257:
441:
57:
606:, who hoped either to find Bede's source for the Cædmon story or to demonstrate that its details were so commonplace as to hardly merit consideration as legitimate historiography, subsequent research has instead ended up demonstrating the uniqueness of Bede's version: as Lester shows, no "analogue" to the Cædmon story found before 1974 mirrors Bede's chapter in more than about half its main properties; the same observation can be extended to cover all analogues since identified.
681:
2492:
1547:
1108:. The three for whom biographical information and documented texts survive are Alfred, Bede, and Cædmon. Cædmon is the only Anglo-Saxon poet known primarily for his ability to compose vernacular verse, and no vernacular verse survives that is known to have been written by either Bede or Alfred. There are a number of verse texts known to have been composed by
997:"Now we must praise the author of the heavenly realm, the might of the creator, and his purpose, the work of the father of glory: as he, who, the almighty guardian of the human race, is the eternal God, is the author of all miracles; who first created the heavens as highest roof for the children men, then the earth."
897:(mid-8th century; Northumbria). The text has been normalised to show a line-break between each line and modern word-division. A transcription of the likely pronunciation of the text in the early 8th-century Northumbrian dialect in which the text is written is included, along with a modern English translation.
631:, Cædmon's poetry is said to have been exclusively religious. Bede reports that Cædmon "could never compose any foolish or trivial poem, but only those which were concerned with devotion", and his list of Cædmon's output includes work on religious subjects only: accounts of creation, translations from the
551:, Bede provides no information about his sources for the Cædmon story. Since a similar paucity of sources is also characteristic of other stories from Whitby Abbey in his work, this may indicate that his knowledge of Cædmon's life was based on tradition current at his home monastery in (relatively) nearby
293:). One evening, while the monks were feasting, singing, and playing a harp, Cædmon left early to sleep with the animals because he knew no songs. The impression clearly given by St. Bede is that he lacked the knowledge of how to compose the lyrics to songs. While asleep, he had a dream in which "someone" (
323:. The abbess ordered her scholars to teach Cædmon sacred history and doctrine, which after a night of thought, Bede records, Cædmon would turn into the most beautiful verse. According to Bede, Cædmon was responsible for a large number of splendid vernacular poetic texts on a variety of Christian topics.
539:, both are usually assumed on semantic and grammatical grounds to be of medieval composition. This apparent debt to the Cædmon story agrees with semantic evidence attested to by Green demonstrating the influence of Old English biblical poetry and terminology on early continental Germanic literatures.
797:
There is continuing critical debate about the status of the poem as it is now available to us. While some scholars accept the texts of the Hymn as more or less accurate transmissions of Cædmon's original, others argue that they originated as a back-translation from Bede's Latin, and that there is no
534:
contain an expanded account of the dream itself, adding that the poet had been a herdsman before his inspiration and that the inspiration itself had come through the medium of a heavenly voice when he fell asleep after pasturing his cattle. While our knowledge of these texts is based entirely on a
341:
The details of Bede's story, and in particular of the miraculous nature of Cædmon's poetic inspiration, are not generally accepted by scholars as being entirely accurate, but there seems no good reason to doubt the existence of a poet named Cædmon. Bede's narrative has to be read in the context of
659:
could be understood as partially fitting Bede's description of Cædmon's work on future judgment, pains of hell and joys of the heavenly kingdom, the match is not exact enough to preclude independent composition. As Fritz and Day have shown, Bede's list itself may owe less to direct knowledge of
991:
Nunc laudare debemus auctorem regni caelestis, potentiam creatoris, et consilium illius facta Patris gloriae: quomodo ille, cum sit aeternus Deus, omnium miraculorum auctor exstitit; qui primo filiis hominum caelum pro culmine tecti dehinc terram custos humani generis omnipotens
197:("Ecclesiastical History of the English People") by Bede, who wrote, "here was in the Monastery of this Abbess a certain brother particularly remarkable for the Grace of God, who was wont to make religious verses, so that whatever was interpreted to him out of
395:
The only biographical or historical information that modern scholarship has been able to add to Bede's account concerns the
Brittonic origins of the poet's name. Although Bede specifically notes that English was Cædmon's "own" language, the poet's name is of
646:, traditionally referred to as the "Junius" or "Cædmon" manuscript, the older traditional attribution of these texts to Cædmon or Cædmon's influence cannot stand. The poems show significant stylistic differences both internally and with Cædmon's original
488:"from his mouth". These differences are in keeping with the Old English translator's practice in reworking Bede's Latin original, however, and need not, as Wrenn argues, suggest the existence of an independent English tradition of the Cædmon story.
558:
Perhaps as a result of this lack of documentation, scholars have devoted considerable attention since the 1830s to tracking down possible sources or analogues to Bede's account. These parallels have been drawn from all around the world, including
2334:
Venerabilis Baedae
Historiam ecclesiasticam gentis anglorum, historiam abbatum, epistolam ad Ecgberctum una cum historia abbatum commentario tam critico quam historico instruxit Carolus Plummer ad fidem codicum manuscriptorum denuo
416:). Several scholars have suggested that Cædmon himself may have been bilingual on the basis of this etymology, Hilda's close contact with Celtic political and religious hierarchies, and some (not very close) analogues to the
316:. The abbess and her counsellors asked Cædmon about his vision and, satisfied that it was a gift from God, gave him a new commission, this time for a poem based on "a passage of sacred history or doctrine", by way of a test.
2534:
468:
No other independent accounts of Cædmon's life and work are known to exist. The only other reference to Cædmon in
English sources before the 12th century is found in the 10th-century Old English translation of Bede's Latin
2146:
Humphreys, K. W. & Ross, A. S. C. 1975. "Further manuscripts of Bede's 'Historia ecclesiastica', of the 'Epistola
Cuthberti de obitu Bedae', and further Anglo-Saxon texts of 'Cædmon's Hymn' and 'Bede's Death Song'".
818:
to Bede's Latin translation of the Old
English poem, or, in the case of the Old English version, a replacement for Bede's translation in the main text of the History. Despite this close connection with Bede's work, the
342:
the
Christian belief in miracles, and it shows at the very least that Bede, an educated and intelligent man, believed Cædmon to be an important figure in the history of English intellectual and religious life.
308:
Upon awakening the next morning, Caedmon remembered everything he had sung and added additional lines to his poem. He told his foreman about his dream and gift and was taken immediately to see the
774:), all but one of which are known from three or more witnesses. It is one of the early attested examples of written Old English and one of the early recorded examples of sustained poetry in a
650:, and there is nothing about their order or content to suggest that they could not have been composed and anthologised without any influence from Bede's discussion of Cædmon's oeuvre.
1817:
recension in particular shows several readings which, although attested later, are for a variety of reasons more likely to represent forms found in the original poem than those of the
480:
Of these, the most significant is that Cædmon felt "shame" for his inability to sing vernacular songs before his vision, and the suggestion that Hilda's scribes copied down his verse
334:
of death, he asked to be moved to the abbey's hospice for the terminally ill where, having gathered his friends around him, he died after receiving the Holy
Eucharist, just before
61:
Memorial to Cædmon, St Mary's
Churchyard, Whitby. The inscription reads, "To the glory of God and in memory of Cædmon the father of English Sacred Song. Fell asleep hard by, 680."
527:. The text then adds that this poet had known nothing of vernacular composition until he was ordered to translate the precepts of sacred law into vernacular song in a dream.
1014:
191:
sources, and one of three of these for whom both roughly contemporary biographical information and examples of literary output have survived. His story is related in the
890:
in particular is traditionally ascribed to Bede's own monastery and lifetime, though there is little evidence to suggest it was copied much before the mid-8th century.
850:: nearly identical versions of the Old English poem are found in manuscripts belonging to different recensions of the Latin text; closely related copies of the Latin
2062:
240:. It is also one of the early recorded examples of sustained poetry in a Germanic language. In 1898, Cædmon's Cross was erected in his honour in the graveyard of
846:
Even when the poem is in the same hand as the manuscript's main text, there is little evidence to suggest that it was copied from the same exemplar as the Latin
519:
is the only known candidate) in language strongly reminiscent of, and indeed at times identical to, Bede's account of Cædmon's career. According to the prose
256:
1046:
2121:
354:
at an advanced age and it is implied that he lived at Streonæshalch at least in part during Hilda's abbacy (657–680). Book IV Chapter 25 of the
827:
regularly until relatively late in its textual history. Scribes other than those responsible for the main text often copy the vernacular text of the
1584:
879:
387:
in 684 (Book IV, Chapter 26). Taken together, this evidence suggests an active period beginning between 657 and 680 and ending between 679 and 684.
176:, he was originally ignorant of "the art of song" but learned to compose one night in the course of a dream, according to the 8th-century historian
2241:. Ed. John Miles Foley, J. Chris Womack, & Whitney A. Womack. (Garland Reference Library of the Humanities; 1482.) 324–358. New York: Garland.
1893:
as the subject: "Now the works of the father of glory must honour the guardian of heaven, the might of the architect, and his mind's purpose". See
2412:. With a bibliography compiled by M. J. Swanton. Revised edition. (Exeter Medieval English Texts and Studies.) Exeter: University of Exeter Press.
2156:
Ireland, C. A. 1986. "The Celtic
Background to the Story of Cædmon and his Hymn". Unpublished Ph.D. diss. University of California at Los Angeles.
854:
sometimes contain very different versions of the Old
English poem. With the exception of the Old English translation, no single recension of the
642:
Of this corpus, only his first poem survives. While vernacular poems matching Bede's description of several of Cædmon's later works are found in
375:"at this time" in the opening lines of Chapter 25 may refer more generally to Cædmon's career as a poet. However, the next datable event in the
193:
639:, and songs about the "terrors of future judgment, horrors of hell, ... joys of the heavenly kingdom, ... and divine mercies and judgments."
2574:
1112:, but we know nothing of his biography. (No study appears to exist of the "named" Anglo-Saxon poets—the list here has been compiled from
2559:
2390:. (Testi e Studi: Pubblicazioni dell'Istituto di Lingue e Letterature Germaniche, Università di Messina.) Messina: Peloritana Editrice.
572:
2214:
1572:
723:) and the best attested in the poetic corpus in manuscripts copied or owned in the British Isles during the Anglo-Saxon period. The
338:. Although he is often listed as a saint, this is not confirmed by Bede and it has been argued that such assertions are incorrect.
205:, which was his native language. By his verse the minds of many were often excited to despise the world, and to aspire to heaven."
2501:
1656:
1604:
1612:
1596:
1869:
This is the traditional translation of these lines, in agreement with Bede's Latin version. An alternative translation of the
1648:
1628:
1580:
1664:
1660:
1620:
1592:
1576:
1636:
1632:
1624:
1588:
1813:
argues, however, this does not mean that this version must most closely resemble Cædmon's original text. The West-Saxon
1644:
1608:
689:
241:
2419:
Pagans and Christians: the interplay between Christian Latin and traditional Germanic cultures in Early Medieval Europe
2569:
2564:
2549:
1640:
473:. Otherwise, no mention of Cædmon is found in the corpus of surviving Old English. The Old English translation of the
2529:
1995:. Ed. Robert B. Burlin, Edward B. Irving Jr. & Marie Borroff. 91–106. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
440:
2554:
1616:
265:
2259:
recension) in Brussels, Bibliothèque Royale MS 8245–57, ff. 62r2-v1: identification, edition, and filiation." In:
460:
attack in 867 and was abandoned. It was re-established in 1078 and flourished until 1540 when it was destroyed by
660:
Cædmon's actual output than to traditional ideas about the subjects fit for Christian poetry or the order of the
498:
A second, possibly pre-12th-century allusion to the Cædmon story is found in two Latin texts associated with the
409:
2034:. (Columbia University Studies in English and Comparative Literature; 128.) New York: Columbia University Press.
1138:
2509:
1568:
31:
1653:
St. Petersburg, National Library of Russia, lat. Q. v. I. 18 ("The St. Petersburg Bede"; "The Leningrad Bede")
56:
1668:
380:
843:, the poem is copied by scribes working a quarter-century or more after the main text was first set down.
2519:
791:
568:
237:
184:
2505:
2263:. Ed. L. A. J. R. Houwen and A. A. MacDonald. (Mediaevalia Groningana; 19.) 139–165. Groningen: Forsten.
461:
364:
301:, "the beginning of created things." After first refusing to sing, Cædmon subsequently produced a short
2445:
603:
564:
222:
2205:
Miletich, J. S. 1983. "Old English 'formulaic' studies and Cædmon's Hymn in a comparative context".
2248:
Ritual and the rood: liturgical images and the Old English poems of the Dream of the rood tradition
1101:
2112:
The Carolingian Lord: semantic studies on four Old High German words: Balder, Frô, Truhtin, Hêrro.
1073:
675:
210:
815:
775:
643:
215:
93:
680:
515:(Lines about the poet), explain the origins of an Old Saxon biblical translation (for which the
2473:
2209:. Ed. Josip Matešić and Erwin Wedel. (Selecta Slavica; 9.) 183–194. Neuried: Hieronymus.
1982:
Ball, C. J. E. 1985. "Homonymy and polysemy in Old English: a problem for lexicographers." In:
2468:
2210:
2182:
727:
also has by far the most complicated known textual history of any surviving Old English poem.
720:
523:, the Old Saxon poem was composed by a renowned vernacular poet at the command of the emperor
359:
82:
2497:
2290:. (Cambridge Studies in Anglo-Saxon England; 4.) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990.
2477:
2355:. (Quaderni dell'Istituto di Linguistica dell'Università di Urbino; 5) Urbino: I-XII, 1–151.
2317:
2187:
2048:
1069:
1061:
655:
552:
536:
165:
110:
1040:
2436:
Whitelock, D. 1963. "The Old English Bede". (Sir Israel Gollancz Memorial Lecture, 1962.)
2346:. Ed. Kemp Malone and Martin B. Ruud. 232–239. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
2329:
2170:
2098:
1104:(or perhaps Wulfsige). Most of these are considered by modern scholars to be spurious—see
696:). The other candidate is St. Petersburg, National Library of Russia, lat. Q. v. I. 18 (P)
664:. Similar influences may, of course, also have affected the makeup of the Junius volume.
592:
588:
524:
449:
313:
173:
1847:(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004), p. 80, collated with manuscript facsimile.
201:, he soon after put the same into poetical expressions of much sweetness and humility in
1991:
Bessinger, J. B. Jr. 1974. "Homage to Cædmon and others: a Beowulfian praise song." In:
2103:
The Cædmon manuscript of Anglo-Saxon biblical poetry: Junius XI in the Bodleian Library
1652:
883:
779:
229:
180:. He later became a zealous monk and an accomplished and inspirational Christian poet.
2421:. eds. T. Hofstra, L. A. R. J. Houwen, and A. A. McDonald. Groningen: Forsten. 131–48.
2250:. London : British Library; Toronto; New York : University of Toronto Press.
358:
appears to suggest that Cædmon's death occurred at about the same time as the fire at
319:
When Cædmon returned the next morning with the requested poem, he was invited to take
2543:
2395:
1035:
783:
636:
632:
320:
261:
233:
2360:
Princi Braccini, G. 1989. "Creazione dell'uomo o destino dell'uomo? Due ipotesi per
619:
Bede's account indicates that Cædmon was responsible for the composition of a large
2226:
2135:
2131:
1986:, ed. A. Bammesberger. (Eichstätter Beiträge, 15.) 39–46. Regensburg: Pustet.
858:
is characterised by the presence of a particular recension of the vernacular poem.
580:
445:
290:
169:
2277:
O'Hare, C. 1992. "The story of Cædmon: Bede's account of the first English poet".
331:
1788:
Compare the recensional identifications for witnesses to the Old English Hymn in
2410:
Three Northumbrian Poems: Cædmon's Hymn, Bede's Death Song and the Leiden Riddle
2255:
O'Donnell, D. P. 1996. "A Northumbrian version of 'Cædmon's Hymn' (Northumbrian
1600:
867:
429:
351:
286:
221:
praise poem in honour of God. The poem is one of the early attested examples of
202:
188:
161:
86:
78:
2464:
477:
does contain several minor details not found in Bede's Latin original account.
432:' in the poet's name, perhaps suggesting that the entire story is allegorical.
1551:
1550:
Hwit Draga: "Caedmon's Hymn (in old English) West Saxon Version Anglo-Saxon."
1389:
for a review of the evidence for and against the authenticity of the prefaces.
1351:
for a review of the evidence for and against the authenticity of the prefaces.
893:
The following text, first column on the left below, has been transcribed from
709:
705:
425:
218:
875:
731:
661:
499:
453:
421:
401:
2039:
Dumville, D. 1981. "'Beowulf' and the Celtic world: the uses of evidence".
596:
236:
inscriptions, one of three candidates for the earliest attested example of
2524:
2222:
1567:
commonly found in modern discussions of the text follow each shelf-mark):
1467:
On whose careers as vernacular poets in comparison to that of Cædmon, see
2514:
2486:
1109:
1097:
1089:
335:
2377:
Robinson, F. C. 1990. "Old English poetry: the question of authorship".
2344:
Studies in English Philology: A miscellany in honor of Frederick Klaeber
1984:
Problems of Old English Lexicography: studies in memory of Angus Cameron
1546:
620:
350:
Bede gives no specific dates in his story. Cædmon is said to have taken
277:
The sole source of original information about Cædmon's life and work is
1955:
recensions would be translated "for men among the lands" at this point.
1093:
1077:
1065:
968:
628:
624:
576:
503:
384:
289:
who cared for the animals at the monastery Streonæshalch (now known as
17:
2448:"The poetry of Cædmon". (Sir Israel Gollancz Memorial Lecture, 1945.)
2105:. London: Oxford U. P. for the British Academy. (Facsimile of the MS.)
160:; fl. c. 657–684) is the earliest English poet whose name is known. A
584:
457:
309:
302:
245:
2223:
Cædmon's Hymn line 1: What is the subject of scylun or its variants?
2084:. Ed. J. J. Duggan. 41–61. Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press.
653:
The first three Junius poems are in their biblical order and, while
2482:
2119:
Hieatt, C. B. 1985. "Cædmon in context: transforming the formula".
2060:
Frank, Roberta. 1993. "The search for the Anglo-Saxon oral poet" .
1564:
560:
439:
327:
255:
226:
198:
43:
2304:
Orton, P. 1998. "The transmission of the West-Saxon versions of
1887:
1879:
1871:
1085:
1081:
955:
the work of the father of glory — as he the beginning of wonders
870:
768:
760:
752:
744:
736:
713:
482:
397:
278:
177:
2270:
Cædmon's Hymn, a multimedia study, edition, and witness archive
2353:
L'Inno di Caedmon e la sua leggenda. Una bibliografia annotata
128:
1039:
790:
is one of three candidates for the early attested example of
2417:
Stanley, E. G. 1995. "New formulas for old: Cædmon's Hymn".
884:
St. Petersburg, National Library of Russia, lat. Q. v. I. 18
688:
is found in "The Moore Bede" (ca. 737) which is held by the
2071:
Fritz, D. W. 1969. "Cædmon: a traditional Christian poet".
1934:
recensions would be translated "for the children of earth".
712:
copies, making it the best-attested Old English poem after
2196:
Lester, G. A. 1974. "The Cædmon story and its analogues".
326:
After a long and zealously pious life, Cædmon died like a
149:
684:
One of two candidates for the earliest surviving copy of
140:
119:
2288:
Visible song: transitional literacy in Old English verse
2237:
Morland, L. 1992. "Cædmon and the Germanic tradition".
2535:
Cædmon: The Lord's Poet (a novel by John K. Deaconson)
831:
in manuscripts of the Latin Historia. In three cases,
623:
of vernacular religious poetry. In contrast to Saints
2089:
Fry, D. K. 1979. "Old English formulaic statistics".
152:
137:
116:
1322:
Convenient accounts of the relevant portions of the
700:
The only known survivor from Cædmon's oeuvre is his
305:
poem praising God, the Creator of heaven and earth.
143:
122:
2261:
Beda Venerabilis: Historian, monk, and Northumbrian
2013:on Old English and some other medieval literature"
2002:
Bede's Ecclesiastical History of the English People
1969:Andersson, Th. M. 1974. "The Cædmon fiction in the
547:In contrast to his usual practice elsewhere in the
146:
134:
125:
113:
92:
74:
66:
41:
2297:Anglo-Saxon oral poetry: a study of the traditions
1411:Good reviews of analogue research can be found in
823:does not appear to have been transmitted with the
602:Although the search was begun by scholars such as
2009:Day, V. 1975. "The influence of the catechetical
814:or its translation, where they serve as either a
2400:Studies in the History of Old English literature
1163:Book IV, Chapter 24. The most recent edition is
1050:. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). pp. 934–935.
579:, mission-age accounts of the conversion of the
2320:1832. "Observations on the history of Cædmon".
2175:Catalogue of Manuscripts Containing Anglo-Saxon
2063:Bulletin of the John Rylands University Library
1975:Publications of the Modern Language Association
424:poetry. Other scholars have noticed a possible
2185:1912. "Die christlichen Elemente im Beowulf".
2000:Colgrave, B. and Mynors, R. A. B., eds. 1969.
1185:
1183:
730:It is found in two dialects and five distinct
2080:Fry, D. K. 1975. "Cædmon as formulaic poet".
1993:Old English Studies in Honour of John C. Pope
1025:. London: Smith, Elder & Co. pp. 195-201.
911:uerc uuldurfadur swe he uundra gihwaes
8:
1684:and the additional manuscripts described in
952:the might of the architect, and his purpose,
866:The oldest known version of the poem is the
567:, stories told by the aboriginal peoples of
2022:Dobbie, E. v. K. 1937. "The manuscripts of
1930:, and with some corruption, the West-Saxon
1657:San Marino CA, Huntington Library, HM 35300
989:
886:(P), date to at least the mid-8th century.
2530:English verse-translation of Cædmon's Hymn
2525:St. Hilda and Cædmon Page at St. Wilfrid's
1797:
1727:with important additions and revisions in
1703:with important additions and revisions in
1605:London, British Library, Cotton Otho B. xi
1164:
55:
38:
2272:. (SEENET A; 7.) Cambridge: D. S. Brewer.
2122:Journal of English and Germanic Philology
1856:Based on the information in A. Campbell,
1728:
1704:
1685:
1613:London, British Library, Additional 34652
1597:London, British Library, Additional 43703
1563:Arranged by city and library, these are (
905:nu scylun hergan hefaenricaes uard
164:cowherd who cared for the animals at the
2498:Account of the Poet Caedmon, MSS SC 1564
2165:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
1792:with those for manuscripts of the Latin
1649:Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale, lat. 5237
1629:Oxford, Bodleian Library, Laud Misc. 243
1585:Cambridge, University Library, Kk. 5. 16
1581:Cambridge, University Library, Kk. 3. 18
961:He first created for the children of men
949:Now must honour the guardian of heaven,
899:
880:Cambridge, University Library, Kk. 5. 16
878:. The surviving witnesses to this text,
833:Oxford, Bodleian Library, Laud Misc. 243
798:surviving witness to the original text.
679:
2342:Pound, L. 1929. "Cædmon's dream song".
2114:Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1860:(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1959)
1060:The twelve named Anglo-Saxon poets are
1006:
908:metudæs maecti end his modgidanc
297:) approached him and asked him to sing
1914:This is the reading of the West-Saxon
1665:Tournai, Bibliothèque de la Ville, 134
1661:Bury St. Edmunds, Cathedral Library, 1
1471:, pp. 120–127 and 178–180.
985:Bede's Latin version runs as follows:
974:the eternal lord, afterwards appointed
362:, an event dated in the E text of the
208:Cædmon's only known surviving work is
194:Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum
2163:Language and History in Early Britain
977:the lands for men, the Lord almighty.
926:tha middungeard moncynnæs uard
7:
2299:. New Haven: Yale University Press.
2239:De Gustibus: essays for Alain Renoir
1621:Oxford, Bodleian Library, Bodley 163
1593:Hereford, Cathedral Library, P. 5. i
1577:Cambridge, Trinity College, R. 5. 22
923:heben til hrofe haleg scepen.
2426:Stanley, E. G. 1998. "St. Cædmon".
1760:
1637:Oxford, Corpus Christi College, 279
1633:Oxford, Bodleian Library, Tanner 10
1625:Oxford, Bodleian Library, Hatton 43
1589:Dijon, Bibliothèque Municipale, 574
1145:. The Heritage Trust. December 2012
837:Oxford, Bodleian Library, Hatton 43
452:, England— founded in 657 by
2450:Proceedings of the British Academy
2438:Proceedings of the British Academy
1645:Oxford, Magdalen College, lat. 105
1609:London, British Library, Otho B. x
1386:
1348:
1310:
1286:
964:heaven as a roof, the holy creator
644:London, British Library, Junius 11
285:. According to Bede, Cædmon was a
25:
2032:Epistola Cuthberti de obitu Bedae
1894:
1831:
1810:
1732:
1708:
1689:
1573:Cambridge, Corpus Christi College
1492:
1455:
1432:
1420:
1402:, particularly pp. 286–294.
1364:, particularly pp. 286–294.
1205:
1189:
1125:
1106:O'Donnell 2005, Introduction 1.22
1105:
917:he aerist scop aelda barnu
692:(Kk. 5. 16, often referred to as
368:to 679, but after 681 by Bede.
2502:L. Tom Perry Special Collections
2490:
2207:Festschrift für Nikola R. Pribić
1902:
1845:The Cambridge Old English Reader
1776:
1748:
1688:; the most recent account is in
1641:Oxford, Lincoln College, lat. 31
1545:
1374:Catalogus testium veritatis 1562
1335:
1230:
1217:
1201:
1175:
1019:Dictionary of National Biography
810:are found in manuscripts of the
109:
1789:
1775:, arts. 341, 326 and 396; also
1724:
1700:
1681:
1468:
1443:
1416:
1273:
1260:
1234:
1139:"Time to move Caedmon's Cross?"
1117:
929:eci dryctin æfter tiadæ
456:, the original abbey fell to a
168:of Streonæshalch (now known as
1736:
1712:
1504:
1481:
1412:
1331:
1298:
1247:
1121:
1113:
958:established, the eternal lord,
914:eci dryctin or astelidæ
1:
2132:The theology of Cædmon's Hymn
2082:Oral Literature: seven essays
1898:
1617:London, College of Arms, s.n.
1569:Brussels, Bibliothèque Royale
1532:, p. 55, for a discussion of
708:). The poem is known from 21
260:Caedmon and Bede depicted in
2030:with a critical text of the
1901:, pp. 39–41, and
1885:texts, however, understands
1772:
1529:
1516:
1373:
690:Cambridge University Library
2575:7th-century English writers
2489:(public domain audiobooks)
2279:American Benedictine Review
2246:Ó Carragáin, Éamonn. 2005.
2177:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
2053:Catalogus testium veritatis
1922:recensions. The West-Saxon
1843:Text from Richard Marsden,
1554:, accessed 6 November 2020.
2591:
2560:History of North Yorkshire
2351:Princi Braccini, G. 1988.
2337:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
2004:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
901:
778:. Together with the runic
673:
591:, and various elements of
266:St Andrew, Stoke Newington
29:
2402:. Oxford: Clarendon Press
1399:
1361:
1289:for a general discussion.
1017:". In Lee, Sidney (ed.).
971:, the guardian of mankind
54:
2510:Brigham Young University
2474:Works by or about Cædmon
2408:Smith, A. H., ed. 1978.
2286:O'Keeffe, K. O'B. 1990.
2228:Leeds Studies in English
2137:Leeds Studies in English
1798:Colgrave and Mynors 1969
1587:("The Moore Bede") (M);
1165:Colgrave and Mynors 1969
535:16th-century edition by
183:Cædmon is one of twelve
32:Caedmon (disambiguation)
2268:O'Donnell, D. P. 2005.
1888:
1880:
1872:
1729:Humphreys and Ross 1975
1705:Humphreys and Ross 1975
1686:Humphreys and Ross 1975
1669:Winchester, Cathedral I
1334:, pp. 13–14, and
1047:Encyclopædia Britannica
1013:Henry Bradley (1886). "
871:
841:Winchester, Cathedral I
769:
761:
753:
745:
737:
587:, the lives of English
507:poem. These texts, the
483:
272:
172:) during the abbacy of
2515:Bede's Story of Cædmon
2130:Howlett, D. R. 1974. "
990:
856:Historia ecclesiastica
825:Historia ecclesiastica
812:Historia ecclesiastica
697:
549:Historia ecclesiastica
475:Historia ecclesiastica
465:
436:Other medieval sources
377:Historia ecclesiastica
356:Historia ecclesiastica
299:principium creaturarum
283:Historia ecclesiastica
269:
2506:Harold B. Lee Library
2310:Studia Neophilologica
1338:II pp. 255–258.
936: frea allmectig
683:
543:Sources and analogues
443:
365:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
259:
2372:, s. 3, XXX: 65–142.
2221:Mitchell, B. 1985. "
2200:; 58: 225–237.
2191:; 35: 111–136.
2125:; 84: 485–497.
2066:; 75 (no. 1): 11–36.
2043:; 37: 109–160.
667:
604:Sir Francis Palgrave
565:classical literature
30:For other uses, see
27:Ancient English poet
2151:; 220: 50–55.
2110:Green, D. H. 1965.
2015:Anglo-Saxon England
1858:Old English Grammar
1611:, ff. 55, 58, 62 +
1276:, pp. 111–120
1263:, pp. 111–120
1250:, pp. 350–351
802:Manuscript evidence
2570:English male poets
2565:People from Whitby
2550:7th-century deaths
2308:: a reappraisal".
2161:Jackson, K. 1953.
2075:31: 334–337.
1246:See in particular
1229:See in particular
1143:The Heritage Trust
792:Old English poetry
698:
466:
391:Modern discoveries
314:St Hilda of Whitby
270:
238:Old English poetry
2555:Anglo-Saxon poets
2469:Project Gutenberg
2428:Notes and Queries
2386:Schwab, U. 1972.
2295:Opland, J. 1980.
2149:Notes and Queries
2049:Flacius, Matthias
2028:Bede's Death Song
2017:; 3: 51–61.
1943:The Northumbrian
1918:and Northumbrian
1519:, pp. 54–55
983:
982:
776:Germanic language
766:, and West-Saxon
537:Flacius Illyricus
371:The reference to
312:, believed to be
225:and is, with the
185:Anglo-Saxon poets
102:
101:
83:Eastern Orthodoxy
75:Venerated in
16:(Redirected from
2582:
2494:
2493:
2478:Internet Archive
2453:
2441:
2431:
2422:
2413:
2403:
2391:
2382:
2381:; n.s. 3: 59–64.
2373:
2356:
2347:
2338:
2325:
2313:
2300:
2291:
2282:
2273:
2264:
2251:
2242:
2233:
2232:: 190–197.
2217:
2201:
2192:
2178:
2166:
2157:
2152:
2142:
2126:
2115:
2106:
2094:
2085:
2076:
2067:
2056:
2044:
2035:
2018:
2005:
1996:
1987:
1978:
1977:89:278–84.
1956:
1941:
1935:
1912:
1906:
1891:
1883:
1875:
1867:
1861:
1854:
1848:
1841:
1835:
1828:
1822:
1807:
1801:
1800:, pp. xxxix–lxx.
1786:
1780:
1769:
1763:
1761:Ó Carragáin 2005
1758:
1752:
1746:
1740:
1722:
1716:
1698:
1692:
1678:
1672:
1571:, 8245–57 (Br);
1561:
1555:
1549:
1543:
1537:
1534:Christ and Satan
1526:
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1508:
1502:
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1409:
1403:
1396:
1390:
1383:
1377:
1371:
1365:
1358:
1352:
1345:
1339:
1330:can be found in
1320:
1314:
1308:
1302:
1296:
1290:
1283:
1277:
1270:
1264:
1257:
1251:
1244:
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1221:
1215:
1209:
1198:
1192:
1187:
1178:
1173:
1167:
1161:
1155:
1154:
1152:
1150:
1135:
1129:
1070:Alfred the Great
1058:
1052:
1051:
1043:
1032:
1026:
1011:
994:
900:
874:
772:
764:
756:
748:
740:
656:Christ and Satan
599:and tradition.
597:Muslim scripture
553:Wearmouth-Jarrow
486:
360:Coldingham Abbey
242:St Mary's Church
166:double monastery
159:
158:
155:
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151:
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142:
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2540:
2539:
2491:
2483:Works by Cædmon
2465:Works by Cædmon
2461:
2456:
2444:
2435:
2425:
2416:
2407:
2394:
2385:
2376:
2370:Studi Medievali
2366:Inno di Caedmon
2359:
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2160:
2155:
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2129:
2118:
2109:
2097:
2093:; 3: 1–6.
2088:
2079:
2070:
2059:
2047:
2038:
2021:
2008:
1999:
1990:
1981:
1968:
1964:
1959:
1947:and West-Saxon
1942:
1938:
1926:, Northumbrian
1913:
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1868:
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742:, Northumbrian
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2459:External links
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1387:Andersson 1974
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1349:Andersson 1974
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1311:Andersson 1974
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1036:Bradley, Henry
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674:Main article:
671:
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528:
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522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
505:
501:
494:
491:
489:
487:
485:
478:
476:
472:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
442:
435:
433:
431:
428:allusion to '
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
400:origin: from
399:
390:
388:
386:
382:
378:
374:
369:
367:
366:
361:
357:
353:
345:
343:
339:
337:
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329:
324:
322:
321:monastic vows
317:
315:
311:
306:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
267:
263:
262:stained glass
258:
251:
249:
247:
243:
239:
235:
234:Franks Casket
231:
228:
224:
220:
217:
213:
212:
211:Cædmon's Hymn
206:
204:
200:
196:
195:
190:
186:
181:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
157:
106:
97:
95:
91:
88:
84:
80:
77:
73:
70:after c. 680
69:
65:
58:
53:
45:
40:
37:
33:
19:
2520:Bede's World
2449:
2446:Wrenn, C. L.
2440:; 48: 57–93.
2437:
2427:
2418:
2409:
2399:
2387:
2378:
2369:
2365:
2362:firum foldan
2361:
2352:
2343:
2333:
2332:, ed. 1896.
2322:Archaeologia
2321:
2318:Palgrave, F.
2309:
2305:
2296:
2287:
2278:
2269:
2260:
2256:
2247:
2238:
2227:
2206:
2197:
2186:
2174:
2162:
2148:
2136:
2120:
2111:
2102:
2101:, ed. 1927.
2099:Gollancz, I.
2091:In Geardagum
2090:
2081:
2072:
2061:
2052:
2040:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2014:
2010:
2001:
1992:
1983:
1974:
1970:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1939:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1910:
1905:, p. 6.
1903:Howlett 1974
1886:
1878:
1870:
1865:
1857:
1852:
1844:
1839:
1826:
1818:
1814:
1805:
1793:
1784:
1767:
1756:
1749:Stanley 1995
1744:
1720:
1696:
1676:
1559:
1541:
1533:
1524:
1512:
1500:
1488:
1476:
1463:
1451:
1439:
1428:
1407:
1394:
1381:
1369:
1356:
1343:
1336:Plummer 1896
1327:
1323:
1318:
1306:
1294:
1281:
1268:
1255:
1242:
1231:Ireland 1986
1225:
1218:Jackson 1953
1213:
1202:Ireland 1986
1196:
1176:Stanley 1998
1171:
1159:
1147:. Retrieved
1142:
1133:
1056:
1045:
1030:
1022:
1018:
1009:
984:
969:middle earth
933:
918:
894:
892:
887:
868:Northumbrian
865:
855:
851:
847:
845:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
811:
807:
805:
796:
787:
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751:
743:
735:
729:
724:
715:
701:
699:
693:
685:
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652:
647:
641:
618:
601:
583:in Southern
577:Fiji Islands
557:
548:
546:
531:
529:
520:
516:
512:
508:
502:
497:
492:
481:
479:
474:
470:
467:
446:Whitby Abbey
417:
413:
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394:
376:
372:
370:
363:
355:
349:
340:
325:
318:
307:
298:
294:
291:Whitby Abbey
282:
276:
216:alliterative
209:
207:
192:
182:
170:Whitby Abbey
162:Northumbrian
104:
103:
36:
2330:Plummer, C.
2183:Klaeber, F.
2073:Mediaevalia
1790:Dobbie 1937
1725:Dobbie 1937
1701:Dobbie 1937
1682:Dobbie 1937
1601:Cotton Otho
1575:, 41 (B1);
1469:Opland 1980
1444:Lester 1974
1417:Lester 1974
1274:Opland 1980
1261:Opland 1980
1248:O'Hare 1992
1235:Schwab 1972
1204:, pp. 228;
1118:Opland 1980
430:Adam Kadmon
402:Proto-Welsh
383:'s raid on
352:holy orders
332:premonition
287:lay brother
223:Old English
203:Old English
98:11 February
87:Catholicism
79:Anglicanism
2544:Categories
2430:; 143: 4–5
2335:recognovit
2171:Ker, N. R.
1962:References
1737:Orton 1998
1713:Orton 1998
1663:(SanM); †
1505:Fritz 1969
1482:Wrenn 1946
1413:Pound 1929
1400:Green 1965
1362:Green 1965
1332:Smith 1978
1299:Wrenn 1946
1149:24 October
1122:Sisam 1953
1114:Frank 1993
1084:, Cædmon,
932:firum fold
732:recensions
716:Death Song
710:manuscript
462:Henry VIII
414:Catumandos
303:eulogistic
219:vernacular
2396:Sisam, K.
1973:Preface"
1899:Ball 1985
1751:, p. 139.
1659:formerly
1639:, B (O);
1619:(CArms);
1495:, p. xlvi
1446:, p. 228.
1324:Praefatio
1313:, p. 278.
1301:, p. 281.
967:Then the
876:recension
721:witnesses
719:(with 35
662:catechism
569:Australia
521:Praefatio
509:Praefatio
500:Old Saxon
454:St. Hilda
444:Ruins of
426:onomastic
422:Old Irish
410:Brythonic
199:scripture
189:mediaeval
174:St. Hilda
2487:LibriVox
2368:v. 9)".
2051:. 1562.
2041:Traditio
2011:narratio
1794:Historia
1779:, p. 36.
1773:Ker 1957
1599:(N ); †
1530:Day 1975
1517:Day 1975
1507:, p. 336
1220:, p. 554
1208:, p. 148
1110:Cynewulf
1102:Wulfstan
1098:Hereward
1090:Cynewulf
1038:(1911).
992:creavit.
882:(M) and
852:Historia
848:Historia
575:and the
561:biblical
471:Historia
381:Ecgfrith
379:is King
336:nocturns
2476:at the
1971:Heliand
1603:B. xi (
1579:(Tr1);
1237:, p. 48
1094:Dunstan
1078:Baldulf
1066:Aldhelm
714:Bede's
629:Dunstan
625:Aldhelm
517:Heliand
504:Heliand
493:Heliand
484:æt muðe
385:Ireland
18:Caedmon
2398:1953.
2388:Cædmon
2213:
2188:Anglia
2173:1957.
1924:eorðan
1873:eorðan
1815:eorðan
1735:; and
1711:; and
1667:(To);
1651:(P1);
1647:(Mg);
1643:(Ln);
1635:(T1);
1631:(Ld);
1623:(Bd);
1595:(Hr);
1591:(Di);
1583:(Ca);
1552:Online
1419:, and
1328:Versus
1062:Æduwen
1015:Cædmon
839:, and
754:eorðan
621:oeuvre
585:Africa
458:Viking
408:(from
406:Cadṽan
398:Celtic
310:abbess
295:quidam
246:Whitby
105:Cædmon
49:Cædmon
2257:eordu
1953:eorðe
1945:eordu
1932:eorðe
1928:eordu
1920:aelda
1889:weorc
1881:aelda
1821:text.
1819:aelda
1655:(P);
1627:(H);
1565:sigla
1074:Anlaf
1002:Notes
872:aelda
816:gloss
770:eorðe
746:eordu
738:aelda
593:Hindu
581:Xhosa
412:*
404:*
346:Dates
328:saint
227:runic
94:Feast
44:Saint
2230:; 16
2211:ISBN
2026:and
1951:and
1949:ylda
1916:ylda
1877:and
1830:See
1771:See
1680:See
1671:(W).
1528:See
1480:See
1398:See
1385:See
1360:See
1347:See
1326:and
1285:See
1272:See
1259:See
1200:See
1151:2014
1124:and
1100:and
1086:Cnut
1082:Bede
829:Hymn
821:Hymn
808:Hymn
782:and
762:ylda
725:Hymn
702:Hymn
648:Hymn
635:and
627:and
610:Work
595:and
563:and
530:The
418:Hymn
279:Bede
252:Life
232:and
178:Bede
67:Died
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2485:at
2467:at
2379:ANQ
2134:".
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1796:in
633:Old
448:in
420:in
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