:
3286:
3279:Toyo keizai Inc.
3268:
3262:
3261:
3259:
3257:
3240:
3227:
3221:
3220:
3218:
3216:
3186:
3180:
3179:
3155:
3146:
3145:
3143:
3141:
3123:
3117:
3111:
3105:
3104:
3084:
3078:
3077:
3045:
3039:
3038:
3036:
3034:
3028:
3015:
3005:
2999:
2998:
2996:
2994:
2971:
2965:
2959:
2953:
2952:
2950:
2948:
2921:
2915:
2914:
2912:
2910:
2894:
2888:
2887:
2862:
2851:
2850:
2830:
2821:
2820:
2808:
2802:
2801:
2783:
2777:
2771:
2765:
2764:
2762:
2760:
2745:
2739:
2738:
2720:
2714:
2713:
2711:
2709:
2694:
2688:
2687:
2659:
2653:
2652:
2634:
2628:
2627:
2625:
2623:
2618:on March 7, 2024
2602:
2596:
2595:
2593:
2591:
2568:
2544:
2531:
2520:
2515:
2511:
2498:
2493:
2481:
2475:
2457:
2433:
2331:
2296:
2293:
2275:
2268:
2264:
2246:
2237:
2231:
2212:
2197:
2194:
2176:
2169:
2160:
2154:
2153:
2150:
2144:
2143:
2136:
2130:
2121:
2108:
2091:Hyōgo Prefecture
2087:
2078:
2072:
2062:
2056:
2055:
2052:
2046:
2045:
2038:
2032:
2027:The other major
2006:
1985:
1979:
1969:
1963:
1961:
1960:
1942:
1936:
1934:hisabetsu buraku
1927:
1897:
1896:
1893:
1875:
1868:
1862:
1856:
1850:
1844:
1842:
1834:
1832:hisabetsu buraku
1824:
1815:
1794:
1724:
1715:
1690:
1684:
1678:
1669:
1663:
1657:
1651:
1645:
1639:
1629:
1616:
1606:
1592:
1590:
1588:
1575:
1574:
1567:
1565:
1559:
1558:
1547:
1541:
1515:
1505:
1499:
1477:Kōchi Prefecture
1466:
1460:
1454:
1448:
1427:
1425:
1424:
1418:
1409:
1403:
1393:
1387:
1373:
1363:
1341:
1339:
1333:
1332:
1325:
1319:
1317:
1311:
1310:
1300:
1294:
1288:
1286:
1285:
1279:
1269:election of 1890
1266:
1260:
1248:
1246:
1245:
1239:
1233:
1231:
1225:
1224:
1218:
1205:
1197:
1179:
1170:
1160:
1150:
1148:
1147:
1146:
1132:
1126:
1116:
1110:
1108:
1107:
1106:
1092:
1086:
1084:
1083:
1082:
1068:
1066:Senmin Haishirei
1050:
1040:
955:
953:
952:
946:
876:
874:
873:
863:
838:
824:
818:
800:
794:
771:
769:
768:
767:
753:
747:
745:
744:
743:
729:
723:
709:
703:
697:
690:
684:
670:
664:
658:
649:
643:
641:
638:
635:
632:
629:
625:
624:
618:
612:
603:
601:
600:
594:
588:
586:
585:
579:
573:
564:
562:
561:
555:
549:
543:
541:
538:
535:
531:
528:
525:
522:
519:
515:
514:
508:
495:
493:
492:
486:
480:
478:
477:
471:
462:
460:
459:
453:
447:
435:
425:
424:
418:
408:
398:
397:
391:
380:
373:'Hamlet people'
370:
369:
363:
353:
351:
350:
344:
338:
336:
335:
329:
323:
321:Hisabetsu-buraku
313:
312:
306:
304:Hisabetsu-buraku
285:
278:
272:
266:
252:
250:
249:
243:
238:is derived from
237:
207:
205:
204:
196:
173:
155:
149:
123:
121:
120:
114:
98:
92:
91:
85:
71:
64:
60:
57:
51:
29:
28:
21:
7206:
7205:
7201:
7200:
7199:
7197:
7196:
7195:
7166:Japanese values
7131:
7130:
7129:
7124:
6989:
6802:
6760:Parasite single
6670:
6535:Types of people
6530:
6524:Other positions
6454:
6403:Bowing in Japan
6386:
6377:
6256:
6250:Yamato-damashii
5990:Brother complex
5955:
5949:
5919:
5914:
5888:
5837:
5725:
5697:
5664:
5648:Underprivileged
5590:
5549:
5548:
5524:
5454:
5411:
5371:
5353:
5272:
5190:
5150:
5052:
5007:
4906:
4905:
4889:
4868:Social position
4858:Social mobility
4756:
4706:
4677:
4676:
4666:
4623:10.2307/2643462
4608:
4577:
4546:
4541:Digital Journal
4531:Wayback Machine
4393:
4388:
4379:
4375:
4320:Social Research
4313:
4277:10.2307/3591967
4258:
4217:
4211:
4191:
4150:
4109:
4095:
4076:
4071:
4061:
4041:
4036:
4035:
4029:
4025:
4021:
4020:
4016:
3996:
3995:
3991:
3983:
3979:
3978:
3974:
3967:
3953:Mikuni, Rentaro
3951:
3950:
3946:
3936:
3934:
3927:
3922:
3921:
3917:
3911:The Japan Times
3907:Wayback Machine
3897:
3893:
3886:
3867:
3866:
3862:
3852:
3850:
3840:
3839:
3835:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3815:
3814:
3810:
3804:Wayback Machine
3794:
3790:
3778:
3774:
3769:
3765:
3760:
3753:
3736:
3732:
3722:
3718:
3701:
3697:
3680:
3676:
3667:
3666:
3662:
3655:Japanese Yakuza
3649:
3646:Wayback Machine
3639:
3635:
3625:
3624:
3620:
3609:
3604:
3603:
3599:
3589:
3587:
3573:
3572:
3568:
3558:
3557:
3553:
3543:
3541:
3512:
3511:
3507:
3498:
3497:
3493:
3481:
3480:
3476:
3466:
3464:
3457:
3452:
3451:
3447:
3437:
3435:
3434:on June 6, 2011
3428:
3423:
3422:
3418:
3411:
3394:
3388:
3387:
3383:
3357:
3356:
3352:
3345:
3332:
3331:
3327:
3317:
3315:
3314:on May 22, 2006
3304:
3299:
3298:
3294:
3284:
3282:
3275:
3270:
3269:
3265:
3255:
3253:
3245:(in Japanese).
3238:
3235:
3229:
3228:
3224:
3214:
3212:
3200:(in Japanese).
3194:
3188:
3187:
3183:
3166:(in Japanese).
3164:Nara Law Review
3161:
3157:
3156:
3149:
3139:
3137:
3130:
3125:
3124:
3120:
3112:
3108:
3101:
3086:
3085:
3081:
3054:Social Research
3047:
3046:
3042:
3032:
3030:
3029:on June 6, 2023
3026:
3013:
3011:
3007:
3006:
3002:
2992:
2990:
2977:
2973:
2972:
2968:
2960:
2956:
2946:
2944:
2923:
2922:
2918:
2908:
2906:
2903:Tokyo Weekender
2896:
2895:
2891:
2884:
2871:
2864:
2863:
2854:
2847:
2832:
2831:
2824:
2810:
2809:
2805:
2798:
2785:
2784:
2780:
2772:
2768:
2758:
2756:
2747:
2746:
2742:
2735:
2722:
2721:
2717:
2707:
2705:
2696:
2695:
2691:
2684:
2661:
2660:
2656:
2649:
2636:
2635:
2631:
2621:
2619:
2608:
2604:
2603:
2599:
2589:
2587:
2574:
2570:
2569:
2562:
2557:
2414:
2401:Racism in Japan
2397:
2375:
2354:Manabu Miyazaki
2297:
2291:
2288:
2281:needs expansion
2266:
2198:
2192:
2189:
2182:needs expansion
2167:
2151:
2138:
2053:
2040:
1987:
1955:
1911:Sayama Incident
1894:
1887:
1851:encouraged the
1836:
1827:
1825:rights movement
1783:David E. Kaplan
1779:
1599:
1582:
1569:
1553:
1534:
1419:
1380:
1348:
1327:
1305:
1280:
1240:
1219:
1171:s were killed.
1140:
1133:
1100:
1093:
1076:
1069:
1021:
947:
929:and became the
915:Tokugawa Ieyasu
911:
866:
845:prison officers
761:
754:
746:, lowly people)
737:
730:
716:
677:
639:
636:
633:
630:
619:
595:
580:
556:
539:
536:
533:
529:
526:
523:
520:
509:
487:
472:
454:
448:settlements is
345:
330:
244:
230:
197:
122:, 'defilement')
115:
101:Japanese people
86:
72:
61:
55:
52:
46:Please help by
45:
30:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
7204:
7202:
7194:
7193:
7188:
7183:
7178:
7173:
7168:
7163:
7158:
7153:
7148:
7143:
7133:
7132:
7126:
7125:
7123:
7122:
7113:
7108:
7099:
7094:
7089:
7084:
7079:
7074:
7069:
7060:
7051:
7042:
7037:
7032:
7023:
7014:
7009:
7003:
7001:
6995:
6994:
6991:
6990:
6988:
6987:
6986:
6985:
6975:
6966:
6957:
6940:
6931:
6921:
6903:
6894:
6885:
6884:
6883:
6873:
6868:
6867:
6866:
6857:
6848:
6830:
6820:
6810:
6808:
6804:
6803:
6801:
6800:
6791:
6786:
6771:
6762:
6757:
6752:
6743:
6738:
6729:
6720:
6711:
6702:
6697:
6688:
6683:
6678:
6664:
6655:
6646:
6637:
6628:
6619:
6610:
6601:
6600:
6599:
6581:
6580:
6579:
6570:
6561:
6542:
6536:
6532:
6531:
6529:
6528:
6527:
6526:
6521:
6512:
6500:
6491:
6490:
6489:
6480:
6462:
6448:
6443:
6442:
6441:
6431:
6421:
6416:
6415:
6414:
6400:
6390:
6388:
6379:
6378:
6376:
6375:
6366:
6357:
6348:
6339:
6330:
6321:
6312:
6303:
6294:
6285:
6276:
6266:
6264:
6258:
6257:
6255:
6254:
6245:
6236:
6227:
6218:
6209:
6200:
6191:
6182:
6173:
6162:
6161:
6160:
6151:
6142:
6133:
6123:Mental states
6121:
6116:
6107:
6098:
6093:
6084:
6075:
6066:
6062:Ichi-go ichi-e
6057:
6042:
6033:
6024:
6015:
6010:
6005:
5996:
5994:Sister complex
5987:
5982:
5973:
5963:
5961:
5957:
5956:
5950:
5948:
5947:
5940:
5933:
5925:
5916:
5915:
5913:
5912:
5901:
5898:
5897:
5894:
5893:
5890:
5889:
5887:
5886:
5881:
5876:
5871:
5869:Ottoman Empire
5866:
5861:
5856:
5854:Ancient Greece
5851:
5845:
5843:
5839:
5838:
5836:
5835:
5830:
5828:United Kingdom
5825:
5820:
5815:
5810:
5805:
5800:
5795:
5790:
5785:
5780:
5775:
5770:
5765:
5760:
5755:
5750:
5745:
5739:
5737:
5731:
5730:
5727:
5726:
5724:
5723:
5721:Home-ownership
5718:
5713:
5707:
5705:
5699:
5698:
5696:
5695:
5690:
5685:
5680:
5674:
5672:
5666:
5665:
5663:
5662:
5661:
5660:
5655:
5645:
5644:
5643:
5638:
5633:
5623:
5622:
5621:
5616:
5611:
5600:
5598:
5592:
5591:
5589:
5588:
5583:
5578:
5576:American Dream
5573:
5567:
5561:
5551:
5550:
5545:
5538:
5537:
5534:
5533:
5530:
5529:
5526:
5525:
5523:
5522:
5517:
5508:
5503:
5498:
5489:
5480:
5475:
5470:
5464:
5462:
5456:
5455:
5453:
5452:
5447:
5442:
5437:
5432:
5427:
5421:
5419:
5413:
5412:
5410:
5409:
5404:
5399:
5394:
5393:
5392:
5381:
5379:
5373:
5372:
5370:
5369:
5363:
5361:
5355:
5354:
5352:
5351:
5344:
5335:
5330:
5325:
5320:
5319:
5318:
5313:
5303:
5298:
5293:
5288:
5282:
5280:
5274:
5273:
5271:
5270:
5261:
5256:
5251:
5246:
5241:
5236:
5231:
5226:
5221:
5216:
5211:
5206:
5200:
5198:
5192:
5191:
5189:
5188:
5183:
5178:
5173:
5172:
5171:
5160:
5158:
5152:
5151:
5149:
5148:
5143:
5142:
5141:
5136:
5135:
5134:
5119:
5118:
5117:
5112:
5104:
5103:
5102:
5092:
5087:
5082:
5081:
5080:
5069:
5067:
5058:
5054:
5053:
5051:
5050:
5045:
5040:
5035:
5030:
5025:
5019:
5017:
5009:
5008:
5006:
5005:
5000:
4995:
4990:
4988:Migrant worker
4985:
4980:
4979:
4978:
4968:
4967:
4966:
4961:
4956:
4951:
4941:
4940:
4939:
4934:
4924:
4918:
4916:
4908:
4907:
4904:By demographic
4902:
4895:
4894:
4891:
4890:
4888:
4887:
4884:Status Anxiety
4880:
4875:
4870:
4865:
4860:
4855:
4850:
4845:
4840:
4838:Ranked society
4835:
4830:
4817:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4780:Class conflict
4777:
4772:
4766:
4764:
4763: topics
4758:
4757:
4755:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4737:Mudsill theory
4734:
4729:
4724:
4718:
4716:
4708:
4707:
4705:
4704:
4697:
4690:
4682:
4679:
4678:
4675:
4674:
4668:
4667:
4665:
4664:
4657:
4650:
4642:
4636:
4635:
4617:(5): 487–504.
4606:
4575:
4544:
4534:
4521:
4511:
4499:
4493:
4487:
4481:
4478:京都部落問題研究資料センター
4475:
4469:
4456:
4453:ひょうご部落解放・人権研究所
4450:
4445:
4425:
4413:
4404:
4399:
4392:
4391:External links
4389:
4387:
4386:
4373:
4363:
4352:
4326:(1): 269–294.
4311:
4304:
4297:
4271:(2): 263–293.
4256:
4236:10.2307/133390
4215:
4209:
4189:
4163:(2): 155–171.
4148:
4122:(3): 331–353.
4107:
4100:
4069:
4062:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4034:
4033:
4030:(in Japanese).
4014:
3989:
3972:
3965:
3955:(March 2006).
3944:
3915:
3891:
3884:
3860:
3849:on May 3, 2005
3833:
3808:
3788:
3772:
3763:
3751:
3730:
3716:
3695:
3674:
3660:
3633:
3618:
3597:
3566:
3551:
3505:
3491:
3474:
3445:
3416:
3409:
3381:
3350:
3343:
3325:
3292:
3263:
3222:
3181:
3147:
3118:
3106:
3099:
3079:
3060:(1): 269–270.
3040:
3000:
2966:
2954:
2916:
2889:
2882:
2852:
2845:
2822:
2803:
2796:
2778:
2766:
2754:CIRJE F-Series
2740:
2733:
2715:
2689:
2682:
2676:. p. 93.
2654:
2647:
2629:
2597:
2559:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2552:
2551:
2550:
2549:
2547:Fall of Saigon
2536:
2526:River region,
2447:
2441:
2435:
2423:Untouchability
2420:
2413:
2410:
2409:
2408:
2403:
2396:
2393:
2392:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2374:
2371:
2370:
2369:
2363:
2360:Kenji Nakagami
2357:
2351:
2348:Rentarō Mikuni
2345:
2339:
2333:
2321:
2314:Tōru Hashimoto
2311:
2299:
2298:
2278:
2276:
2265:
2257:
2200:
2199:
2179:
2177:
2166:
2163:
2111:United Nations
2098:United Nations
1986:
1973:
1826:
1818:
1799:, the largest
1797:Yamaguchi-gumi
1778:
1775:
1598:
1595:
1533:
1530:
1518:discrimination
1382:The number of
1379:
1376:
1356:discrimination
1347:
1344:
1277:tokushu buraku
1020:
1017:
910:
907:
715:
712:
676:
673:
438:
437:
433:Tokushu buraku
429:
426:
419:
416:Tokushu buraku
411:
410:
406:Mikaihō-buraku
402:
399:
392:
389:Mikaihō-buraku
384:
383:
374:
371:
364:
356:
355:
317:
314:
307:
299:
298:
295:
292:
289:
229:
226:
134:slaughterhouse
74:
73:
33:
31:
24:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7203:
7192:
7189:
7187:
7184:
7182:
7179:
7177:
7174:
7172:
7169:
7167:
7164:
7162:
7159:
7157:
7154:
7152:
7149:
7147:
7144:
7142:
7139:
7138:
7136:
7121:
7119:
7114:
7112:
7109:
7107:
7105:
7100:
7098:
7095:
7093:
7090:
7088:
7085:
7083:
7080:
7078:
7075:
7073:
7070:
7068:
7066:
7061:
7059:
7057:
7052:
7050:
7048:
7043:
7041:
7038:
7036:
7033:
7031:
7029:
7024:
7022:
7020:
7015:
7013:
7010:
7008:
7007:Black company
7005:
7004:
7002:
7000:
6996:
6984:
6981:
6976:
6974:
6972:
6967:
6965:
6963:
6958:
6956:
6954:
6948:
6946:
6941:
6939:
6937:
6932:
6930:
6928:
6922:
6920:
6918:
6913:
6912:
6911:
6909:
6904:
6902:
6900:
6895:
6893:
6891:
6886:
6882:
6880:
6874:
6872:
6869:
6865:
6863:
6858:
6856:
6854:
6849:
6847:
6845:
6840:
6839:
6838:
6836:
6831:
6829:
6826:
6825:
6824:
6821:
6819:
6817:
6812:
6811:
6809:
6805:
6799:
6797:
6792:
6790:
6787:
6785:
6783:
6777:
6772:
6770:
6768:
6763:
6761:
6758:
6756:
6753:
6751:
6749:
6744:
6742:
6739:
6737:
6735:
6730:
6728:
6726:
6721:
6719:
6717:
6712:
6710:
6708:
6703:
6701:
6698:
6696:
6694:
6689:
6687:
6686:Herbivore men
6684:
6682:
6679:
6677:
6674:
6669:
6665:
6663:
6661:
6656:
6654:
6652:
6647:
6645:
6643:
6638:
6636:
6634:
6629:
6627:
6625:
6620:
6618:
6616:
6611:
6609:
6607:
6602:
6598:
6596:
6591:
6590:
6589:
6587:
6582:
6578:
6576:
6571:
6569:
6567:
6562:
6560:
6558:
6553:
6552:
6551:
6549:
6548:Shinoukoushou
6544:
6543:
6540:
6537:
6533:
6525:
6522:
6520:
6518:
6513:
6511:
6509:
6504:
6503:
6501:
6499:
6497:
6492:
6488:
6486:
6481:
6479:
6477:
6472:
6471:
6470:
6468:
6463:
6461:
6458:
6453:
6449:
6447:
6444:
6440:
6438:
6432:
6430:
6427:
6426:
6425:
6422:
6420:
6417:
6413:
6411:
6406:
6405:
6404:
6401:
6399:
6397:
6392:
6391:
6389:
6384:
6380:
6374:
6372:
6367:
6365:
6363:
6358:
6356:
6354:
6349:
6347:
6345:
6340:
6338:
6336:
6335:Mono no aware
6331:
6329:
6327:
6322:
6320:
6318:
6313:
6311:
6309:
6304:
6302:
6300:
6295:
6293:
6291:
6286:
6284:
6282:
6277:
6275:
6273:
6268:
6267:
6265:
6263:
6259:
6253:
6251:
6246:
6244:
6242:
6237:
6235:
6233:
6228:
6226:
6224:
6219:
6217:
6215:
6210:
6208:
6206:
6201:
6199:
6197:
6192:
6190:
6188:
6183:
6181:
6179:
6174:
6172:
6171:
6169:
6163:
6159:
6157:
6152:
6150:
6148:
6143:
6141:
6139:
6134:
6132:
6130:
6125:
6124:
6122:
6120:
6117:
6115:
6113:
6108:
6106:
6104:
6099:
6097:
6094:
6092:
6090:
6085:
6083:
6081:
6080:Ishin-denshin
6076:
6074:
6072:
6067:
6065:
6063:
6058:
6056:
6054:
6048:
6043:
6041:
6039:
6034:
6032:
6030:
6025:
6023:
6021:
6016:
6014:
6011:
6009:
6006:
6004:
6002:
5997:
5995:
5991:
5988:
5986:
5983:
5981:
5979:
5974:
5972:
5970:
5965:
5964:
5962:
5958:
5954:
5946:
5941:
5939:
5934:
5932:
5927:
5926:
5923:
5911:
5903:
5902:
5899:
5885:
5882:
5880:
5877:
5875:
5872:
5870:
5867:
5865:
5862:
5860:
5857:
5855:
5852:
5850:
5847:
5846:
5844:
5840:
5834:
5833:United States
5831:
5829:
5826:
5824:
5821:
5819:
5816:
5814:
5811:
5809:
5806:
5804:
5801:
5799:
5796:
5794:
5791:
5789:
5786:
5784:
5781:
5779:
5776:
5774:
5771:
5769:
5766:
5764:
5761:
5759:
5756:
5754:
5751:
5749:
5746:
5744:
5741:
5740:
5738:
5734:Other regions
5732:
5722:
5719:
5717:
5714:
5712:
5709:
5708:
5706:
5704:
5700:
5694:
5691:
5689:
5686:
5684:
5681:
5679:
5676:
5675:
5673:
5671:
5667:
5659:
5656:
5654:
5651:
5650:
5649:
5646:
5642:
5639:
5637:
5634:
5632:
5629:
5628:
5627:
5624:
5620:
5617:
5615:
5612:
5610:
5607:
5606:
5605:
5602:
5601:
5599:
5597:
5593:
5587:
5584:
5582:
5579:
5577:
5574:
5572:
5569:
5568:
5565:
5562:
5560:
5559:United States
5556:
5552:
5543:
5539:
5521:
5518:
5516:
5512:
5509:
5507:
5504:
5502:
5499:
5497:
5493:
5490:
5488:
5484:
5481:
5479:
5476:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5466:
5465:
5463:
5461:
5457:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5428:
5426:
5423:
5422:
5420:
5418:
5414:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5400:
5398:
5395:
5391:
5388:
5387:
5386:
5383:
5382:
5380:
5378:
5374:
5368:
5365:
5364:
5362:
5360:
5356:
5350:
5349:
5345:
5342:
5341:
5336:
5334:
5331:
5329:
5326:
5324:
5321:
5317:
5314:
5312:
5309:
5308:
5307:
5304:
5302:
5299:
5297:
5294:
5292:
5289:
5287:
5284:
5283:
5281:
5279:
5275:
5269:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5201:
5199:
5197:
5193:
5187:
5184:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5170:
5167:
5166:
5165:
5162:
5161:
5159:
5157:
5153:
5147:
5144:
5140:
5137:
5133:
5130:
5129:
5128:
5125:
5124:
5123:
5120:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5107:
5105:
5101:
5098:
5097:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5083:
5079:
5076:
5075:
5074:
5071:
5070:
5068:
5066:
5062:
5059:
5055:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5010:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4998:Socioeconomic
4996:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4977:
4974:
4973:
4972:
4969:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4946:
4945:
4942:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4929:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4919:
4917:
4913:
4909:
4900:
4896:
4886:
4885:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4873:Social stigma
4871:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4863:Social orphan
4861:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4828:
4823:
4822:
4821:Nouveau riche
4818:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4795:Class traitor
4793:
4791:
4790:Class society
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4767:
4765:
4759:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4727:Gilbert model
4725:
4723:
4720:
4719:
4717:
4713:
4709:
4703:
4702:
4698:
4696:
4695:
4691:
4689:
4688:
4684:
4683:
4680:
4673:
4670:
4669:
4663:
4658:
4656:
4651:
4649:
4644:
4643:
4640:
4632:
4628:
4624:
4620:
4616:
4612:
4607:
4603:
4599:
4595:
4591:
4588:(2): 157–73.
4587:
4583:
4582:
4576:
4572:
4568:
4564:
4560:
4557:(3): 339–53.
4556:
4552:
4551:
4545:
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4435:
4431:
4428:Solving Anti-
4426:
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4414:
4412:
4410:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
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4229:
4225:
4221:
4216:
4212:
4210:0-8047-0815-0
4206:
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4198:
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4186:
4182:
4178:
4174:
4170:
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4141:
4137:
4133:
4129:
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4113:
4108:
4105:
4101:
4094:
4090:
4086:
4082:
4075:
4070:
4068:
4064:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4054:
4053:Shindharmanet
4050:
4046:
4038:
4018:
4015:
4010:
4006:
4005:
4000:
3993:
3990:
3982:
3976:
3973:
3968:
3966:4-8454-2071-6
3962:
3958:
3954:
3948:
3945:
3932:
3928:
3919:
3916:
3912:
3908:
3904:
3901:
3895:
3892:
3887:
3885:9780190853129
3881:
3877:
3873:
3872:
3864:
3861:
3848:
3844:
3837:
3834:
3821:
3812:
3809:
3805:
3801:
3798:
3792:
3789:
3786:
3785:4-7592-4116-7
3782:
3776:
3773:
3767:
3764:
3761:Upham (1987).
3758:
3756:
3752:
3748:
3747:0-415-15218-6
3744:
3740:
3734:
3731:
3727:
3726:Takarajimasha
3720:
3717:
3713:
3712:0-415-20856-4
3709:
3705:
3699:
3696:
3692:
3691:0-415-20856-4
3688:
3684:
3678:
3675:
3670:
3664:
3661:
3656:
3652:
3647:
3643:
3637:
3634:
3629:
3622:
3619:
3614:
3610:
3606:"Dōwa chiku"
3601:
3598:
3585:
3581:
3577:
3570:
3567:
3562:
3555:
3552:
3540:
3536:
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3524:
3520:
3516:
3509:
3506:
3501:
3495:
3492:
3487:
3486:
3478:
3475:
3463:(in Japanese)
3462:
3458:
3449:
3446:
3433:
3429:
3420:
3417:
3412:
3410:4-7592-0193-9
3406:
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3344:9780520959163
3340:
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3051:
3044:
3041:
3025:
3021:
3020:
3012:
3004:
3001:
2988:
2984:
2983:
2982:Tokyo Shoseki
2978:
2970:
2967:
2963:
2958:
2955:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2920:
2917:
2905:(in Japanese)
2904:
2900:
2893:
2890:
2885:
2883:4-582-84147-3
2879:
2875:
2868:
2861:
2859:
2857:
2853:
2848:
2842:
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2837:
2829:
2827:
2823:
2818:
2814:
2807:
2804:
2799:
2797:9781136283673
2793:
2789:
2782:
2779:
2776:, p. 97.
2775:
2770:
2767:
2755:
2751:
2744:
2741:
2736:
2734:9780520959163
2730:
2726:
2719:
2716:
2704:
2700:
2693:
2690:
2685:
2683:9780674017535
2679:
2675:
2674:Belknap Press
2671:
2667:
2666:
2658:
2655:
2650:
2648:9780520959163
2644:
2640:
2633:
2630:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2601:
2598:
2585:
2581:
2580:
2579:Uki, Kumamoto
2575:
2567:
2565:
2561:
2554:
2548:
2543:
2542:
2537:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2521:
2519:jiǔxìng yúmín
2510:
2509:
2508:jiuxing yumin
2503:
2499:
2489:
2485:
2480:
2474:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2448:
2445:
2442:
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2436:
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2431:
2426:
2425:
2424:
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2419:
2416:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2376:
2372:
2367:
2366:Hiromu Nonaka
2364:
2361:
2358:
2355:
2352:
2349:
2346:
2343:
2342:Toru Matsuoka
2340:
2337:
2336:Ryu Matsumoto
2334:
2330:
2325:
2322:
2319:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2306:
2305:Tadashi Yanai
2303:
2302:
2295:
2286:
2282:
2279:This section
2277:
2274:
2270:
2269:
2263:
2258:
2256:
2254:
2250:
2245:
2239:
2236:
2230:
2225:
2219:
2214:
2211:
2206:
2196:
2187:
2183:
2180:This section
2178:
2175:
2171:
2170:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2149:
2135:
2129:
2123:
2120:
2114:
2112:
2109:informed the
2107:
2102:
2099:
2094:
2092:
2086:
2080:
2077:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2051:
2037:
2031:
2025:
2023:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2008:
2005:
2000:
1991:
1984:
1978:
1974:
1972:
1968:
1952:
1950:
1946:
1941:
1935:
1929:
1926:
1921:
1915:
1912:
1907:
1905:
1901:
1892:
1886:
1882:
1877:
1874:
1867:
1861:
1855:
1849:
1841:
1833:
1823:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1802:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1784:
1781:According to
1776:
1774:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1723:
1717:
1714:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1692:
1689:
1683:
1677:
1671:
1668:
1662:
1656:
1650:
1644:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1622:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1596:
1594:
1589:
1586:
1581:
1564:
1550:
1546:
1540:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1508:social stigma
1504:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1465:
1459:
1453:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1435:
1431:
1417:
1411:
1408:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1386:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1353:
1345:
1343:
1338:
1324:
1316:
1302:
1299:
1293:
1278:
1272:
1270:
1265:
1259:
1254:
1250:
1238:
1230:
1217:
1211:
1209:
1204:
1203:
1196:
1189:
1187:
1183:
1178:
1172:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1155:when "former
1154:
1144:
1139:
1131:
1125:
1119:
1115:
1104:
1099:
1091:
1080:
1075:
1067:
1062:
1058:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1030:
1025:
1018:
1016:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
995:settlements (
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
973:
969:
968:
963:
959:
945:
944:Shi-nō-kō-shō
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
908:
906:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
872:
862:
857:
852:
850:
846:
842:
837:
832:
828:
823:
817:
816:
810:
808:
804:
799:
793:
788:
783:
779:
775:
765:
760:
752:
741:
736:
728:
722:
713:
711:
708:
702:
696:
689:
683:
679:Defining the
674:
672:
669:
663:
657:
651:
648:
617:
611:
605:
593:
587:, 'villages')
578:
572:
566:
554:
548:
507:
502:
497:
485:
484:buraku mondai
470:
464:
452:
446:
434:
430:
427:
420:
417:
413:
412:
407:
403:
400:
393:
390:
386:
385:
379:
375:
372:
365:
362:
358:
357:
343:
328:
322:
318:
315:
308:
305:
301:
300:
296:
293:
290:
287:
286:
280:
277:
271:
265:
260:
256:
242:
236:
227:
225:
223:
219:
215:
211:
203:
195:
190:
189:
184:
180:
175:
172:
167:
163:
159:
154:
148:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
113:
112:
106:
102:
96:
84:
83:
70:
67:
59:
49:
44:
40:
39:
34:This article
32:
23:
22:
19:
7087:Nenko system
6999:Work culture
6789:Yakuza ranks
6666:
6630:
6450:
6387:social norms
6165:
5884:Soviet Union
5859:Ancient Rome
5716:Homelessness
5641:Upper Middle
5513: /
5494: /
5485: /
5450:Working poor
5346:
5333:Robber baron
5156:Intellectual
5146:Royal family
5110:Ancient Rome
4964:second-class
4882:
4825:
4824: /
4819:
4815:High society
4722:Elite theory
4699:
4692:
4685:
4672:Social class
4614:
4611:Asian Survey
4610:
4585:
4579:
4554:
4548:
4540:
4517:
4505:
4440:
4433:
4429:
4420:
4408:
4381:
4369:
4366:Suzuki, D.T.
4358:
4323:
4319:
4307:
4300:
4268:
4264:
4227:
4223:
4196:
4160:
4156:
4119:
4115:
4103:
4093:the original
4080:
4066:
4044:
4043:
4039:Bibliography
4017:
4009:the original
4002:
3992:
3975:
3956:
3947:
3937:February 17,
3935:. Retrieved
3930:
3918:
3910:
3894:
3870:
3863:
3851:. Retrieved
3847:the original
3836:
3824:. Retrieved
3811:
3791:
3775:
3766:
3738:
3733:
3719:
3703:
3698:
3682:
3677:
3663:
3654:
3642:Ghostarchive
3640:Archived at
3636:
3627:
3621:
3613:the original
3600:
3588:. Retrieved
3584:the original
3579:
3569:
3560:
3554:
3542:. Retrieved
3525:(1): 31–54.
3522:
3518:
3508:
3494:
3483:
3477:
3465:. Retrieved
3460:
3448:
3436:. Retrieved
3432:the original
3419:
3396:
3389:
3384:
3376:the original
3363:
3353:
3334:
3328:
3316:. Retrieved
3312:the original
3307:
3295:
3283:. Retrieved
3278:
3266:
3254:. Retrieved
3242:
3225:
3213:. Retrieved
3201:
3197:
3184:
3176:120005847717
3167:
3163:
3138:. Retrieved
3133:
3121:
3109:
3089:
3082:
3057:
3053:
3043:
3031:. Retrieved
3024:the original
3017:
3003:
2991:. Retrieved
2987:the original
2980:
2969:
2964:, p. 22
2962:Beasley 1972
2957:
2945:. Retrieved
2933:
2929:
2919:
2907:. Retrieved
2902:
2892:
2873:
2866:
2835:
2816:
2806:
2787:
2781:
2774:Meerman 2009
2769:
2757:. Retrieved
2753:
2743:
2724:
2718:
2706:. Retrieved
2702:
2692:
2664:
2657:
2638:
2632:
2620:. Retrieved
2616:the original
2611:
2600:
2588:. Retrieved
2584:the original
2577:
2517:
2495:
2486:, Gaibu and
2464:Fuzhou Tanka
2289:
2285:adding to it
2280:
2240:
2223:
2221:
2216:
2203:
2190:
2186:adding to it
2181:
2124:
2115:
2095:
2081:
2026:
2019:
2013:
2009:
1996:
1971:discussion.
1953:
1930:
1916:
1908:
1881:World War II
1878:
1828:
1805:
1786:
1780:
1718:
1693:
1672:
1646:marry a non-
1623:
1600:
1551:
1535:
1489:
1440:
1438:
1412:
1381:
1378:Demographics
1352:caste system
1349:
1303:
1273:
1253:Nakae Chōmin
1251:
1212:
1190:
1173:
1120:
1054:
1051:liberation".
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
971:
965:
961:
960:, peasants (
930:
912:
887:Izu Province
883:Kanto region
879:hisabetsumin
878:
855:
853:
849:executioners
811:
806:
802:
786:
774:Heian period
717:
678:
652:
606:
592:mura-no-mono
567:
498:
465:
441:
231:
221:
217:
213:
209:
186:
182:
178:
176:
126:executioners
81:
77:
62:
53:
42:
35:
18:
7092:Office lady
6890:Netto-uyoku
6807:Subcultures
6734:Kyōiku mama
6671: [
6455: [
6446:Gift-giving
5803:New Zealand
5520:Untouchable
5445:Proletariat
5435:Pea-pickers
5385:Bourgeoisie
5073:Aristocracy
4959:naturalized
4954:native-born
4496:部落解放同盟全国連合会
4463:全国地域人権運動総連合
4459:全国部落解放運動連合会
4430:Burakujūmin
4368:, Oiwa, K.
4230:(1): 1–39.
3959:. ロングセラーズ.
3819:全国地域人権運動総連合
3580:Japan Focus
3544:January 12,
3318:February 2,
3251:40016155268
3170:(3): 1–30.
3019:Shimonoseki
3010:人権意識のアップデート
2759:January 12,
2708:January 12,
2142:全国地域人権運動総連合
2044:全国部落解放運動連合会
1727:prefectures
1583: [
1557:同和対策事業特別措置法
1549:standards.
1237:shin-heimin
1141: [
1111:. However,
1101: [
1077: [
905:Provinces.
854:Within the
762: [
738: [
499:During the
469:dōwa mondai
297:Annotation
228:Terminology
164:during the
130:undertakers
7135:Categories
7065:Kyariaūman
6828:Genderless
6693:Hikikomori
6476:Giri choco
6262:Aesthetics
6196:Omotenashi
5793:Luxembourg
5683:Inequality
5348:Superclass
5139:Hereditary
5115:Post-Roman
5106:Patrician
4976:adolescent
4800:Classicide
4057:BLHRRI.Org
3285:October 8,
3256:October 8,
3215:October 6,
3198:北海学園大学学園論集
3140:October 6,
2947:October 6,
2930:北海学園大学学園論集
2555:References
2292:April 2023
1632:employment
1526:employment
1446:dōwa chiku
1416:dōwa chiku
1410:ancestry.
1374:ancestry.
1226:, 'former
935:Edo period
909:Edo Period
707:dōwa chiku
675:Definition
501:feudal era
451:dōwa chiku
166:Edo period
124:, such as
56:April 2023
7141:Burakumin
7097:Salaryman
7028:Ho-Ren-Sō
6917:Akiba-kei
6748:Otokonoko
6633:Burakumin
6383:Etiquette
6353:Wabi-sabi
6290:Jo-ha-kyū
6187:Nemawashi
6178:Mottainai
6089:Isagiyosa
5818:Sri Lanka
5711:Education
5678:Household
5571:Affluence
5506:Rat tribe
5468:Ant tribe
5440:Precariat
5425:Lazzaroni
5367:Bohemians
5328:Overclass
5323:Old money
5259:Spartiate
5234:Kshatriya
5224:Hashashin
5181:Professor
5122:Political
5095:Oligarchy
5085:Hanseaten
5003:Stateless
4983:Convicted
4915:By status
4878:Subaltern
4810:Euthenics
4742:New class
4602:144197076
4436:Residents
4409:Burakumin
4348:142516741
4340:1944-768X
4285:0095-6848
4244:0095-6848
4185:144444326
4177:1037-1397
4144:146819883
4136:1037-1397
4089:1036-6008
4045:Main text
3467:August 7,
3438:April 29,
3372:1076-9005
3243:立命館大学経済学会
3234:「穢多狩」について
3210:0385-7271
3066:0037-783X
2942:0385-7271
2909:April 18,
2490:(To min;
2460:Guangdong
2430:Baekjeong
2262:burakumin
2244:burakumin
2235:Zenkairen
2229:burakumin
2193:June 2021
2128:Zenkairen
2119:Zenkairen
2106:Zenkairen
2085:Zenkairen
2076:burakumin
2070:burakumin
2060:Zenkairen
2014:In 1990,
2004:burakumin
1983:Zenkairen
1967:burakumin
1940:Burakumin
1904:communist
1900:socialist
1873:Suiheisha
1866:burakumin
1854:burakumin
1848:Suiheisha
1840:Suiheisha
1822:Burakumin
1813:burakumin
1792:burakumin
1755:Fukushima
1722:burakumin
1708:Hiroshima
1682:burakumin
1667:burakumin
1661:burakumin
1655:burakumin
1649:burakumin
1643:burakumin
1513:burakumin
1503:burakumin
1497:burakumin
1469:Yoshikawa
1464:burakumin
1458:burakumin
1452:burakumin
1385:burakumin
1371:burakumin
1361:burakumin
1337:suiheisha
1274:The term
1258:burakumin
1202:Yamabushi
1182:abattoirs
1163:commoners
1114:burakumin
1038:burakumin
1013:burakumin
1009:burakumin
1001:burakumin
972:burakumin
913:In 1603,
865:Danzaemon
822:burakumin
807:burakumin
803:burakumin
724:, called
721:burakumin
701:burakumin
695:burakumin
688:Burakumin
682:burakumin
656:burakumin
637:non-human
571:burakumin
532: or
378:Burakumin
361:Burakumin
264:burakumin
235:burakumin
232:The term
194:Danzaemon
171:burakumin
136:workers,
82:burakumin
7118:Zaibatsu
7056:Keiretsu
6953:Shotacon
6927:moe zoku
6899:Omorashi
6816:Bōsōzoku
6725:Jouhatsu
6651:Chūnibyō
6624:Bishōnen
6223:Tsundoku
6129:Fudōshin
6112:Kotodama
6020:Gekokujō
5910:Category
5842:Historic
5763:Colombia
5753:Cambodia
5688:Personal
5586:Mobility
5515:Freedman
5501:Plebeian
5487:Prisoner
5473:Commoner
5359:Creative
5340:Seigneur
5306:Nobility
5264:Vanniyar
5249:Pendekar
5209:Cossacks
4843:Snobbery
4715:Theories
4527:Archived
4195:(1972).
3903:Archived
3853:July 26,
3826:July 29,
3800:Archived
3644:and the
3539:41604121
3230:畑中, 敏之.
3074:40971613
3033:March 7,
2993:March 7,
2622:March 7,
2612:Kotobank
2590:March 7,
2502:Zhejiang
2373:See also
2259:Notable
2224:Honganji
1959:人権啓発センター
1945:Hokkaidō
1789:(1986),
1767:Ishikawa
1751:Yamagata
1731:Hokkaido
1658:and non-
1522:marriage
1430:Hokkaido
1358:against
1186:butchers
1124:Kaihōrei
1090:Kaihōrei
1003:and the
962:hyakushō
931:de facto
349:被差別部落出身者
294:Meaning
255:Japanese
138:butchers
99:are the
7104:Shinise
7047:Karoshi
6962:Reki-jo
6945:Lolicon
6936:Fujoshi
6924:Figure
6876:Visual
6844:Ganguro
6681:Freeter
6615:Bishōjo
6595:Sukeban
6566:Shizoku
6434:Manual
6396:Aizuchi
6214:Sontaku
6205:Shuhari
6156:Zanshin
6147:Shoshin
6053:tatemae
6001:Bushido
5813:Romania
5808:Nigeria
5693:Poverty
5596:Classes
5581:History
5492:Peasant
5478:Outcast
5417:Working
5397:Burgher
5254:Samurai
5244:Ocēlōtl
5204:Chhetri
5196:Warrior
5186:Scholar
5100:Russian
5090:Magnate
5078:Aristoi
5057:By type
4944:Citizen
4937:refugee
4833:Poverty
4827:Parvenu
4761:Related
4732:Marxian
4694:Stratum
4631:2643462
4571:3098878
4472:部落問題研究所
4293:3591967
2541:Bụi đời
2524:Yangtze
2497:duò mín
2484:Jiangsu
2412:General
2350:, actor
2232:issue.
1949:Okinawa
1771:Okinawa
1216:kyu-eta
1184:and as
1153:Okayama
1138:解放令反対一揆
1127:riots (
958:samurai
827:samurai
631:
553:etamura
521:
202:ja:弾左衛門
142:tanners
7186:Yakuza
6983:fandom
6871:Lolita
6853:Gyaruo
6776:Senpai
6767:Sensei
6716:Ikemen
6707:Iemoto
6642:Chikan
6586:Banchō
6575:Heimin
6557:Kazoku
6496:Kamiza
6410:Dogeza
6344:Shibui
6317:Miyabi
6299:Kawaii
6138:Mushin
6103:Kaizen
6071:Ikigai
6029:Hansei
5953:values
5768:France
5748:Belize
5743:Africa
5670:Income
5626:Middle
5619:Gentry
5483:Outlaw
5390:Petite
5377:Middle
5311:Landed
5296:Gentry
5229:Knight
5169:Priest
5164:Clergy
5127:Family
5065:Ruling
5014:collar
4971:Clique
4687:Status
4629:
4600:
4569:
4490:全日本同和会
4434:Buraku
4378:部落問題事典
4346:
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4252:133390
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4207:
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4106:(2011)
4087:
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3689:
3590:May 8,
3537:
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3249:
3208:
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2529:yoh-hu
2488:Duomin
2479:mianhu
2473:si-min
2468:Fujian
2329:buraku
2309:Uniqlo
2134:buraku
2036:Buraku
2030:buraku
1977:Buraku
1925:buraku
1879:After
1801:yakuza
1769:, and
1763:Toyama
1743:Miyagi
1735:Aomori
1713:buraku
1706:, and
1688:buraku
1676:buraku
1637:buraku
1627:buraku
1614:buraku
1609:Kansai
1604:buraku
1573:同和対策事業
1539:buraku
1441:buraku
1434:Tōhoku
1407:buraku
1401:buraku
1391:buraku
1323:buraku
1292:buraku
1264:buraku
1048:buraku
997:buraku
967:chōnin
923:shogun
919:daimyo
903:Mikawa
895:Suruga
885:, the
798:kawata
782:Shinto
727:kawata
610:buraku
445:buraku
334:被差別部落民
291:Kanji
288:Roman
283:Terms
276:buraku
270:buraku
259:hamlet
241:buraku
140:, and
111:kegare
95:hamlet
7019:Haken
6908:Otaku
6862:Kogal
6835:Gyaru
6782:kōhai
6675:]
6668:Ebune
6660:Denpa
6606:Bijin
6517:Seiza
6508:Agura
6485:Ninjō
6459:]
6437:keigo
6371:Yūgen
6232:Ukiyo
6047:Honne
5864:Aztec
5823:Tibet
5798:Nepal
5788:Italy
5778:India
5773:Haiti
5758:China
5658:Under
5653:Lower
5631:Black
5614:Donor
5609:Black
5604:Upper
5511:Slave
5460:Under
5316:Petty
5291:Elite
5278:Upper
5219:Harii
5214:Cuāuh
5048:White
5028:Green
4927:Alien
4770:Caste
4627:JSTOR
4598:S2CID
4567:JSTOR
4484:自由同和会
4380:[
4344:S2CID
4289:JSTOR
4248:JSTOR
4181:S2CID
4140:S2CID
4096:(PDF)
4077:(PDF)
3984:(PDF)
3535:JSTOR
3395:[
3239:(PDF)
3070:JSTOR
3027:(PDF)
3014:(PDF)
2872:[
2455:danhu
2450:Tanka
2444:Cagot
2438:Dalit
2418:Caste
2218:life.
2057:, or
1759:Tokyo
1747:Akita
1739:Iwate
1704:Hyogo
1700:Kyoto
1696:Osaka
1587:]
1479:. In
1475:) in
1473:Kōnan
1471:(now
1145:]
1105:]
1081:]
1074:賤民廃止令
1061:Meiji
1005:hinin
989:hinin
981:hinin
927:fiefs
899:Mutsu
856:hinin
847:, or
836:hinin
815:Hinin
766:]
742:]
668:hinin
647:hinin
616:hinin
568:Some
396:未解放部落
311:被差別部落
222:hinin
214:hinin
183:hinin
153:hinin
105:Meiji
6980:Yaoi
6971:Wota
6779:and
6741:NEET
6700:Idol
6467:Giri
6452:Gimu
6362:Yabo
6272:Ensō
6168:Miai
6050:and
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5978:Amae
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5783:Iran
5496:Serf
5301:Lord
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5132:List
5043:Pink
5033:Grey
5023:Blue
5012:By "
4407:The
4336:ISSN
4281:ISSN
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4055:and
4028:週刊現代
4004:Time
3961:ISBN
3939:2013
3880:ISBN
3855:2005
3828:2019
3781:ISBN
3743:ISBN
3708:ISBN
3687:ISBN
3608:同和地区
3592:2006
3546:2023
3469:2020
3440:2010
3405:ISBN
3368:ISSN
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3320:2020
3303:同和地区
3287:2020
3258:2020
3247:NAID
3217:2020
3206:ISSN
3172:NAID
3142:2020
3095:ISBN
3062:ISSN
3035:2024
2995:2024
2949:2020
2938:ISSN
2911:2023
2878:ISBN
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2792:ISBN
2761:2023
2729:ISBN
2710:2023
2678:ISBN
2643:ISBN
2624:2024
2607:弾座衛門
2592:2024
2514:九姓魚民
2249:Sōtō
2082:The
1997:The
1947:and
1902:and
1524:and
1432:and
1423:同和地区
1315:dōwa
1284:特殊部落
956:of "
951:士農工商
901:and
871:弾左衛門
858:and
665:and
628:lit.
577:mura
518:lit.
491:部落問題
476:同和問題
458:同和地区
423:特殊部落
253:, a
220:and
212:and
188:koku
181:and
150:and
78:The
6879:kei
6385:and
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6281:Iki
5038:New
4619:doi
4590:doi
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2934:154
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2155:or
1860:eta
1719:No
1545:eta
1481:Ōtō
1331:水平社
1298:eta
1244:新平民
1229:eta
1223:旧穢多
1195:eta
1177:eta
1168:eta
1158:eta
1098:解放令
1041:in
993:eta
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891:Kai
861:eta
792:eta
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751:eta
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735:かわた
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599:村の者
560:穢多村
547:Eta
506:eta
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