65:
299:
284:
368:. Nearly twenty-five thousand rural inhabitants had to go to areas near Union camps or leave the state; their houses were burned to prevent them from returning; altogether, twenty-two hundred square miles of western Missouri became a desolation by the end of September 1863. A minister, George Miller, who lived in Kansas City, wrote, "For miles and miles we saw nothing but lone chimneys. It seemed like a vast cemetery – not a living thing to break the silence." The District of the Border became known as the "burnt district".
495:, and the murder of cashier John W. Sheets. During Jesse James's flight from the scene, he declared that he had killed Samuel P. Cox and had taken revenge for Bloody Bill Anderson's death. (Cox lived in Gallatin, and the killer apparently mistook Sheets for the former militia officer.) Throughout James' criminal career, he often wrote to the newspapers portraying himself as a bushwhacker, and rallying the support of former Confederates and other Missourians who were harmed by Federal authorities during the Civil War and
439:
276:
1925:
42:
1935:
422:, in retaliation for the earlier execution of a number of Anderson's own men. In an ambush of pursuing Union forces shortly thereafter, the bushwhackers killed well over 100 Federal troops. In October 1864, Anderson was lured into an ambush and killed in the ensuing battle by soldiers of the pro-Union
381:
Wasted farms, deserted cabins, lone chimneys marking the sites where dwellings have been destroyed by fire, and yards, gardens and fields overgrown with weeds and bushes are everywhere within view. The traveler soon ceases to wonder when he sees the charred remains of burnt buildings, and wonders
1314:
Noted guerrillas, or The warfare of the border. Being a history of the lives and adventures of
Quantrell, Bill Anderson, George Todd, Dave Poole, Fletcher Taylor, Peyton Long, Oll Shepherd, Arch Clements, John Maupin, Tuck and Woot Hill, Wm. Gregg, Thomas Maupin, the James brothers, the Younger
118:
on both sides. While bushwhackers conducted well-organized raids against the military, the most dire of the attacks involved ambushes of individuals and house raids in rural areas. In the countryside, the actions were particularly inflammatory since they frequently amounted to fighting between
309:
The conflict with
Confederate bushwhackers rapidly escalated into a succession of atrocities committed in Missouri. Hostage-taking and banishment were employed by local District and Union commanders to punish secessionist sympathizers. Individual families, including that of Jesse and
321:
Union troops often executed or tortured suspects without trial and burned the homes of guerrillas and those suspected of aiding or harboring them. If official credentials were doubted, the suspects were often executed, as in the case of Lt. Col.
253:
to recruit in northeast
Missouri. Missouri guerrillas frequently assisted Confederate recruiters in Union-held territory. For the most part, however, Missouri's bushwhacker squads were self-organized groups of young men, predominantly from the
53:
266:
rivers. They independently organized and fought against
Federal forces and their Unionist neighbors, both in Kansas and Missouri. Their actions were in retaliation for what they considered a Federal invasion of their home state.
1324:
Autobiography of the renowned
Missouri "Bushwhacker", and unconquerable Rob Roy of America; being his complete confession recently made to the writers and carefully compiled ... with all the facts connected with his early
466:
cavalrymen. In the course of the war, James' mother and sister were arrested, his stepfather tortured, and his family banished temporarily from
Missouri by state militiamen— all Unionist Missourians.
232:
In
Missouri, however, secessionist bushwhackers operated outside of the Confederate chain of command. On occasion, a prominent bushwhacker commander might receive formal Confederate rank, as in the case of
221:
operated as an adjunct to conventional military operations. The title adopted by the
Confederate government in formally authorizing such insurgents was "partisan ranger". One of them was Col.
458:, to unarmed Unionist civilians. The single confirmed instance of his exchanging fire with Federal troops from another state occurred a month after the 1865 surrender of Confederate General
454:
began to fight as an insurgent in 1864. During months of often intense combat, he battled only fellow
Missourians, ranging from Missouri regiments of U.S. Volunteer troops, to state
438:
1051:
1961:
1394:
1143:
353:
two years earlier, in which the town was set aflame and at least nine men killed, and for the deaths of five female relatives of bushwhackers killed in the collapse of a
386:
In other areas of
Missouri, properties were also pillaged and destroyed by both warring sides since atrocities during the Civil War were in many ways a continuation of
1996:
848:
966:
892:
382:
rather when he beholds a house yet standing that it also did not disappear in the general conflagration. Such was the terrible intensity of the recent civil war ...
64:
91:
and other conflicts in which there were large areas of contested land and few governmental resources to control these tracts. This was particularly prevalent in
1443:
1016:
1976:
1928:
415:
218:
76:
1217:
68:
John Nichols, a bushwacker who operated in Johnson and Pettis Counties in 1862–1863, prior to his execution in Jefferson City, Missouri, October 30, 1863
1938:
1857:
1844:
721:
1981:
360:
To end guerrilla raids into Kansas, the Union commander of the District of the Border, which comprised counties along the Missouri-Kansas state line,
1885:
173:
1849:
1387:
496:
298:
255:
487:
and his brothers. In December 1869, Jesse James became the most famous of this group when he emerged as the prime suspect in the robbery of the
1869:
1834:
1448:
1342:
1026:
1829:
733:
691:
1741:
950:
146:
1103:
1991:
1403:
1380:
158:
154:
142:
138:
1255:
976:
830:
475:
After the end of the war, the survivors of Anderson's band (including the James brothers) remained together under the leadership of
283:
185:
150:
1966:
1003:
Charles W. Quantrell: a True History of His Guerrilla Warfare On the Missouri And Kansas Border During the Civil War of 1861-1865
515:
330:. Bushwhackers retaliated by ambushing federal soldiers and frequently going house to house and executing Unionist sympathizers.
229:
and northern Virginia. He also raided to the north in Kentucky and Tennessee. Partisan rangers were also authorized in Arkansas.
1189:
1862:
423:
1469:
842:
479:, one of Anderson's lieutenants. In February 1866, they began a series of armed robberies. This group became known as the
1731:
1685:
407:
100:
35:
1629:
1593:
1573:
1552:
1532:
1502:
1052:"Of Eyes and Teeth: The Trial of George Maddox, the Raid on Lawrence, and the Bloodstained Verdict of the Guerrilla War"
844:
Copperheads, Secesh Men, and Confederate Guerillas: Pro-Confederate Activities in Santa Cruz County During the Civil War
686:
1905:
1680:
1670:
1578:
1557:
1537:
365:
291:
1517:
749:
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1001:
579:
80:
345:, burning the town and murdering some 150 men in Lawrence. Bushwhackers justified the raid as retaliation for the
1705:
1690:
1613:
1583:
1527:
557:, a former Union brigadier general, who was attempting to arrest them. Among those suspected of his killing was
1971:
1700:
1639:
1608:
1603:
1522:
488:
483:, after the death or capture of the older outlaws (including Clement) and the addition of former bushwhacker
364:, ordered the total depopulation of Jackson, Cass, Bates, and northern Vernon counties in Missouri under his
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1464:
554:
242:
1427:
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1986:
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46:
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1492:
1422:
935:
535:
507:
419:
411:
238:
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137:(1861–1865). It became particularly associated with the pro-Confederate secessionist guerrillas of
1018:
The Devil Knows How To Ride: The True Story Of William Clarke Quantril And His Confederate Raiders
1736:
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651:
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372:
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246:
30:
For the tool resembling a long-handled billhook and also referred to as a sling blade, see
1910:
1417:
764:
625:
features a gang known as the Lemoyne Raiders, who operate as neo-Confederate bushwhackers.
527:
387:
107:. The term "bushwhacking" is still in use today to describe ambushes done with the aim of
275:
1800:
1769:
676:
661:
646:
523:
476:
259:
250:
57:
27:
Form of guerrilla warfare during the American Revolutionary War, and American Civil War
410:
of September 27, 1864, in which 24 unarmed Union soldiers were pulled from a train in
1955:
1839:
1372:
459:
427:
162:
305:
depicted the devastation brought down upon the Missouri countryside by the Civil War
41:
1161:"Guerrillas, Jayhawkers and Bushwhackers in Northern Arkansas During the Civil War"
656:
519:
484:
315:
31:
1130:
Caught between three fires: Cass County, Mo., Chaos, & Order No. 11, 1860–1865
403:
333:
One of the most vicious actions during the Civil War by the bushwhackers was the
95:
during the Civil War where there were sharp divisions between those favoring the
543:
451:
311:
84:
779:
607:
depicts the activities of bushwhackers during and after the American Civil War.
539:
522:, known as "James" or "Jim Henry", was killed in a shootout with a posse from
510:
with a price on their heads for the November 1864 "Copperhead Murders" in the
200:
189:
92:
1315:
brothers, Arthur McCoy, and numerous other well known guerrillas of the West.
810:
The Heart of Confederate Appalachia: Western North Carolina in the Civil War.
968:
Inside War: The Guerrilla Conflict in Missouri During the American Civil War
938:. Civil War on the Western Border: The Missouri-Kansas Conflict, 1854-1865.
463:
447:
128:
17:
1248:
Inside War: The Guerrilla Conflict in Missouri onto the American Civil War.
908:
Quantrill's war: the life and times of William Clarke Quantrill, 1837-1865.
52:
1334:
Financial Fraud and Guerrilla Violence in Missouri's Civil War, 1861-1865
350:
1364:
Cinders and Silence: A Chronicle of Missouri's Burnt District, 1854-1870
865:
Civil War on the Western Border: The Missouri-Kansas Conflict, 1854–1865
188:
used the name in the same manner. Several bushwhacker bands operated in
1348:
455:
237:. Or they might receive written orders from a Confederate general, as
141:, where such warfare was most intense. Guerrilla warfare also wracked
922:
Bloody Bill Anderson: The Short, Savage Life of a Civil War Guerrilla
797:
Bushwhackers! The Civil War in North Carolina: Vol. II The Mountains.
671:
538:
was killed by a fellow gang member for the reward in April 1866 near
196:
610:
Bushwhackers appear in the side-stories of the 2004 HBO TV series
437:
297:
282:
274:
63:
51:
40:
823:
Alabama Scoundrels: Outlaws, Pirates, Bandits & Bushwhackers.
1350:
The UnCivil War: Irregular Warfare in the Upper South, 1861-1865
897:. Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. Combat Studies Institute Press, 2012
1376:
1206:
Black Flag: Guerrilla Warfare on the Western Border, 1861–1865
632:
1116:
Cinders and Silence: A Chronicle of Missouri's Burnt District
894:
Third War. Irregular Warfare on the Western Border, 1862–1865
371:
The Missouri–Arkansas border had been desolated as well. The
314:
and the maternal grandparents and mother of future President
103:
in the conflict. The perpetrators of the attacks were called
446:
The guerrilla conflict in Missouri was, in many respects, a
1268:"Frank and Jesse James Court Documents from Daviess County"
1167:, Vol. IV, No. 4, Spring 1991 / Vol. V, No. 1, Summer 1991.
989:
American Civil War Guerillas: Changing the Rules of Warfare
203:". They were involved in cross-border raids into Missouri.
1296:
Hero of the Red River: The Life and Times of Joseph Bailey
1219:
The Civil War in Missouri, 1861-1865: a war within the war
631:, a wrestling tag team from New Zealand, were part of the
1328:. Jefferson City, Mo.: State Times Printing House, 1870.
799:
Greensboro, North Carolina: Signal Research, Inc., 1988.
1144:"Civil War: Order No. 11 reduced border to a wasteland"
971:. New York: Oxford University Press, 1989, pp. 126–128.
1133:. Harrisonville, Missouri: Burnt District Press, 2010.
1118:. Harrisonville, Missouri: Burnt District Press, 2013.
812:
Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2000.
430:. Anderson's body was displayed following his death.
133:
The term "bushwhacker" came into wide use during the
577:
Bushwhackers are the primary focus of the 1999 film
1898:
1878:
1820:
1813:
1783:
1757:
1750:
1718:
1653:
1622:
1566:
1485:
1478:
1457:
1436:
1410:
1353:. Norman, Okla.: University of Oklahoma Press, 2004
1180:. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 1958.
879:
The Partisan Rangers of the Confederate States Army
1282:Frank and Jesse James: The Story Behind the Legend
780:"Bushwhacking - a system of warfare and execution"
1222:, The Civil war centennial Commission in Missouri
553:, a band of bushwhackers shot and killed Sheriff
184:who attacked Union forces. Residents of southern
1039:Bloody Dawn: The Story of the Lawrence Massacre.
406:perpetrated by Confederate bushwhackers was the
734:"Civil War: Guerillas, Jayhawkers, Bushwackers*
379:
225:, who carried out raids on Union forces in the
1298:. Friendship, Wisconsin: New Past Press, 2007.
1096:"Order No. 11 and the Civil War on the Border"
1041:Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press, 1991.
882:. Louisville, Ky.: G. G. Fetter Company, 1904.
119:neighbors, often to settle personal accounts.
1388:
765:"Missouri Bushwhackers – Attacks Upon Kansas"
561:, who once rode with Anderson and Quantrill.
123:Union Jayhawkers and Confederate bushwhackers
8:
876:Johnson, Adam Rankin, and William J. Davis.
1962:Guerrilla warfare in the American Civil War
1208:. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press
991:. Santa Barbara, California: Praeger, 2013.
1817:
1754:
1482:
1395:
1381:
1373:
808:Inscoe, John C. & Gordon B. McKinney.
1190:Centralia Massacre and Battle Reenactment
241:did in October 1864 during a large-scale
1234:Jesse James: Last Rebel of the Civil War
1178:Frontier State at War. Kansas, 1861–1865
114:Bushwhackers were generally part of the
1997:Western (genre) staples and terminology
738:White River Valley Historical Quarterly
714:
1318:St. Louis, H.W. Brand & Co., 1879.
586:The bushwhackers are a major focus of
502:After the end of the war in 1865, the
1250:Oxford University Press, pp. 61–143.
847:. Santa Cruz Public Libraries, 1991.
462:, during a near-fatal encounter with
7:
1934:
442:Jesse James at about 16 years of age
245:incursion into Missouri, or as when
1000:Trow, Harrison, and Burch, John P.
1977:Missouri in the American Civil War
1404:Missouri in the American Civil War
1237:. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2002.
45:Notorious Confederate bushwhacker
25:
1102:Vol. 57, July 1963, pp. 357–368.
951:"Gallery: Anti-Guerrilla Actions"
740:, Volume 2, Number 4, Summer 1965
692:Captain Ingram's Partisan Rangers
526:on September 14 of that year, in
514:of three men they believed to be
1982:Kansas in the American Civil War
1933:
1924:
1923:
1021:. New York: Random House, 1996.
919:Albert Castel and Tom Goodrich.
750:"Life of a Guerilla in Missouri"
195:Pro-Union guerrilla fighters in
168:In some areas, particularly the
60:, Dave Pool, and Bill Hendricks.
1337:. Yale University Press, 2010.
1194:Boone County Historical Society
1006:. Kansas, City, Missouri, 1923.
318:, were banished from Missouri.
1071:The Kansas City Public Library
940:The Kansas City Public Library
1:
821:Kelly Kazek, and Wil Elrick.
594:of "Bloody Bill" Anderson by
341:led a raid in August 1863 on
36:Bushwhackers (disambiguation)
867:. Kansas City Public Library
687:Knights of the Golden Circle
374:Little Rock Arkansas Gazette
258:-holding counties along the
161:(including the new state of
1470:Price's Missouri Expedition
1100:Missouri Historical Review,
1085:, Missouri State University
754:The Missouri History Museum
2013:
732:Ingenthron, Charles Elmo.
633:World Wrestling Federation
426:under the command of Col.
210:
165:), among other locations.
126:
81:American Revolutionary War
29:
1992:Guerrilla warfare by type
1919:
1246:Fellman, Michael (1990).
910:St. Martin's Press, 1997.
570:In the 1968 Western film
180:was used for Confederate
116:irregular military forces
1285:. Cumberland House, 2001
1270:, Missouri State Archive
925:. Stackpole Books, 1998.
825:The History Press. 2014
506:continued as outlaws in
1967:Confederate States Army
1428:Harney–Price Convention
1423:Capture of Camp Jackson
1368:Missouri State Archives
1050:Joseph M. Beilein, Jr.
491:Savings Association in
279:Lawrence in ruins, 1863
249:was authorized by Gen.
1321:Hildebrand, Samuel S.
1311:Edwards, John Newman.
1083:"General Order No. 11"
987:Sutherland, Daniel E.
784:The Fort Scott Tribune
616:, set in South Dakota.
604:The Outlaw Josey Wales
450:within the Civil War.
443:
424:Missouri State Militia
420:"Bloody Bill" Anderson
384:
377:wrote in August 1866:
306:
295:
280:
239:"Bloody Bill" Anderson
69:
61:
49:
34:. For other uses, see
1508:Battle of Dug Springs
1056:The Civil War Monitor
622:Red Dead Redemption 2
441:
418:under the command of
402:, the most notorious
355:Kansas City, Missouri
301:
286:
278:
67:
55:
44:
1150:, September 24, 2011
795:Trotter, William R.
619:The 2018 video game
572:Arizona Bushwhackers
366:General Order No. 11
328:Battle of Kirksville
223:John Singleton Mosby
47:Bloody Bill Anderson
580:Ride with the Devil
530:, in what was then
508:Southern California
412:Centralia, Missouri
288:George C. Bingham's
213:Quantrill's Raiders
170:Appalachian regions
56:Three bushwackers;
1533:Blue Mills Landing
1347:Mackey, Robert R.
1204:Goodrich, Thomas.
1015:Edward E. Leslie.
965:Fellman, Michael.
769:Legends of America
652:Asymmetric warfare
635:from 1988 to 1996.
596:James Carlos Blake
592:biographical novel
565:In popular culture
528:San Jacinto Canyon
512:San Joaquin Valley
493:Gallatin, Missouri
481:James-Younger Gang
444:
416:band of guerrillas
414:and murdered by a
408:Centralia Massacre
394:Centralia Massacre
347:Sacking of Osceola
307:
296:
281:
135:American Civil War
89:American Civil War
79:common during the
70:
62:
50:
1949:
1948:
1894:
1893:
1809:
1808:
1765:John S. Marmaduke
1723:(by city or town)
1714:
1713:
1558:Mount Zion Church
1343:978-0-300-15151-0
1037:Thomas Goodrich.
1027:978-0-679-42455-0
891:Martin, James B.
722:Oxford Dictionary
682:Irregular warfare
667:Thomas Bell Poole
400:Lawrence Massacre
362:Thomas Ewing, Jr.
339:William Quantrill
335:Lawrence Massacre
324:Frisby McCullough
303:Thomas C. Lea III
235:William Quantrill
227:Shenandoah Valley
219:guerrilla warfare
172:of Tennessee and
77:guerrilla warfare
16:(Redirected from
2004:
1937:
1936:
1927:
1926:
1906:General Order 11
1886:Confederate Home
1818:
1796:Thomas Ewing Jr.
1791:Samuel R. Curtis
1775:Joseph O. Shelby
1755:
1724:
1686:2nd Independence
1594:1st Independence
1553:Blackwater Creek
1483:
1397:
1390:
1383:
1374:
1331:Geiger, Mark W.
1299:
1294:Michael J. Goc.
1292:
1286:
1279:Yeatman, Ted P.
1277:
1271:
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1259:
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1223:
1215:
1209:
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1196:
1187:
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1157:
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1148:The Joplin Globe
1140:
1134:
1127:Rafiner, Tom A.
1125:
1119:
1114:Rafiner, Tom A.
1112:
1106:
1092:
1086:
1079:
1073:
1067:"Evacuation Day"
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906:Schultz, Duane.
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756:
747:
741:
730:
724:
719:
697:Mason Henry Gang
629:The Bushwhackers
559:William McWaters
551:Nevada, Missouri
532:San Diego County
504:Mason Henry Gang
471:Postwar banditry
343:Lawrence, Kansas
247:Joseph C. Porter
207:Partisan rangers
21:
2012:
2011:
2007:
2006:
2005:
2003:
2002:
2001:
1972:Bleeding Kansas
1952:
1951:
1950:
1945:
1915:
1911:Bleeding Kansas
1890:
1874:
1863:Second Newtonia
1822:
1805:
1779:
1746:
1725:
1722:
1721:
1710:
1649:
1630:2nd Springfield
1618:
1574:Roan's Tan Yard
1562:
1543:1st Springfield
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1453:
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1418:Liberty Arsenal
1406:
1401:
1360:
1306:Further reading
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1230:
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1216:
1212:
1203:
1199:
1188:
1184:
1176:Albert Castel.
1175:
1171:
1158:
1154:
1142:Andy Ostmeyer.
1141:
1137:
1126:
1122:
1113:
1109:
1094:Albert Castel.
1093:
1089:
1080:
1076:
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1036:
1032:
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934:O’Bryan, Tony.
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901:
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886:
875:
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859:O'Bryan, Tony.
858:
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786:, June 21, 2008
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388:Bleeding Kansas
273:
217:In most areas,
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1899:Related topics
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1872:
1870:Wilson's Creek
1867:
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1865:
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1858:First Newtonia
1852:
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1842:
1837:
1832:
1826:
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1801:Nathaniel Lyon
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1770:Sterling Price
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1165:Ozark Watch
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264:Mississippi
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1956:Categories
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1579:New Madrid
1437:Combatants
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536:John Mason
390:violence.
326:after the
290:painting,
271:Atrocities
211:See also:
201:Jayhawkers
190:California
127:See also:
1854:Newtonia
1850:Lexington
1823:memorials
1814:Aftermath
1742:St. Louis
1732:Centralia
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1498:Cole Camp
1493:Boonville
1458:Campaigns
849:Archived
464:Wisconsin
448:civil war
192:in 1864.
182:partisans
147:Tennessee
129:Jayhawker
109:attrition
1929:Category
1835:Carthage
1696:Westport
1691:Big Blue
1503:Carthage
1325:history.
1104:Archived
640:See also
613:Deadwood
404:atrocity
351:Missouri
260:Missouri
159:Virginia
155:Arkansas
143:Kentucky
139:Missouri
1940:Commons
1751:Leaders
1737:Osceola
1671:Glasgow
1666:Sedalia
1548:Belmont
1479:Battles
1411:Origins
456:militia
186:Alabama
151:Georgia
1830:Athens
1513:Athens
1341:
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672:Hajduk
357:jail.
294:, 1868
197:Kansas
1784:Union
1449:Union
709:Notes
256:slave
97:Union
1654:1864
1623:1863
1567:1862
1486:1861
1339:ISBN
1252:ISBN
1023:ISBN
973:ISBN
827:ISBN
262:and
99:and
955:NPS
542:in
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1958::
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20:)
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