157:
1017:
989:
1003:
362:
The "small" calorie is broadly defined as the amount of energy needed to increase the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 °C (or 1 K, which is the same increment, a gradation of one percent of the interval between the melting point and the boiling point of water). The actual amount of
845:(kJ) may be used instead, in legal or scientific contexts. Most American nutritionists prefer the unit kilocalorie to the unit kilojoules, whereas most physiologists prefer to use kilojoules. In the majority of other countries, nutritionists prefer the kilojoule to the kilocalorie.
1886:
929:
In other scientific contexts, the term "calorie" and the symbol "cal" almost always refers to the small unit; the "large" unit being generally called "kilocalorie" with symbol "kcal". It is mostly used to express the amount of energy released in a
363:
energy required to accomplish this temperature increase depends on the atmospheric pressure and the starting temperature; different choices of these parameters have resulted in several different precise definitions of the unit.
712:
The 'Thermochemical calorie' was defined by
Rossini simply as 4.1833 international joules in order to avoid the difficulties associated with uncertainties about the heat capacity of water. It was later redefined as 4.1840 J
339:
In 1928, there were already serious complaints about the possible confusion arising from the two main definitions of the calorie and whether the notion of using the capital letter to distinguish them was sound.
824:. Until 1948, the latter was defined as 4.1833 international joules; the current standard of 4.184 J was chosen to have the new thermochemical calorie represent the same quantity of energy as before.
519:
The amount of energy required to warm one gram of air-free water from 14.5 to 15.5 °C at standard atmospheric pressure. Experimental values of this calorie ranged from 4.1852 to 4.1858 J. The
1335:
891:
contain approximately 4 kcal/g. Alcohol in food contains 7 kcal/g. The "large" unit is also used to express recommended nutritional intake or consumption, as in "calories per day".
1360:
841:, in a nutritional context, the "large" unit is used almost exclusively. It is generally written "calorie" with lowercase "c" and symbol "cal", even in government publications. The SI unit
1274:
1687:
1591:
698:
Defined as 1.163 mW⋅h = 4.1868 J exactly. This definition was adopted by the Fifth
International Conference on Properties of Steam (London, July 1956).
1812:
288:
during the years 1819–1824. This was the "large" calorie. The term (written with lowercase "c") entered French and
English dictionaries between 1841 and 1867.
1238:
746:
The figure depends on the conversion factor between "international joules" and "absolute" (modern, SI) joules. Using the mean international ohm and volt (
344:
1332:
302:
distinguished between gram-calorie and kilogram-calorie, and proposed using "Calorie", with capital "C", for the large unit. This usage was adopted by
1716:
1357:
1861:"EU Regulation No 1169/2011 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 October 2011 on the provision of food information to consumers"
1125:
1844:
1590:: Quantities and units, Part 4: Heat. Annex B (informative): Other units given for information, especially regarding the conversion factor.
1565:
1562:
Resolution 3 of the 9th CGPM (1948): Triple point of water; thermodynamic scale with a single fixed point; unit of quantity of heat (joule)
1502:
954:. However, it is increasingly being superseded by the SI unit, the joule (J); and metric multiples thereof, such as the kilojoule (kJ).
1271:
156:
2034:
2024:
1710:
1664:
1099:
965:
multiplied by the change in the temperature of the solution in kelvins or degrees
Celsius. However, this estimate assumes that the
1384:
1123:
How
Counting Calories Became a Science: Calorimeters defined the nutritional value of food and the output of steam generators
560:
The amount of energy required to warm one gram of air-free water from 19.5 to 20.5 °C at standard atmospheric pressure.
1778:
606:
of the amount of energy required to warm one gram of air-free water from 0 to 100 °C at standard atmospheric pressure.
483:
The amount of energy required to warm one gram of air-free water from 3.5 to 4.5 °C at standard atmospheric pressure.
1041:
730:
234:
2072:
961:, expressed in kilocalories per mole of reagent, is numerically close to the concentration of the reagent in moles per
260:) is equal to exactly 4.184 J, and therefore one kilocalorie (one large calorie) is 4184 J or 4.184 kJ.
214:(both with a capital C) if the large calorie is meant, to avoid confusion; however, this convention is often ignored.
1209:
1760:
1235:
2062:
966:
199:
24:
1641:
both the IT calorie and the thermochemical calorie are completely independent of the heat capacity of water.
321:. He proposed calling the "large" unit "kilocalorie", but the term did not catch on until some years later.
314:
2067:
1056:
946:. It is also occasionally used to specify other energy quantities that relate to reaction energy, such as
347:
in 1948. The calorie was mentioned in the 7th edition of the SI brochure as an example of a non-SI unit.
1910:
1786:
1136:
1061:
856:, energy is expressed in both kilojoules and kilocalories, abbreviated as "kJ" and "kcal" respectively.
853:
20:
1306:
1285:
524:
in 1950 published a mean experimental value of 4.1855 J, noting an uncertainty of 0.0005 J.
1066:
1031:
943:
410:
292:
1691:
957:
The lingering use in chemistry is largely due to the fact that the energy released by a reaction in
1808:
1122:
918:
307:
303:
299:
1249:
1561:
1543:
1185:
888:
277:
2030:
1992:
1974:
1860:
1840:
1834:
1706:
1660:
1654:
1607:
1499:
1464:
1095:
951:
931:
195:
2010:
1982:
1966:
1745:
1623:
1533:
1454:
1444:
958:
935:
1569:
1506:
1388:
1364:
1339:
1289:
1278:
1253:
1242:
1140:
1129:
876:
383:
253:
238:
1382:
FAO Food and
Nutrition Paper 77: Food energy - methods of analysis and conversion factors
1987:
1954:
1699:
1459:
1432:
1036:
1022:
849:
269:
203:
161:
102:
98:
1935:
252:
The precise equivalence between calories and joules has varied over the years, but in
2056:
1500:
A Manual of Human
Physiology: Prepared with Special Reference to Students of Medicine
1404:
1156:
1046:
994:
914:
838:
421:
19:"kcal" redirects here; this article is about the unit of energy. For other uses, see
1381:
1547:
1016:
884:
432:
180:
164:
1433:"Does the history of food energy units suggest a solution to "Calorie confusion"?"
192:
may refer to the large unit or to the small unit in different regions of the world
1051:
1008:
947:
939:
902:
872:
612:
285:
122:
1611:
984:
325:
150:
1978:
1628:
988:
883:(triglyceride lipids) contains 9 kilocalories per gram (kcal/g), while
842:
237:(SI), and is regarded as obsolete, having been replaced in many uses by the
222:
176:
1996:
1468:
1449:
229:
and its symbol usually refer to the small unit, the large one being called
1911:"How Do Food Manufacturers Calculate the Calorie Count of Packaged Foods?"
149:
is defined as the amount of heat needed to cause the same increase in one
1587:
1210:"Definition of calorie noun from the Oxford Advanced American Dictionary"
906:
879:(energy per mass) of metabolizing different types of food. For example,
194:. It is generally used in publications and package labels to express the
1970:
351:
910:
894:
218:
134:
1002:
1612:"Excursion in Chemical Thermodynamics, from the Past into the Future"
1538:
1521:
974:
898:
816:
The two definitions most common in older literature appear to be the
242:
138:
41:
1936:"Calories - Fat, Protein, Carbohydrates, Alcohol. Calories per gram"
343:
The joule was the officially adopted SI unit of energy at the ninth
310:, in 1887, in an influential article on the energy content of food.
256:
and nutrition it is now generally assumed that one (small) calorie (
1887:"China, General Rules for Nutrition Labeling of Prepackaged Foods"
970:
962:
860:
444:
398:
246:
155:
130:
126:
153:
of water. Thus, 1 large calorie is equal to 1000 small calories.
521:
328:
in 1896, alongside the already-existing CGS unit of energy, the
281:
1759:
Nutrition, Center for Food Safety and
Applied (7 March 2022).
1741:
880:
329:
1779:"Prospects improve for food energy labelling using SI units"
1133:
1656:
Handbook of
Materials Science: General Properties, Volume 1
901:
food in a regulated way to decrease, maintain, or increase
1380:
United
Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (2003): "
1688:
International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)
1143:
website, dated 29 December 2020. Accessed on 2022-01-20.
324:
The small calorie (cal) was recognized as a unit of the
295:(chemist) and Johann T. Silbermann (physicist) in 1852.
233:(kcal). However, the kcal is not officially part of the
1833:
Kevin T. Patton; Gary A. Thibodeau (11 January 2017).
1282:
1246:
913:. As weight loss depends on reducing caloric intake,
332:(first suggested by Clausius in 1864, under the name
121:
is defined as the amount of heat needed to raise the
1484:
JL Hargrove, "history of the calorie in nutrition",
1355:Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (1998):
1092:
Academic Press Dictionary of Science and Technology
198:of foods in per serving or per weight, recommended
77:
55:
47:
37:
32:
1698:
1330:Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (2019):
921:diets have been shown to be generally effective.
1292:, dated 24 October 2019. Accessed on 2022-01-20.
1836:The Human Body in Health & Disease - E-Book
291:The same term was used for the "small" unit by
1592:International Organization for Standardization
1256:, dated 5 August 2019. Accessed on 2022-01-20.
160:A 710-millilitre (24 US fl oz)
1399:
1397:
8:
1234:U. S. Food and Drug Administration (2019): "
1086:
1084:
1082:
313:The smaller unit was used by U.S. physician
249:(J), or the kilojoule (kJ) for 1000 joules.
1746:"The adoption of joules as units of energy"
1705:(3 ed.). Institut d'Estudis Catalans.
1480:
1478:
1426:
1424:
1272:What should my daily intake of calories be?
1180:
1178:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1107:
977:), which is not exact even for pure water.
905:, or to prevent and treat diseases such as
770:, using the US international ohm and volt (
725:
723:
721:
719:
206:, etc. Some authors recommend the spelling
1602:
1600:
1582:
1580:
1578:
1376:
1374:
1351:
1349:
1300:
1298:
871:The unit is most commonly used to express
345:General Conference on Weights and Measures
29:
1986:
1839:. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 537.
1627:
1537:
1458:
1448:
1326:
1324:
1266:
1264:
1262:
1230:
1228:
1226:
1151:
1149:
276: 'heat'. It was first introduced by
1204:
1202:
667:International Steam Table calorie (1956)
365:
354:is a less-common, non-standard variant.
1955:"Diet in the management of weight loss"
1270:U. K. National Health Service (2019): "
1236:Calories on the Menu - Information for
1078:
705:
1761:"Changes to the Nutrition Facts Label"
1488:136/12 (December 2006), pp. 2957–2961.
1358:The International System of Units (SI)
1333:The International System of Units (SI)
762:), the "international joule" is about
439:The amount of energy equal to exactly
1701:Compendium of Analytical Nomenclature
7:
1959:Canadian Medical Association Journal
284:energy, in lectures on experimental
1520:Marks, Percy L. (14 January 1928).
447:) and 1 kJ ≈ 0.239 kcal.
336:, and officially adopted in 1882).
2029:. Academic Press. pp. 76–77.
1522:"The Two Calories, Percy L. Marks"
268:The term "calorie" comes from
14:
1692:"1.6 Conversion tables for units"
59:
1015:
1001:
987:
969:of the solution is 1 kcal/(
662:"international" joules exactly.
16:Unit of energy used in nutrition
1953:Strychar, I. (3 January 2006).
1722:from the original on 2003-10-16
1391:". Accessed on 21 January 2022.
1186:"Cambridge Dictionary: calorie"
317:, in his classic 1894 textbook
1497:Joseph Howard Raymond (1894):
1409:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
191:
1:
1090:Christopher W. Morris (1992)
1042:Conversion of units of energy
863:, only kilojoules are given.
731:standard atmospheric pressure
652:"international" watt hours =
235:International System of Units
2011:"The Chemistry of Peroxides"
1813:National Physical Laboratory
319:A Manual of Human Physiology
1510:. W.B. Saunders, 376 pages.
1305:Conn, Carole; Len Kravitz.
2089:
2009:Zvi Rappoport ed. (2007),
1659:. CRC Press. p. 438.
1653:Lynch, Charles T. (1974).
1616:Pure and Applied Chemistry
1431:Hargrove, James L (2007).
1309:. University of New Mexico
1281:". Online document at the
1245:". Online document at the
690:10 kW⋅h ≈ 2.6132
665:
634:10 kW⋅h ≈ 2.6132
609:
563:
527:
511:10 kW⋅h ≈ 2.6124
486:
450:
381:
18:
1132:" Online article on the
588:10 kW⋅h ≈ 2.615
552:10 kW⋅h ≈ 2.610
475:10 kW⋅h ≈ 2.624
101:that originated from the
73:
2023:Bhagavan, N. V. (2002).
967:volumetric heat capacity
25:Calorie (disambiguation)
1629:10.1351/pac196408020095
1586:International Standard
1157:"Definition of Calorie"
1121:Allison Marsh (2020): "
887:(sugar and starch) and
350:The alternate spelling
1450:10.1186/1475-2891-6-44
1057:A calorie is a calorie
854:nutrition facts labels
822:thermochemical calorie
258:thermochemical calorie
200:dietary caloric intake
172:
1787:UK Metric Association
1062:Nutrition facts label
948:enthalpy of formation
944:kilocalories per mole
925:Chemistry and physics
378:Definition and notes
315:Joseph Howard Raymond
159:
21:KCAL (disambiguation)
2026:Medical Biochemistry
1307:"Remarkable Calorie"
1067:British thermal unit
1032:Basal metabolic rate
942:of substance, as in
293:Pierre Antoine Favre
2073:Non-SI metric units
2013:, Volume 2 page 12.
1971:10.1503/cmaj.045037
1915:Scientific American
952:activation barriers
897:is the practice of
733:can be taken to be
308:Wesleyan University
304:Wilbur Olin Atwater
300:Marcellin Berthelot
68:... is equal to ...
1789:. 24 February 2012
1568:2021-06-14 at the
1505:2022-01-21 at the
1387:2010-05-24 at the
1363:2022-01-20 at the
1338:2022-01-20 at the
1288:2020-05-02 at the
1277:2022-01-21 at the
1252:2013-09-15 at the
1241:2022-01-20 at the
1139:2022-01-20 at the
1128:2022-01-21 at the
818:15 °C calorie
529:20 °C calorie
488:15 °C calorie
173:
85:
79:
1846:978-0-323-40206-4
1608:Rossini, Fredrick
1437:Nutrition Journal
932:chemical reaction
702:
701:
452:4 °C calorie
306:, a professor at
91:
90:
56:Conversions
2080:
2048:
2047:
2045:
2043:
2020:
2014:
2007:
2001:
2000:
1990:
1950:
1944:
1943:
1932:
1926:
1925:
1923:
1921:
1907:
1901:
1900:
1898:
1896:
1891:
1882:
1876:
1875:
1873:
1871:
1857:
1851:
1850:
1830:
1824:
1823:
1821:
1819:
1809:"SI Conventions"
1805:
1799:
1798:
1796:
1794:
1775:
1769:
1768:
1756:
1750:
1749:
1738:
1732:
1731:
1729:
1727:
1721:
1704:
1696:
1684:
1678:
1677:
1675:
1673:
1650:
1644:
1643:
1638:
1636:
1631:
1604:
1595:
1584:
1573:
1558:
1552:
1551:
1541:
1539:10.1038/121058d0
1517:
1511:
1495:
1489:
1482:
1473:
1472:
1462:
1452:
1428:
1419:
1418:
1416:
1415:
1401:
1392:
1378:
1369:
1353:
1344:
1328:
1319:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1302:
1293:
1268:
1257:
1232:
1221:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1206:
1197:
1196:
1194:
1192:
1182:
1173:
1172:
1170:
1168:
1153:
1144:
1119:
1102:
1088:
1025:
1020:
1019:
1011:
1006:
1005:
997:
992:
991:
959:aqueous solution
950:and the size of
938:, typically per
810:
808:
806:
800:
799:
793:
791:
785:
783:
777:
775:
769:
767:
761:
759:
753:
751:
744:
738:
736:
735:101.325 kPa
727:
714:
710:
693:
689:
685:
683:
661:
660:
656:
651:
650:
646:
637:
633:
629:
627:
605:
604:
600:
591:
587:
583:
581:
555:
551:
547:
545:
514:
510:
506:
504:
478:
474:
470:
468:
435:
430:
424:
419:
413:
408:
401:
366:
119:kilogram calorie
86:
80:
30:
2088:
2087:
2083:
2082:
2081:
2079:
2078:
2077:
2063:Units of energy
2053:
2052:
2051:
2041:
2039:
2037:
2022:
2021:
2017:
2008:
2004:
1952:
1951:
1947:
1934:
1933:
1929:
1919:
1917:
1909:
1908:
1904:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1884:
1883:
1879:
1869:
1867:
1859:
1858:
1854:
1847:
1832:
1831:
1827:
1817:
1815:
1807:
1806:
1802:
1792:
1790:
1777:
1776:
1772:
1758:
1757:
1753:
1740:
1739:
1735:
1725:
1723:
1719:
1713:
1694:
1686:
1685:
1681:
1671:
1669:
1667:
1652:
1651:
1647:
1634:
1632:
1606:
1605:
1598:
1585:
1576:
1570:Wayback Machine
1559:
1555:
1519:
1518:
1514:
1507:Wayback Machine
1496:
1492:
1483:
1476:
1430:
1429:
1422:
1413:
1411:
1403:
1402:
1395:
1389:Wayback Machine
1379:
1372:
1365:Wayback Machine
1354:
1347:
1340:Wayback Machine
1329:
1322:
1312:
1310:
1304:
1303:
1296:
1290:Wayback Machine
1279:Wayback Machine
1269:
1260:
1254:Wayback Machine
1243:Wayback Machine
1233:
1224:
1214:
1212:
1208:
1207:
1200:
1190:
1188:
1184:
1183:
1176:
1166:
1164:
1163:. 1 August 2017
1161:Merriam-Webster
1155:
1154:
1147:
1141:Wayback Machine
1130:Wayback Machine
1120:
1105:
1089:
1080:
1076:
1071:
1021:
1014:
1007:
1000:
993:
986:
983:
927:
919:calorie-reduced
915:different kinds
877:specific energy
869:
835:
830:
814:
813:
809:, respectively.
804:
802:
797:
795:
789:
787:
781:
779:
773:
771:
765:
763:
757:
755:
749:
747:
745:
741:
734:
728:
717:
711:
707:
691:
687:
681:
679:
673:
658:
654:
653:
648:
644:
643:
635:
631:
625:
623:
602:
598:
597:
589:
585:
579:
577:
571:
553:
549:
543:
541:
535:
512:
508:
502:
500:
494:
476:
472:
466:
464:
458:
428:
426:
417:
415:
406:
404:
396:
392:
360:
280:, as a unit of
278:Nicolas Clément
266:
254:thermochemistry
239:SI derived unit
210:and the symbol
204:metabolic rates
187:and the symbol
115:dietary calorie
84:
78:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2086:
2084:
2076:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2055:
2054:
2050:
2049:
2035:
2015:
2002:
1945:
1927:
1902:
1877:
1852:
1845:
1825:
1800:
1770:
1751:
1733:
1711:
1679:
1665:
1645:
1596:
1574:
1553:
1512:
1490:
1474:
1420:
1393:
1370:
1368:, 7th edition.
1345:
1343:, 9th edition.
1320:
1294:
1258:
1222:
1198:
1174:
1145:
1103:
1094:. 2432 pages.
1077:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1037:Caloric theory
1034:
1028:
1027:
1026:
1023:Science portal
1012:
998:
982:
979:
926:
923:
868:
865:
850:European Union
834:
831:
829:
826:
812:
811:
786:) it is about
739:
715:
704:
703:
700:
699:
696:
674:
671:
668:
664:
663:
640:
618:
616:
615:calorie (1929)
611:International
608:
607:
594:
572:
569:
566:
562:
561:
558:
536:
533:
530:
526:
525:
517:
495:
492:
489:
485:
484:
481:
459:
456:
453:
449:
448:
437:
393:
390:
387:
384:Thermochemical
380:
379:
376:
373:
370:
359:
356:
265:
262:
133:by one degree
103:caloric theory
99:unit of energy
89:
88:
82:
75:
74:
71:
70:
65:
58:
57:
53:
52:
49:
45:
44:
39:
35:
34:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2085:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2068:Heat transfer
2066:
2064:
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2036:9780120954407
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1994:
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1980:
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1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
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1941:
1940:Nutristrategy
1937:
1931:
1928:
1916:
1912:
1906:
1903:
1888:
1885:USDA (2013).
1881:
1878:
1866:
1862:
1856:
1853:
1848:
1842:
1838:
1837:
1829:
1826:
1814:
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1714:
1712:0-86542-615-5
1708:
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1668:
1666:9780878192342
1662:
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1134:IEEE Spectrum
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1110:
1108:
1104:
1101:
1100:9780122004001
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1083:
1079:
1073:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1047:Empty calorie
1045:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1029:
1024:
1018:
1013:
1010:
1004:
999:
996:
995:Energy portal
990:
985:
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978:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
955:
953:
949:
945:
941:
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933:
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908:
904:
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896:
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890:
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885:carbohydrates
882:
878:
875:, namely the
874:
866:
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846:
844:
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839:United States
832:
827:
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823:
819:
743:
740:
732:
726:
724:
722:
720:
716:
709:
706:
697:
695:
686:= 1.1630
675:
669:
666:
641:
639:
630:≈ 1.1630
619:
617:
614:
610:
595:
593:
573:
567:
564:
559:
557:
537:
531:
528:
523:
518:
516:
507:≈ 1.1626
496:
490:
487:
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152:
148:
144:
143:small calorie
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
107:large calorie
105:of heat. The
104:
100:
96:
83:
76:
72:
69:
66:
64:
60:
54:
50:
46:
43:
40:
36:
31:
26:
22:
2040:. Retrieved
2025:
2018:
2005:
1965:(1): 56–63.
1962:
1958:
1948:
1939:
1930:
1918:. Retrieved
1914:
1905:
1893:. Retrieved
1880:
1868:. Retrieved
1864:
1855:
1835:
1828:
1816:. Retrieved
1803:
1791:. Retrieved
1783:Metric Views
1782:
1773:
1764:
1754:
1736:
1724:. Retrieved
1700:
1682:
1670:. Retrieved
1655:
1648:
1640:
1633:. Retrieved
1619:
1615:
1556:
1532:(3037): 58.
1529:
1525:
1515:
1498:
1493:
1485:
1440:
1436:
1412:. Retrieved
1408:
1405:""Calorie.""
1356:
1331:
1311:. Retrieved
1213:. Retrieved
1189:. Retrieved
1165:. Retrieved
1160:
1091:
956:
936:phase change
928:
893:
870:
858:
847:
836:
821:
817:
815:
742:
708:
677:
621:
584:≈ 1.164
575:
565:Mean calorie
548:≈ 1.162
539:
498:
471:≈ 1.168
462:
441:4.184 J
440:
402:
361:
349:
342:
338:
333:
323:
318:
312:
297:
290:
273:
267:
257:
251:
230:
226:
216:
211:
207:
196:energy value
188:
184:
181:food science
174:
168:
165:energy drink
147:gram calorie
146:
142:
118:
114:
111:food calorie
110:
106:
94:
92:
67:
62:
38:Unit of
2042:5 September
1920:8 September
1283:NHS website
1247:FDA Website
1167:4 September
1052:Food energy
1009:Food portal
903:body weight
873:food energy
867:Food energy
694:10 eV
676:≡ 4.1868 J
642:Defined as
638:10 eV
620:≈ 4.1868 J
613:Steam Table
596:Defined as
592:10 eV
556:10 eV
515:10 eV
497:≈ 4.1855 J
479:10 eV
397:4.184
375:Conversions
358:Definitions
286:calorimetry
231:kilocalorie
225:, the word
183:, the term
123:temperature
61:1 cal
2057:Categories
1818:8 February
1635:21 January
1622:(2): 107.
1443:(44): 44.
1414:2024-03-20
1215:9 November
1191:9 November
1074:References
574:≈ 4.190 J
538:≈ 4.182 J
461:≈ 4.204 J
422:kW⋅h
326:CGS system
151:milliliter
1979:0820-3946
1726:31 August
1564:", BIPM.
843:kilojoule
833:Nutrition
794:, giving
684: BTU
628: BTU
582: BTU
546: BTU
505: BTU
469: BTU
298:In 1879,
223:chemistry
177:nutrition
167:with 330
1997:16389240
1895:18 April
1870:18 April
1793:17 April
1744:(1971).
1717:Archived
1690:(1997).
1610:(1964).
1588:ISO 31-4
1566:Archived
1503:Archived
1469:18086303
1385:Archived
1361:Archived
1336:Archived
1286:Archived
1275:Archived
1250:Archived
1239:Archived
1137:Archived
1126:Archived
981:See also
907:diabetes
820:and the
713:exactly.
431:10
420:10
171:calories
137:(or one
1988:1319349
1865:EUR-Lex
1672:8 March
1594:, 1992.
1548:4068300
1460:2238749
1313:1 March
911:obesity
895:Dieting
889:protein
848:In the
837:In the
807: J
792: J
784: V
776: Ω
768: J
760: V
752: Ω
678:≈
657:⁄
647:⁄
622:≈
601:⁄
576:≈
540:≈
499:≈
463:≈
425:≈
414:≈
403:≈
386:calorie
264:History
227:calorie
219:physics
208:Calorie
185:calorie
162:Monster
141:). The
135:Celsius
125:of one
95:calorie
87:4.184 J
33:calorie
2033:
1995:
1985:
1977:
1843:
1709:
1663:
1546:
1526:Nature
1486:J Nutr
1467:
1457:
1098:
899:eating
445:joules
409:
372:Symbol
352:calory
245:, the
243:energy
139:kelvin
81:joules
63:in ...
48:Symbol
42:energy
1890:(PDF)
1720:(PDF)
1695:(PDF)
1544:S2CID
963:liter
861:China
852:, on
828:Usage
803:4.186
796:4.186
788:1.000
780:1.000
772:1.000
764:1.000
756:1.000
748:1.000
680:0.003
624:0.003
578:0.003
542:0.003
501:0.003
465:0.003
427:2.611
416:1.162
405:0.003
334:ergon
274:calor
272:
270:Latin
247:joule
169:large
131:water
127:liter
117:, or
97:is a
2044:2017
2031:ISBN
1993:PMID
1975:ISSN
1922:2017
1897:2022
1872:2022
1841:ISBN
1820:2016
1795:2013
1728:2013
1707:ISBN
1674:2014
1661:ISBN
1637:2013
1465:PMID
1315:2019
1217:2019
1193:2019
1169:2017
1096:ISBN
940:mole
909:and
801:and
729:The
682:9683
626:9683
570:mean
522:CIPM
503:9671
369:Name
282:heat
221:and
179:and
93:The
23:and
1983:PMC
1967:doi
1963:174
1765:FDA
1742:FAO
1624:doi
1534:doi
1530:121
1455:PMC
1445:doi
934:or
917:of
881:fat
859:In
790:165
782:330
774:495
670:cal
655:180
649:860
603:100
580:971
568:cal
544:964
532:cal
491:cal
467:985
455:cal
411:BTU
407:964
389:cal
330:erg
241:of
217:In
212:Cal
189:cal
175:In
145:or
129:of
51:cal
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1981:.
1973:.
1961:.
1957:.
1938:.
1913:.
1863:.
1811:.
1785:.
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798:84
778:,
766:19
758:34
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750:49
718:^
672:IT
659:43
534:20
493:15
433:eV
395:≡
391:th
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1999:.
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1942:.
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418:×
399:J
27:.
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