31:
52:
1837:
1561:
Moreyra, Lucía D., Núria Garcia-Jacas, Cristina Roquet, Jennifer R. Ackerfield, Turan Arabacı, Carme Blanco-Gavaldà, Christian
Brochmann, Juan Antonio Calleja, Tuncay Dirmenci, Kazumi Fujikawa, and et al. 2023. African Mountain Thistles: Three New Genera in the Carduus-Cirsium Group.
319:
conduits. Almost 80 genera comprising 2500 species are assigned to this tribe, native of temperate regions of Europe and Asia (especially the
Mediterranean region and Minor Asia), Australia and tropical Africa; only three genera contain species native to the Americas.
355:
Some authors have divided the plants traditionally held to be in this tribe into three tribes: Cynareae in the narrow sense, Carlineae, and
Echinopeae. However, other authors have retained the traditional broader classification.
337:
336:
published the name
Cynarocephalae. This is a descriptive name, referring to the bluish colour of the flower heads. Such descriptive names for tribes are not valid under the
340:, which requires them to be based on a generic name. The name has been corrected by some authors to Cynareae, but this was not the name that was published in 1806.
1667:
1907:
1878:
1641:
1392:
30:
1809:
1716:
1783:
1370:
1298:
333:
226:
1871:
1757:
1628:
1321:"THE CARDUEAE (COMPOSITAE) REVISITED: INSIGHTS FROM ITS, trnL-trnF, AND matK NUCLEAR AND CHLOROPLAST DNA ANALYSIS1, 2"
341:
210:
1646:
1320:
1902:
1672:
51:
1339:
1912:
1864:
1581:
231:
1497:
467:
329:
222:
1533:
1460:
1266:
366:
1814:
1721:
1319:
Susanna, Alfonso.; Garcia-Jacas, Núria; Hidalgo, Oriane; Vilatersana, Roser; Garnatje, Teresa (2006).
477:
1188:
857:
412:
394:
175:
1122:
670:
187:
1407:
1034:
199:
46:
612:
183:
440:
179:
1897:
1680:
1149:
215:
1685:
1343:
1335:
877:
308:
300:
1101:
737:
727:
297:
246:
89:
1848:
1619:
998:
917:
897:
304:
293:
191:
76:
1891:
1195:
1170:
867:
687:
543:
345:
160:
1762:
1111:
1061:
1016:
937:
797:
747:
697:
629:
429:
289:
1633:
1393:"Toward a phylogenetic subfamilial classification for the Compositae (Asteraceae)"
1604:
1770:
1654:
1613:
1235:
1005:
967:
957:
887:
787:
757:
659:
581:
457:
447:
419:
145:
1708:
1519:
1177:
907:
827:
777:
649:
619:
537:
527:
517:
250:
135:
1748:
1801:
1205:
1159:
1129:
1081:
977:
947:
847:
837:
717:
707:
561:
281:
270:
125:
38:
1836:
1698:
1796:
1742:
1693:
1598:
1567:
1215:
1051:
1041:
1023:
927:
677:
601:
571:
401:
383:
115:
102:
1348:
1225:
1139:
1091:
767:
639:
591:
551:
497:
487:
373:
275:
259:
254:
1775:
1659:
1071:
987:
817:
807:
507:
265:
253:) and the subfamily Carduoideae. Most of them are commonly known as
1788:
1575:
1431:
1366:
1294:
316:
312:
63:
348:
had already published
Cardueae in 1819, and as Lessing included
1579:
338:
International Code of
Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants
1406:(4). Biological Society of Washington: 909–922. Archived from
328:
The correct name for the tribe has been disputed. In 1806,
1340:
10.3417/0026-6493(2006)93[150:TCCRIF]2.0.CO;2
1852:
1732:
1588:
1400:
Proceedings of the
Biological Society of Washington
1361:
1359:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1220:Yu J.Wang, Raab-Straube, Susanna & J.Quan Liu
1872:
1260:
1258:
8:
1485:The Biology and Chemistry of the Compositae
1879:
1865:
1576:
1557:
1555:
1553:
29:
20:
1347:
249:of flowering plants in the daisy family (
462:Calleja, N.Garcia, Moreyra & Susanna
1328:Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden
1254:
452:(Kazmi) N.Garcia, Moreyra & Susanna
352:in Cynareae, his name was superfluous.
1568:https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12173083
1367:"trib. Cynarocephalae Lam. & DC."
7:
1833:
1831:
1455:
1453:
1451:
257:; four of the best known genera are
1908:Taxa named by Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
1465:Merriam-Webster's online dictionary
1371:The International Plant Names Index
1299:The International Plant Names Index
1391:Panero, JL; VA Funk (2002-12-30).
14:
1835:
1265:Compositae Working Group (CWG),
344:published Cynareae in 1830, but
50:
1523:: Cladistic and Classification
556:Susanna, Calleja & Moreyra
1:
269:(containing the widely eaten
1851:. You can help Knowledge by
334:Augustin Pyramus de Candolle
1173:Garcia-Jacas & Susanna
1125:Garcia-Jacas & Susanna
1037:Garcia-Jacas & Susanna
1001:Garcia-Jacas & Susanna
397:Garcia-Jacas & Susanna
369:Garcia-Jacas & Susanna
342:Christian Friedrich Lessing
1929:
1830:
1271:Global Compositae Database
205:
198:
173:
168:
47:Scientific classification
45:
37:
28:
23:
16:Tribe of flowering plants
1066:Knorring & Tamamsch.
1436:Tree of Life webproject
742:Wagenitz & Dittrich
1538:Flora of North America
1502:Flora of North America
1295:"trib. Cynareae Less."
1010:Fisch. & C.A.Mey.
330:Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
307:on leaves, stems, or
522:(DC. ex Duby) K.Koch
360:Subtribes and genera
303:. Many species are
1566:12, no. 17: 3083.
468:× Carduogalactites
1903:Asteraceae tribes
1860:
1859:
1825:
1824:
1681:Open Tree of Life
1582:Taxon identifiers
1191:Cass. ex Dumort.
239:
238:
229:
213:
164:
1920:
1881:
1874:
1867:
1839:
1832:
1818:
1817:
1805:
1804:
1792:
1791:
1779:
1778:
1766:
1765:
1753:
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1751:
1725:
1724:
1712:
1711:
1702:
1701:
1689:
1688:
1676:
1675:
1663:
1662:
1650:
1649:
1637:
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1624:
1623:
1622:
1609:
1608:
1607:
1577:
1570:
1559:
1548:
1547:
1545:
1544:
1534:"tribe Cynareae"
1530:
1524:
1512:
1506:
1505:
1494:
1488:
1483:Dittrich, 1977,
1481:
1475:
1474:
1472:
1471:
1457:
1446:
1445:
1443:
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1428:
1422:
1421:
1419:
1418:
1412:
1397:
1388:
1382:
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1379:
1378:
1363:
1354:
1353:
1351:
1325:
1316:
1310:
1309:
1307:
1306:
1291:
1280:
1279:
1278:
1277:
1267:"Cardueae Cass."
1262:
1241:
1231:
1221:
1211:
1201:
1183:
1165:
1155:
1145:
1135:
1117:
1107:
1097:
1087:
1077:
1067:
1057:
1047:
1029:
1011:
993:
983:
973:
963:
953:
943:
933:
923:
913:
903:
893:
883:
873:
863:
853:
843:
833:
823:
813:
803:
793:
783:
773:
763:
753:
743:
733:
723:
713:
703:
693:
683:
665:
655:
645:
635:
625:
607:
597:
587:
577:
567:
557:
547:
533:
523:
513:
503:
493:
483:
478:× Cirsio-carduus
473:
463:
453:
435:
425:
407:
389:
379:
311:, and some have
221:
209:
159:
55:
54:
33:
21:
1928:
1927:
1923:
1922:
1921:
1919:
1918:
1917:
1888:
1887:
1886:
1885:
1828:
1826:
1821:
1813:
1808:
1800:
1795:
1787:
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1761:
1756:
1747:
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1741:
1728:
1720:
1715:
1707:
1705:
1697:
1692:
1684:
1679:
1671:
1666:
1658:
1653:
1645:
1640:
1632:
1627:
1618:
1617:
1612:
1603:
1602:
1597:
1584:
1574:
1573:
1560:
1551:
1542:
1540:
1532:
1531:
1527:
1513:
1509:
1496:
1495:
1491:
1482:
1478:
1469:
1467:
1459:
1458:
1449:
1440:
1438:
1430:
1429:
1425:
1416:
1414:
1410:
1395:
1390:
1389:
1385:
1376:
1374:
1365:
1364:
1357:
1323:
1318:
1317:
1313:
1304:
1302:
1293:
1292:
1283:
1275:
1273:
1264:
1263:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1239:
1229:
1219:
1209:
1199:
1181:
1163:
1153:
1143:
1133:
1115:
1105:
1102:Syreitschikovia
1095:
1085:
1075:
1065:
1055:
1045:
1027:
1009:
991:
981:
971:
961:
951:
941:
931:
921:
911:
901:
891:
881:
871:
861:
851:
841:
831:
821:
811:
801:
791:
781:
771:
761:
751:
741:
738:Centaurothamnus
731:
728:Centaurodendron
721:
711:
701:
691:
681:
663:
653:
643:
633:
623:
605:
595:
585:
575:
565:
555:
541:
531:
521:
511:
501:
491:
481:
471:
461:
451:
433:
423:
405:
387:
377:
362:
326:
220:Cynarocephalae
190:
186:
182:
178:
158:
49:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1926:
1924:
1916:
1915:
1913:Cardueae stubs
1910:
1905:
1900:
1890:
1889:
1884:
1883:
1876:
1869:
1861:
1858:
1857:
1840:
1823:
1822:
1820:
1819:
1806:
1793:
1780:
1767:
1754:
1738:
1736:
1730:
1729:
1727:
1726:
1713:
1703:
1690:
1677:
1664:
1651:
1638:
1625:
1610:
1594:
1592:
1586:
1585:
1580:
1572:
1571:
1549:
1525:
1507:
1489:
1476:
1447:
1423:
1383:
1355:
1311:
1281:
1253:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1244:
1243:
1242:
1232:
1222:
1212:
1202:
1186:
1185:
1184:
1168:
1167:
1166:
1156:
1146:
1136:
1120:
1119:
1118:
1108:
1098:
1088:
1078:
1068:
1058:
1048:
1032:
1031:
1030:
1014:
1013:
1012:
999:Dipterocominae
996:
995:
994:
984:
974:
964:
954:
944:
934:
924:
918:Rhaponticoides
914:
904:
898:Plectocephalus
894:
884:
874:
864:
854:
844:
834:
824:
814:
804:
794:
784:
774:
764:
754:
744:
734:
724:
714:
704:
694:
684:
668:
667:
666:
656:
646:
636:
626:
610:
609:
608:
598:
588:
578:
568:
558:
548:
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524:
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504:
494:
484:
474:
464:
454:
438:
437:
436:
426:
410:
409:
408:
392:
391:
390:
380:
363:
361:
358:
325:
322:
237:
236:
235:
234:
218:
203:
202:
196:
195:
192:Echinopsidinae
171:
170:
166:
165:
153:
149:
148:
143:
139:
138:
133:
129:
128:
123:
119:
118:
113:
106:
105:
100:
93:
92:
87:
80:
79:
74:
67:
66:
61:
57:
56:
43:
42:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1925:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1895:
1893:
1882:
1877:
1875:
1870:
1868:
1863:
1862:
1856:
1854:
1850:
1847:article is a
1846:
1841:
1838:
1834:
1829:
1816:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1759:
1755:
1750:
1744:
1740:
1739:
1737:
1735:
1731:
1723:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1704:
1700:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1630:
1626:
1621:
1615:
1611:
1606:
1600:
1596:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1578:
1569:
1565:
1558:
1556:
1554:
1550:
1539:
1535:
1529:
1526:
1522:
1521:
1517:
1511:
1508:
1503:
1499:
1493:
1490:
1486:
1480:
1477:
1466:
1462:
1456:
1454:
1452:
1448:
1437:
1433:
1427:
1424:
1413:on 2006-09-14
1409:
1405:
1401:
1394:
1387:
1384:
1373:
1372:
1368:
1362:
1360:
1356:
1350:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1322:
1315:
1312:
1301:
1300:
1296:
1290:
1288:
1286:
1282:
1272:
1268:
1261:
1259:
1255:
1248:
1238:
1237:
1233:
1228:
1227:
1223:
1218:
1217:
1213:
1208:
1207:
1203:
1198:
1197:
1196:Amphoricarpos
1193:
1192:
1190:
1189:Xerantheminae
1187:
1180:
1179:
1175:
1174:
1172:
1171:Staehelininae
1169:
1162:
1161:
1157:
1152:
1151:
1147:
1142:
1141:
1137:
1132:
1131:
1127:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1114:
1113:
1109:
1104:
1103:
1099:
1094:
1093:
1089:
1084:
1083:
1079:
1074:
1073:
1069:
1064:
1063:
1059:
1054:
1053:
1049:
1044:
1043:
1039:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1026:
1025:
1021:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1008:
1007:
1003:
1002:
1000:
997:
990:
989:
985:
980:
979:
975:
970:
969:
965:
960:
959:
955:
950:
949:
945:
940:
939:
935:
930:
929:
925:
920:
919:
915:
910:
909:
905:
900:
899:
895:
890:
889:
885:
880:
879:
875:
870:
869:
868:Phalacrachena
865:
860:
859:
855:
850:
849:
845:
840:
839:
835:
830:
829:
825:
820:
819:
815:
810:
809:
805:
800:
799:
795:
790:
789:
785:
780:
779:
775:
770:
769:
765:
760:
759:
755:
750:
749:
745:
740:
739:
735:
730:
729:
725:
720:
719:
715:
710:
709:
705:
700:
699:
695:
690:
689:
688:Callicephalus
685:
682:(Pers.) Less.
680:
679:
675:
674:
672:
669:
662:
661:
657:
652:
651:
647:
642:
641:
637:
632:
631:
627:
622:
621:
617:
616:
614:
611:
606:(Cass.) Cass.
604:
603:
599:
594:
593:
589:
584:
583:
579:
574:
573:
569:
566:(Cass.) Cass.
564:
563:
559:
554:
553:
549:
545:
540:
539:
535:
530:
529:
525:
520:
519:
515:
510:
509:
505:
500:
499:
495:
490:
489:
485:
480:
479:
475:
470:
469:
465:
460:
459:
455:
450:
449:
445:
444:
442:
439:
432:
431:
427:
422:
421:
417:
416:
414:
413:Cardopatiinae
411:
404:
403:
399:
398:
396:
393:
386:
385:
381:
376:
375:
371:
370:
368:
365:
364:
359:
357:
353:
351:
347:
346:Henri Cassini
343:
339:
335:
331:
323:
321:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
299:
295:
291:
286:
284:
283:
278:
277:
272:
268:
267:
262:
261:
256:
252:
248:
244:
233:
228:
224:
219:
217:
216:nom. superfl.
212:
207:
206:
204:
201:
197:
194:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
176:Cardopatiinae
172:
167:
162:
157:
154:
151:
150:
147:
144:
141:
140:
137:
134:
131:
130:
127:
124:
121:
120:
117:
114:
111:
108:
107:
104:
101:
98:
95:
94:
91:
88:
85:
82:
81:
78:
77:Tracheophytes
75:
72:
69:
68:
65:
62:
59:
58:
53:
48:
44:
40:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
1853:expanding it
1844:
1842:
1827:
1733:
1589:
1563:
1541:. Retrieved
1537:
1528:
1518:
1515:
1510:
1501:
1492:
1484:
1479:
1468:. Retrieved
1464:
1439:. Retrieved
1435:
1426:
1415:. Retrieved
1408:the original
1403:
1399:
1386:
1375:. Retrieved
1369:
1331:
1327:
1314:
1303:. Retrieved
1297:
1274:, retrieved
1270:
1234:
1224:
1214:
1204:
1194:
1176:
1158:
1148:
1138:
1128:
1123:Saussureinae
1112:Xanthopappus
1110:
1100:
1090:
1080:
1070:
1062:Lamyropappus
1060:
1050:
1040:
1022:
1017:Echinopsinae
1004:
986:
976:
966:
956:
946:
938:Schischkinia
936:
926:
916:
906:
896:
886:
876:
866:
862:(DC.) K.Koch
856:
846:
836:
826:
816:
806:
798:Karvandarina
796:
786:
776:
766:
756:
748:Cheirolophus
746:
736:
726:
716:
706:
698:Carduncellus
696:
686:
676:
671:Centaureinae
658:
648:
638:
630:Atractylodes
628:
618:
600:
590:
580:
570:
560:
550:
536:
526:
516:
506:
496:
486:
476:
466:
456:
446:
430:Cousiniopsis
428:
418:
400:
382:
372:
354:
349:
327:
287:
280:
274:
264:
258:
242:
240:
188:Centaureinae
174:
155:
109:
96:
83:
70:
41:flower head
18:
1771:iNaturalist
1655:iNaturalist
1614:Wikispecies
1487:2:1017-1038
1349:10261/29764
1334:: 150–171.
1236:Xeranthemum
1035:Onopordinae
1006:Dipterocome
968:Tricholepis
958:Stizolophus
888:Plagiobasis
858:Oligochaeta
788:Goniocaulon
772:(Pers.) DC.
758:Crocodilium
660:Tugarinovia
582:Ptilostemon
458:Afrocirsium
448:Afrocarduus
420:Cardopatium
395:Berardiinae
232:nom. inval.
146:Carduoideae
142:Subfamily:
90:Angiosperms
1892:Categories
1789:60442638-2
1543:2008-01-04
1520:Asteraceae
1470:2007-11-30
1441:2012-10-31
1432:"Cardueae"
1417:2007-08-12
1377:2023-05-12
1305:2023-05-12
1276:2023-05-12
1249:References
1178:Staehelina
908:Psephellus
828:Mantisalca
778:Femeniasia
650:Thevenotia
620:Atractylis
613:Carlininae
546:) Dittrich
538:Lamyropsis
528:Galactites
518:Epitrachys
313:laticifers
251:Asteraceae
184:Carlininae
169:Subtribes
136:Asteraceae
1802:100367925
1605:Q22662425
1498:"Cirsium"
1461:"thistle"
1206:Chardinia
1160:Saussurea
1150:Polytaxis
1130:Dolomiaea
1082:Onopordum
978:Volutaria
948:Serratula
848:Nikitinia
838:Myopordon
718:Centaurea
708:Carthamus
562:Notobasis
441:Carduinae
367:Arctiinae
309:involucre
298:perennial
288:They are
282:Onopordum
271:artichoke
208:Cynareae
180:Carduinae
126:Asterales
60:Kingdom:
39:Artichoke
24:Cardueae
1898:Cardueae
1845:Cardueae
1797:Tropicos
1743:Wikidata
1734:Cynareae
1706:VASCAN:
1699:50113062
1694:Tropicos
1620:Cardueae
1599:Wikidata
1590:Cardueae
1216:Shangwua
1116:C.Winkl.
1052:Ancathia
1042:Alfredia
1024:Echinops
1019:Dumort.
932:C.Winkl.
928:Russowia
692:C.A.Mey.
678:Amberboa
673:Dumort.
615:Dumort.
602:Tyrimnus
572:Picnomon
544:Kharadze
482:P.Fourn.
472:P.Fourn.
443:Dumort.
402:Berardia
384:Cousinia
324:Taxonomy
294:biennial
255:thistles
243:Cardueae
200:Synonyms
156:Cardueae
132:Family:
116:Asterids
103:Eudicots
1815:1075230
1763:4055406
1749:Q136869
1722:1074882
1514:Bremer
1226:Siebera
1140:Jurinea
1092:Synurus
892:Schrenk
802:Rech.f.
782:Susanna
768:Crupina
640:Carlina
592:Silybum
552:Nuriaea
498:Cirsium
488:Carduus
374:Arctium
350:Carduus
276:Cirsium
260:Carduus
152:Tribe:
122:Order:
64:Plantae
1776:128013
1686:557760
1673:102818
1660:632883
1634:242270
1564:Plants
1106:Pavlov
1072:Olgaea
988:Zoegea
922:Vaill.
878:Phonus
842:Boiss.
818:Leuzea
808:Klasea
702:Adans.
596:Adans.
576:Adans.
532:Moench
508:Cynara
434:Nevski
415:Less.
305:thorny
290:annual
279:, and
266:Cynara
245:are a
225:&
163:(1819)
1843:This
1810:WoRMS
1717:WoRMS
1411:(PDF)
1396:(PDF)
1324:(PDF)
1230:J.Gay
1210:Desf.
1154:Bunge
1144:Cass.
1096:Iljin
1076:Iljin
1046:Cass.
982:Cass.
962:Cass.
942:Iljin
912:Cass.
902:D.Don
872:Iljin
852:Iljin
832:Cass.
812:Cass.
792:Cass.
752:Cass.
732:Johow
664:Iljin
586:Cass.
502:Mill.
424:Juss.
406:Vill.
388:Cass.
317:resin
301:herbs
296:, or
247:tribe
211:Less.
161:Cass.
110:Clade
97:Clade
84:Clade
71:Clade
1849:stub
1784:IPNI
1758:APNI
1668:NCBI
1647:2763
1642:GRIN
1629:APNI
1516:1994
1200:Vis.
882:Hill
762:Hill
332:and
241:The
223:Lam.
1709:396
1404:115
1344:hdl
1336:doi
1164:DC.
1134:DC.
1056:DC.
972:DC.
822:DC.
654:DC.
634:DC.
315:or
273:),
227:DC.
1894::
1812::
1799::
1786::
1773::
1760::
1745::
1719::
1696::
1683::
1670::
1657::
1644::
1631::
1616::
1601::
1552:^
1536:.
1500:.
1463:.
1450:^
1434:.
1402:.
1398:.
1358:^
1342:.
1332:93
1330:.
1326:.
1284:^
1269:,
1257:^
1240:L.
1182:L.
1086:L.
1028:L.
992:L.
952:L.
722:L.
712:L.
644:L.
624:L.
512:L.
492:L.
378:L.
292:,
285:.
263:,
230:,
214:,
112::
99::
86::
73::
1880:e
1873:t
1866:v
1855:.
1546:.
1504:.
1473:.
1444:.
1420:.
1380:.
1352:.
1346::
1338::
1308:.
542:(
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