Cartography - Knowledge

1189:, which uses equally-spaced parallel vertical lines of longitude and parallel latitude lines spaced farther apart as they get farther away from the equator. By this construction, courses of constant bearing are conveniently represented as straight lines for navigation. The same property limits its value as a general-purpose world map because regions are shown as increasingly larger than they actually are the further from the equator they are. Mercator is also credited as the first to use the word "atlas" to describe a collection of maps. In the later years of his life, Mercator resolved to create his Atlas, a book filled with many maps of different regions of the world, as well as a chronological history of the world from the Earth's creation by God until 1568. He was unable to complete it to his satisfaction before he died. Still, some additions were made to the Atlas after his death, and new editions were published after his death. 1264:

styli to prick holes along the drawn lines, trace along them with colored chalk, and then engrave the map. Lines going in the same direction are carved at the same time, and then the plate is turned to carve lines going in a different direction. To print from the finished plate, ink is spread over the metal surface and scraped off such that it remains only in the etched channels. Then the plate is pressed forcibly against the paper so that the ink in the channels is transferred to the paper. The pressing is so forceful that it leaves a "plate mark" around the border of the map at the edge of the plate, within which the paper is depressed compared to the margins. Copper and other metals were expensive at the time, so the plate was often reused for new maps or melted down for other purposes.

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information. Either way, many maps of the Renaissance left the publisher without being colored, a practice that continued all the way into the 1800s. However, most publishers accepted orders from their patrons to have their maps or atlases colored if they wished. Because all coloring was done by hand, the patron could request simple, cheap color, or more expensive, elaborate color, even going so far as silver or gold gilding. The simplest coloring was merely outlines, such as of borders and along rivers. Wash color meant painting regions with inks or watercolors. Limning meant adding silver and gold leaf to the map to illuminate lettering, heraldic arms, or other decorative elements.

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are advantages to using relief to make maps. For one, a printmaker doesn't need a press because the maps could be developed as rubbings. Woodblock is durable enough to be used many times before defects appear. Existing printing presses can be used to create the prints rather than having to create a new one. On the other hand, it is hard to achieve fine detail with the relief technique. Inconsistencies in linework are more apparent in woodcut than in intaglio. To improve quality in the late fifteenth century, a style of relief craftsmanship developed using fine chisels to carve the wood, rather than the more commonly used knife.

6125: 1019: 1079: 97: 1070:(which he learned through contemporary accounts from Arab merchants and explorers) with the information he inherited from the classical geographers, he was able to write detailed descriptions of a multitude of countries. Along with the substantial text he had written, he created a world map influenced mostly by the Ptolemaic conception of the world, but with significant influence from multiple Arab geographers. It remained the most accurate world map for the next three centuries. The map was divided into seven 755: 1892:, and other map elements to find ways to portray the information so that the map reader can interpret the map as intended. Guided by these experiments, the cartographer settles on a design and creates the map, whether in physical or electronic form. Once finished, the map is delivered to its audience. The map reader interprets the symbols and patterns on the map to draw conclusions and perhaps to take action. By the spatial perspectives they provide, maps help shape how we view the world. 994: 7150: 1434: 829: 1218:, maps were used to impress viewers and establish the owner's reputation as sophisticated, educated, and worldly. Because of this, towards the end of the Renaissance, maps were displayed with equal importance of painting, sculptures, and other pieces of art. In the sixteenth century, maps were becoming increasingly available to consumers through the introduction of printmaking, with about 10% of Venetian homes having some sort of map by the late 1500s. 1688: 1707: 55: 1872: 1823: 1696: 7646: 6137: 5839: 5128: 5851: 5140: 2012: 1381: 2179:(CaGIS), promotes in the U.S. research, education, and practice to improve the understanding, creation, analysis, and use of maps and geographic information. The society serves as a forum for the exchange of original concepts, techniques, approaches, and experiences by those who design, implement, and use cartography, geographical information systems, and related geospatial technologies. 1941:: All maps must be drawn at a smaller scale than reality, requiring that the information included on a map be a very small sample of the wealth of information about a place. Generalization is the process of adjusting the level of detail in geographic information to be appropriate for the scale and purpose of a map, through procedures such as selection, simplification, and classification. 904: 1911: 1461: 5875: 6149: 5863: 1983:: The map image must be placed on the page (whether paper, web, or other media), along with related elements, such as the title, legend, additional maps, text, images, and so on. Each of these elements have their own design considerations, as does their integration, which largely follows the principles of 1333:

as intermediaries, managed to work a treaty which placed the Amur River as the border between the Eurasian powers, and opened up trading relations between the two. This treaty's significance draws from the interaction between the two sides, and the intermediaries who were drawn from a wide variety of

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Designing a map involves bringing together a number of elements and making a large number of decisions. The elements of design fall into several broad topics, each of which has its own theory, its own research agenda, and its own best practices. That said, there are synergistic effects between these

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was created by a Chinese cartographer. Historians have put its date of creation around 1620, but there is debate in this regard. This map's significance draws from historical misconceptions of East Asian cartography, the main one being that East Asians did not do cartography until Europeans arrived.

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In intaglio, lines are engraved into workable metals, typically copper but sometimes brass. The engraver spreads a thin sheet of wax over the metal plate and uses ink to draw the details. Then, the engraver traces the lines with a stylus to etch them into the plate beneath. The engraver can also use

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A map has a purpose and an audience. Its purpose may be as broad as teaching the major physical and political features of the entire world, or as narrow as convincing a neighbor to move a fence. The audience may be as broad as the general public or as narrow as a single person. Mapmakers use design

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which show shaded relief. Before such software existed, cartographers had to draw shaded relief by hand. One cartographer who is respected as a master of hand-drawn shaded relief is the Swiss professor Eduard Imhof whose efforts in hill shading were so influential that his method became used around

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In woodcut, the map image is created as a relief chiseled from medium-grain hardwood. The areas intended to be printed are inked and pressed against the sheet. Being raised from the rest of the block, the map lines cause indentations in the paper that can often be felt on the back of the map. There

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Before 1749, maps of the African continent had African kingdoms drawn with assumed or contrived boundaries, with unknown or unexplored areas having drawings of animals, imaginary physical geographic features, and descriptive texts. In 1748, Jean B. B. d'Anville created the first map of the African

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Lettering in mapmaking is important for denoting information. Fine lettering is difficult in woodcut, where it often turned out square and blocky, contrary to the stylized, rounded writing style popular in Italy at the time. To improve quality, mapmakers developed fine chisels to carve the relief.

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In the late 1400s to the late 1500s, Rome, Florence, and Venice dominated map-making and trade. It started in Florence in the mid-to late 1400s. Map trade quickly shifted to Rome and Venice but then was overtaken by atlas makers in the late 16th century. Map publishing in Venice was completed with

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In medieval times, written directions of how to get somewhere were more common than the use of maps. With the Renaissance, cartography began to be seen as a metaphor for power. Political leaders could lay claim to territories through the use of maps, and this was greatly aided by the religious and

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in 2005 as a development of the virtual globe EarthViewer 3D (2004), which revolutionised accessibility of accurate world maps, as well as access to satellite and aerial imagery. These advances brought more accuracy to geographical and location-based data and widened the range of applications for

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In cartography, technology has continually changed in order to meet the demands of new generations of mapmakers and map users. The first maps were produced manually, with brushes and parchment; so they varied in quality and were limited in distribution. The advent of magnetic devices, such as the

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A third type of map is known as an "orienteering," or special purpose map. This type of map falls somewhere between thematic and general maps. They combine general map elements with thematic attributes in order to design a map with a specific audience in mind. Oftentimes, the type of audience an

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Maps furthered imperialism and colonization of Africa in practical ways by showing basic information like roads, terrain, natural resources, settlements, and communities. Through this, maps made European commerce in Africa possible by showing potential commercial routes and made natural resource

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A common belief is that science heads in a direction of progress, and thus leads to more accurate representations of maps. In this belief, European maps must be superior to others, which necessarily employed different map-making skills. "There was a 'not cartography' land where lurked an army of

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The first use of color in map-making cannot be narrowed down to one reason. There are arguments that color started as a way to indicate information on the map, with aesthetics coming second. There are also arguments that color was first used on maps for aesthetics but then evolved into conveying

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In understanding basic maps, the field of cartography can be divided into two general categories: general cartography and thematic cartography. General cartography involves those maps that are constructed for a general audience and thus contain a variety of features. General maps exhibit many

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such as monitors, plotters, printers, scanners (remote and document) and analytic stereo plotters, along with computer programs for visualization, image processing, spatial analysis, and database management, have democratized and greatly expanded the making of maps. The ability to superimpose

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The cartographic process spans many stages, starting from conceiving the need for a map and extending all the way through its consumption by an audience. Conception begins with a real or imagined environment. As the cartographer gathers information about the subject, they consider how that

1808:, letting the reader know whether a station is north or south of the river. That and the topology of station order and interchanges between train lines are all that is left of the geographic space. Yet those are all a typical passenger wishes to know, so the map fulfills its purpose. 2185:(NACIS), A North American-based cartography society that is aimed at improving communication, coordination and cooperation among the producers, disseminators, curators, and users of cartographic information. Their members are located worldwide and the meetings are on an annual basis 1350:

Due to the paucity of information and the immense difficulty of surveying during the period, mapmakers frequently plagiarized material without giving credit to the original cartographer. For example, a famous map of North America known as the "Beaver Map" was published in 1715 by

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extraction possible by depicting locations of resources. Such maps also enabled military conquests and made them more efficient, and imperial nations further used them to put their conquests on display. These same maps were then used to cement territorial claims, such as at the

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provided efficient, precise methods for mapping physical features, such as coastlines, roads, buildings, watersheds, and topography. The United States Geological Survey has devised multiple new map projections, notably the Space Oblique Mercator for interpreting satellite

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practically universally used copper plate intaglio, having abandoned the fragile, coarse woodcut technology. Use of map projections evolved, with the double hemisphere being very common and Mercator's prestigious navigational projection gradually making more appearances.

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on the equidistant cylindrical projection. Although this method of charting seems to have existed in China even before this publication and scientist, the greatest significance of the star maps by Su Song is that they represent the oldest existent star maps in

1652:. According to deconstructionist models, cartography was used for strategic purposes associated with imperialism and as instruments and representations of power during the conquest of Africa. The depiction of Africa and the low latitudes in general on the 1267:

Whether woodcut or intaglio, the printed map is hung out to dry. Once dry, it is usually placed in another press to flatten the paper. Any type of paper that was available at the time could be used to print the map, but thicker paper was more durable.

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What is the earliest known map is a matter of some debate, both because the term "map" is not well-defined and because some artifacts that might be maps might actually be something else. A wall painting that might depict the ancient Anatolian city of

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zones, with detailed descriptions of each zone. As part of this work, a smaller, circular map depicting the south on top and Arabia in the center was made. Al-Idrisi also made an estimate of the circumference of the world, accurate to within 10%.

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for mapping the surface. The use of satellites and space telescopes now allows researchers to map other planets and moons in outer space. Advances in electronic technology ushered in another revolution in cartography: ready availability of

1641:" understanding of the map as early as the 17th century. An example of this understanding is that " reality can be expressed in mathematical terms; that systematic observation and measurement offer the only route to cartographic truth…". 778:(Italy), dated to the 4th millennium BCE, geometric patterns consisting of dotted rectangles and lines are widely interpreted in archaeological literature as depicting cultivated plots. Other known maps of the ancient world include the 1803:

is an iconic example. Although the most widely used map of "The Tube," it preserves little of reality: it varies scale constantly and abruptly, it straightens curved tracks, and it contorts directions. The only topography on it is the

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In 1689, representatives of the Russian tsar and Qing Dynasty met near the border town of Nerchinsk, which was near the disputed border of the two powers, in eastern Siberia. The two parties, with the Qing negotiation party bringing

2130:, technologies allow for the creation and distribution of maps by people without proper cartographic training are readily available. This has led to maps that ignore cartographic conventions and are potentially misleading. 1166:. This was an equal-area, heart-shaped world map projection (generally called a cordiform projection) that was used in the 16th and 17th centuries. Over time, other iterations of this map type arose; most notable are the 1015:('maps of the world') are the medieval European maps of the world. About 1,100 of these are known to have survived: of these, some 900 are found illustrating manuscripts, and the remainder exist as stand-alone documents. 2299: 2327: 1846:, has vastly simplified the process of map creation and increased the palette of design options available to cartographers. This has led to a decreased focus on production skill, and an increased focus on quality 4051: 1105:, from the 15th century to the 17th century, European cartographers both copied earlier maps (some of which had been passed down for centuries) and drew their own based on explorers' observations and new 1456:

model, where observed latitudes and magnetic directions are plotted directly into the plane, with a constant scale, as if the Earth were a plane (Portuguese National Archives of Torre do Tombo, Lisbon).

1174:. The Werner projection places its standard parallel at the North Pole; a sinusoidal projection places its standard parallel at the equator; and the Bonne projection is intermediate between the two. 1630:

There are technical and cultural aspects to producing maps. In this sense, maps can sometimes be said to be biased. The study of bias, influence, and agenda in making a map is what comprise a map's

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by Carl Moreland and David Bannister – complete text of the book, with information both on mapmaking and on mapmakers, including short biographies of many cartographers (archived 2 February 2007)

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has been interpreted as imperialistic and as symbolic of subjugation due to the diminished proportions of those regions compared to higher latitudes where the European powers were concentrated.

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is a very general type of map, the kind one might sketch on a napkin. It often disregards scale and detail in the interest of clarity of communicating specific route or relational information.

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classes. As the volume of geographic data has exploded over the last century, thematic cartography has become increasingly useful and necessary to interpret spatial, cultural and social data.

1535:, make possible maps with fine details, which do not distort in shape and which resist moisture and wear. This also eliminated the need for engraving, which further speeded up map production. 677:

Set the map's agenda and select traits of the object to be mapped. This is the concern of map editing. Traits may be physical, such as roads or land masses, or may be abstract, such as

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elements, meaning that the overall design process is not just working on each element one at a time, but an iterative feedback process of adjusting each to achieve the desired

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Another motive for deliberate errors is cartographic "vandalism": a mapmaker wishing to leave their mark on the work. Mount Richard, for example, was a fictitious peak on the

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The map's depiction of trading routes, a compass rose, and scale bar points to the culmination of many map-making techniques incorporated into Chinese mercantile cartography.

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in New Caledonia is an example of a fictitious location that stubbornly survives, reappearing on new maps copied from older maps while being deleted from other new editions.

1726:" maps of the entire UK and with a range of correlated larger- and smaller-scale maps of great detail. Many private mapping companies have also produced thematic map series. 1722:(USGS) are a standard as compared to the 1:50,000 scale Canadian maps. The government of the UK produces the classic 1:50,000 (replacing the older 1 inch to 1 mile) " 1634:. A central tenet of deconstructionism is that maps have power. Other assertions are that maps are inherently biased and that we search for metaphor and rhetoric in maps. 2086:" to help the copyright owner identify infringement if the error appears in competitors' maps. The latter often come in the form of nonexistent, misnamed, or misspelled " 508: 1645:

inaccurate, heretical, subjective, valuative, and ideologically distorted images. Cartographers developed a 'sense of the other' in relation to nonconforming maps."

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or other celestial bodies. While all projections distort the surface, cartographers strategically control how and where distortion occurs For example, the popular

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Arcà, Andrea (2004). "The topographic engravings of the Alpine rock-art: fields, settlements, and agricultural landscapes". In Chippindale, C.; Nash, G. (eds.).

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The early modern period saw the convergence of cartographical techniques across Eurasia and the exchange of mercantile mapping techniques via the Indian Ocean.

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and technique, cartography builds on the premise that reality (or an imagined reality) can be modeled in ways that communicate spatial information effectively.

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in 2004, a global digital counter-map that allowed anyone to contribute and use new spatial data without complex licensing agreements; and the launch of

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spatially located variables onto existing maps has created new uses for maps and new industries to explore and exploit these potentials. See also

535: 1925:: The foundation of the map is the plane on which it rests (whether paper or screen), but projections are required to flatten the surface of the 1568:

In the early years of the new millennium, three key technological advances transformed cartography: the removal of Selective Availability in the

4832: 2306: 2159: 2155: 1312: 518: 205: 1949:: Any map visually represents the location and properties of geographic phenomena using map symbols, graphical depictions composed of several 770:(previously known as Catal Huyuk or Çatal Hüyük) has been dated to the late 7th millennium BCE. Among the prehistoric alpine rock carvings of 4629: 4610: 4589: 4546: 4523: 4500: 4477: 4454: 4431: 4408: 4378: 4342: 4319: 4296: 4273: 4250: 4215: 4104: 4037: 3973: 3936: 3000: 2972: 2943: 2791: 1784:). In the present era, one of the most widespread and advanced methods used to form topographic maps is to use computer software to generate 3079: 2910: 2250: 7611: 6959: 3739:

Stone, Jeffrey C. (1988). "Imperialism, Colonialism and Cartography". Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, N.S. 13. Pp 57.

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Intaglio lettering did not suffer the troubles of a coarse medium and so was able to express the looping cursive that came to be known as

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in Europe, in the beginning of the 15th century, marked the rebirth of scientific cartography, after more than a millennium of stagnation.

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map in the early 1970s. It is believed to be the work of draftsman Richard Ciacci. The fiction was not discovered until two years later.

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orienteering map is made for is in a particular industry or occupation. An example of this kind of map would be a municipal utility map.

4912: 4468:. Vol. 2, Book 3: Cartography in the Traditional African, American, Arctic, Australian, and Pacific Societies. Chicago and London: 3711: 2341: 1093: 4827: 1308: 6949: 6892: 6498: 2264: 2139: 3246: 3216: 2894: 2320: 2188: 2051: 1420: 2567:"A Tale of two obsessed archeologists, one ancient city, and nagging doubts about whether science can ever hope to reveal the past" 4124: 5812: 5776: 4778: 4676: 2599:"A bird's eye view – of a leopard's spots. The Çatalhöyük 'map' and the development of cartographic representation in prehistory" 2205: 1508:

was one of the first cartographers to use the printing press to make maps more widely available. Optical technology, such as the

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colonial expansion of Europe. The Holy Land and other religious places were the most commonly mapped during the Renaissance.

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In a rare move, Ortelius credited mapmakers who contributed to the atlas, the list of which grew to 183 individuals by 1603.

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reference and location systems and often are produced in a series. For example, the 1:24,000 scale topographic maps of the

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information is structured and how that structure should inform the map's design. Next, the cartographers experiment with

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Miyajima, Kazuhiko (1997). "Projection methods in Chinese, Korean and Japanese star maps". In Andersen, Johannes (ed.).

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supports in the UK the practising cartographer and encourages and maintains a high standard of cartographic illustration

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Perdue, Peter C. (2010). "Boundaries and Trade in the Early Modern World: Negotiations at Nerchinsk and Beijing".

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involves maps of specific geographic themes, oriented toward specific audiences. A couple of examples might be a

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Eliminate the mapped object's characteristics that are irrelevant to the map's purpose. This is the concern of

7171: 6047: 6042: 4445:. Vol. 2, Book 2: Cartography in the Traditional East and Southeast Asian Societies. Chicago and London: 2724: 1284:. There were custom-made reverse punches that were also used in metal engraving alongside freehand lettering. 4422:. Vol. 2, Book 1: Cartography in the Traditional Islamic and South Asian Societies. Chicago and London: 698:

Reduce the complexity of the characteristics that will be mapped. This is also the concern of generalization.

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Kennelly, Patrick (2006). "A Uniform Sky Illumination Model to Enhance Shading of Terrain and Urban Areas".

2355: 2079: 2069: 2065: 2022: 1959:: As all of the symbols are brought together, their interactions have major effects on map reading, such as 1785: 1391: 1364: 1206: 1182: 1133: 801:

period (14th – 12th centuries BCE). The oldest surviving world maps are from 9th century BCE

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The History of Cartography: Cartography in Prehistoric, Ancient and Mediaeval Europe and the Mediterranean

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directly in the field. Image shows mapping of forest structure (position of trees, dead wood and canopy).

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does not distort angles on the surface, but it makes regions near the poles appear larger than they are.

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allowed the mass production of maps and the creation of accurate reproductions from more accurate data.

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Orchestrate the elements of the map to best convey its message to its audience. This is the concern of

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Woodward, David. "Techniques of Map Engraving, Printing, and Coloring in the European Renaissance".

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Bassett, J. T. (1994). "Cartography and Empire Building in the Nineteenth-Century West Africa".

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principles to guide them in constructing a map that is effective for its purpose and audience.

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Carlton, Genevieve (2011). "Worldly Consumer: The Demand for Maps in Renaissance Italy".

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description of a place, including (especially in the 20th and 21st centuries) the use of

789:, showing a seaside community in an oblique perspective, and an engraved map of the holy 3860: 3769: 3382:

Delano-Smith, Catherine (2005). "Stamped Signs on Manuscripts Maps in the Renaissance".

7649: 7568: 7558: 7422: 7417: 7176: 7166: 7065: 7011: 6976: 6917: 6872: 6771: 6756: 6650: 6625: 6579: 6533: 6528: 6364: 6296: 6129: 6037: 6009: 6004: 5999: 5698: 5693: 5658: 5578: 5520: 5381: 5093: 5088: 5078: 5027: 4973: 4173: 4146: 4120: 3712:"Harley, J. B. (1989). "Deconstructing the Map". Cartographica, Vol. 26, No. 2. pp 1-5" 2773: 2771: 2445: 2385: – Application of animation to add a temporal component to a map displaying change 1984: 1749: 1631: 1547: 1493: 1360: 1356: 930: 843: 685: 456: 399: 297: 250: 230: 200: 4147:"The disguised pandemic: The importance of data normalization in COVID-19 web mapping" 2807:

Smith, Catherine Delano (1996). "Imago Mundi's Logo the Babylonian Map of the World".

1271:

Both relief and intaglio were used about equally by the end of the fifteenth century.

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and using his second map projection. The translation into Latin and dissemination of

62:(1482, Johannes Schnitzer, engraver), constructed after the coordinates in Ptolemy's 4019: 3989: 3876: 3831: 2566: 1695: 7621: 7583: 7573: 7563: 7503: 7284: 7129: 7119: 7006: 6966: 6887: 6867: 6832: 6817: 6711: 6706: 6676: 6554: 5802: 5641: 5478: 5397: 5386: 5371: 5296: 5144: 5103: 5083: 4945: 4804: 4199: 3920: 3646: 2087: 1994: 1805: 1773: 1733: 1729: 1638: 1577: 1552: 1293: 1059: 847: 834: 775: 292: 4648: 4021:

Practical Handbook of Thematic Cartography: Principles, Methods, and Applications

3521: 3495: 3268: 2598: 684:

Represent the terrain of the mapped object on flat media. This is the concern of

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and surrounding constellations. These charts may have been used for navigation.

946: 888: 883: 851: 365: 265: 220: 4164: 3868: 3133:"Between the Sinusoidal projection and the Werner: an alternative to the Bonne" 2448: – Application of information science methods in geography and geosciences 1485:

devices, allowed for the creation of far more accurate maps and the ability to

1150:

was the author of the first known planisphere with a graduated Equator (1527).

878:. As early as the 8th century, Arab scholars were translating the works of the 7470: 7437: 7412: 7214: 7124: 6862: 6640: 6604: 6599: 6349: 6098: 5994: 5736: 5486: 5464: 5439: 5434: 5032: 4860: 4537:. Vol. 4: Cartography in the European Enlightenment. Chicago and London: 3621: 2822: 2659:

A Guide to the prehistoric Engravings in the Italian Maritime Alps, Bordighera

2616: 2544: 2158:(ICA), the world body for mapping and GIScience professionals, as well as the 1944: 1889: 1797: 1769: 1521: 1321: 903: 863: 771: 667: 473: 377: 345: 317: 235: 225: 215: 3575: 3530: 3472: 2844:

Finel, Irving (1995). "A join to the map of the world: A notable discovery".

2424: – Mapping practices and methods of analysis grounded in critical theory 709:

Modern cartography constitutes many theoretical and practical foundations of

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humanities and book publishing in mind, rather than just informational use.

1114: 1106: 982: 908: 810: 790: 736: 414: 31: 17: 4182: 3496:"The Selden Map Rediscovered: A Chinese Map of East Asian Shipping Routes, 3337:

Woodward, David. "Cartography and the Renaissance: Continuity and Change".

2780:

Geography and Ethnography: Perceptions of the World in Pre-Modern Societies

886:

were essential in the Roman world, motivating the creation of maps, called

4560:. Vol. 5: Cartography in the Nineteenth Century. Chicago and London: 4029: 3464: 3149: 6339: 5482: 4514:. Vol. 6: Cartography in the Twentieth Century. Chicago and London: 2532: 2400: 1843: 1831: 1800: 1622:

make it possible to create maps directly from measurements made on site.

1605: 1601: 1589: 1517: 1359:. De Fer, in turn, had copied images that were first printed in books by 1143: 1067: 971: 966: 859: 798: 740: 678: 340: 138: 133: 88: 2624: 2499: – Collaborative project to create a free editable map of the world 7495: 7372: 7342: 7158: 7139: 6812: 6324: 6108: 6093: 5922: 5646: 5515: 5459: 5443: 5376: 3567: 2830: 2036: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1777: 1741: 1513: 1478: 1405: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1249: 1118: 1071: 962: 926: 873: 855: 822: 814: 806: 663: 59: 3785: 3101:"Globes and Terrain Models – Geography and Maps: An Illustrated Guide" 825:). Another depicts Babylon as being north of the center of the world. 7362: 7229: 7209: 4661: 4145:

Adams, Aaron; Xiang, Chen; Weidong, Li; Zhang, Chuanrong (May 2020).

3990:"3.1 The Cartographic Process | GEOG 160: Mapping our Changing World" 3801:

Rhumb Lines and Map Wars: A Social History of the Mercator Projection

2300:

International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation

1902: 1885: 1847: 1582: 1063: 1055: 1001: 818: 794: 2526: – system for producing lines for cartographic map compilations 2328:

Journal of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Geoinformation Science

1668:

continent that had blank spaces to represent the unknown territory.

1437:

A pre-Mercator nautical chart of 1571, from Portuguese cartographer

5156: 3777: 3636: 2714: 2418: – Oval enclosing hieroglyphs of a royal name in Ancient Egypt 1136:

produced a globular world map and a large 12-panel world wall map (

7550: 7327: 7309: 7294: 7149: 7088: 6319: 4996: 3449:

Richards, John F. (1997). "Early Modern India and World History".

1926: 1909: 1870: 1821: 1705: 1694: 1686: 1459: 1432: 1151: 1077: 1017: 992: 958: 902: 827: 821:

and several cities, all, in turn, surrounded by a "bitter river" (

753: 53: 1256:, referring to the medium used to transfer the image onto paper. 1248:

There were two main printmaking technologies in the Renaissance:

7601: 7219: 6072: 3302:. Vol. 1. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 11. 2493: – Map showing the location of a geographic area in context 2210:

Journals related to cartography, as well as GIS, GISc, include:

761:(I), Paspardo r. 29, topographic composition, 4th millennium BCE 7061: 6169: 5895: 5160: 4969: 4665: 3040: 2430: – Study and creation of maps of imagined places or events 6344: 5022: 2078:

Some maps contain deliberate errors or distortions, either as

2005: 1677: 1615: 1465: 1374: 673:

The fundamental objectives of traditional cartography are to:

659: 892:, that portrayed the world as experienced via the roads. The 653: 648: 642: 4239:

Some Truth with Maps: A Primer on Symbolization & Design

3607:, a virtual museum exhibition at Library and Archives Canada 1221:

There were three main functions of maps in the Renaissance:

602: 626: 620: 5891: 1313:

Early modern Netherlandish (Dutch and Flemish) cartography

611: 3300:

The Map and the Development of the History of Cartography

2517: – Study of underwater depth of lake or ocean floors 2511: – Cartography of solid objects outside of the Earth 1309:

Early modern Iberian (Spanish and Portuguese) cartography

658:, 'write') is the study and practice of making and using 614: 7057: 4965: 4362:

Mapping the World: An Illustrated History of Cartography

2519:

Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets

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Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets

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Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets

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produced at least 71 manuscript atlases of sea charts.

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Studies in the Geography of Ancient and Medieval India

2541: – Map of most or all of the surface of the Earth 2251:

KN - Journal of Cartography and Geographic Information

3821:"Cartography and Visualization Part I: Types of Maps" 3358:

Woodward, David. "The Italian Map Trade: 1480-1650".

3298:

Harley, J.B. J.B. Harley & David Woodward (ed.).

1355:. This map is a close reproduction of a 1698 work by 623: 599: 2528:

Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback

2505: – Map that uses pictures to represent features 2412: – Mapping by communities to contest state maps 2405:

Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback

1854:

and practically useful for their intended purposes.

617: 608: 7592: 7549: 7494: 7436: 7371: 7318: 7248: 7200: 7157: 7095: 6930: 6800: 6664: 6618: 6542: 6441: 6410: 6403: 6310: 6204: 6081: 6023: 5950: 5929: 5790: 5759: 5722: 5600: 5591: 5549: 5501: 5362: 5237: 5230: 4938: 4922: 4893: 4870: 4848: 4841: 4813: 4787: 4731: 4700: 605: 37:"Cartographer" redirects here. For other uses, see 4649:Concise Bibliography of the History of Cartography 4577: 3953: 3598:Detecting the Truth: Fakes, Forgeries and Trickery 2963:. Science and Civilization in China. Vol. 4. 2778:Raaflaub, Kurt A.; Talbert, Richard J. A. (2009). 2342:ACM Transactions on Spatial Algorithms and Systems 1588:Today most commercial-quality maps are made using 1527:Advances in photochemical technology, such as the 44:"Cartographist" redirects here. For the song, see 4331:Thematic Cartography and Geographic Visualization 4018:Lambert, Nicolas; Zanin, Christine (2020-05-10). 2391: – Map distorting size to show another value 1997:, have their own design needs and best practices. 1780:or relief can be shown in a variety of ways (see 2265:Journal of Geovisualization and Spatial Analysis 1125:, a German cartographer and advisor to the king 949:, dated back to the 4th century BCE, during the 4464:David Woodward; G. Malcolm Lewis, eds. (1998). 4073:"Using Text on Maps: Typography in Cartography" 2995:. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. p. 330. 2439: – Focus of attention on features in a map 2183:North American Cartographic Information Society 1789:the world despite it being so labor-intensive. 1581:cartography, for example in the development of 1142:) bearing the first use of the name "America." 854:in the 6th century BCE. In the 2nd century CE, 3848:Cartography and Geographic Information Science 2321:ISPRS International Journal of Geo-information 2237:Cartography and Geographic Information Science 2177:Cartography and Geographic Information Society 1637:It is claimed that the Europeans promoted an " 911:map of the British Isles from a manuscript of 7073: 6181: 5907: 5767:Geographic data and information organizations 5172: 4981: 4677: 2547: – Arrangement of map elements on a page 1129:, made the oldest extant globe of the Earth. 571: 8: 3678:The Bulletin of the Society of Cartographers 1648:Depictions of Africa are a common target of 4441:J. B. Harley; David Woodward, eds. (1994). 4418:J. B. Harley; David Woodward, eds. (1992). 4283:Kraak, Menno-Jan; Ormeling, Ferjan (2002). 1492:Advances in mechanical devices such as the 1008: 893: 7080: 7066: 7058: 6407: 6188: 6174: 6166: 5914: 5900: 5892: 5597: 5234: 5179: 5165: 5157: 4988: 4974: 4966: 4845: 4684: 4670: 4662: 4285:Cartography: Visualization of Spatial Data 2986: 2984: 2881:Berggren, J. L.; Jones, Alexander (2001). 2403: – large-scale thematic map of a city 1953:, such as size, shape, color, and pattern. 1850:, the attempt to craft maps that are both 870:– the world then known to Western society 782:"House of the Admiral" wall painting from 578: 564: 95: 75: 5818:National Council for Geographic Education 4172: 4121:"Openstreetmap.org Copyright Easter Eggs" 4024:(1 ed.). CRC Press. pp. 19–27. 3749: 3747: 3745: 3705: 3703: 3701: 3699: 3645: 3635: 3520: 3269:"Gillis Hooftman: Businessman and Patron" 3148: 2052:Learn how and when to remove this message 1830:Modern technology, including advances in 1604:. Spatial information can be stored in a 1421:Learn how and when to remove this message 4584:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 4359:Ehrenberg, Ralph E. (October 11, 2005). 2679:. In Harley, J.B.; Woodward, D. (eds.). 2454: – Visualization of geospatial data 509:Library and information science software 4605:. New York/London: The Guilford Press. 3237:Britannica, Encyclopedia (2018-02-26). 3207:Britannica, Encyclopedia (2018-01-25). 3137:Cybergeo: European Journal of Geography 2557: 2126:With the emergence of the internet and 1204:, created the first true modern atlas, 1054:in 1154. By combining the knowledge of 87: 4833:Early modern Netherlandish cartography 4556:Roger J. P. Kain; et al. (eds.). 4533:Matthew Edney; Mary S. Pedley (eds.). 3896:International Cartographic Association 2307:International Journal of Digital Earth 2156:International Cartographic Association 2090:". Other names and forms for this are 1993:: Different kinds of maps, especially 1320:In the early seventeenth century, the 1231:Land surveying and property management 1121:enabled increasing accuracy. In 1492, 647:, 'papyrus, sheet of paper, map'; and 504:Geographic information system software 3615: 3613: 3423: 3421: 3419: 3417: 3415: 3377: 3375: 3332: 3330: 2961:Part 3: Civil Engineering and Nautics 7: 7612:Geology of solar terrestrial planets 6148: 5862: 4308:Interactive and Animated Cartography 3279:from the original on 1 November 2023 3178:"Map Projections in the Renaissance" 3047:from the original on 28 January 2018 2216:International Journal of Cartography 2034:adding citations to reliable sources 1691:Small section of an orienteering map 1403:adding citations to reliable sources 838:and its tracing, 6th–4th century BCE 5874: 3622:"Map projections: A Working Manual" 3043:. Encyclopedia of World Biography. 2727:from the original on March 26, 2023 2481: – 1991 book by Mark Monmonier 1487:store and manipulate them digitally 4333:. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: 4310:. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: 3931:. pp. 22, 60, 131, 132, 135. 3494:Batchelor, Robert (January 2013). 2716:The figured landscapes of Rock-Art 2134:Professional and learned societies 745:Topographic mapping § History 25: 3157:from the original on 27 July 2018 3131:Bottomley, Henry (13 June 2003). 3041:"Muhammad ibn Muhammad al-Idrisi" 2189:Canadian Cartographic Association 1225:General descriptions of the world 1109:techniques. The invention of the 27:Study and practice of making maps 7645: 7644: 7148: 6147: 6136: 6135: 6123: 5873: 5861: 5849: 5838: 5837: 5813:International Geography Olympiad 5138: 5127: 5126: 4913:Cosmographia (Sebastian Münster) 4828:Early modern Iberian cartography 3196:from the original on 2013-12-04. 2672:Delano Smith, Catherine (1987). 2010: 1768:is primarily concerned with the 1683:General vs. thematic cartography 1379: 595: 7353:Human impact on the environment 4636:– a learning resource from the 4127:from the original on 2019-02-19 4054:from the original on 2023-12-22 4000:from the original on 2019-12-14 3902:from the original on 2018-09-04 3722:from the original on 2015-04-02 3654:from the original on 2011-05-17 3627:United States Geological Survey 3249:from the original on 2019-03-27 3219:from the original on 2018-07-27 3113:from the original on 2017-12-16 3082:from the original on 2018-07-27 2757:from the original on 2022-03-21 2694:from the original on 2011-11-07 2639:from the original on 2013-07-25 2579:from the original on 2019-11-20 2335:Geo-spatial Information Science 2021:needs additional citations for 1720:United States Geological Survey 1452:). It belongs to the so-called 1390:needs additional citations for 921:, using Greek numerals for its 900:is the only surviving example. 702: 7182:Climate variability and change 5526:Geographic information science 2883:Ptolemy's Geography By Ptolemy 2472:History of Cartography Project 2293:GIScience & Remote Sensing 2002:Deliberate cartographic errors 1836:geographic information systems 850:created maps from the time of 715:geographic information science 711:geographic information systems 1: 7607:Evolution of the Solar System 6212:Biological data visualization 5632:Geographic information system 4306:Peterson, Michael P. (1995). 4243:Pennsylvania State University 3890:Ormeling, F.J. (1986-12-31). 3826:Pennsylvania State University 3497: 3066:Parry, James (January 2004). 3027:History of the Moorish Empire 1782:Cartographic relief depiction 1600:and specialized illustration 1524:at night or the Sun at noon. 1442: 1036:in 1154. South is at the top. 783: 39:Cartographer (disambiguation) 7358:Evolutionary history of life 5559:Environmental social science 4823:Medieval Islamic cartography 4510:Mark Monmonier, ed. (2015). 4487:David Woodward, ed. (2007). 3522:10.1080/03085694.2013.731203 2535: – Study of place names 2165:British Cartographic Society 1047:produced his medieval atlas 654: 643: 58:A medieval depiction of the 6068:Precession of the equinoxes 4562:University of Chicago Press 4539:University of Chicago Press 4516:University of Chicago Press 4493:University of Chicago Press 4470:University of Chicago Press 4447:University of Chicago Press 4424:University of Chicago Press 4401:University of Chicago Press 4266:University of Chicago Press 4097:University of Chicago Press 3805:University of Chicago Press 3398:10.1080/0308569042000289842 3186:University of Chicago Press 3176:Snyder, John (2007-09-01). 2685:University of Chicago Press 2657:Bicknell, Clarence (1913). 2565:Kunzig, Robert (May 1999). 2437:Figure-ground in map design 1914:Areal distortion caused by 1760:Topographic vs. topological 1520:by measuring angles to the 989:Middle Ages and Renaissance 981:included depictions of the 957:, published in 1092 by the 7692: 7146: 6252:Mathematical visualization 4558:The History of Cartography 4535:The History of Cartography 4512:The History of Cartography 4489:The History of Cartography 4466:The History of Cartography 4443:The History of Cartography 4420:The History of Cartography 4397:The History of Cartography 4165:10.1016/j.puhe.2020.04.034 3892:"Eduard Imhof (1895–1986)" 3869:10.1559/152304006777323118 3555:Eighteenth-Century Studies 3431:The History of Cartography 3361:The History of Cartography 3340:The History of Cartography 2965:Cambridge University Press 2936:Kluwer Academic Publishers 2934:. Vol. 11B. Norwell: 2887:Princeton University Press 2721:Cambridge University Press 2373: 2279:Journal of Spatial Science 2199: 2137: 2063: 1815: 1675: 1306: 1291: 929:and 6–33°E from Ptolemy's 734: 724: 649: 639: 43: 36: 29: 7630: 6247:Information visualization 6232:Educational visualization 6117: 5833: 5674:Global Positioning System 5197: 5122: 5064: 5041: 5003: 4237:MacEachren, A.M. (1994). 4204:Transit Maps of the World 4095:(2nd ed.). Chicago: 3925:Transit Maps of the World 2991:Sircar, D. C. C. (1990). 2823:10.1080/03085699608592846 2617:10.1017/S0066154600000727 2597:Meece, Stephanie (2006). 2244:Cartographic Perspectives 2140:Cartography organizations 1748:, divided into numerical 1570:Global Positioning System 1558:computers and peripherals 1464:Mapping can be done with 1228:Navigation and wayfinding 1200:, strongly encouraged by 1162:refined and promoted the 531:Qualitative data analysis 7617:Location in the Universe 7559:Antarctic/Southern Ocean 7258:List of sovereign states 6423:Charles-René de Fourcroy 6272:Scientific visualization 6199:of technical information 4576:Monmonier, Mark (1991). 4260:Monmonier, Mark (1993). 4091:Monmonier, Mark (1996). 3799:Monmonier, Mark (2004). 3672:Kent, Alexander (2014). 3452:Journal of World History 2959:Needham, Joseph (1971). 2864:"History of Cartography" 2223:The Cartographic Journal 2200:See also the categories 2171:Society of Cartographers 2160:ICA member organizations 2115:Boulder County, Colorado 1991:Map type-specific design 1875:The cartographic process 1858:Map purpose and audience 1786:digital elevation models 1744:or a shaded area map of 1139:Universalis Cosmographia 737:Surveying § History 681:or political boundaries. 30:Not to be confused with 5782:National mapping agency 5747:Survey (human research) 5689:Participant observation 4241:. University Park: The 3994:www.e-education.psu.edu 3956:The Millennium Problems 3647:2027/mdp.39015034659410 3243:Encyclopedia Britannica 3213:Encyclopedia Britannica 2932:Highlights of Astronomy 2846:British Museum Magazine 2747:"The Nippur Expedition" 2206:Remote sensing journals 2070:Cartographic censorship 2066:Cartographic propaganda 1533:photochemical processes 1207:Theatrum Orbis Terrarum 741:Cadastre § History 6843:Christopher R. Johnson 6395:Technical illustration 6282:Software visualization 5772:Geographical societies 5569:Landscape architecture 5051:History of cartography 4901:Map of Juan de la Cosa 4206:. New York, New York: 3960:. New York, New York: 3952:Devlin, Keith (2002). 3927:. New York, New York: 3710:Harley, J. B. (1992). 3630:. Professional Paper. 3015:Woodward, p. 286 2524:Scribing (cartography) 2467:History of cartography 2376:Outline of cartography 2286:Geocarto International 1972:Typography or labeling 1918: 1876: 1852:aesthetically pleasing 1827: 1801:London Underground map 1714: 1703: 1692: 1612:Field-rugged computers 1563:digital raster graphic 1473: 1457: 1098: 1037: 1009: 1005: 938: 894: 839: 762: 727:History of cartography 410:Inferential statistics 356:Descriptive statistics 303:Human subject research 73: 7338:Biogeochemical cycles 7263:dependent territories 6737:Lawrence J. Rosenblum 6550:Edward Walter Maunder 6474:Charles Joseph Minard 6292:User interface design 6267:Product visualization 6048:Earth's gravity field 6043:Earth's energy budget 5564:Environmental studies 5536:Statistical geography 5417:Environmental science 5056:List of cartographers 4951:Points of the compass 4030:10.1201/9780429291968 3620:Snyder, John (1987). 3465:10.1353/jwh.2005.0071 3209:"Mercator Projection" 3150:10.4000/cybergeo.3977 3025:Scott, S. P. (1904). 2784:John Wiley & Sons 2751:University of Chicago 2509:Planetary cartography 2486:List of cartographers 2064:Further information: 1913: 1896:Aspects of map design 1874: 1825: 1709: 1698: 1690: 1592:of three main types: 1538:In the 20th century, 1463: 1436: 1254:copper-plate intaglio 1168:sinusoidal projection 1081: 1021: 996: 951:Warring States period 906: 831: 757: 731:List of cartographers 194:Philosophical schools 57: 7386:Computer cartography 7110:Prebiotic atmosphere 7017:Scientific modelling 6992:Information graphics 6732:Clifford A. Pickover 6682:William S. Cleveland 6590:Henry Norris Russell 6575:Howard G. Funkhouser 6519:Florence Nightingale 6484:Francis Amasa Walker 6380:Statistical graphics 6302:Volume visualization 6277:Social visualization 5963:Computer cartography 5777:Geoscience societies 5742:Interview (research) 5714:Land change modeling 5615:Computer cartography 5593:Techniques and tools 5451:Earth system science 4732:By country or region 4599:Wood, Denis (1992). 4580:How to Lie with Maps 4093:How to Lie with Maps 4071:Jill Saligoe-Simmel, 2723:. pp. 318–349. 2479:How to Lie with Maps 2422:Critical cartography 2356:Revista Cartográfica 2030:improve this article 1867:Cartographic process 1730:Thematic cartography 1399:improve this article 1344:Enlightenment period 1338:Age of Enlightenment 1134:Martin Waldseemüller 979:cartography of India 896:Tabula Peutingeriana 759:Valcamonica rock art 519:Reference management 469:Scientific modelling 211:Critical rationalism 7529:Geologic time scale 7250:Culture and society 7105:Atmosphere of Earth 6997:Information science 6960:in computer science 6752:Sheelagh Carpendale 6687:George G. Robertson 6524:Karl Wilhelm Pohlke 6459:André-Michel Guerry 6335:Graph of a function 6330:Engineering drawing 6082:Related disciplines 5823:Spatial citizenship 5808:Geographers on Film 5798:Geography education 5408:Atmospheric science 4907:Cantino planisphere 4856:Ptolemy's world map 4367:National Geographic 4329:Slocum, T. (2003). 3861:2006CGISc..33...21K 3770:1994GeoRv..84..316B 3757:Geographical Review 3596:"Map Imitation" in 3239:"Gerardus Mercator" 3106:Library of Congress 3029:. pp. 461–462. 2687:. pp. 54–101. 2395:Terrain cartography 2272:Transactions in GIS 2113:that appeared on a 1931:Mercator projection 1916:Mercator projection 1818:Cartographic design 1776:showing elevation. 1699:Topographic map of 1654:Mercator projection 1303:Early modern period 1244:Printing technology 1187:Mercator projection 1127:John II of Portugal 955:Xin Yi Xiang Fa Yao 868:Ptolemy's world map 499:Argument technology 49:(Purity Ring album) 7524:Geological history 7398:Geodetic astronomy 7037:Volume cartography 6801:Early 21st century 6697:Catherine Plaisant 6692:Bruce H. McCormick 6646:Mary Eleanor Spear 6636:Arthur H. Robinson 6570:Arthur Lyon Bowley 6543:Early 20th century 6390:Technical drawings 6262:Molecular graphics 6237:Flow visualization 6227:Data visualization 6130:Geodesy portal 5980:Geodetic astronomy 5704:Statistical survey 5654:Geologic modelling 5493:Quaternary science 4658:, Newberry Library 4654:2011-10-26 at the 4632:2007-03-10 at the 4078:2018-12-20 at the 3603:2018-10-24 at the 3568:10.1353/ecs.0.0187 3072:Saudi Aramco World 2202:Geography journals 2111:continental divide 2096:fictitious entries 1919: 1877: 1828: 1715: 1704: 1693: 1620:laser rangefinders 1540:aerial photography 1474: 1458: 1439:Fernão Vaz Dourado 1177:In 1569, mapmaker 1099: 1045:Muhammad al-Idrisi 1038: 1034:Roger II of Sicily 1030:Muhammad al-Idrisi 1006: 939: 840: 763: 493:Tools and software 437:Secondary research 361:Discourse analysis 74: 7658: 7657: 7594:Planetary science 7514:Extremes on Earth 7481:Signal processing 7055: 7054: 7032:Visual perception 6982:Graphic organizer 6955:Computer graphics 6926: 6925: 6908:Martin Wattenberg 6883:Hanspeter Pfister 6838:Martin Krzywinski 6762:Jock D. Mackinlay 6742:Thomas A. DeFanti 6665:Late 20th century 6585:Ejnar Hertzsprung 6287:Technical drawing 6163: 6162: 5889: 5888: 5755: 5754: 5587: 5586: 5574:Landscape ecology 5394:Coastal geography 5154: 5153: 4963: 4962: 4959: 4958: 4612:978-0-89862-493-9 4602:The Power of Maps 4591:978-0-226-53421-3 4548:978-0-226-31633-8 4525:978-0-226-53469-5 4502:978-0-226-90733-8 4479:978-0-226-90728-4 4456:978-0-226-31637-6 4433:978-0-226-31635-2 4410:978-0-226-31633-8 4380:978-0-7922-6525-2 4344:978-0-13-035123-4 4321:978-0-13-079104-7 4298:978-0-13-088890-7 4275:978-0-226-53417-6 4252:978-0-89291-214-8 4217:978-0-14-311265-5 4106:978-0-226-53421-3 4039:978-0-429-29196-8 3975:978-0-465-01730-0 3938:978-0-14-311265-5 3002:978-81-208-0690-0 2974:978-0-521-07060-7 2945:978-0-7923-5556-4 2793:978-1-4051-9146-3 2604:Anatolian Studies 2572:Discover Magazine 2363:Terrae Incognitae 2196:Academic journals 2149:learned societies 2062: 2061: 2054: 1840:graphics software 1662:Berlin Conference 1650:deconstructionism 1544:satellite imagery 1470:laser rangefinder 1431: 1430: 1423: 1179:Gerardus Mercator 1164:Werner projection 1089:Sebastian Münster 925:: 52–63°N of the 880:Greek geographers 866:. This contained 588: 587: 554:Philosophy portal 462:Systematic review 447:Literature review 405:Historical method 388:Social experiment 323:Scientific method 308:Narrative inquiry 159:Interdisciplinary 153:Research strategy 16:(Redirected from 7683: 7648: 7647: 7541:History of Earth 7192:Paleoclimatology 7152: 7082: 7075: 7068: 7059: 7042:Volume rendering 7027:Visual analytics 7022:Spatial analysis 7002:Misleading graph 6853:David McCandless 6828:Gordon Kindlmann 6792:Alfred Inselberg 6787:Leland Wilkinson 6722:Michael Friendly 6656:Howard T. Fisher 6619:Mid 20th century 6560:W. E. B. Du Bois 6464:William Playfair 6454:Adolphe Quetelet 6428:Joseph Priestley 6411:Pre-19th century 6408: 6375:Skeletal formula 6242:Geovisualization 6217:Chemical imaging 6190: 6183: 6176: 6167: 6151: 6150: 6139: 6138: 6128: 6127: 6126: 6058:Gravity of Earth 5990:Gravity of Earth 5916: 5909: 5902: 5893: 5877: 5876: 5865: 5864: 5853: 5841: 5840: 5669:Geovisualization 5598: 5541:Spatial analysis 5426:Paleoclimatology 5235: 5181: 5174: 5167: 5158: 5142: 5130: 5129: 5069:Animated mapping 5046:Early world maps 5018:Geovisualization 4990: 4983: 4976: 4967: 4923:Contemporary age 4894:Early Modern age 4878:Tabula Rogeriana 4846: 4686: 4679: 4672: 4663: 4616: 4595: 4583: 4565: 4552: 4529: 4506: 4483: 4460: 4437: 4414: 4384: 4348: 4325: 4302: 4279: 4256: 4221: 4187: 4186: 4176: 4142: 4136: 4135: 4133: 4132: 4117: 4111: 4110: 4088: 4082: 4069: 4063: 4062: 4060: 4059: 4015: 4009: 4008: 4006: 4005: 3986: 3980: 3979: 3959: 3949: 3943: 3942: 3917: 3911: 3910: 3908: 3907: 3887: 3881: 3880: 3842: 3836: 3835: 3830:. 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Archived from 2860: 2854: 2853: 2841: 2835: 2834: 2804: 2798: 2797: 2775: 2766: 2765: 2763: 2762: 2743: 2737: 2736: 2734: 2732: 2710: 2704: 2703: 2701: 2699: 2693: 2678: 2669: 2663: 2662: 2654: 2648: 2647: 2645: 2644: 2594: 2588: 2587: 2585: 2584: 2562: 2529: 2520: 2515:Seafloor mapping 2463: 2452:Geovisualization 2442: 2433: 2406: 2383:Animated mapping 2098:, and copyright 2057: 2050: 2046: 2043: 2037: 2014: 2006: 1965:visual hierarchy 1951:visual variables 1834:, the advent of 1678:Map § Types 1506:Hartmann Schedel 1483:magnetic storage 1481:and much later, 1451: 1447: 1444: 1426: 1419: 1415: 1412: 1406: 1383: 1375: 1198:Abraham Ortelius 1181:first published 1172:Bonne projection 1111:magnetic compass 1103:Age of Discovery 1050:Tabula Rogeriana 1025:Tabula Rogeriana 1014: 899: 862:on cartography, 813:, surrounded by 788: 785: 657: 652: 651: 646: 641: 633: 632: 629: 628: 625: 622: 619: 616: 613: 610: 607: 604: 601: 580: 573: 566: 526:Science software 425:Cultural mapping 393:Quasi-experiment 383:Field experiment 351:Content analysis 246:Critical realism 164:Multimethodology 99: 76: 21: 7691: 7690: 7686: 7685: 7684: 7682: 7681: 7680: 7661: 7660: 7659: 7654: 7626: 7588: 7545: 7536:Geologic record 7490: 7476:Plate tectonics 7466:Mineral physics 7446:Earth structure 7432: 7367: 7314: 7244: 7196: 7153: 7144: 7091: 7086: 7056: 7051: 7047:Information art 6987:Imaging science 6932: 6922: 6903:Fernanda Viégas 6898:Moritz Stefaner 6823:Jessica Hullman 6796: 6767:Alan MacEachren 6717:Ben Shneiderman 6660: 6614: 6538: 6437: 6399: 6312: 6306: 6257:Medical imaging 6200: 6194: 6164: 6159: 6124: 6122: 6113: 6077: 6063:Plate tectonics 6038:Coriolis effect 6033:Chandler wobble 6025: 6019: 5946: 5925: 5920: 5890: 5885: 5829: 5786: 5751: 5718: 5637:Distributed GIS 5583: 5545: 5497: 5430:Palaeogeography 5358: 5226: 5193: 5185: 5155: 5150: 5118: 5109:Topographic map 5060: 5037: 4999: 4994: 4964: 4955: 4934: 4918: 4889: 4866: 4842:Individual maps 4837: 4809: 4783: 4727: 4696: 4690: 4656:Wayback Machine 4638:British Library 4634:Wayback Machine 4627:Mapping History 4623: 4613: 4598: 4592: 4575: 4555: 4549: 4532: 4526: 4509: 4503: 4486: 4480: 4463: 4457: 4440: 4434: 4417: 4411: 4395:, eds. (1987). 4387: 4381: 4358: 4345: 4328: 4322: 4305: 4299: 4282: 4276: 4259: 4253: 4236: 4228: 4226:Further reading 4218: 4198: 4195: 4190: 4144: 4143: 4139: 4130: 4128: 4119: 4118: 4114: 4107: 4090: 4089: 4085: 4080:Wayback Machine 4070: 4066: 4057: 4055: 4040: 4017: 4016: 4012: 4003: 4001: 3988: 3987: 3983: 3976: 3951: 3950: 3946: 3939: 3919: 3918: 3914: 3905: 3903: 3889: 3888: 3884: 3844: 3843: 3839: 3818: 3817: 3813: 3798: 3797: 3793: 3753: 3752: 3743: 3738: 3734: 3725: 3723: 3709: 3708: 3697: 3687: 3685: 3671: 3670: 3666: 3657: 3655: 3619: 3618: 3611: 3605:Wayback Machine 3595: 3591: 3551: 3550: 3546: 3500: 3493: 3492: 3488: 3448: 3447: 3443: 3427: 3426: 3413: 3381: 3380: 3373: 3357: 3356: 3352: 3336: 3335: 3328: 3312: 3311: 3307: 3297: 3296: 3292: 3282: 3280: 3266: 3265: 3261: 3252: 3250: 3236: 3235: 3231: 3222: 3220: 3206: 3205: 3201: 3193: 3180: 3175: 3174: 3170: 3160: 3158: 3130: 3129: 3125: 3116: 3114: 3099: 3098: 3094: 3085: 3083: 3065: 3064: 3060: 3050: 3048: 3039: 3038: 3034: 3024: 3023: 3019: 3014: 3010: 3003: 2990: 2989: 2982: 2975: 2967:. p. 569. 2958: 2957: 2953: 2946: 2938:. p. 714. 2929: 2928: 2924: 2909: 2908: 2904: 2897: 2880: 2879: 2875: 2862: 2861: 2857: 2843: 2842: 2838: 2806: 2805: 2801: 2794: 2786:. p. 147. 2777: 2776: 2769: 2760: 2758: 2745: 2744: 2740: 2730: 2728: 2712: 2711: 2707: 2697: 2695: 2691: 2683:. Vol. 1. 2676: 2671: 2670: 2666: 2656: 2655: 2651: 2642: 2640: 2596: 2595: 2591: 2582: 2580: 2564: 2563: 2559: 2555: 2550: 2527: 2518: 2461: 2440: 2431: 2410:Counter-mapping 2404: 2378: 2372: 2258:Journal of Maps 2208: 2198: 2142: 2138:Main category: 2136: 2107:Rocky Mountains 2076: 2058: 2047: 2041: 2038: 2027: 2015: 2004: 1922:Map projections 1898: 1869: 1860: 1826:Illustrated map 1820: 1814: 1794:topological map 1766:topographic map 1762: 1738:corn production 1724:Ordnance Survey 1685: 1680: 1674: 1639:epistemological 1628: 1449: 1445: 1427: 1416: 1410: 1407: 1396: 1384: 1373: 1340: 1334:nationalities. 1315: 1305: 1296: 1290: 1277: 1246: 1202:Gillis Hooftman 1160:Johannes Werner 1156:Battista Agnese 1052:(Book of Roger) 1042:Arab geographer 997:Copy (1472) of 991: 977:Early forms of 935:Fortunate Isles 907:A 14th-century 787: 1600 BCE 786: 752: 747: 733: 725:Main articles: 723: 686:map projections 598: 594: 584: 548: 547: 494: 486: 485: 432:Phenomenography 371:Autoethnography 336: 328: 327: 288:Grounded theory 283:Critical theory 278:Art methodology 273:Action research 268: 258: 257: 196: 186: 185: 154: 146: 145: 109: 107:Research design 52: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7689: 7687: 7679: 7678: 7673: 7663: 7662: 7656: 7655: 7653: 7652: 7642: 7637: 7631: 7628: 7627: 7625: 7624: 7619: 7614: 7609: 7604: 7598: 7596: 7590: 7589: 7587: 7586: 7581: 7576: 7571: 7569:Atlantic Ocean 7566: 7561: 7555: 7553: 7547: 7546: 7544: 7543: 7538: 7533: 7532: 7531: 7521: 7516: 7511: 7506: 7500: 7498: 7492: 7491: 7489: 7488: 7483: 7478: 7473: 7468: 7463: 7458: 7453: 7451:Fluid dynamics 7448: 7442: 7440: 7434: 7433: 7431: 7430: 7425: 7423:Geopositioning 7420: 7418:Remote Sensing 7415: 7410: 7405: 7400: 7395: 7390: 7389: 7388: 7377: 7375: 7369: 7368: 7366: 7365: 7360: 7355: 7350: 7345: 7340: 7335: 7330: 7324: 7322: 7316: 7315: 7313: 7312: 7307: 7302: 7297: 7292: 7287: 7282: 7277: 7272: 7267: 7266: 7265: 7254: 7252: 7246: 7245: 7243: 7242: 7237: 7232: 7227: 7222: 7217: 7212: 7206: 7204: 7198: 7197: 7195: 7194: 7189: 7184: 7179: 7177:Climate change 7174: 7172:Energy balance 7169: 7167:Climate system 7163: 7161: 7155: 7154: 7147: 7145: 7143: 7142: 7137: 7132: 7127: 7122: 7117: 7112: 7107: 7101: 7099: 7093: 7092: 7087: 7085: 7084: 7077: 7070: 7062: 7053: 7052: 7050: 7049: 7044: 7039: 7034: 7029: 7024: 7019: 7014: 7012:Patent drawing 7009: 7004: 6999: 6994: 6989: 6984: 6979: 6977:Graphic design 6974: 6969: 6964: 6963: 6962: 6952: 6947: 6942: 6936: 6934: 6928: 6927: 6924: 6923: 6921: 6920: 6918:Hadley Wickham 6915: 6910: 6905: 6900: 6895: 6890: 6885: 6880: 6875: 6873:Tamara Munzner 6870: 6865: 6860: 6855: 6850: 6845: 6840: 6835: 6830: 6825: 6820: 6815: 6810: 6804: 6802: 6798: 6797: 6795: 6794: 6789: 6784: 6779: 6774: 6772:David Goodsell 6769: 6764: 6759: 6757:Cynthia Brewer 6754: 6749: 6744: 6739: 6734: 6729: 6724: 6719: 6714: 6709: 6704: 6699: 6694: 6689: 6684: 6679: 6674: 6668: 6666: 6662: 6661: 6659: 6658: 6653: 6651:Edgar Anderson 6648: 6643: 6638: 6633: 6628: 6626:Jacques Bertin 6622: 6620: 6616: 6615: 6613: 6612: 6607: 6602: 6597: 6592: 6587: 6582: 6580:John B. Peddle 6577: 6572: 6567: 6562: 6557: 6552: 6546: 6544: 6540: 6539: 6537: 6536: 6534:Francis Galton 6531: 6529:Toussaint Loua 6526: 6521: 6516: 6511: 6509:Georg von Mayr 6506: 6501: 6499:Matthew Sankey 6496: 6491: 6486: 6481: 6476: 6471: 6466: 6461: 6456: 6451: 6445: 6443: 6439: 6438: 6436: 6435: 6430: 6425: 6420: 6414: 6412: 6405: 6401: 6400: 6398: 6397: 6392: 6387: 6382: 6377: 6372: 6367: 6365:Sankey diagram 6362: 6357: 6352: 6347: 6342: 6337: 6332: 6327: 6322: 6316: 6314: 6308: 6307: 6305: 6304: 6299: 6297:Visual culture 6294: 6289: 6284: 6279: 6274: 6269: 6264: 6259: 6254: 6249: 6244: 6239: 6234: 6229: 6224: 6219: 6214: 6208: 6206: 6202: 6201: 6195: 6193: 6192: 6185: 6178: 6170: 6161: 6160: 6158: 6157: 6145: 6133: 6118: 6115: 6114: 6112: 6111: 6106: 6101: 6096: 6091: 6085: 6083: 6079: 6078: 6076: 6075: 6070: 6065: 6060: 6055: 6050: 6045: 6040: 6035: 6029: 6027: 6021: 6020: 6018: 6017: 6012: 6010:Geopositioning 6007: 6005:Remote Sensing 6002: 6000:Photogrammetry 5997: 5992: 5987: 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In the book 931:Prime Meridian 844:ancient Greeks 751: 748: 722: 719: 707: 706: 699: 696: 693:generalization 689: 682: 586: 585: 583: 582: 575: 568: 560: 557: 556: 550: 549: 546: 545: 544: 543: 538: 533: 523: 522: 521: 516: 506: 501: 495: 492: 491: 488: 487: 484: 483: 478: 477: 476: 466: 465: 464: 459: 457:Scoping review 454: 449: 444: 434: 429: 428: 427: 417: 412: 407: 402: 400:Field research 397: 396: 395: 390: 385: 375: 374: 373: 363: 358: 353: 348: 343: 337: 334: 333: 330: 329: 326: 325: 320: 315: 310: 305: 300: 298:Historiography 295: 290: 285: 280: 275: 269: 264: 263: 260: 259: 256: 255: 254: 253: 251:Subtle realism 248: 238: 233: 231:Postpositivism 228: 223: 218: 213: 208: 206:Constructivism 203: 201:Antipositivism 197: 192: 191: 188: 187: 184: 183: 178: 177: 176: 166: 161: 155: 152: 151: 148: 147: 144: 143: 142: 141: 136: 126: 121: 116: 110: 105: 104: 101: 100: 92: 91: 85: 84: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7688: 7677: 7674: 7672: 7669: 7668: 7666: 7651: 7643: 7641: 7638: 7636: 7633: 7632: 7629: 7623: 7620: 7618: 7615: 7613: 7610: 7608: 7605: 7603: 7600: 7599: 7597: 7595: 7591: 7585: 7582: 7580: 7579:Pacific Ocean 7577: 7575: 7572: 7570: 7567: 7565: 7562: 7560: 7557: 7556: 7554: 7552: 7548: 7542: 7539: 7537: 7534: 7530: 7527: 7526: 7525: 7522: 7520: 7517: 7515: 7512: 7510: 7509:Earth science 7507: 7505: 7502: 7501: 7499: 7497: 7493: 7487: 7484: 7482: 7479: 7477: 7474: 7472: 7469: 7467: 7464: 7462: 7461:Magnetosphere 7459: 7457: 7454: 7452: 7449: 7447: 7444: 7443: 7441: 7439: 7435: 7429: 7428:Virtual globe 7426: 7424: 7421: 7419: 7416: 7414: 7411: 7409: 7406: 7404: 7401: 7399: 7396: 7394: 7393:Earth's orbit 7391: 7387: 7384: 7383: 7382: 7379: 7378: 7376: 7374: 7370: 7364: 7361: 7359: 7356: 7354: 7351: 7349: 7346: 7344: 7341: 7339: 7336: 7334: 7331: 7329: 7326: 7325: 7323: 7321: 7317: 7311: 7308: 7306: 7303: 7301: 7300:World history 7298: 7296: 7293: 7291: 7290:World economy 7288: 7286: 7283: 7281: 7278: 7276: 7273: 7271: 7268: 7264: 7261: 7260: 7259: 7256: 7255: 7253: 7251: 7247: 7241: 7240:South America 7238: 7236: 7235:North America 7233: 7231: 7228: 7226: 7223: 7221: 7218: 7216: 7213: 7211: 7208: 7207: 7205: 7203: 7199: 7193: 7190: 7188: 7185: 7183: 7180: 7178: 7175: 7173: 7170: 7168: 7165: 7164: 7162: 7160: 7156: 7151: 7141: 7138: 7136: 7133: 7131: 7128: 7126: 7123: 7121: 7118: 7116: 7113: 7111: 7108: 7106: 7103: 7102: 7100: 7098: 7094: 7090: 7083: 7078: 7076: 7071: 7069: 7064: 7063: 7060: 7048: 7045: 7043: 7040: 7038: 7035: 7033: 7030: 7028: 7025: 7023: 7020: 7018: 7015: 7013: 7010: 7008: 7005: 7003: 7000: 6998: 6995: 6993: 6990: 6988: 6985: 6983: 6980: 6978: 6975: 6973: 6972:Graph drawing 6970: 6968: 6965: 6961: 6958: 6957: 6956: 6953: 6951: 6948: 6946: 6943: 6941: 6938: 6937: 6935: 6929: 6919: 6916: 6914: 6911: 6909: 6906: 6904: 6901: 6899: 6896: 6894: 6893:Claudio Silva 6891: 6889: 6886: 6884: 6881: 6879: 6876: 6874: 6871: 6869: 6866: 6864: 6861: 6859: 6858:Mauro Martino 6856: 6854: 6851: 6849: 6846: 6844: 6841: 6839: 6836: 6834: 6831: 6829: 6826: 6824: 6821: 6819: 6816: 6814: 6811: 6809: 6806: 6805: 6803: 6799: 6793: 6790: 6788: 6785: 6783: 6782:Michael Maltz 6780: 6778: 6775: 6773: 6770: 6768: 6765: 6763: 6760: 6758: 6755: 6753: 6750: 6748: 6747:George Furnas 6745: 6743: 6740: 6738: 6735: 6733: 6730: 6728: 6727:Howard Wainer 6725: 6723: 6720: 6718: 6715: 6713: 6710: 6708: 6705: 6703: 6700: 6698: 6695: 6693: 6690: 6688: 6685: 6683: 6680: 6678: 6675: 6673: 6670: 6669: 6667: 6663: 6657: 6654: 6652: 6649: 6647: 6644: 6642: 6639: 6637: 6634: 6632: 6631:Rudolf Modley 6629: 6627: 6624: 6623: 6621: 6617: 6611: 6608: 6606: 6603: 6601: 6598: 6596: 6595:Max O. Lorenz 6593: 6591: 6588: 6586: 6583: 6581: 6578: 6576: 6573: 6571: 6568: 6566: 6563: 6561: 6558: 6556: 6553: 6551: 6548: 6547: 6545: 6541: 6535: 6532: 6530: 6527: 6525: 6522: 6520: 6517: 6515: 6512: 6510: 6507: 6505: 6504:Charles Booth 6502: 6500: 6497: 6495: 6492: 6490: 6487: 6485: 6482: 6480: 6479:Luigi Perozzo 6477: 6475: 6472: 6470: 6469:August Kekulé 6467: 6465: 6462: 6460: 6457: 6455: 6452: 6450: 6449:Charles Dupin 6447: 6446: 6444: 6440: 6434: 6433:Gaspard Monge 6431: 6429: 6426: 6424: 6421: 6419: 6418:Edmond Halley 6416: 6415: 6413: 6409: 6406: 6402: 6396: 6393: 6391: 6388: 6386: 6383: 6381: 6378: 6376: 6373: 6371: 6368: 6366: 6363: 6361: 6358: 6356: 6353: 6351: 6348: 6346: 6343: 6341: 6338: 6336: 6333: 6331: 6328: 6326: 6323: 6321: 6318: 6317: 6315: 6309: 6303: 6300: 6298: 6295: 6293: 6290: 6288: 6285: 6283: 6280: 6278: 6275: 6273: 6270: 6268: 6265: 6263: 6260: 6258: 6255: 6253: 6250: 6248: 6245: 6243: 6240: 6238: 6235: 6233: 6230: 6228: 6225: 6223: 6222:Crime mapping 6220: 6218: 6215: 6213: 6210: 6209: 6207: 6203: 6198: 6197:Visualization 6191: 6186: 6184: 6179: 6177: 6172: 6171: 6168: 6156: 6155: 6146: 6144: 6143: 6134: 6132: 6131: 6120: 6119: 6116: 6110: 6107: 6105: 6102: 6100: 6097: 6095: 6092: 6090: 6087: 6086: 6084: 6080: 6074: 6071: 6069: 6066: 6064: 6061: 6059: 6056: 6054: 6051: 6049: 6046: 6044: 6041: 6039: 6036: 6034: 6031: 6030: 6028: 6022: 6016: 6015:Virtual globe 6013: 6011: 6008: 6006: 6003: 6001: 5998: 5996: 5993: 5991: 5988: 5986: 5983: 5981: 5978: 5976: 5975:Earth's orbit 5973: 5969: 5966: 5964: 5961: 5960: 5959: 5956: 5955: 5953: 5949: 5943: 5940: 5938: 5935: 5934: 5932: 5928: 5924: 5917: 5912: 5910: 5905: 5903: 5898: 5897: 5894: 5882: 5881: 5872: 5870: 5869: 5860: 5858: 5857: 5852: 5848: 5846: 5845: 5836: 5835: 5832: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5811: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5801: 5800: 5799: 5796: 5795: 5793: 5789: 5783: 5780: 5778: 5775: 5773: 5770: 5768: 5765: 5764: 5762: 5758: 5748: 5745: 5743: 5740: 5738: 5735: 5733: 5730: 5729: 5727: 5725: 5721: 5715: 5712: 5710: 5707: 5705: 5702: 5700: 5697: 5695: 5692: 5690: 5687: 5685: 5682: 5680: 5677: 5675: 5672: 5670: 5667: 5665: 5664:Geostatistics 5662: 5660: 5657: 5655: 5652: 5648: 5645: 5643: 5640: 5638: 5635: 5634: 5633: 5630: 5628: 5627:Geochronology 5625: 5621: 5618: 5616: 5613: 5612: 5611: 5608: 5607: 5605: 5603: 5599: 5596: 5594: 5590: 5580: 5577: 5575: 5572: 5570: 5567: 5565: 5562: 5560: 5557: 5556: 5554: 5552: 5548: 5542: 5539: 5537: 5534: 5532: 5529: 5527: 5524: 5522: 5519: 5517: 5514: 5512: 5509: 5508: 5506: 5504: 5500: 5494: 5491: 5488: 5484: 5480: 5477: 5475: 5471: 5468: 5466: 5463: 5461: 5457: 5456:Geomorphology 5454: 5452: 5449: 5445: 5441: 5438: 5436: 5433: 5431: 5427: 5423: 5420: 5418: 5415: 5413: 5409: 5406: 5405: 5404: 5403:Earth science 5401: 5399: 5395: 5392: 5388: 5385: 5383: 5380: 5378: 5375: 5374: 5373: 5370: 5369: 5367: 5365: 5361: 5355: 5352: 5350: 5347: 5345: 5342: 5338: 5335: 5333: 5330: 5328: 5325: 5324: 5323: 5320: 5318: 5315: 5313: 5310: 5308: 5305: 5303: 5300: 5298: 5295: 5293: 5290: 5288: 5285: 5283: 5280: 5278: 5275: 5273: 5270: 5268: 5265: 5263: 5260: 5258: 5255: 5253: 5250: 5248: 5245: 5244: 5242: 5240: 5236: 5233: 5229: 5223: 5220: 5218: 5215: 5213: 5210: 5208: 5205: 5203: 5200: 5199: 5196: 5192: 5189: 5182: 5177: 5175: 5170: 5168: 5163: 5162: 5159: 5147: 5146: 5141: 5137: 5135: 5134: 5133:Category:Maps 5125: 5124: 5121: 5115: 5112: 5110: 5107: 5105: 5102: 5100: 5099:Pictorial map 5097: 5095: 5092: 5090: 5087: 5085: 5082: 5080: 5077: 5075: 5072: 5070: 5067: 5066: 5063: 5057: 5054: 5052: 5049: 5047: 5044: 5043: 5040: 5034: 5031: 5029: 5026: 5024: 5021: 5019: 5016: 5014: 5011: 5009: 5006: 5005: 5002: 4998: 4991: 4986: 4984: 4979: 4977: 4972: 4971: 4968: 4952: 4949: 4947: 4944: 4943: 4941: 4937: 4931: 4928: 4927: 4925: 4921: 4914: 4911: 4908: 4905: 4902: 4899: 4898: 4896: 4892: 4885: 4884:Catalan Atlas 4882: 4879: 4876: 4875: 4873: 4869: 4862: 4859: 4857: 4854: 4853: 4851: 4847: 4844: 4840: 4834: 4831: 4829: 4826: 4824: 4821: 4820: 4818: 4816: 4812: 4806: 4803: 4801: 4798: 4796: 4793: 4792: 4790: 4786: 4780: 4779:United States 4777: 4775: 4772: 4770: 4767: 4765: 4762: 4760: 4757: 4755: 4752: 4750: 4747: 4745: 4742: 4740: 4737: 4736: 4734: 4730: 4724: 4721: 4719: 4716: 4714: 4711: 4709: 4706: 4705: 4703: 4699: 4694: 4687: 4682: 4680: 4675: 4673: 4668: 4667: 4664: 4657: 4653: 4650: 4647: 4644: 4641: 4639: 4635: 4631: 4628: 4625: 4624: 4620: 4614: 4608: 4604: 4603: 4597: 4593: 4587: 4582: 4581: 4574: 4573: 4572: 4571: 4563: 4559: 4554: 4550: 4544: 4540: 4536: 4531: 4527: 4521: 4517: 4513: 4508: 4504: 4498: 4494: 4490: 4485: 4481: 4475: 4471: 4467: 4462: 4458: 4452: 4448: 4444: 4439: 4435: 4429: 4425: 4421: 4416: 4412: 4406: 4402: 4398: 4394: 4390: 4386: 4382: 4376: 4372: 4368: 4364: 4363: 4357: 4356: 4355: 4354: 4346: 4340: 4336: 4335:Prentice Hall 4332: 4327: 4323: 4317: 4313: 4312:Prentice Hall 4309: 4304: 4300: 4294: 4290: 4289:Prentice Hall 4286: 4281: 4277: 4271: 4267: 4263: 4258: 4254: 4248: 4244: 4240: 4235: 4234: 4233: 4232: 4225: 4219: 4213: 4209: 4208:Penguin Books 4205: 4201: 4200:Ovenden, Mark 4197: 4196: 4192: 4184: 4180: 4175: 4170: 4166: 4162: 4158: 4154: 4153: 4152:Public Health 4148: 4141: 4138: 4126: 4122: 4116: 4113: 4108: 4102: 4098: 4094: 4087: 4084: 4081: 4077: 4074: 4068: 4065: 4053: 4049: 4045: 4041: 4035: 4031: 4027: 4023: 4022: 4014: 4011: 3999: 3995: 3991: 3985: 3982: 3977: 3971: 3967: 3963: 3958: 3957: 3948: 3945: 3940: 3934: 3930: 3929:Penguin Books 3926: 3922: 3921:Ovenden, Mark 3916: 3913: 3901: 3897: 3893: 3886: 3883: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3866: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3849: 3841: 3838: 3833: 3829: 3827: 3822: 3815: 3812: 3806: 3802: 3795: 3792: 3787: 3783: 3779: 3775: 3771: 3767: 3763: 3759: 3758: 3750: 3748: 3746: 3742: 3736: 3733: 3721: 3717: 3713: 3706: 3704: 3702: 3700: 3696: 3683: 3679: 3675: 3668: 3665: 3653: 3648: 3643: 3638: 3633: 3629: 3628: 3623: 3616: 3614: 3610: 3606: 3602: 3599: 3593: 3590: 3585: 3581: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3565: 3561: 3557: 3556: 3548: 3545: 3540: 3536: 3532: 3528: 3523: 3518: 3514: 3510: 3509: 3504: 3490: 3487: 3482: 3478: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3453: 3445: 3442: 3437: 3433: 3432: 3424: 3422: 3420: 3418: 3416: 3412: 3407: 3403: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3387: 3386: 3378: 3376: 3372: 3367: 3363: 3362: 3354: 3351: 3346: 3342: 3341: 3333: 3331: 3327: 3322: 3318: 3317: 3309: 3306: 3301: 3294: 3291: 3278: 3274: 3270: 3263: 3260: 3248: 3244: 3240: 3233: 3230: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3203: 3200: 3192: 3188: 3187: 3179: 3172: 3169: 3156: 3151: 3146: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3127: 3124: 3112: 3108: 3107: 3102: 3096: 3093: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3062: 3059: 3046: 3042: 3036: 3033: 3028: 3021: 3018: 3012: 3009: 3004: 2998: 2994: 2987: 2985: 2981: 2976: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2955: 2952: 2947: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2926: 2923: 2918: 2914: 2913: 2906: 2903: 2898: 2896:0-691-09259-1 2892: 2888: 2884: 2877: 2874: 2869: 2865: 2859: 2856: 2851: 2847: 2840: 2837: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2811: 2803: 2800: 2795: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2774: 2772: 2768: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2742: 2739: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2717: 2709: 2706: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2675: 2668: 2665: 2660: 2653: 2650: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2605: 2600: 2593: 2590: 2578: 2574: 2573: 2568: 2561: 2558: 2552: 2546: 2543: 2540: 2537: 2534: 2531: 2525: 2522: 2516: 2513: 2510: 2507: 2504: 2503:Pictorial map 2501: 2498: 2497:OpenStreetMap 2495: 2492: 2489: 2487: 2484: 2482: 2480: 2476: 2473: 2470: 2468: 2465: 2459: 2456: 2453: 2450: 2447: 2444: 2438: 2435: 2429: 2426: 2423: 2420: 2417: 2414: 2411: 2408: 2402: 2399: 2396: 2393: 2390: 2387: 2384: 2381: 2380: 2377: 2369: 2365: 2364: 2360: 2358: 2357: 2353: 2351: 2350: 2346: 2344: 2343: 2339: 2337: 2336: 2332: 2330: 2329: 2325: 2323: 2322: 2318: 2316: 2315: 2311: 2309: 2308: 2304: 2302: 2301: 2297: 2295: 2294: 2290: 2288: 2287: 2283: 2281: 2280: 2276: 2274: 2273: 2269: 2267: 2266: 2262: 2260: 2259: 2255: 2253: 2252: 2248: 2246: 2245: 2241: 2239: 2238: 2234: 2232: 2231: 2230:Cartographica 2227: 2225: 2224: 2220: 2218: 2217: 2213: 2212: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2195: 2190: 2187: 2184: 2181: 2178: 2175: 2172: 2169: 2166: 2163: 2161: 2157: 2154: 2153: 2152: 2150: 2146: 2141: 2133: 2131: 2129: 2124: 2122: 2118: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2103: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2056: 2053: 2045: 2035: 2031: 2025: 2024: 2019:This section 2017: 2013: 2008: 2007: 2001: 1996: 1995:thematic maps 1992: 1989: 1986: 1982: 1981: 1977: 1974: 1973: 1969: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1955: 1952: 1948: 1947: 1943: 1940: 1939: 1935: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1923: 1917: 1912: 1908: 1907: 1906: 1904: 1895: 1893: 1891: 1887: 1886:symbolization 1883: 1873: 1866: 1864: 1857: 1855: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1824: 1819: 1811: 1809: 1807: 1802: 1799: 1795: 1790: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1774:contour lines 1771: 1767: 1759: 1757: 1753: 1751: 1747: 1746:Ohio counties 1743: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1725: 1721: 1713: 1712:Sierra Nevada 1708: 1702: 1701:Easter Island 1697: 1689: 1682: 1679: 1671: 1669: 1665: 1663: 1657: 1655: 1651: 1646: 1642: 1640: 1635: 1633: 1625: 1623: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1586: 1584: 1579: 1575: 1574:OpenStreetMap 1571: 1566: 1564: 1559: 1554: 1553:ground tracks 1549: 1545: 1541: 1536: 1534: 1530: 1525: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1490: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1471: 1467: 1462: 1455: 1440: 1435: 1425: 1422: 1414: 1404: 1400: 1394: 1393: 1388:This section 1386: 1382: 1377: 1376: 1371:Modern period 1370: 1368: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1348: 1345: 1337: 1335: 1332: 1326: 1323: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1302: 1300: 1295: 1287: 1285: 1283: 1282:cancellaresca 1274: 1272: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1255: 1251: 1243: 1241: 1237: 1230: 1227: 1224: 1223: 1222: 1219: 1217: 1212: 1210: 1208: 1203: 1199: 1196:cartographer 1195: 1192:In 1570, the 1190: 1188: 1185:based on his 1184: 1180: 1175: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1154:cartographer 1153: 1149: 1146:cartographer 1145: 1141: 1140: 1135: 1130: 1128: 1124: 1123:Martin Behaim 1120: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1096: 1095: 1090: 1086: 1085: 1084:Europa regina 1080: 1076: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1051: 1046: 1043: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1026: 1020: 1016: 1013: 1012: 1004:of the world. 1003: 1000: 999:St. Isidore's 995: 988: 986: 984: 980: 975: 973: 968: 964: 960: 956: 952: 948: 944: 943:ancient China 936: 932: 928: 924: 920: 919: 914: 910: 905: 901: 898: 897: 891: 890: 885: 882:into Arabic. 881: 877: 875: 869: 865: 861: 857: 853: 849: 845: 837: 836: 830: 826: 824: 820: 816: 812: 808: 804: 800: 796: 792: 781: 777: 774:(France) and 773: 769: 760: 756: 750:Ancient times 749: 746: 742: 738: 732: 728: 720: 718: 716: 712: 704: 700: 697: 694: 690: 687: 683: 680: 676: 675: 674: 671: 669: 665: 661: 656: 645: 637: 636:Ancient Greek 631: 592: 581: 576: 574: 569: 567: 562: 561: 559: 558: 555: 552: 551: 542: 539: 537: 534: 532: 529: 528: 527: 524: 520: 517: 515: 514:Bibliometrics 512: 511: 510: 507: 505: 502: 500: 497: 496: 490: 489: 482: 479: 475: 472: 471: 470: 467: 463: 460: 458: 455: 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coding 6939: 6888:Hans Rosling 6868:Miriah Meyer 6833:Aaron Koblin 6818:Jeffrey Heer 6712:Edward Tufte 6707:Pat Hanrahan 6677:Nigel Holmes 6555:Otto Neurath 6494:Oliver Byrne 6442:19th century 6152: 6140: 6121: 5957: 5878: 5866: 5854: 5842: 5803:Geo-literacy 5760:Institutions 5642:Internet GIS 5609: 5602:Quantitative 5479:Soil science 5398:Oceanography 5387:Zoogeography 5372:Biogeography 5247:Agricultural 5145:Portal:Atlas 5143: 5131: 5104:Thematic map 5084:Geologic map 5007: 4946:Compass rose 4701:By continent 4692: 4643:Antique Maps 4601: 4579: 4569: 4568: 4557: 4534: 4511: 4488: 4465: 4442: 4419: 4396: 4389:J. 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