986:
1046:
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812:
1084:
1016:
96:
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75:
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58:
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plants are also commonly planted as pedestrian barriers. Taller-growing species are valued for crime prevention; being dense and viciously spiny, they are effective barriers to burglars. Thus they are often planted below vulnerable windows, and used as hedges. Many species are resistant to predation
338:
of each thorn-leaf then develops a short shoot with several normal, photosynthetic leaves. These leaves are 1–10 cm (0.39–3.94 in) long, simple, and either entire, or with spiny margins. Only on young seedlings do leaves develop on the long shoots, with the adult foliage style developing
856:) and as a flavouring for poultry. Because of their sour flavour, they are sometimes cooked with sugar before being added to Persian rice. Iranian markets sell dried zereshk. In Russia and Eastern Europe, it is sometimes used in jams as a source of
985:
826:, but with a sharp acid flavour. In Europe for many centuries the berries were used for culinary purposes much as citrus peel is used. Today in Europe they are very infrequently used. The country in which they are used the most is
1045:
401:
5–15 mm (0.20–0.59 in) long, ripening red or dark blue, often with a pink or violet waxy surface bloom; in some species, they may be long and narrow, but are spherical in other species.
418:
appear to have simple leaves, but these are in reality compound with a single leaflet; they are termed "unifoliolate"), and many botanists prefer to classify all these plants in the single genus
621:
Japanese barberry is considered an invasive plant in 32 US states. It is deer-resistant because of its taste and is favoured as a shelter for ticks capable of transmitting lyme disease.
1000:
1681:
Mokhber-Dezfuli N, Saeidnia S, Gohari AR, Kurepaz-Mahmoodabadi M. Phytochemistry and pharmacology of berberis species. Pharmacogn Rev. 2014;8(15):8–15. doi:10.4103/0973-7847.125517
300:
regions of the world (apart from
Australia). Species diversity is greatest in South America and Asia; Europe, Africa and North America have native species as well. The best-known
938:
The thorns of the barberry shrub have been used to clean ancient gold coins, as they are soft enough that they will not damage the surface but will remove corrosion and debris.
1068:
1140:
2266:
1903:
1083:
2305:
1059:
1497:
1845:
310:, which is common in Europe, North Africa, the Middle East, and central Asia, and has been widely introduced in North America. Many of the species have
1728:
2214:
1116:
1288:
2279:
2227:
915:. A full list of phytochemicals was compiled and published in 2014. The safety of using berberine for any condition is not adequately defined by
2341:
1157:
2484:
1318:
326:
has dimorphic shoots: long shoots which form the structure of the plant, and short shoots only 1–2 mm (0.039–0.079 in) long. The
219:
1896:
1784:
1272:
674:
2426:
1015:
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are popular garden shrubs, grown for such features as ornamental leaves, yellow flowers, or red or blue-black berries. Numerous
2253:
1579:
2479:
2400:
967:
656:
2284:
2459:
2292:
1889:
1163:
994:, with three-spined thorn (modified long shoot leaf) with leafy short shoot. Each thorn is 20 mm (0.79 in) long.
1612:
1030:
860:(especially with mixed berries). An extract of barberries is a common flavouring for soft drinks, candies, and sweets.
2113:
2100:
748:
952:
362:, the undersides of the leaves are brilliant white, a feature valued horticulturally. Some horticultural variants of
2469:
2405:
2354:
583:, was nearly eradicated for this reason, and is now rarely seen extant, with the most remaining occurrences in the
2310:
1550:
645:
2474:
652:
95:
1101:
1853:
1149:
580:
2359:
1824:
1348:
Pabón-Mora, Natalia; González, Favio (2012). "Leaf development, metamorphic heteroblasty and heterophylly in
2191:
916:
1641:
1217:
811:
2165:
2043:
352:, are noted for their attractive pink or red autumn colour. In some evergreen species from China, such as
2118:
2196:
2170:
1415:
Marroquín, Jorge S., & Joseph E. Laferrière. 1997. Transfer of specific and infraspecific taxa from
1238:
927:, reducing the intended effect of established therapies. It is particularly unsafe for use in children.
752:
719:
576:
438:
group of shrubs bearing imparipinnate evergreen leaves, which the paper then divides into three genera:
1774:
1196:
822:
grows in the wild in much of Europe and West Asia. It produces large crops of edible berries, rich in
389:
of up to 20 on a single flower-head. They are yellow or orange, 3–6 mm (0.12–0.24 in) long,
2431:
2320:
2232:
2139:
1361:
1178:
864:
740:
358:
1829:
733:
614:
551:
523:
458:
344:
334:, developed into one to three or more spines 3–30 mm (0.12–1.18 in) long. The bud in the
444:
397:
in alternating whorls of three, the sepals usually coloured like the petals. The fruit is a small
2413:
2346:
2178:
1955:
1752:
1377:
1192:
354:
90:
1703:. MedlinePlus, National Library of Medicine, US National Institutes of Health. 22 February 2024
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2018:
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133:
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1867:
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57:
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398:
331:
311:
120:
2206:
2448:
1976:
1914:
1696:
1458:
Yu, Chih-Chieh; Chung, Kuo-Fang (2017). "Why
Mahonia? Molecular recircumscription of
568:
556:
427:
293:
205:
183:
166:
1381:
2418:
1948:
1258:
905:
886:
in
Argentina and Chile. Their edible purple fruit are used for jams and infusions.
696:
404:
Some authors regard the compound-leaved species as belonging to a different genus,
191:
156:
2131:
2105:
2092:
74:
1262:
410:. There are no consistent differences between the two groups other than the leaf
2297:
2240:
2075:
2025:
2011:
1983:
941:
The acidic young leaves are sometimes chewed for refreshment by parched hikers.
634:
529:
514:
297:
31:
2392:
1373:
430:
study retains the two separate genera, by clarifying that unifoliolate-leaved
2066:
1436:
Laferrière, Joseph E. 1997. Transfer of specific and infraspecific taxa from
2152:
1969:
1941:
1511:
977:
912:
883:
823:
692:
540:
483:
435:
411:
286:
282:
2372:
489:
1881:
1794:
2367:
2060:
1990:
1671:"Barberry" @ Alternative Medicine @ University of Maryland Medical Center
1512:"You're less likely to get a tick bite if you steer clear of these spots"
1498:"Biologists Spot First UK Case Of An Ancient Crop Disease In Six Decades"
908:
584:
146:
38:
1756:
17:
2219:
2004:
1997:
1962:
1093:
659: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
608:
in New
Zealand (where it is now banned from sale and propagation), and
406:
1808:
935:
Historically, yellow dye was extracted from the stem, root, and bark.
2245:
857:
386:
2037:
1483:
2157:
1394:
Loconte, H., & J. R. Estes. 1989. Phylogenetic systematics of
1055:
849:
810:
510:
488:
394:
390:
289:
278:
107:
2258:
827:
518:
335:
327:
2041:
1885:
1267:(Third ed.). Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.
2144:
628:
423:
259:
37:"Barberry" redirects here. For the luxury fashion house, see
1009:, flower detail (flowers 7 mm (0.28 in) diameter).
253:
555:(American barberry) serve as alternate host species of the
292:
from 1–5 m (3.3–16.4 ft) tall, found throughout
27:
Genus of flowering plants representing the barberry family
1701:
Natural
Medicines Comprehensive Database Consumer Version
262:
543:, a serious fungal disease of wheat and related grains.
393:
are usually six, rarely three or nine and there are six
30:"Calafate" redirects here. For the Patagonian town, see
1743:
Weiss, Daniel (July–August 2017). "From the
Trenches".
598:
when planted outside of their native ranges, including
314:
on the shoots and all along the margins of the leaves.
1825:"It's an Adventure in Persian Cuisine at Darya Kabob"
265:
256:
250:
2050:
1732:. Vol. I. London: Virtue & Co. p. 97.
247:
1425:Journal of the Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science
747:The following hybrid selections have gained the
567:is prohibited in many areas, and imports to the
1823:Wilkinson, Bobbie; Tom Wilkinson (2004-08-15).
1779:. Harrisburg, PA: Stackpole Books. p. 28.
699:have been selected for garden use. Low-growing
1868:Royal New Zealand Institute of horticulture.
1462:s.l., with the description of two new genera,
1077:, upper side of shoot above, lower side below.
923:is high, including untoward interactions with
815:Crispy Brussels sprouts with barberries on top
1897:
1212:
1210:
1060:Birmingham Botanical Gardens (United Kingdom)
835:
8:
497:are cultivated in Iran for culinary purposes
466:); it confirms that a broadly-circumscribed
2038:
1904:
1890:
1882:
73:
56:
45:
1621:'Corallina Compacta' AGM / RHS Gardening"
675:Learn how and when to remove this message
366:have dark red to violet foliage. Such as
1691:
1689:
1687:
1222:in Flora of North America @ efloras.org"
1201:Transactions of the Philological Society
339:after the young plant is 1–2 years old.
1132:
948:
509:species are used as food plants by the
1729:Tomlinson's Cyclopaedia of Useful Arts
1142:English Names for Korean Native Plants
618:in much of the eastern United States.
385:The flowers are produced singly or in
1092:, flowers and foliage, cultivated in
7:
2406:6cc2e9c9-7c72-4397-8fe8-d3399bcfb928
2321:cac7717f-f041-4f67-8296-1d1e85697275
1559:'Apricot Queen' AGM / RHS Gardening"
904:. The chemical constituents include
657:adding citations to reliable sources
1122:Barberry blossom in Eastern Siberia
836:
571:are forbidden. The North American
563:. For this reason, cultivation of
304:species is the European barberry,
25:
1776:Field Guide to Edible Wild Plants
1590:. Apps.rhs.org.uk. Archived from
2360:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:328526-2
1844:Arellano, Gustavo (2004-03-18).
1588:'Red Jewel' AGM / RHS Gardening"
1247:Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 330. 1753.
1239:Flora of China Vol. 19 Page 715
1115:
1100:
1082:
1067:
1044:
1029:
1014:
999:
984:
966:
951:
830:, where they are referred to as
707:Species in cultivation include:
633:
342:Many deciduous species, such as
243:
94:
1807:Murrills, Angela (2005-11-24).
644:needs additional citations for
1530:'Georgei' AGM / RHS Gardening"
1264:New Flora of the British Isles
917:high-quality clinical research
539:species can infect wheat with
1:
1329:. Royal Horticultural Society
1299:. Royal Horticultural Society
1809:"Best Eating: Check, please"
919:. Its potential for causing
844:. The berries are common in
2485:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
1650:Lindl. AGM / RHS Gardening"
882:) are two species found in
749:Royal Horticultural Society
2501:
36:
29:
1922:
1374:10.1007/s12229-012-9107-2
434:is derived from within a
217:
212:
197:
190:
91:Scientific classification
89:
81:
72:
64:
55:
48:
1150:Korea National Arboretum
559:responsible, the fungus
549:(European barberry) and
1722:Tomlinson, C. (1866). "
517:species, including the
330:on long shoots are non-
1197:"On False Etymologies"
816:
521:barberry carpet moth (
498:
416:Berberis sensu stricto
2480:Plants used in bonsai
1446:Botanicheskii Zhurnal
1152:. 2015. p. 371.
814:
753:Award of Garden Merit
581:Midwest United States
492:
382:'Atropurpurea Nana'.
273:), commonly known as
2460:Berberidaceae genera
1870:Berberis glaucocarpa
1850:Orange County Weekly
1642:"RHS Plant Selector
1613:"RHS Plant Selector
1594:on December 24, 2012
1580:"RHS Plant Selector
1551:"RHS Plant Selector
1526:"RHS Plant Selector
1354:The Botanical Review
1327:'Atropurpurea Nana'"
1179:Korea Forest Service
1075:Berberis verruculosa
1022:Berberis gagnepainii
1007:Berberis gagnepainii
992:Berberis gagnepainii
890:Traditional medicine
865:Berberis microphylla
792:'Corallina Compacta'
653:improve this article
594:species have become
527:), and mottled pug (
470:(that is, including
422:. However, a recent
1830:The Washington Post
1500:. 15 February 2018.
1366:2012BotRv..78..463P
1321:Berberis thunbergii
1319:"RHS Plantfinder –
1291:Berberis thunbergii
1289:"RHS Plantfinder –
1193:Wedgwood, Hensleigh
1052:Berberis valdiviana
1037:Berberis thunbergii
894:The dried fruit of
687:Several species of
561:(Puccinia graminis)
552:Berberis canadensis
530:Eupithecia exiguata
524:Pareulype berberata
493:Several species of
345:Berberis thunbergii
83:Berberis thunbergii
68:shoot with flowers
1846:"Naan & Kabob"
1352:(Berberidaceae)".
1220:Berberis fremontii
959:Berberis aggregata
925:prescription drugs
848:in dishes such as
817:
499:
374:'Admiration', and
2470:CYP3A4 inhibitors
2442:
2441:
2329:Open Tree of Life
2044:Taxon identifiers
2035:
2034:
1652:. Apps.rhs.org.uk
1623:. Apps.rhs.org.uk
1561:. Apps.rhs.org.uk
1532:. Apps.rhs.org.uk
1404:Systematic Botany
1159:978-89-97450-98-5
1090:Berberis vulgaris
974:Berberis aristata
897:Berberis vulgaris
820:Berberis vulgaris
802:(golden barberry)
685:
684:
677:
612:and green-leaved
546:Berberis vulgaris
464:Berberis claireae
307:Berberis vulgaris
234:
233:
200:Berberis vulgaris
186:
85:shoot with fruit
66:Berberis darwinii
16:(Redirected from
2492:
2475:Medicinal plants
2435:
2434:
2422:
2421:
2409:
2408:
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2298:NHMSYS0000456429
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1852:. Archived from
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1771:Angier, Bradford
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1478:(6): 1371–1392.
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1189:
1183:
1182:
1176:
1174:
1168:
1162:. Archived from
1147:
1137:
1119:
1108:Berberis prattii
1104:
1086:
1071:
1054:, flowers, from
1048:
1033:
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1402:(Magnoliidae).
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1226:www.efloras.org
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989:
980:
971:
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956:
947:
933:
921:adverse effects
902:herbal medicine
892:
874:(both known as
846:Persian cuisine
809:
772:'Apricot Queen'
720:B. dictyophylla
681:
670:
664:
661:
650:
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627:
504:
320:
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2419:wfo-4000004457
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1878:External links
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1811:. Straight.com
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1801:
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1514:. 11 May 2018.
1503:
1489:
1484:10.12705/666.6
1450:
1429:
1408:
1387:
1360:(4): 463–489.
1350:Berberis s. l.
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1310:
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1206:
1184:
1169:on 25 May 2017
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932:
929:
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808:
805:
804:
803:
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745:
744:
741:B. verruculosa
737:
730:
723:
716:
683:
682:
641:
639:
632:
626:
623:
600:B. glaucocarpa
503:
500:
359:B. verruculosa
332:photosynthetic
319:
316:
232:
231:
215:
214:
210:
209:
204:
195:
194:
188:
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174:
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2167:
2163:
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2120:
2115:
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2102:
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2094:
2088:
2083:
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2062:
2058:
2057:
2055:
2053:
2049:
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2040:
2028:
2027:
2023:
2021:
2020:
2016:
2014:
2013:
2009:
2007:
2006:
2002:
2000:
1999:
1995:
1993:
1992:
1988:
1986:
1985:
1981:
1979:
1978:
1977:Gymnospermium
1974:
1972:
1971:
1967:
1965:
1964:
1960:
1958:
1957:
1953:
1951:
1950:
1946:
1944:
1943:
1939:
1937:
1936:
1932:
1930:
1929:
1925:
1924:
1921:
1917:
1916:
1915:Berberidaceae
1907:
1902:
1900:
1895:
1893:
1888:
1887:
1884:
1877:
1872:
1871:
1866:
1856:on 2007-10-10
1855:
1851:
1847:
1842:
1832:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1810:
1805:
1804:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1786:0-8117-0616-8
1782:
1778:
1777:
1772:
1766:
1763:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1739:
1736:
1731:
1730:
1725:
1718:
1715:
1702:
1698:
1692:
1690:
1688:
1684:
1678:
1675:
1672:
1666:
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1651:
1649:
1645:
1637:
1634:
1622:
1620:
1616:
1608:
1605:
1593:
1589:
1587:
1583:
1575:
1572:
1560:
1558:
1554:
1546:
1543:
1531:
1529:
1521:
1518:
1513:
1507:
1504:
1499:
1493:
1490:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1468:Moranothamnus
1465:
1461:
1454:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1433:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1412:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1396:Berberidaceae
1391:
1388:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1344:
1341:
1328:
1326:
1322:
1314:
1311:
1298:
1297:'Admiration'"
1296:
1292:
1284:
1281:
1276:
1274:9780521707725
1270:
1266:
1265:
1260:
1254:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1235:
1232:
1227:
1223:
1221:
1213:
1211:
1207:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1188:
1185:
1180:
1165:
1161:
1155:
1151:
1144:
1143:
1136:
1133:
1127:
1118:
1113:
1109:
1103:
1098:
1095:
1091:
1085:
1080:
1076:
1070:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1047:
1042:
1038:
1032:
1027:
1023:
1017:
1012:
1008:
1002:
997:
993:
987:
982:
979:
975:
969:
964:
960:
954:
949:
944:
942:
939:
936:
930:
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926:
922:
918:
914:
911:, especially
910:
907:
903:
899:
898:
889:
887:
885:
881:
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873:
872:
867:
866:
861:
859:
855:
851:
847:
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821:
813:
807:Culinary uses
806:
801:
797:
794:
791:
787:
784:
781:
777:
774:
771:
767:
764:
761:
758:
757:
756:
754:
750:
743:
742:
738:
736:
735:
734:B. thunbergii
731:
729:
728:
724:
722:
721:
717:
715:
714:
710:
709:
708:
705:
702:
698:
694:
690:
679:
676:
668:
658:
654:
648:
647:
642:This section
640:
636:
631:
630:
624:
622:
619:
617:
616:
615:B. thunbergii
611:
607:
606:
601:
597:
593:
588:
586:
582:
578:
574:
573:B. canadensis
570:
569:United States
566:
562:
558:
554:
553:
548:
547:
542:
538:
534:
532:
531:
526:
525:
520:
516:
512:
508:
501:
496:
491:
487:
485:
481:
480:Moranothamnus
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
460:
459:Moranothamnus
455:
451:
447:
446:
441:
437:
433:
432:Berberis s.s.
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
408:
402:
400:
396:
392:
388:
383:
381:
377:
376:B. thunbergii
373:
369:
368:B. thunbergii
365:
364:B. thunbergii
361:
360:
356:
351:
350:
346:
340:
337:
333:
329:
325:
317:
315:
313:
309:
308:
303:
299:
295:
291:
288:
284:
280:
277:, is a large
276:
270:
240:
239:
230:
229:
227:
223:
216:
211:
207:
202:
201:
196:
193:
189:
185:
180:
179:
175:
172:
171:
168:
167:Berberidaceae
165:
162:
161:
158:
155:
152:
151:
148:
145:
142:
139:
138:
135:
132:
129:
126:
125:
122:
121:Tracheophytes
119:
116:
113:
112:
109:
106:
103:
102:
97:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
71:
67:
63:
59:
54:
51:
47:
44:
40:
33:
19:
2051:
2024:
2017:
2010:
2003:
1996:
1989:
1982:
1975:
1968:
1961:
1954:
1949:Caulophyllum
1947:
1940:
1934:
1933:
1926:
1913:
1869:
1858:. Retrieved
1854:the original
1849:
1834:. Retrieved
1828:
1813:. Retrieved
1775:
1765:
1748:
1744:
1738:
1727:
1723:
1717:
1705:. Retrieved
1700:
1677:
1665:
1654:. Retrieved
1647:
1643:
1636:
1625:. Retrieved
1618:
1614:
1607:
1596:. Retrieved
1592:the original
1585:
1581:
1574:
1563:. Retrieved
1556:
1552:
1545:
1534:. Retrieved
1527:
1520:
1506:
1492:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1464:Alloberberis
1463:
1459:
1453:
1448:82(9):96-99.
1445:
1441:
1437:
1432:
1427:30(1):53-55.
1424:
1420:
1416:
1411:
1403:
1400:Ranunculales
1399:
1395:
1390:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1343:
1331:. Retrieved
1325:atropurpurea
1324:
1320:
1313:
1301:. Retrieved
1295:atropurpurea
1294:
1290:
1283:
1263:
1259:Stace, C. A.
1253:
1244:
1243:xiao bo shu
1234:
1225:
1219:
1200:
1187:
1177:– via
1171:. Retrieved
1164:the original
1141:
1135:
1107:
1089:
1074:
1051:
1036:
1021:
1006:
991:
973:
958:
940:
937:
934:
906:isoquinolone
895:
893:
879:
875:
869:
863:
862:
854:zereshk polo
853:
831:
819:
818:
799:
795:
789:
785:
779:
775:
769:
765:
759:
746:
739:
732:
725:
718:
711:
706:
700:
688:
686:
671:
665:January 2021
662:
651:Please help
646:verification
643:
620:
613:
609:
603:
599:
591:
589:
575:, native to
572:
564:
560:
550:
544:
536:
535:
528:
522:
506:
505:
494:
484:monophyletic
479:
476:Alloberberis
475:
471:
467:
463:
457:
453:
449:
445:Alloberberis
443:
439:
436:paraphyletic
431:
428:phylogenetic
419:
415:
405:
403:
384:
380:atropurpurea
379:
375:
372:atropurpurea
371:
367:
363:
355:B. candidula
353:
343:
341:
323:
321:
305:
301:
274:
237:
236:
235:
225:
221:
218:
198:
192:Type species
177:
176:
157:Ranunculales
140:
127:
114:
82:
65:
49:
43:
2241:iNaturalist
2076:Wikispecies
2026:Vancouveria
2012:Podophyllum
1984:Jeffersonia
1912:Genera of
1751:(4): 9–22.
1745:Archaeology
1697:"Berberine"
1648:stenophylla
1619:stenophylla
1406:14:565-579.
1148:. Pocheon:
976:, from the
900:is used in
871:B. darwinii
800:stenophylla
790:stenophylla
782:'Red Jewel'
727:B. julianae
713:B. darwinii
625:Cultivation
610:B. vulgaris
605:B. darwinii
587:mountains.
565:B. vulgaris
557:rust fungus
515:Lepidoptera
349:B. vulgaris
318:Description
298:subtropical
134:Angiosperms
32:El Calafate
2449:Categories
1956:Diphylleia
1860:2007-05-02
1836:2007-05-02
1815:2007-05-02
1656:2020-04-17
1627:2020-04-17
1598:2013-04-07
1565:2020-04-17
1557:lologensis
1536:2020-04-17
1333:21 January
1303:21 January
1173:26 January
1128:References
931:Other uses
770:lologensis
577:Appalachia
462:(formerly
448:(formerly
322:The genus
1970:Epimedium
1942:Bongardia
1669:See e.g.
978:Himalayas
913:berberine
909:alkaloids
884:Patagonia
824:vitamin C
762:'Georgei'
704:by deer.
693:cultivars
541:stem rust
412:pinnation
294:temperate
287:evergreen
283:deciduous
104:Kingdom:
2455:Berberis
2401:VicFlora
2390:VASCAN:
2373:40026670
2368:Tropicos
2207:berberis
2184:Berberis
2082:Berberis
2061:Wikidata
2052:Berberis
2019:Ranzania
1991:Leontice
1935:Berberis
1773:(1974).
1757:26348971
1724:Berberis
1644:Berberis
1615:Berberis
1582:Berberis
1553:Berberis
1528:Berberis
1460:Berberis
1442:Berberis
1421:Berberis
1382:15401971
1261:(2010).
1245:Berberis
1203:(6): 66.
1195:(1855).
1039:, shrub.
1024:, fruit.
961:, fruit.
876:calafate
701:Berberis
689:Berberis
596:invasive
592:Berberis
585:Virginia
579:and the
537:Berberis
513:of some
507:Berberis
495:Berberis
468:Berberis
454:Horridae
452:section
420:Berberis
324:Berberis
302:Berberis
275:barberry
238:Berberis
222:Berberis
220:List of
213:Species
178:Berberis
163:Family:
147:Eudicots
50:Berberis
39:Burberry
18:Calafate
2465:Berries
2383:5871352
2272:1333459
2220:3033893
2067:Q158503
2005:Nandina
1998:Mahonia
1963:Dysosma
1707:31 July
1438:Mahonia
1417:Mahonia
1362:Bibcode
1110:, fruit
1094:Denmark
945:Gallery
842:Persian
832:zereshk
697:hybrids
502:Ecology
472:Mahonia
456:), and
450:Mahonia
440:Mahonia
426:-based
407:Mahonia
387:racemes
228:species
226:Mahonia
173:Genus:
153:Order:
108:Plantae
2432:426090
2380:uBio:
2342:PLANTS
2334:880484
2318:NZOR:
2259:3937-1
2204:FoIO:
2197:103816
2171:103816
2119:121610
2106:114147
2093:188624
2090:APDB:
1928:Achlys
1795:799792
1793:
1783:
1755:
1380:
1271:
1156:
880:michay
858:pectin
511:larvae
478:, and
395:petals
391:sepals
328:leaves
312:spines
290:shrubs
2427:WoRMS
2347:BERBE
2311:22774
2285:18814
2267:IRMNG
2246:58728
2179:FoAO2
2158:1BEBG
2145:61051
1753:JSTOR
1586:media
1472:Taxon
1378:S2CID
1167:(PDF)
1146:(PDF)
1056:Chile
850:pilaf
840:) in
780:media
590:Some
519:moths
482:) is
399:berry
279:genus
141:Clade
128:Clade
115:Clade
2355:POWO
2306:NCBI
2280:ITIS
2254:IPNI
2233:1403
2228:GRIN
2215:GBIF
2153:EPPO
2132:39LV
2114:BOLD
2101:APNI
1791:OCLC
1781:ISBN
1709:2024
1466:and
1398:and
1335:2018
1305:2018
1269:ISBN
1175:2017
1154:ISBN
878:and
868:and
837:زرشک
828:Iran
695:and
602:and
357:and
347:and
336:axil
296:and
285:and
224:and
2414:WFO
2393:893
2293:NBN
2192:FoC
2166:FNA
2140:EoL
2127:CoL
1726:".
1480:doi
1470:".
1440:to
1419:to
1370:doi
1323:f.
1293:f.
1241:小檗属
751:'s
655:by
533:).
424:DNA
378:f.
370:f.
281:of
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796:B.
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760:B.
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
