585:
and the governments in a friendly connection with it. Pope Pius VII issued a general condemnation of the secret society of the
Carbonari. The association lost its influence by degrees and was gradually absorbed into the new political organizations that sprang up in Italy; its members became affiliated especially with Mazzini's "Young Italy". From Italy, the organization was carried to France where it appeared as the Charbonnerie, which, was divided into verses. Members were especially numerous in Paris. The chief aim of the association in France also was political, namely, to obtain a constitution in which the conception of the sovereignty of the people could find expression. From Paris, the movement spread rapidly through the country, and it was the cause of several mutinies among the troops; it lost its importance after several conspirators were executed, especially as quarrels broke out among the leaders. The Charbonnerie took part in the Revolution of 1830; after the fall of the Bourbons, its influence rapidly declined. After this, a
630:
530:
663:
1937:
54:
415:
913:
1794:
1763:
569:
66:
859:
617:, in which many members would trace their origins and inspiration to the Carbonari. Rapidly declining in influence and members, the Carbonari practically ceased to exist, although the official history of this important company had continued, wearily, until 1848. Independent from French Philadelphians were instead the homonymous
844:
and Ugoni that took refuge at Geneva and others of the proscribed that proceeded to London added to the progress which
Carbonarism was making in France, suggested to General Pepe the idea of an international secret society, which would combine for a common purpose the advanced political reformers of
827:
in 1820-21. One was the reorganization of the
Carbonari, consequent upon the publicity given to their organization when it had brought about the revolution (and the secrecy in which it had hitherto been enveloped was no longer deemed necessary); the other was the extension of the organization beyond
555:
Ciro
Menotti was to take the reins of the initiative, trying to find the support of Duke Francis IV of Modena, who pretended to respond positively in return for granting the title of King of Italy, but the Duke made the double play and Menotti, virtually unarmed, was arrested the day before the date
584:
and many officers and government officials, and the king took an oath to observe the
Spanish constitution in Naples. The movement spread to Piedmont, and Victor Emmanuel resigned from the throne in favour of his brother Charles Felix. The Carbonari secretly continued their agitation against Austria
364:
The membership was separated into two classes—apprentice and master. There were two ways to become a master: through serving as an apprentice for at least six months or by already being a
Freemason upon entry. Their initiation rituals were structured around the trade of charcoal-selling, suiting
476:
and 12 March 1821 obtained a constitutional monarchy and liberal reforms as a result of
Carbonari actions. However, the Holy Alliance did not tolerate such revolutionary compromises and in February 1821 sent an army that defeated the outnumbered and poorly equipped insurgents in the south. In
963:(1839-1851). He aligned his forces with a faction composed of the Uruguayan Colorados and the Argentine Unitarios. This faction received support from the French and British Empires in their struggle against the forces of the Uruguayan Government and Argentine Federales.
467:
Worried about the protests, King
Ferdinand agreed to grant a new constitution and the adoption of a parliament. The victory, albeit partial, illusory, and apparent, caused a lot of hope in the peninsula and local conspirators, led by Santore di Santarosa, marched toward
782:
A new organization of the same name and claiming to be its continuation was founded in 1896 by Artur
Augusto Duarte da Luz de Almeida. This organization was active in efforts to educate the people and was involved in various antimonarchist conspiracies. Most notably,
609:. After the failed uprisings of 1831, the governments of the various Italian states cracked down on the Carbonari, who now virtually ceased to exist. The more astute members realized they could never take on the Austrian army in open battle and joined a new movement,
839:
proceeded to
Barcelona when the counter-revolution was imminent at Naples and his life was no longer safe there; and to the same city went several of the Piedmontese revolutionists when the country was Austrianized after the same lawless fashion. The dispersion of
356:
identified the members as rural "charcoal-burners"; the place where they met was called a "Barack", the members called themselves "good cousins", while people who did not belong to the Carbonari were "Pagani". There were special ceremonies to initiate the members.
360:
The aim of the Carbonari was the creation of a constitutional monarchy or a republic; they wanted also to defend the rights of common people against all forms of absolutism. Carbonari, to achieve their purpose, talked of fomenting armed revolts.
485:; but Charles Felix, more resolute, invited an Austrian military intervention. On 8 April, the Habsburg army defeated the rebels, and the uprisings of 1820–1821, triggered almost entirely by the Carbonari, ended up collapsing.
326:
during the sixteenth century, this claim cannot be verified by outside sources. Although a plethora of theories have been advanced as to the origins of the Carbonari, the organization most probably emerged as an offshoot of
460:, Spain that same year, took place in Naples, bandying anti-absolutist goals and demanding a liberal constitution. On 1 July, two officers, Michele Morelli and Joseph Silvati (who had been part of the army of Murat under
1014:" the character of Professor Pesca is a member of 'The Brotherhood', an organization placed contemporaneously with, and similarly featured as, the Carbonari. Clyde Hyder suspects that the model for Prof. Pesca was
589:
was formed among the French Republicans; after 1841, nothing more was heard of it. Carbonari was also to be found in Spain, but their numbers and importance were more limited than in the other Romance countries.
625:
of the Neapolitan Constitution of 1820, was fiercely repressed by the director of the Bourbon police Francesco Saverio Del Carretto, whose violent retaliation included the destruction of the village of Bosco.
392:
comprised nobles, officers of the army, small landlords, government officials, peasants, and priests, with a small urban middle class. Society was dominated by the Papacy. On 15 August 1814, Cardinals
832:. When the Neapolitan revolution had been effected, the Carbonari emerged from their mystery, published their constitution statutes, and ceased to conceal their program and their cards of membership.
263:. The chief purpose was to defeat tyranny and establish a constitutional government. In the north of Italy other groups, such as the Adelfia and the Filadelfia, were associate organizations.
2197:
552:
of France on the wings of victory for the uprising in Paris. The Italian Carbonari took up arms against some states in central and northern Italy, particularly the Papal States and Modena.
1040:, who were agitating against the Carbonari uprisings. Schindler was arrested and lost a year at college. Beethoven was sympathetic and, as a result, became a close friend of Schindler.
400:
issued an edict forbidding all secret societies, to become members of these secret associations, to attend their meetings, or to furnish a meeting-place for such, under severe penalties.
279:
scattered across Italy. Although agendas varied, evidence suggests that despite regional variations, most of them agreed upon the creation of a liberal, unified Italy. The Carbonari were
243:
basis, they lacked a clear immediate political agenda. They were a focus for those unhappy with the repressive political situation in Italy following 1815, especially in the south of the
1335:
takes an extensive look at the origins of the Carbonari in a chapter entitled "The Coalmen". He shows a linguistic connection through Arabic to a Sufi group called "The Perceivers" (
629:
621:
group born in Southern Italy, especially in Puglia and in the Cilento, between 1816 and 1828. In Cilento, in 1828, an insurrection of Philadelphia, who called for the
380:
had wanted to create a united and independent Italy. In 1815 Ferdinand I found his kingdom swarming with them. He found an unhoped-for ally in the secret sect of the
716:, describing in detail his ten-year ordeal. Maroncelli lost one leg in prison and was instrumental in translating and editing of Pellico's book in Paris (1833).
1784:
384:, that had separated from the Carbonari in 1813. Staunchly Catholics and legitimists, the Calderari swore to defend the Church and vowed eternal hatred to
2518:
1936:
529:
1988:
662:
622:
605:
rose and flew the Carbonari tricolour. A volunteer force marched on Rome but was destroyed by Austrian troops who had intervened at the request of
2406:
2075:
322:. Although some of the society's documents claimed that it had origins in medieval France, and that its progenitors were under the sponsorship of
1635:
Galt, Anthony (December 1994), "The Good Cousins' Domain of Belonging: Tropes in Southern Italian Secret Society Symbol and Ritual, 1810-1821",
576:
In 1820, the Neapolitan Carbonari once more took up arms, to wring a constitution from King Ferdinand I. They advanced against the capital from
1862:
2493:
1626:
352:
As a secret society that was often targeted for suppression by conservative governments, the Carbonari operated largely in secret. The name
2070:
1891:
1775:
473:
112:
835:
In particular, the dispersion of the Carbonari leaders had, at the same time, the effect of extending their influence in France. General
2513:
2488:
2411:
2370:
792:
2508:
2483:
2385:
2375:
2050:
1804:
2380:
2085:
2055:
2010:
1598:
1580:
1476:
1346:
899:
874:. In particular, the connection to Carbonari (if any exists) is to be clarified or this section is to be removed from the article.
1883:
560:, had condemned him to death, along with many others among Menotti's allies. This was the last major effort by the secret group.
1906:
671:
1945:
1189:
1048:
453:
418:
373:
2344:
2253:
2152:
2100:
1998:
1199:
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active in Italy from about 1800 to 1831. The Italian Carbonari may have further influenced other revolutionary groups in
2268:
1963:
409:
2447:
2025:
1901:
369:
2354:
2105:
2060:
1926:
1855:
1832:
1164:
1011:
994:
537:
31:
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2498:
2339:
2065:
988:
804:
800:
482:
1973:
1171:
1115:
1075:
999:
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involved a hero in the Carbonari and a heroine who became obsessed with this. It was made into a film in 1961.
877:
284:
1147:
2318:
2308:
2045:
2349:
1916:
1663:
1107:
1052:
984:
557:
247:. Members of the Carbonari, and those influenced by them, took part in important events in the process of
2390:
2162:
1993:
1848:
1809:
1021:
1018:, who was a member of the Carbonari, as well as an Italian teacher resident in London during the 1840s.
940:
740:
508:
1826:
1642:, vol. 29, Wiley, Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, pp. 785–807,
807:. One commonality among them was their hostility to the Church and they contributed to the republic's
2142:
1871:
1553:
959:. In 1842, he took command of the Uruguayan fleet and raised an "Italian Legion" of soldiers for the
788:
726:
497:
345:
248:
53:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2223:
2030:
1983:
1968:
1953:
1176:
960:
869:
820:
643:
524:
478:
430:
323:
260:
256:
95:
1703:
2478:
2288:
2278:
2207:
2172:
2015:
1692:
1651:
1572:
1204:
1140:
1088:
924:
751:
701:
633:
Plaque in memory of Angelo Targhini and Leonida Montanari, sentenced to death by the pope in 1825
297:, which called for a liberal or modernist takeover of the Catholic Church, was attributed to the
147:
2233:
1535:
1519:
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in France. This gave them hope that a successful revolution might be staged in Italy. A bid in
414:
2452:
2442:
2263:
2243:
2095:
1622:
1594:
1576:
1472:
1466:
1342:
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332:
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244:
139:
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108:
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began in 1815 when the latter requested an account of Schindler's involvement with a riot of
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2187:
2182:
2167:
2147:
2121:
2035:
2020:
1684:
1643:
1214:
1194:
1059:
944:
721:
654:'s father, who belonged to Carboneria, wanted to give him the name of Orso Teobaldo Felice.
614:
606:
397:
171:
163:
503:
Among the principal leaders of the Carbonari, Morelli and Silvati were sentenced to death;
314:
Although it is not clear where they were established, they first came to prominence in the
2313:
2283:
2202:
2090:
1044:
808:
594:
586:
545:
464:) marched towards the town of Nola in Campania at the head of their regiments of cavalry.
442:
441:. However, once the wars ended, they became a nationalist organization with a marked anti-
393:
319:
196:
159:
120:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2248:
2238:
2080:
1921:
1895:
1675:
Rath, John (January 1964), "The Carbonari: Their Origins, Initiation Rites, and Aims",
1209:
1159:
1007:
948:
881:
836:
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667:
610:
581:
549:
512:
504:
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438:
272:
228:
204:
151:
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2192:
2177:
2157:
2126:
1978:
1798:
1779:
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1135:
973:
768:
651:
489:
434:
377:
336:
280:
155:
927:
has been called the "Hero of the Two Worlds" because of his military enterprises in
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2228:
2005:
1911:
1718:
Reinerman, Alan. "Metternich and the Papal Condemnation of the" Carbonari" (1821).
912:
733:
687:
647:
602:
533:
340:
294:
289:
167:
143:
116:
1438:
Alan Reinerman, "Metternich and the Papal Condemnation of the" Carbonari", 1821".
1748:
Old hatreds and young hopes: the French Carbonari against the Bourbon Restoration
1616:
1566:
1398:
2258:
2040:
1554:
The London Literary Gazette, and Journal of Belles Lettres, Arts, Sciences, etc.
1332:
1152:
1118:, the character of Angelo Pardi is a young Italian Carbonaro colonel of hussars
1102:
1083:
1063:
556:
fixed for the uprising. Francis IV, at the suggestion of the Austrian statesman
446:
385:
328:
276:
38:
1066:, in which the main character's father is a member of the secret organization.
335:. They first became influential in the Kingdom of Naples (under the control of
27:
19th-century network of secret revolutionary societies in the Italian Peninsula
2457:
1825:
1070:
952:
917:
746:
240:
236:
1003:
features the Carbonari as part of a plot involving a mystical chess service.
700:
both were imprisoned by the Austrians for years, many of which they spent in
1025:
819:
Two results of great importance in the progress of the European Revolution (
568:
381:
17:
1033:
1029:
978:
841:
457:
212:
1733:
1723:
1696:
1655:
1111:
mentions the Carbonari, with the main character joining them as a spy.
956:
932:
709:
422:
224:
1788:, vol. 5 (11th ed.), Cambridge University Press, p. 307
65:
1037:
1028:"Beethoven, as I Knew Him" states that his close connection with the
936:
928:
824:
601:
was an outright failure, but in February 1831, several cities in the
598:
298:
232:
220:
208:
1688:
1647:
1797: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
1768:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
911:
661:
628:
580:
under a military officer and Abbot Minichini. They were joined by
567:
544:
The Carbonari were beaten but not defeated; they took part in the
469:
216:
481:, undecided about what to do, abdicated in favour of his brother
829:
705:
577:
1844:
283:
in both their philosophy and programme. The Papal constitution
852:
650:
of charcoal burners as well as tanners. In fact, for example,
368:
In 1814 the Carbonari wanted to obtain a constitution for the
30:
This article is about the secret society. For other uses, see
803:
that deposed the Constitutional Monarchy and implemented the
1179:(1995), adaptation of Jean Giono's novel of the same name.
779:) was first founded there in 1822 but was soon disbanded.
1250:
1248:
1246:
1143:(1961), adaptation of Stendhal's novel of the same name.
1099:
by Patrick O'Brian, part of the Aubrey-Maturin series.
429:
The Carbonari first arose during the resistance to the
293:
were directed against them. The controversial document
1058:
The Carbonari are also mentioned briefly in the book "
991:" features the Carbonari as the villains of the plot.
947:, joining the rebels known as the Ragamuffins in the
1365:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1265:
1263:
1079:
as opponents of the vampire-backed Austrian Empire.
732:
Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte (the future French emperor
2420:
2399:
2363:
2327:
2216:
2135:
2114:
1944:
1882:
1836:. Vol. 5 (9th ed.). 1878. pp. 88–89.
1282:
1280:
1278:
133:
101:
91:
83:
75:
1233:
1231:
1229:
331:, as part of the spread of liberal ideas from the
787:members were active in the assassination of King
452:The 1820 revolution began in Naples against King
1813:, vol. 3, New York: Robert Appleton Company
1593:, Secaucus NJ: Citadel Press, pp. 100–110,
774:
1400:Massoneria, Carboneria ed altre societĂ segrete
1341:. London, UK: Octagon Press. pp. 178–179.
1043:The Carbonari are mentioned prominently in the
1589:Daraul, Arkon (1961), "The Charcoal Burners",
729:(hero of the American and French Revolutions),
1856:
823:) proceeded from the events that occurred at
695:(1788–1854) and Pietro Maroncelli (1795–1846)
678:Prominent members of the Carbonari included:
445:tendency and were instrumental in organizing
8:
880:. There might be a discussion about this on
712:. After his release, Pellico wrote the book
46:
1618:Secret Societies of the European Revolution
1468:Political Repression in 19th Century Europe
186:
1863:
1849:
1841:
1664:"Some Causes of the Portuguese Revolution"
1503:
1254:
939:. In 1836, Garibaldi took up the cause of
548:that supported the liberal policy of King
45:
1989:Revolutions of 1848 in the Italian states
1491:
1403:. Turin/Rome: Roux-Viarengo. p. 213.
1312:
1310:
951:(1835-1845). In 1841, Garibaldi moved to
900:Learn how and when to remove this message
1121:They also appear in Carmen Mola's novel
536:, leader of the failed uprising against
528:
413:
2407:Anniversary of the Unification of Italy
2076:Brigandage in Southern Italy after 1861
1413:
1298:
1225:
613:('Young Italy') led by the nationalist
376:, was opposed to them. The Bonapartist
343:, the most resistant opposition to the
1429:(Northwestern University Press, 1950).
1427:The Neapolitan revolution of 1820-1821
1369:
1316:
1269:
515:and Piero Maroncelli were imprisoned.
1531:
1515:
736:) Almost certain but highly disputed.
7:
2371:Museum of the Risorgimento (Bologna)
2071:Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy
1286:
1237:
943:in its attempt to separate from the
642:The members of Carboneria recognize
593:In 1830, Carbonari took part in the
259:, and in the further development of
2412:National Unity and Armed Forces Day
1728:Shiver, Cornelia. "The Carbonari".
235:. Although their goals often had a
2386:Museum of the Risorgimento (Turin)
2376:Museum of the Risorgimento (Milan)
2051:Second Italian War of Independence
1451:Cornelia Shiver, "The Carbonari".
916:Monument to Giuseppe Garibaldi in
799:members also played a part in the
25:
2519:Freemasonry-related controversies
2381:Museum of the Risorgimento (Rome)
2086:Third Italian War of Independence
2056:United Provinces of Central Italy
2011:First Italian War of Independence
1807:", in Herbermann, Charles (ed.),
1750:(Harvard University Press, 1971).
1384:Memoires sur le Royaume de Naples
1082:Mr. Settembrini's grandfather in
1935:
1792:
1761:
1668:The Nineteenth Century and After
1465:Robert Justin Goldstein (2013).
857:
449:in Italy in 1820–1821 and 1831.
64:
58:Masonic emblem of the Carboneria
52:
1382:Orloff, Grigorij VladimiroviÄŤ.
1190:Committee of Union and Progress
1095:The Carbonari are mentioned in
1049:The Adventure of the Red Circle
500:, excommunicating its members.
456:. Riots, inspired by events in
374:Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies
2345:Francis II of the Two Sicilies
2153:Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour
2101:Italian entry into World War I
1803:Kirsch, Johann Peter (1908), "
1677:The American Historical Review
1575:: Cambridge University Press,
388:and Carbonari. Society in the
205:secret revolutionary societies
1:
2198:Annibale Santore di Santarosa
1591:A History of Secret Societies
1568:A Concise History of Portugal
1200:Four Sergeants of La Rochelle
941:Republic of Rio Grande do Sul
672:Austrian authorities in Milan
496:condemned the Carbonari as a
203:) was an informal network of
2494:Anti-Catholicism in Portugal
2269:Francesco Domenico Guerrazzi
1964:Revolutions during the 1820s
1607:Duggan, Christopher (2008),
1386:. Vol. II. p. 286.
538:Austrian dominance in Modena
410:Revolutions during the 1820s
372:by force. The Bourbon king,
2448:Revisionism of Risorgimento
2026:Sicilian revolution of 1848
1907:Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia
1902:Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
1739:Mack Smith, Denis (1988) ,
1704:"The Life of a Conspirator"
1662:McCullagh, Francis (1910),
1560:: 602–3. 18 September 1819.
370:Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
87:Conspiratorial organisation
2535:
2514:Secret societies in France
2489:Anti-Catholicism in France
2355:Joseph Radetzky von Radetz
2061:Expedition of the Thousand
1927:Duchy of Modena and Reggio
1720:Catholic Historical Review
1565:Birmingham, David (2003),
1471:. Routledge. p. 149.
1440:Catholic Historical Review
773:The Portuguese Carbonari (
766:
522:
407:
36:
32:Carbonara (disambiguation)
29:
2509:Secret societies in Italy
2484:Anti-Catholicism in Italy
2340:Franz Joseph I of Austria
2217:Literature and philosophy
2066:Dictatorship of Garibaldi
1933:
1116:The Horseman on the Roof
1092:is said to be Carbonari.
989:The Pavilion on the Links
845:all the European States.
801:5 October 1910 revolution
587:Charbonnerie démocratique
483:Charles Felix of Sardinia
255:), especially the failed
63:
51:
1774:Villari, Luigi (1911), "
1621:, Kessinger Publishing,
1172:The Horseman on the Roof
1076:The Stress of Her Regard
670:and Piero Maroncelli by
498:Freemason secret society
494:Ecclesiam a Jesu Christo
425:against King Ferdinand I
285:Ecclesiam a Jesu Christo
144:Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte
37:Not to be confused with
2319:Francesco Saverio Salfi
2309:Gian Domenico Romagnosi
1833:Encyclopædia Britannica
1785:Encyclopædia Britannica
546:revolution of July 1830
540:, was executed in 1831.
404:1820 and 1821 uprisings
2350:Klemens von Metternich
1917:Grand Duchy of Tuscany
1872:Unification of Italy (
1746:Spitzer, Alan Barrie.
1615:Frost, Thomas (2003),
1337:Shah, Idries (1977) .
1215:The Society of Seasons
1108:The Cemetery of Prague
1053:Sir Arthur Conan Doyle
985:Robert Louis Stevenson
921:
775:
675:
634:
573:
572:A map of Italy in 1843
558:Klemens von Metternich
541:
488:On 13 September 1821,
426:
2391:Tricolour Flag Museum
2163:Federico Confalonieri
1994:Republic of San Marco
1827:"The Carbonari"
1810:Catholic Encyclopedia
1397:Dito, Oreste (1905).
1148:Nell'anno del Signore
1051:" (1911), written by
1022:Anton Felix Schindler
915:
791:and his heir, Prince
741:Louis Auguste Blanqui
739:French revolutionary
665:
632:
571:
532:
509:Federico Confalonieri
417:
271:The Carbonari were a
2046:Plombières Agreement
1722:54#1 (1968): 55-69.
1609:The Force of Destiny
870:confusing or unclear
727:Marquis de Lafayette
2438:Italian nationalism
2433:Italian irredentism
2428:Altare della Patria
2224:Giovanni Arrivabene
2031:Ten Days of Brescia
1984:Revolutions of 1848
1969:Revolutions of 1830
1954:Rimini Proclamation
1892:Kingdom of Sardinia
1741:The Making of Italy
1177:Jean-Paul Rappeneau
961:Uruguayan Civil War
878:clarify the section
821:Revolutions of 1848
815:Elsewhere in Europe
644:Theobald of Provins
525:Revolutions of 1830
479:Vittorio Emanuele I
474:Kingdom of Sardinia
324:Francis I of France
287:and the encyclical
275:divided into small
261:Italian nationalism
249:Italian unification
113:Kingdom of Sardinia
96:Italian unification
48:
2289:Alessandro Manzoni
2279:Francesco Lomonaco
2208:Victor Emmanuel II
2173:Giuseppe Garibaldi
2016:Five Days of Milan
1884:Pre-unitary states
1670:, vol. LXVIII
1442:54#1 (1968): 55-69
1425:George T. Romani,
1205:League of the Just
1141:Roberto Rossellini
1089:The Magic Mountain
1012:The Woman in White
925:Giuseppe Garibaldi
922:
752:Giuseppe Garibaldi
702:Spielberg fortress
676:
635:
574:
542:
437:, the Bonapartist
427:
419:Revolution of 1820
257:Revolution of 1820
148:Giuseppe Garibaldi
79:Early 19th century
2466:
2465:
2453:Southern question
2264:Vincenzo Gioberti
2244:Felice Cavallotti
2143:Massimo d'Azeglio
2096:Law of Guarantees
1732:(1964): 234-241.
1628:978-0-7661-5390-5
1551:"The Carbonari".
1036:'s supporters in
1016:Gabriele Rossetti
995:Katherine Neville
910:
909:
902:
683:Gabriele Rossetti
658:Prominent members
507:went into exile;
472:, capital of the
431:French occupation
333:French Revolution
316:Kingdom of Naples
245:Italian Peninsula
179:
178:
140:Gabriele Rossetti
125:Kingdom of Sicily
109:Kingdom of Naples
70:Carbonari triband
16:(Redirected from
2526:
2504:Anti-clericalism
2499:Anti-Catholicism
2274:Giacomo Leopardi
2254:Giuseppe Ferrari
2188:Bettino Ricasoli
2183:Giuseppe Mazzini
2168:Francesco Crispi
2148:Agostino Bertani
2122:Cockade of Italy
2106:Impresa di Fiume
2036:Belfiore martyrs
2021:Sortie on Mestre
1939:
1865:
1858:
1851:
1842:
1837:
1829:
1814:
1796:
1795:
1789:
1767:
1765:
1764:
1743:
1715:
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1671:
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1631:
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1507:
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1495:
1489:
1483:
1482:
1462:
1456:
1455:(1964): 234-241.
1449:
1443:
1436:
1430:
1423:
1417:
1411:
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1404:
1394:
1388:
1387:
1379:
1373:
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1328:For example, in
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1320:
1314:
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1290:
1284:
1273:
1267:
1258:
1252:
1241:
1235:
1195:Communist League
1165:Taviani brothers
1129:Film adaptations
1097:The Hundred Days
1069:They feature in
1060:Resurrection Men
1024:'s biography of
945:Empire of Brazil
905:
898:
894:
891:
885:
861:
860:
853:
778:
722:Giuseppe Mazzini
615:Giuseppe Mazzini
607:Pope Gregory XVI
433:, notably under
398:Bartolomeo Pacca
202:
199:
197:charcoal burners
194:
191:
188:
175:Piero Maroncelli
172:Melchiorre Gioia
164:Giuseppe Mazzini
68:
56:
49:
21:
2534:
2533:
2529:
2528:
2527:
2525:
2524:
2523:
2469:
2468:
2467:
2462:
2416:
2395:
2359:
2323:
2314:Antonio Rosmini
2284:Goffredo Mameli
2234:Giosuè Carducci
2212:
2203:Ruggero Settimo
2131:
2110:
2091:Capture of Rome
1940:
1931:
1878:
1869:
1824:
1821:
1802:
1793:
1773:
1762:
1760:
1738:
1702:
1689:10.2307/1844987
1674:
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1648:10.2307/3033969
1634:
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1606:
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1588:
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1564:
1550:
1547:
1545:Further reading
1542:
1530:
1526:
1514:
1510:
1504:Birmingham 2003
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1255:Mack Smith 1988
1253:
1244:
1236:
1227:
1223:
1186:
1131:
1045:Sherlock Holmes
969:
906:
895:
889:
886:
875:
862:
858:
851:
817:
809:anticlericalism
771:
765:
760:
714:Le mie prigioni
660:
640:
595:July Revolution
566:
527:
521:
477:Piedmont, King
412:
406:
394:Ercole Consalvi
320:Napoleonic wars
312:
307:
269:
200:
195:
192:
189:
174:
170:
166:
162:
160:Antonio Panizzi
158:
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150:
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136:
129:
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121:Duchy of Modena
119:
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71:
59:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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2322:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2304:Carlo Pisacane
2301:
2299:Silvio Pellico
2296:
2294:Ippolito Nievo
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2249:Vincenzo Cuoco
2246:
2241:
2239:Carlo Cattaneo
2236:
2231:
2226:
2220:
2218:
2214:
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2124:
2118:
2116:
2112:
2111:
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2098:
2093:
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2083:
2081:Roman Question
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
2002:
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1999:Roman Republic
1996:
1991:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1950:
1948:
1942:
1941:
1934:
1932:
1930:
1929:
1924:
1922:Duchy of Parma
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1896:House of Savoy
1888:
1886:
1880:
1879:
1870:
1868:
1867:
1860:
1853:
1845:
1839:
1838:
1820:
1819:External links
1817:
1816:
1815:
1790:
1780:Chisholm, Hugh
1752:
1751:
1744:
1736:
1730:Social Science
1726:
1716:
1710:, New Series,
1700:
1683:(2): 353–370,
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1484:
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1453:Social Science
1444:
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1156:
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1127:
1008:Wilkie Collins
968:
965:
949:Ragamuffin War
908:
907:
865:
863:
856:
850:
847:
837:Guglielmo Pepe
816:
813:
767:Main article:
764:
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737:
730:
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697:
696:
693:Silvio Pellico
690:
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668:Silvio Pellico
659:
656:
639:
638:Holy protector
636:
611:Giovane Italia
565:
562:
550:Louis Philippe
520:
519:1831 uprisings
517:
513:Silvio Pellico
492:with the bull
462:Guglielmo Pepe
439:King of Naples
405:
402:
311:
308:
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303:
273:secret society
268:
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229:Ottoman Empire
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2199:
2196:
2194:
2193:Aurelio Saffi
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2178:Daniele Manin
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2158:Celso Ceretti
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
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2138:
2134:
2128:
2127:Flag of Italy
2125:
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2119:
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2107:
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2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1986:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1979:Neo-Guelphism
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
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1947:
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1800:
1799:public domain
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1770:public domain
1759:
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1605:
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1600:0-8065-0857-4
1596:
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1582:9780521536868
1578:
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1419:
1416:, p. 307
1415:
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1348:0-86304-020-9
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1137:
1136:Vanina Vanini
1133:
1132:
1128:
1126:
1124:
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1110:
1109:
1104:
1100:
1098:
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1090:
1085:
1080:
1078:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1065:
1061:
1056:
1054:
1050:
1047:short story "
1046:
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1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1004:
1002:
1001:
996:
992:
990:
986:
982:
980:
976:
975:
974:Vanina Vanini
967:In literature
966:
964:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
919:
914:
904:
901:
893:
883:
882:the talk page
879:
873:
871:
866:This section
864:
855:
854:
849:South America
848:
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652:Felice Orsini
649:
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631:
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495:
491:
490:Pope Pius VII
486:
484:
480:
475:
471:
465:
463:
459:
455:
450:
448:
444:
440:
436:
435:Joachim Murat
432:
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416:
411:
403:
401:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
378:Joachim Murat
375:
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366:
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358:
355:
350:
348:
347:
342:
339:) and in the
338:
337:Joachim Murat
334:
330:
325:
321:
317:
309:
304:
302:
300:
296:
292:
291:
286:
282:
281:anti-clerical
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156:Aurelio Saffi
153:
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78:
74:
67:
62:
55:
50:
44:
40:
33:
19:
2335:Pope Pius IX
2229:Cesare Balbo
2136:Main leaders
2006:Quadrilatero
1958:
1912:Papal States
1874:Risorgimento
1873:
1831:
1808:
1783:
1755:Attribution:
1754:
1753:
1747:
1740:
1729:
1719:
1711:
1707:
1680:
1676:
1667:
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1636:
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1414:Villari 1911
1409:
1399:
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1377:
1338:
1329:
1324:
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1170:
1158:
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1068:
1057:
1042:
1020:
1005:
998:
993:
983:
972:
970:
923:
896:
887:
876:Please help
867:
834:
818:
796:
793:Louis Philip
784:
781:
772:
734:Napoleon III
713:
688:Amand Bazard
677:
648:patron saint
641:
618:
603:Papal States
592:
582:General Pepe
575:
554:
543:
534:Ciro Menotti
502:
493:
487:
466:
451:
428:
389:
367:
365:their name.
363:
359:
353:
351:
346:Risorgimento
344:
341:Papal States
313:
295:Alta Vendita
290:Qui pluribus
288:
277:covert cells
270:
267:Organization
253:Risorgimento
252:
251:(called the
182:
180:
168:Ciro Menotti
117:Papal States
43:
2259:Ugo Foscolo
2041:Crimean War
1974:Young Italy
1708:The Rambler
1494:, p. .
1370:Kirsch 1908
1333:Idries Shah
1317:Kirsch 1908
1270:Duggan 2008
1160:Allonsanfan
1153:Luigi Magni
1103:Umberto Eco
1084:Thomas Mann
1064:T. K. Welsh
763:In Portugal
708:, Southern
623:restoration
454:Ferdinand I
447:revolutions
329:Freemasonry
318:during the
301:Carbonari.
39:Carabinieri
2473:Categories
2458:Third Rome
1714:, May 1854
1639:New Series
1534:, p.
1532:Frost 2003
1518:, p.
1516:Frost 2003
1221:References
1071:Tim Powers
987:'s story "
971:The story
953:Montevideo
918:Montevideo
872:to readers
797:Carbonária
785:Carbonária
776:Carbonária
769:Carbonária
747:Lord Byron
666:Arrest of
523:See also:
408:See also:
386:Freemasons
135:Key people
18:Carboneria
2479:Carbonari
2443:Redshirts
2328:Opponents
1959:Carbonari
1805:Carbonari
1776:Carbonari
1573:Cambridge
1339:The Sufis
1330:The Sufis
1287:Rath 1964
1238:Galt 1994
1163:, by the
1123:La Bestia
1026:Beethoven
997:'s novel
920:, Uruguay
890:July 2021
795:in 1908.
789:Charles I
619:carbonara
564:Aftermath
382:Calderari
354:Carbonari
237:patriotic
183:Carbonari
76:Formation
47:Carbonari
1946:Timeline
1734:in JSTOR
1724:in JSTOR
1184:See also
1125:(2021).
1034:Napoleon
1030:composer
1000:The Fire
979:Stendhal
842:Scalvini
805:republic
443:Austrian
299:Sicilian
213:Portugal
102:Location
2364:Museums
2115:Symbols
1801::
1782:(ed.),
1772::
1697:1844987
1656:3033969
1300:Rambler
1167:(1973).
1155:(1969).
957:Uruguay
933:Uruguay
868:may be
710:Moravia
674:in 1820
646:as the
423:Palermo
310:Origins
305:History
241:liberal
225:Uruguay
190:
92:Purpose
1778:", in
1766:
1695:
1654:
1625:
1597:
1579:
1475:
1345:
1038:Vienna
937:Europe
929:Brazil
825:Naples
758:Legacy
599:Modena
233:Russia
231:, and
227:, the
221:Brazil
209:France
2421:Other
1693:JSTOR
1652:JSTOR
1637:Man,
1175:, by
1151:, by
1139:, by
1062:" by
470:Turin
458:Cádiz
390:Regno
217:Spain
1623:ISBN
1595:ISBN
1577:ISBN
1473:ISBN
1343:ISBN
1302:1854
935:and
830:Alps
828:the
706:Brno
578:Nola
505:Pepe
396:and
239:and
187:lit.
181:The
84:Type
1685:doi
1644:doi
1558:139
1114:In
1105:'s
1086:'s
1010:' "
1006:In
977:by
704:in
421:in
2475::
1830:.
1706:,
1691:,
1681:69
1679:,
1666:,
1650:,
1571:,
1358:^
1309:^
1277:^
1262:^
1245:^
1228:^
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1055:.
955:,
931:,
811:.
511:,
349:.
223:,
219:,
215:,
211:,
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1894:(
1876:)
1864:e
1857:t
1850:v
1712:I
1687::
1646::
1538:.
1536:2
1522:.
1520:1
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1481:.
1372:.
1353:)
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1319:.
1304:.
1289:.
1272:.
1257:.
1240:.
903:)
897:(
892:)
888:(
884:.
743:.
201:'
193:'
185:(
41:.
34:.
20:)
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