642:
965:. Tank destroyers, intended to operate mostly from defensive ambush operations, did not need a rotating turret as much as offensively used tanks, while assault guns were mainly used against fortified infantry positions and could afford a longer reaction time if a target presented itself outside the vehicle's gun traverse arc. Thus, the weight and complexity of a turret was thought to be unnecessary, and could be saved in favor of more capable guns and armor. In many cases, casemate vehicles would be used as both tank destroyers or assault guns, depending on the tactical situation. The Wehrmacht employed several casemate tank destroyers, initially with the still-
533:
29:
373:
517:
729:
601:
232:. Casemate walls could surround an entire settlement, but most only protected part of it. The three different types included freestanding casemate walls, then integrated ones where the inner wall was part of the outer buildings of the settlement, and finally filled casemate walls, where the rooms between the walls were filled with soil right away, allowing for a quick, but nevertheless stable construction of particularly high walls.
251:
3699:
212:, having the meaning of a double wall protecting a city or fortress, with transverse walls separating the space between the walls into chambers. These could be used as such, for storage or residential purposes, or could be filled with soil and rocks during siege in order to raise the resistance of the outer wall against battering rams. Originally thought to have been introduced to the region by the
190:
861:
291:
710:" (UK) or "center battery ship" (US). The casemate (or central battery) was an armored box that extended the full width of the ship protecting many guns. The armored sides of the box were the sides or hull of the ship. There was an armored bulkhead at the front and rear of the casemate, and a thick deck protecting the top. The lower edge of the casemate sat on top of ship's
350:
447:
1774:
926:
914:
793:
224:. Casemate walls became a common type of fortification in the Southern Levant between the Middle Bronze Age (MB) and Iron Age II, being more numerous during the Iron Age and peaking in Iron Age II (10th–6th century BC). However, the construction of casemate walls had begun to be replaced by sturdier solid walls by the
941:
commonly associated with tanks. Such a design generally makes the vehicle mechanically simpler in design, less costly in construction, lighter in weight and lower in profile. The saved weight can be used to mount a heavier, more powerful gun or alternatively increase the vehicle's armor protection in
756:
in 1888. Casemates were adopted because it was thought that the fixed armor plate at the front would provide better protection than a turret, and because a turret mounting would require external power and could therefore be put out of action if power were lost – unlike a casemate gun, which could be
426:
was breached in a few hours by only ten such guns. In contrast, hastily constructed earthworks proved much more resilient. This led to casemates for artillery again falling out of favor. In continental Europe, they were often replaced by rotating gun turrets, but elsewhere large coastal guns were
724:
A "casemate" was an armored room in the side of a warship, from which a gun would fire. A typical casemate held a 6-inch gun, and had a 4-to-6-inch (100 to 150 mm) front plate (forming part of the side of the ship), with thinner armor plates on the sides and rear, with a protected top and
572:. Built of concrete up to 10 metres (33 ft) thick, they were thought to be able to withstand any form of attack. Work by the Western Allies to develop countermeasures that could defeat casemates and other types of bunker resulted in weapons such as tank-mounted
638:. However, it was realised that to armor all of the hull to fully withstand the latest rifled artillery would make it unfeasibly heavy, so it was decided to create an armored box or casemate around the main gun deck, leaving the bow and stern unarmored.
942:
comparison to regular, turreted tanks. However, in combat the crew has to rotate the entire vehicle if an enemy target presents itself outside of the vehicle's limited gun traverse arc. This can prove very disadvantageous in combat situations.
665:
and their guns on the main deck ('Casemate deck') protected by a sloped armoured casemate, which sat atop the hull. Although both sides of the Civil War used casemate ironclads, the ship is mostly associated with the southern
321:
forced him to hastily to build his casemated fort from wood but he was able to prove that his well-designed casemates were capable of operating without choking the gunners with smoke. The defenses of the new naval base at
757:
worked by hand. The use of casemates enabled the 6-inch guns to be dispersed, so that a single hit would not knock out all of them. Casemates were also used in protected and armored cruisers, starting with the 1889
1022:
III for example was the most numerous armored fighting vehicle of the German Army during the entire war), they became much less common in the post-war period. Heavy casemate tank destroyer designs such as the US
3736:
1051:, or "S-Tank", as their main armored fighting vehicle from the 1960s until the 1990s, favoring it over contemporary turreted designs. Other casemate design ideas, such as the projected German
1039:, which unified in them the capability to take up the roles and tasks which in the past had to be diverted between several different classes of vehicles. However, vehicles such as the German
3093:
439:
for example, had a central structure consisting of two stories of casemates, buried under layers of earth, concrete and sand to a depth of 18 metres (59 ft), intended to defeat the new
782:-class cruisers, the guns in the casemates were only 10 feet (3.0 m) above the waterline. Casemates that were too close to the waterline or too close to the bow (such as in the 1912
493:
and connected by tunnels or entrenchments. Although the main armament of these forts was still mounted in armored turrets, local defense was provided by separate protected positions for
309:, he advocated multi-tiered batteries of guns in masonry casemates, that could bring concentrated fire to bear on passing warships. In 1778, he was commissioned to build a fort on the
725:
floor, and weighed about 20 tons (not including the gun and mounting). Casemates were similar in size to turrets; ships carrying them had them in pairs, one on each side of the ship.
778:
generation of warships, casemates were placed initially on the main deck, and later on the upper deck as well. Casemates on the main deck were very close to the waterline. In the
411:, fortified the naval dockyards of southern England with curved batteries of large guns in casemates, fitted with laminated iron shields tested to withstand the latest projectiles.
408:
3729:
612:
In warship design the term "casemate" has been used in a number of ways, but it generally refers to a protected space for guns within a ship's hull or superstructure.
4250:
305:(1714–1800) experimented with improved casemates for artillery, with ventilation systems that overcame the problem of smoke dispersal found in earlier works. For
3722:
1015:. Both Germany and the Soviet Union mainly built casemate AFVs by using the chassis of already existing turreted tanks, instead of designing them from scratch.
435:
to conceal the gun except at the moment of firing. Casemates for secure barrack accommodation and storage continued to be built; the 1880s French forts of the
1035:, saw only very limited service. The general decline of casemate vehicles can be seen in the technological progress which resulted in the rise of universal
937:
In regards to armored fighting vehicles, casemate design refers to vehicles that have their main gun mounted directly within the hull and lack the rotating
552:
principle, whose main armament was in turrets, however the countryside between them was defended by smaller self-sufficient works based on the earlier
358:
1806:
977:
with an added, fully enclosed five-sided (including its armored roof) casemate atop the hull, with later casemate-style tank destroyers bearing the
847:. In both cases the casemates were built into the forward angles of the forward superstructure (and the aft superstructure as well, in the Omahas).
822:
forced an increase in secondary armament calibre. Many battleships had their casemates plated over during modernization in the 1930s (or after the
110:, secondary batteries continued to be mounted in casemates; however, several disadvantages eventually also led to their replacement by turrets. In
2909:
1003:. In the Red Army, casemate tank destroyers and self-propelled guns bore an "SU-" or "ISU-" prefix, with the "SU-" prefix an abbreviation for
1753:
1717:
1388:
1360:
335:
331:
302:
282:, but in action they quickly filled with smoke making them inoperable and for that reason, had fallen out of favor during the 17th century.
564:
approached, similar casemate designs were adopted by other
European nations as they offered protection from attacking aircraft. The German
361:
designed a free-standing casemate that could be built on the top of the rampart, to protect guns and gunners from the high-angle fire of
3503:
3198:
983:(literally 'hunting tank') designation, with much more integration of the casemate's armour with the tank hull itself. Examples are the
1436:
1307:
641:
4121:
1562:
1508:
407:, could only be captured by a surprise French infantry attack while the garrison was being changed. In the early 1860s, the British,
159:), "done with reeds and wickers", thus a low-roof hut without windows or other openings set in marshy place. It could also come from
3318:
1418:
1125:
900:
306:
90:. Although the outward faces of brick or masonry casemates proved vulnerable to advances in artillery performance, the invention of
3103:
318:
532:
743:
436:
3528:
481:), in which the various elements of each fort were more widely dispersed in the landscape. These works, the first of which was
262:
In fortifications designed to resist artillery, a casemate was originally a vaulted chamber usually constructed underneath the
4167:
4030:
4025:
4010:
1032:
882:
544:, French engineers began to design a new scheme of fortifications to protect their eastern border, which became known as the
71:" means a double city wall with the space between the walls separated into chambers, which could be filled up to withstand
667:
1189:
4020:
2751:
2289:
1799:
327:
314:
4177:
3088:
2169:
1324:
1028:
4071:
4172:
4101:
4096:
2684:
1265:
833:
carried them to the end of World War II. The last ships built with casemates as new construction were the
American
797:
783:
679:
577:
521:
177:
871:
807:
Shipboard casemate guns were partially rendered obsolete by the arrival of "all-big gun" battleship, pioneered by
4203:
3133:
2758:
878:
295:
57:
372:
266:. It was intended to be impenetrable and could be used for sheltering troops or stores. With the addition of an
28:
4255:
3997:
3630:
2708:
733:
114:
that do not have a turret for the main gun, the structure that accommodates the gun is also called a casemate.
326:
were later constructed according to his system. After seeing
Montalembert's coastal forts, American engineer
3957:
3746:
3677:
3452:
3158:
3153:
3073:
2870:
2817:
2787:
2544:
2474:
2418:
1995:
1792:
675:
622:(1858), was a wooden steamship whose hull was covered with armored plating, tested to withstand the largest
525:
86:, which may have been used for storage, accommodation, or artillery which could fire through an opening or
4182:
3702:
3518:
3108:
3005:
2890:
2074:
1004:
823:
808:
728:
616:
1031:
never went beyond prototype status, while casemate vehicles of a more regular weight, such as the Soviet
4066:
4005:
3655:
3493:
3275:
3028:
2765:
2588:
1917:
750:
432:
271:
98:
warships, the definition was widened to include a protected space for guns in a ship, either within the
1778:
516:
1707:
216:, this has been disproved by the discovery of examples predating their arrival, the earliest being at
4162:
4146:
4141:
3640:
3168:
2794:
2593:
2559:
1959:
1841:
1024:
996:
841:
707:
697:
662:
419:
4136:
4131:
4051:
4015:
3796:
3457:
3193:
2549:
1927:
1234:
1000:
834:
765:
758:
490:
459:
229:
91:
20:
1115:
4091:
3973:
3579:
3188:
3163:
3148:
3143:
2993:
2973:
2770:
2331:
2198:
1942:
1193:
1079:
674:, which the south was unable to produce. The most famous naval battle of the war was the duel at
654:
631:
415:
404:
1260:
502:
3916:
3635:
3594:
3569:
3442:
3123:
2963:
2810:
2396:
2274:
1952:
1895:
1749:
1713:
1558:
1504:
1414:
1384:
1378:
1356:
1121:
1040:
1036:
827:
671:
658:
600:
585:
565:
455:
99:
33:
1743:
1350:
4260:
4198:
4106:
3968:
3963:
3932:
3911:
3876:
3816:
3609:
3584:
3513:
3437:
3038:
3033:
2968:
2519:
2323:
1902:
1433:
1304:
1215:
581:
467:
418:(1861–1865), the exposed masonry of casemate batteries was found to be vulnerable to modern
489:, had separate artillery blocks, infantry positions and underground barracks, all built of
330:
acquired a translation of his book and took it to the United States, where it inspired the
4229:
3952:
3498:
3350:
3323:
3263:
3233:
3118:
3083:
3063:
3048:
2603:
2598:
2566:
2327:
2269:
2257:
2239:
2106:
2087:
2013:
1990:
1440:
1311:
775:
589:
362:
343:
339:
221:
94:
allowed newer designs to be produced well into the 20th century. With the introduction of
64:
310:
949:, casemate-type armored fighting vehicles were heavily used by both the combined German
4111:
4086:
4081:
4076:
3891:
3714:
3667:
3662:
3328:
3313:
3248:
3238:
3113:
3098:
2998:
2988:
2953:
2827:
2620:
2317:
2284:
2248:
2064:
1922:
1886:
1111:
1048:
967:
958:
482:
440:
263:
250:
225:
135:
103:
4244:
4056:
3942:
3896:
3871:
3856:
3851:
3826:
3672:
3625:
3533:
3523:
3477:
3447:
3432:
3401:
3382:
3243:
3183:
3138:
3053:
3012:
2822:
2455:
2450:
2183:
2146:
2131:
2082:
2027:
2006:
1815:
1069:
984:
715:
573:
569:
557:
377:
169:
in the sense of "false". However, it may have been ultimately derived from the Greek
72:
49:
1709:
Cold War, Hot
Science: Applied Research in Britain's Defence Laboratories, 1945–1990
4046:
3906:
3650:
3508:
3472:
3427:
3411:
3339:
3292:
3268:
3258:
3253:
3068:
2885:
2746:
2713:
2578:
2514:
2489:
2401:
2375:
2343:
2337:
2279:
2218:
2188:
2036:
1044:
946:
690:
561:
545:
423:
275:
189:
82:
In its original early modern meaning, the term referred to a vaulted chamber in a
1552:
1498:
1408:
254:
Embrasures for artillery casemates in the flank of a bastion at the 17th-century
4224:
4116:
4061:
3978:
3861:
3549:
3406:
3375:
3357:
3345:
3287:
3282:
3223:
3218:
3178:
3078:
3043:
2939:
2842:
2613:
2583:
2573:
2479:
2368:
2176:
1985:
1932:
1404:
1257:
1223:
992:
962:
860:
749:
laid down in 1889. They were adopted as a result of live-firing trials against
711:
683:
541:
388:
106:. Although the main armament of ships quickly began to be mounted in revolving
3574:
3554:
3394:
3366:
3297:
3173:
3128:
3058:
2978:
2875:
2780:
2720:
2679:
2657:
2608:
2554:
2504:
2499:
2484:
2443:
2391:
2349:
2294:
2136:
2099:
2052:
1074:
979:
938:
627:
623:
486:
400:
392:
290:
217:
165:
107:
1706:
Robert Bud; Philip
Gummett; Science Museum (Great Britain) (1 January 1999).
475:
3992:
3886:
3806:
2983:
2914:
2741:
2736:
2669:
2310:
2223:
2153:
2111:
1937:
1907:
1868:
1834:
988:
950:
918:
819:
494:
396:
349:
323:
267:
209:
155:
87:
45:
1577:
446:
1773:
548:. The main element of this line were large underground forts based on the
3901:
3841:
3831:
3821:
3801:
3791:
3775:
3467:
3462:
3387:
3228:
2946:
2921:
2904:
2834:
2775:
2696:
2539:
2427:
2301:
2121:
2116:
2092:
2020:
2000:
1980:
1947:
954:
930:
568:
undertook the development of casemates for the large coastal guns of the
428:
381:
366:
213:
95:
925:
913:
792:
4208:
4126:
3846:
3811:
3599:
3564:
3559:
2897:
2880:
2865:
2849:
2801:
2729:
2674:
2664:
2632:
2534:
2509:
2494:
2264:
2208:
2126:
1973:
1966:
1912:
1052:
1012:
973:
885: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
815:
279:
228:, probably due the development of more effective battering rams by the
53:
1732:
These translate as 'Hunting Tiger' and 'Hunting
Panther', respectively
1503:. Barnsley, South Yorkshire: Pen & Sword Books Ltd. pp. 6–7.
1018:
While casemate AFVs played a very important role in World War II (the
497:; these concrete structures were copied by the French who called them
274:
face of the rampart, it could be used as a protected gun position. In
3988:
3937:
3866:
3770:
3765:
3604:
2958:
2524:
2462:
2406:
2384:
2361:
2354:
2230:
2213:
2045:
1877:
1859:
1829:
1064:
1008:
205:
194:
1149:] (in Italian). Vol. 1. Florence: Barbera. pp. 788–89.
122:
First recorded in French in the mid-16th century, from the
Italian
3836:
3645:
3589:
3333:
2858:
2689:
2529:
1850:
1383:. McLean VA: Coast Defense Study Group (CDSG) Press. p. 111.
924:
912:
840:
cruisers of the early 1920s and the 1933 Swedish aircraft cruiser
791:
727:
640:
599:
531:
515:
445:
371:
348:
338:
of coastal fortification; the first fully developed example being
289:
255:
249:
188:
151:
27:
1784:
3881:
3760:
2627:
2469:
2436:
2411:
2203:
2193:
2162:
2141:
111:
83:
44:
is a fortified gun emplacement or armoured structure from which
3718:
1788:
1043:
of the 1960s still let the casemate concept live on, while the
854:
649:(1862) showing the casemate mounted on the very low main deck.
630:
to this perceived threat was to build an iron-hulled frigate,
353:
A 19th-century textbook illustration of a triple Haxo casemate
278:, artillery casemates were sometimes built into the flanks of
143:
995:. Assault guns were designated as 'Sturmgeschütz', like the
294:
Three tiers of artillery casemates at the mid-19th century
1694:
1355:. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company Inc. p. 96.
387:
The advantages of casemated artillery were proved in the
1497:
Kaufmann, J. E.; Kaufmann, H. W.; Lang, Patrice (2017).
1352:
626:
guns available at the time. The response by the
British
376:
The armored exterior of the 1861 artillery casemates at
1220:
McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Architecture and Construction
789:) were prone to flooding, making the guns ineffective.
508:) after the proving ground where they had been tested.
1047:
went as far as employing a casemate tank design, the
742:
The first battleships to carry them were the British
1557:. Liskeard, Cornwall: Maritime Books. pp. 3–4.
357:
In the early 19th century, French military engineer
4217:
4191:
4155:
4039:
3987:
3925:
3784:
3753:
3618:
3542:
3486:
3420:
3306:
3211:
3021:
2932:
2648:
2641:
2073:
1822:
470:had developed a new form of fortification called a
1742:Michael Green; James D. Brown (15 February 2008).
399:were unsuccessful, while a casemated gun tower at
220:(Taanach) where such a wall has been dated to the
1168:] (in Italian). Milan: Mondadori. p. 69.
814:in 1906, but were reintroduced as the increasing
1141:Battisti, Carlo; Alessio, Giovanni (1950–1957).
2056:
1055:with two main guns, were developed even later.
427:mounted in less expensive concrete gun pits or
2618:
2564:
2382:
2228:
1326:Vauban, Montalembert, Carnot: Engineer Studies
1106:
1104:
3730:
3273:
3003:
2832:
2808:
2425:
2416:
2373:
2097:
1893:
1884:
1800:
1587:
1585:
1523:Kaufmann, Kaufmann & Lang 2017, pp. 10-13
1329:. London: Chapman and Hall. pp. 114–115.
706:"Casemate ship" was an alternative term for "
409:apprehensive about a possible French invasion
129:
123:
76:
8:
3392:
3373:
3364:
3355:
2944:
2919:
2895:
2856:
2847:
2799:
2785:
2756:
2727:
2718:
2694:
2655:
2460:
2441:
2359:
2308:
2299:
2255:
2246:
2237:
2174:
2160:
2151:
2034:
2011:
1712:. Harwood Academic Publishers. p. 182.
1413:. London: Macdonald and Jane's. p. 78.
1117:An Etymological Dictionary of Modern English
1007:, or "self-propelled gun". Examples are the
826:, in the case of US vessels) but some, like
721:(laid down 1873), had a two-story casemate.
2043:
2025:
1971:
1957:
1875:
1866:
1857:
1848:
1839:
1662:
1660:
1633:
1631:
1629:
1627:
1190:"The Casemate Wall System of Khirbat Safra"
921:, an example of a casemate armoured vehicle
170:
3737:
3723:
3715:
2645:
1807:
1793:
1785:
1748:. MBI Publishing Company. pp. 90–91.
901:Learn how and when to remove this message
803:, showing their vulnerability to flooding
395:to subdue the casemated Russian forts at
32:A mid-19th century artillery casemate at
604:Inside the casemate or "citadel" of HMS
1410:Fortress: A History of Military Defence
1261:"Syro-Palestinian art and architecture"
1183:
1181:
1179:
1177:
1175:
1091:
4251:Fortification (architectural elements)
732:Casemate-mounted 5"/50 caliber gun on
689:and the Confederate casemate ironclad
670:, as the north also employed turreted
661:: armored steamboats with a very low
556:, housing either light field guns or
7:
1166:An Introduction to Italian Etymology
1120:. London: John Murray. p. 259.
883:adding citations to reliable sources
696:(built from the scuttled remains of
536:Casemate south of Le Touquet, France
3199:Weapons Storage and Security System
1500:The Maginot Line: History and Guide
1098:Webster's New Collegiate Dictionary
540:Following experience gained in the
391:of 1853–1856, when attempts by the
4122:Naples underground geothermal zone
1162:Avviamento all'etimologia italiana
303:Marc René, marquis de Montalembert
14:
1349:Lepage, Jean-Denis G. G. (2010).
1188:Emswiler, Elizabeth Anne (2020).
3698:
3697:
1772:
859:
615:The first ironclad warship, the
466:Towards the end of the century,
138:, although it could derive from
19:For the publishing company, see
1147:Italian Etymological Dictionary
1143:Dizionario etimologico italiano
957:. They were mainly employed as
870:needs additional citations for
77:§ Antiquity: casemate wall
4168:Forestiere Underground Gardens
4031:Underground mining (soft rock)
4026:Underground mining (hard rock)
4011:Subsurface utility engineering
1276:– via Britannica Online.
764:. and retrofitted to the 1888
204:is used in the archaeology of
1:
3094:British "hedgehog" road block
520:A 1943 German casemate for a
4021:Underground mine ventilation
1554:Warrior - The First and Last
1323:Lloyd, Ernest Marsh (1887).
346:which was started in 1807.
315:Rochefort, Charente-Maritime
193:An ancient casemate wall at
102:or in the lower part of the
4178:Underground House Las Vegas
3504:Cities with defensive walls
3089:Defensive fighting position
3004:
2809:
2619:
2565:
2426:
2417:
2383:
2374:
2229:
578:rocket-assisted projectiles
171:
4277:
4173:Underground House Colorado
4102:Underground City, Montreal
4097:Underground City (Beijing)
1619:Modern History of Warships
1606:Modern History of Warships
1593:Modern History of Warships
1434:Civilwarfortifications.com
1380:Artillerists and Engineers
1305:Civilwarfortifications.com
301:In the late 18th century,
18:
4204:Hockerton Housing Project
3745:Man-made and man-related
3688:
3134:Hardened aircraft shelter
3109:Entry control point (ECP)
1295:Emswiler (2020), pp. 4–5.
1247:Emswiler (2020), pp. 7–9.
798:Japanese battleship
296:Fort Point, San Francisco
176:
58:armoured fighting vehicle
4218:Earth shelters Australia
3998:underground construction
3631:Continuity of government
1377:Wade, Arthur P. (2011).
1310:October 6, 2009, at the
1160:Devoto, Giacomo (1979).
933:was used until the 1990s
313:, defending the port of
185:Antiquity: casemate wall
3958:Missile launch facility
3453:Motte-and-bailey castle
3159:Missile launch facility
3154:Main line of resistance
1849:
1439:April 17, 2009, at the
1339:Lloyd 1887, pp. 125–127
1266:Encyclopædia Britannica
953:forces, and the Soviet
714:. Some ships, such as
526:Longues-sur-Mer battery
437:Séré de Rivières system
286:18th and 19th centuries
4183:Underground World Home
3529:Military installations
3393:
3374:
3365:
3356:
3274:
2945:
2920:
2896:
2886:Scarp and Counterscarp
2857:
2848:
2833:
2800:
2786:
2757:
2728:
2719:
2695:
2656:
2461:
2442:
2360:
2309:
2300:
2256:
2247:
2238:
2175:
2161:
2152:
2098:
2057:
2044:
2035:
2026:
2012:
1972:
1958:
1894:
1885:
1876:
1867:
1858:
1840:
1681:Warrior to Dreadnought
1668:Warrior to Dreadnought
1652:Warrior to Dreadnought
1639:Warrior to Dreadnought
1541:Hogg 1975. pp. 143-148
1532:Hogg 1975. pp. 141-142
1286:Emswiler (2020), p. 4.
1005:Samokhodnaya Ustanovka
934:
922:
824:Attack on Pearl Harbor
804:
739:
650:
609:
537:
529:
463:
433:disappearing carriages
384:
354:
317:. The outbreak of the
307:coastal fortifications
298:
259:
197:
181:), a gap or aperture.
164:
154:
130:
124:
75:in case of siege (see
37:
4072:Kőbánya cellar system
4067:Houston tunnel system
4006:Rock-cut architecture
3298:Floating water castle
3029:Admiralty scaffolding
2322:Fortified buildings (
1551:Winton, John (1987).
928:
916:
795:
771:during construction.
731:
644:
617:French ironclad
603:
535:
519:
449:
375:
352:
293:
253:
192:
31:
4147:Subterranean fiction
4142:Subterranean warfare
3641:Subterranean warfare
2594:Viking ring fortress
1781:at Wikimedia Commons
1617:Hovgaard, William,
1604:Hovgaard, William,
1591:Hovgaard, William,
1460:Hogg 1975. pp. 87-89
1451:Hogg 1975, pp. 79–82
879:improve this article
708:central battery ship
554:casemates de bourges
499:casemates de Bourges
134:, perhaps meaning a
4137:Subterranean Toledo
4132:Subterranean London
4052:Caves of Maastricht
4016:Tunnel construction
3797:Burial vault (tomb)
3458:Quadrangular castle
3194:Weapon storage area
2550:Quadrangular castle
1478:Hogg 1975, p. 94-95
1235:The Free Dictionary
787:-class dreadnoughts
584:, various types of
505:Casemate de Bourges
491:reinforced concrete
454:, built in 1910 at
452:casemate de Bourges
246:Early modern period
230:Neo-Assyrian Empire
92:reinforced concrete
21:Casemate Publishers
16:Fortified structure
4092:Underground living
3974:Underground hangar
3189:Underground hangar
2974:Fire control tower
2771:Gunpowder magazine
2199:Butter-churn tower
1745:Tiger Tanks at War
1654:, pp. 101–02, 129.
1196:. pp. 1, 3–15
1194:Andrews University
1080:Pillbox (military)
1053:Versuchsträger 1–2
935:
923:
805:
740:
682:turreted ironclad
659:casemate ironclads
655:American Civil War
651:
610:
538:
530:
464:
431:, sometimes using
416:American Civil War
385:
355:
299:
260:
241:Land fortification
198:
142:(in the sense of "
63:When referring to
38:
4238:
4237:
4192:Earth shelters UK
4163:Bill Gates' house
4156:Earth shelters US
3926:Military features
3917:Ventilation shaft
3785:Civilian features
3712:
3711:
3636:Military urbanism
3570:Fortified gateway
3443:Concentric castle
3207:
3206:
3124:Fire support base
2964:Coastal artillery
2839:(Spanish America)
2433:
2275:Concentric castle
1777:Media related to
1755:978-1-61060-031-6
1719:978-90-5702-481-8
1487:Hogg 1975. p. 104
1469:Hogg 1975, p. 101
1390:978-0-9748167-2-2
1362:978-0-7864-4477-9
1258:Lloyd, Seton H.F.
1041:Kanonenjagdpanzer
1037:main battle tanks
997:Sturmgeschütz III
911:
910:
903:
851:Armoured vehicles
796:Casemates on the
586:demolition charge
582:recoilless rifles
566:Organisation Todt
462:of eastern France
460:Vosges department
328:Jonathan Williams
4268:
4199:Underhill, Holme
4107:Mine exploration
3969:Underground base
3964:Scallywag bunker
3933:Air raid shelter
3912:Smuggling tunnel
3877:Underground city
3817:Dugout (shelter)
3754:Natural features
3739:
3732:
3725:
3716:
3701:
3700:
3694:
3585:National redoubt
3514:Fortified estate
3438:Circular rampart
3398:
3379:
3370:
3361:
3279:
3039:Anti-tank trench
3034:Air raid shelter
3009:
2969:Disappearing gun
2950:
2925:
2901:
2862:
2853:
2838:
2814:
2805:
2791:
2762:
2733:
2724:
2700:
2661:
2646:
2624:
2604:Bailey (or ward)
2570:
2475:Motte-and-bailey
2466:
2447:
2431:
2423:
2422:
2388:
2379:
2365:
2314:
2305:
2261:
2252:
2243:
2234:
2180:
2166:
2157:
2103:
2060:
2049:
2040:
2031:
2017:
1977:
1963:
1903:Circular rampart
1899:
1890:
1881:
1872:
1863:
1854:
1845:
1809:
1802:
1795:
1786:
1776:
1760:
1759:
1739:
1733:
1730:
1724:
1723:
1703:
1697:
1692:Brown, David K,
1690:
1684:
1679:Brown, David K,
1677:
1671:
1666:Brown, David K,
1664:
1655:
1650:Brown, David K,
1648:
1642:
1637:Brown, David K,
1635:
1622:
1615:
1609:
1602:
1596:
1589:
1580:
1578:Civilwarhome.com
1575:
1569:
1568:
1548:
1542:
1539:
1533:
1530:
1524:
1521:
1515:
1514:
1494:
1488:
1485:
1479:
1476:
1470:
1467:
1461:
1458:
1452:
1449:
1443:
1431:
1425:
1424:
1401:
1395:
1394:
1374:
1368:
1366:
1346:
1340:
1337:
1331:
1330:
1320:
1314:
1302:
1296:
1293:
1287:
1284:
1278:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1254:
1248:
1245:
1239:
1238:
1232:
1230:
1212:
1206:
1205:
1203:
1201:
1185:
1170:
1169:
1157:
1151:
1150:
1138:
1132:
1131:
1108:
1099:
1096:
1027:and the British
1001:Sturmgeschütz IV
906:
899:
895:
892:
886:
863:
855:
590:earthquake bombs
503:French article:
476:German article:
468:Imperial Germany
420:rifled artillery
414:However, in the
319:Anglo-French War
256:Citadel of Arras
180:
174:
133:
127:
48:are fired, in a
34:Fort Knox, Maine
4276:
4275:
4271:
4270:
4269:
4267:
4266:
4265:
4256:Weapon fixtures
4241:
4240:
4239:
4234:
4230:Lightning Ridge
4213:
4187:
4151:
4035:
3996:
3983:
3953:Fallout shelter
3921:
3780:
3749:
3743:
3713:
3708:
3692:
3684:
3614:
3538:
3482:
3416:
3351:Imperial castle
3324:Coercion castle
3319:Coastal defence
3302:
3264:Promontory fort
3234:Hillside castle
3203:
3119:Fallout shelter
3084:Concertina wire
3064:Border security
3017:
2928:
2637:
2270:Coercion castle
2258:Cheval de frise
2240:Chemin de ronde
2088:Albarrana tower
2069:
2014:Schwedenschanze
1991:Promontory fort
1818:
1813:
1769:
1764:
1763:
1756:
1741:
1740:
1736:
1731:
1727:
1720:
1705:
1704:
1700:
1691:
1687:
1678:
1674:
1665:
1658:
1649:
1645:
1636:
1625:
1616:
1612:
1603:
1599:
1590:
1583:
1576:
1572:
1565:
1550:
1549:
1545:
1540:
1536:
1531:
1527:
1522:
1518:
1511:
1496:
1495:
1491:
1486:
1482:
1477:
1473:
1468:
1464:
1459:
1455:
1450:
1446:
1441:Wayback Machine
1432:
1428:
1421:
1403:
1402:
1398:
1391:
1376:
1375:
1371:
1363:
1348:
1347:
1343:
1338:
1334:
1322:
1321:
1317:
1312:Wayback Machine
1303:
1299:
1294:
1290:
1285:
1281:
1271:
1269:
1256:
1255:
1251:
1246:
1242:
1228:
1226:
1216:"Casemate wall"
1214:
1213:
1209:
1199:
1197:
1187:
1186:
1173:
1159:
1158:
1154:
1140:
1139:
1135:
1128:
1112:Weekley, Ernest
1110:
1109:
1102:
1097:
1093:
1088:
1061:
959:tank destroyers
907:
896:
890:
887:
876:
864:
853:
776:pre-dreadnought
745:Royal Sovereign
657:saw the use of
598:
522:15 cm naval gun
514:
344:New York Harbor
340:Castle Williams
288:
248:
243:
238:
222:16th century BC
187:
120:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4274:
4272:
4264:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4243:
4242:
4236:
4235:
4233:
4232:
4227:
4221:
4219:
4215:
4214:
4212:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4195:
4193:
4189:
4188:
4186:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4159:
4157:
4153:
4152:
4150:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4112:Mines of Paris
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4087:Trench warfare
4084:
4082:Tunnel network
4079:
4077:Tunnel warfare
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4043:
4041:
4040:Related topics
4037:
4036:
4034:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4002:
4000:
3985:
3984:
3982:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3929:
3927:
3923:
3922:
3920:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3892:Secret passage
3889:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3788:
3786:
3782:
3781:
3779:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3757:
3755:
3751:
3750:
3744:
3742:
3741:
3734:
3727:
3719:
3710:
3709:
3707:
3706:
3689:
3686:
3685:
3683:
3682:
3681:
3680:
3670:
3668:Trench warfare
3665:
3663:Tunnel warfare
3660:
3659:
3658:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3622:
3620:
3616:
3615:
3613:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3546:
3544:
3540:
3539:
3537:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3519:Fortifications
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3490:
3488:
3484:
3483:
3481:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3424:
3422:
3418:
3417:
3415:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3371:
3362:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3336:
3331:
3329:Counter-castle
3326:
3321:
3316:
3314:Border barrier
3310:
3308:
3304:
3303:
3301:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3249:Lowland castle
3246:
3241:
3239:Hilltop castle
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3215:
3213:
3209:
3208:
3205:
3204:
3202:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3114:Electric fence
3111:
3106:
3104:Dragon's teeth
3101:
3099:Czech hedgehog
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3025:
3023:
3019:
3018:
3016:
3015:
3013:Wire obstacles
3010:
3001:
2999:Polygonal fort
2996:
2991:
2989:Martello tower
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2954:Border outpost
2951:
2942:
2936:
2934:
2930:
2929:
2927:
2926:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2854:
2845:
2840:
2830:
2828:Polygonal fort
2825:
2820:
2815:
2806:
2797:
2792:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2725:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2652:
2650:
2643:
2639:
2638:
2636:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2439:
2434:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2380:
2371:
2366:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2340:
2335:
2320:
2318:Flanking tower
2315:
2306:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2285:Counter-castle
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2253:
2244:
2235:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2172:
2167:
2158:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2079:
2077:
2075:Post-classical
2071:
2070:
2068:
2067:
2065:Vitrified fort
2062:
2050:
2041:
2032:
2023:
2018:
2009:
2004:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1969:
1964:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1923:Defensive wall
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1891:
1882:
1873:
1864:
1855:
1846:
1837:
1832:
1826:
1824:
1820:
1819:
1816:Fortifications
1814:
1812:
1811:
1804:
1797:
1789:
1783:
1782:
1768:
1767:External links
1765:
1762:
1761:
1754:
1734:
1725:
1718:
1698:
1685:
1672:
1656:
1643:
1623:
1610:
1597:
1581:
1570:
1564:978-0907771340
1563:
1543:
1534:
1525:
1516:
1510:978-1848840683
1509:
1489:
1480:
1471:
1462:
1453:
1444:
1426:
1419:
1396:
1389:
1369:
1361:
1341:
1332:
1315:
1297:
1288:
1279:
1249:
1240:
1207:
1171:
1152:
1133:
1126:
1100:
1090:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1083:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1060:
1057:
1049:Stridsvagn 103
909:
908:
867:
865:
858:
852:
849:
597:
594:
574:spigot mortars
558:anti-tank guns
513:
510:
483:Fort de Mutzig
456:Fort d'Uxegney
441:high explosive
405:Malakoff Tower
287:
284:
247:
244:
242:
239:
237:
234:
226:9th century BC
208:and the wider
186:
183:
136:slaughterhouse
119:
116:
104:superstructure
73:battering rams
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4273:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4248:
4246:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4222:
4220:
4216:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4196:
4194:
4190:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4160:
4158:
4154:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4057:Civil defense
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4044:
4042:
4038:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4003:
4001:
3999:
3994:
3990:
3986:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3943:Blast shelter
3941:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3930:
3928:
3924:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3897:Semi-basement
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3872:Utility vault
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3857:Rock-cut tomb
3855:
3853:
3852:Rapid transit
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3827:Earth shelter
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3789:
3787:
3783:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3758:
3756:
3752:
3748:
3740:
3735:
3733:
3728:
3726:
3721:
3720:
3717:
3705:
3704:
3691:
3690:
3687:
3679:
3676:
3675:
3674:
3673:Urban warfare
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3657:
3654:
3653:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3626:Civil defense
3624:
3623:
3621:
3617:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3547:
3545:
3541:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3494:Bastion forts
3492:
3491:
3489:
3485:
3479:
3478:Z-plan castle
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3448:L-plan castle
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3433:Bridge castle
3431:
3429:
3426:
3425:
3423:
3419:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3402:Refuge castle
3400:
3397:
3396:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3383:Military base
3381:
3378:
3377:
3372:
3369:
3368:
3363:
3360:
3359:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3346:Hunting lodge
3344:
3342:
3341:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3311:
3309:
3305:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3278:
3277:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3259:Moated castle
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3244:Island castle
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3216:
3214:
3212:By topography
3210:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3184:Submarine pen
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3139:Hesco bastion
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3054:Blast shelter
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3026:
3024:
3020:
3014:
3011:
3008:
3007:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2949:
2948:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2937:
2935:
2931:
2924:
2923:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2900:
2899:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2861:
2860:
2855:
2852:
2851:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2837:
2836:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2823:Place-of-arms
2821:
2819:
2816:
2813:
2812:
2807:
2804:
2803:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2790:
2789:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2761:
2760:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2732:
2731:
2726:
2723:
2722:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2699:
2698:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2660:
2659:
2654:
2653:
2651:
2647:
2644:
2640:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2623:
2622:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2569:
2568:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2465:
2464:
2459:
2457:
2456:Machicolation
2454:
2452:
2451:L-plan castle
2449:
2446:
2445:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2430:
2429:
2421:
2420:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2387:
2386:
2381:
2378:
2377:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2364:
2363:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2345:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2313:
2312:
2307:
2304:
2303:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2260:
2259:
2254:
2251:
2250:
2245:
2242:
2241:
2236:
2233:
2232:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2184:Bridge castle
2182:
2179:
2178:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2165:
2164:
2159:
2156:
2155:
2150:
2148:
2147:Bent entrance
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2132:Battery tower
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2102:
2101:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2083:Advanced work
2081:
2080:
2078:
2076:
2072:
2066:
2063:
2059:
2054:
2051:
2048:
2047:
2042:
2039:
2038:
2033:
2030:
2029:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2016:
2015:
2010:
2008:
2007:Refuge castle
2005:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1976:
1975:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1962:
1961:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1898:
1897:
1892:
1889:
1888:
1883:
1880:
1879:
1874:
1871:
1870:
1865:
1862:
1861:
1856:
1853:
1852:
1847:
1844:
1843:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1827:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1810:
1805:
1803:
1798:
1796:
1791:
1790:
1787:
1780:
1775:
1771:
1770:
1766:
1757:
1751:
1747:
1746:
1738:
1735:
1729:
1726:
1721:
1715:
1711:
1710:
1702:
1699:
1695:
1689:
1686:
1682:
1676:
1673:
1670:, pp. 134–35.
1669:
1663:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1647:
1644:
1640:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1614:
1611:
1607:
1601:
1598:
1594:
1588:
1586:
1582:
1579:
1574:
1571:
1566:
1560:
1556:
1555:
1547:
1544:
1538:
1535:
1529:
1526:
1520:
1517:
1512:
1506:
1502:
1501:
1493:
1490:
1484:
1481:
1475:
1472:
1466:
1463:
1457:
1454:
1448:
1445:
1442:
1438:
1435:
1430:
1427:
1422:
1420:0-356-08122-2
1416:
1412:
1411:
1406:
1400:
1397:
1392:
1386:
1382:
1381:
1373:
1370:
1364:
1358:
1354:
1353:
1345:
1342:
1336:
1333:
1328:
1327:
1319:
1316:
1313:
1309:
1306:
1301:
1298:
1292:
1289:
1283:
1280:
1268:
1267:
1262:
1259:
1253:
1250:
1244:
1241:
1236:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1211:
1208:
1195:
1191:
1184:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1176:
1172:
1167:
1163:
1156:
1153:
1148:
1144:
1137:
1134:
1129:
1127:9780486122878
1123:
1119:
1118:
1113:
1107:
1105:
1101:
1095:
1092:
1085:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1070:Fortification
1068:
1066:
1063:
1062:
1058:
1056:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1021:
1020:Sturmgeschütz
1016:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
985:Jagdpanzer IV
982:
981:
976:
975:
970:
969:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
943:
940:
932:
927:
920:
915:
905:
902:
894:
884:
880:
874:
873:
868:This section
866:
862:
857:
856:
850:
848:
846:
845:
839:
837:
832:
831:
825:
821:
817:
813:
812:
802:
801:
794:
790:
788:
786:
781:
777:
772:
770:
768:
763:
761:
755:
754:
748:
746:
738:
737:
730:
726:
722:
720:
719:
713:
709:
704:
702:
701:
695:
694:
688:
687:
681:
677:
676:Hampton Roads
673:
669:
664:
660:
656:
648:
643:
639:
637:
635:
629:
625:
621:
620:
613:
607:
602:
595:
593:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
570:Atlantic Wall
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
534:
527:
523:
518:
511:
509:
507:
506:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
479:
478:Festung#Feste
473:
469:
461:
457:
453:
448:
444:
442:
438:
434:
430:
425:
421:
417:
412:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
383:
379:
378:Fort Bovisand
374:
370:
368:
364:
360:
351:
347:
345:
341:
337:
336:Third Systems
333:
329:
325:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
297:
292:
285:
283:
281:
277:
276:bastion forts
273:
269:
265:
257:
252:
245:
240:
236:Modern period
235:
233:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
202:casemate wall
196:
191:
184:
182:
179:
173:
168:
167:
162:
158:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
132:
126:
117:
115:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
80:
78:
74:
70:
69:casemate wall
66:
61:
59:
55:
51:
50:fortification
47:
43:
35:
30:
26:
22:
4047:Cave dweller
3947:
3907:Storm cellar
3696:
3651:Siege engine
3619:Other topics
3543:Related word
3509:Defense line
3473:Tower castle
3428:Bastion fort
3412:Urban castle
3340:Ganerbenburg
3338:
3293:Water castle
3269:Ridge castle
3254:Marsh castle
3069:Bomb shelter
3049:Belgian gate
3022:20th century
2933:19th century
2871:Retrenchment
2843:Punji sticks
2752:Entrenchment
2747:Device Forts
2714:Counterguard
2703:
2649:Early modern
2579:Tower castle
2515:Powder tower
2490:Outer bailey
2402:Inner bailey
2376:Gulyay-gorod
2344:Ganerbenburg
2342:
2338:Fujian tulou
2280:Corner tower
2219:Chamber gate
2189:Bridge tower
2037:Trou de loup
1744:
1737:
1728:
1708:
1701:
1693:
1688:
1680:
1675:
1667:
1651:
1646:
1638:
1621:, pp. 78–79.
1618:
1613:
1605:
1600:
1595:, pp. 14–15.
1592:
1573:
1553:
1546:
1537:
1528:
1519:
1499:
1492:
1483:
1474:
1465:
1456:
1447:
1429:
1409:
1405:Hogg, Ian V.
1399:
1379:
1372:
1367:Lepage p. 96
1351:
1344:
1335:
1325:
1318:
1300:
1291:
1282:
1270:. Retrieved
1264:
1252:
1243:
1233:– via
1227:. Retrieved
1219:
1210:
1198:. Retrieved
1165:
1161:
1155:
1146:
1142:
1136:
1116:
1094:
1045:Swedish Army
1019:
1017:
978:
972:
971:designation
966:
963:assault guns
947:World War II
944:
936:
929:The Swedish
897:
888:
877:Please help
872:verification
869:
843:
835:
829:
818:threat from
810:
806:
799:
784:
779:
773:
766:
759:
752:
744:
741:
736:North Dakota
735:
723:
717:
705:
699:
692:
685:
678:between the
652:
646:
636: (1860)
633:
618:
614:
611:
605:
562:World War II
553:
549:
546:Maginot Line
539:
512:20th century
504:
498:
477:
471:
465:
451:
424:Fort Pulaski
413:
386:
356:
300:
270:through the
261:
201:
199:
160:
147:
139:
121:
81:
68:
67:, the term "
62:
41:
39:
25:
4225:Coober Pedy
4117:Mole people
4062:Coober Pedy
3979:Spider hole
3862:Root cellar
3747:subterranea
3550:Castle town
3407:Toll castle
3376:Lustschloss
3358:Kaiserpfalz
3288:Spur castle
3283:Rock castle
3224:Hill castle
3219:Cave castle
3179:Spider hole
3079:Bremer wall
3044:Barbed tape
2940:Barbed wire
2614:Witch tower
2584:Tower house
2574:Toll castle
2560:Shield wall
2480:Murder hole
2369:Guard tower
1986:Pincer gate
1933:Faussebraye
1224:McGraw-Hill
993:Jagdpanther
968:Panzerjäger
842:HSwMS
811:Dreadnought
712:belt armour
668:Confederacy
542:World War I
389:Crimean War
128:or Spanish
108:gun turrets
4245:Categories
3575:Gatekeeper
3395:Ordensburg
3367:Landesburg
3174:Sentry gun
3129:Flak tower
3059:Blast wall
2979:Gun turret
2876:Sally port
2781:Kotta mara
2721:Couvreface
2685:Breastwork
2680:Blockhouse
2658:Abwurfdach
2609:Watchtower
2599:Wall tower
2555:Shell keep
2505:Portcullis
2500:Peel tower
2485:Neck ditch
2444:Landesburg
2392:Half tower
2350:Gate tower
2295:Drawbridge
2137:Battlement
2053:Wagon fort
1896:Chengqiang
1200:22 October
1086:References
1075:Gun turret
980:Jagdpanzer
820:destroyers
753:Resistance
628:Royal Navy
624:smoothbore
528:, Normandy
495:field guns
487:Strasbourg
401:Sevastopol
393:Royal Navy
359:Baron Haxo
161:casa matta
79:) better.
3993:quarrying
3887:Wine cave
3807:Catacombs
3678:Guerrilla
3421:By design
3169:Revetment
2984:Land mine
2915:Star fort
2742:Crownwork
2737:Covertway
2670:Barricade
2311:Embrasure
2224:Chartaque
2154:Bergfried
2112:Arrowslit
1938:Gatehouse
1908:City gate
1869:Castellum
1835:Acropolis
1779:Casemates
1683:, p. 136.
1641:, p. 129.
1033:SU-122-54
989:Jagdtiger
951:Wehrmacht
919:Jagdtiger
891:July 2022
828:HMS
809:HMS
785:Iron Duke
751:HMS
734:USS
718:Alexandra
716:HMS
700:Merrimack
698:USS
691:CSS
684:USS
663:freeboard
632:HMS
560:. As the
429:barbettes
397:Kronstadt
367:howitzers
324:Cherbourg
311:Île-d'Aix
268:embrasure
210:Near East
200:The term
125:casamatta
118:Etymology
88:embrasure
65:antiquity
3948:Casemate
3902:Stepwell
3842:Hypogeum
3832:Erdstall
3822:Dry well
3802:Borehole
3792:Basement
3776:Sinkhole
3703:Category
3693:See also
3580:Loophole
3468:Ringwork
3463:Ringfort
3388:Obstacle
3229:Hillfort
3149:Loophole
2947:Barbette
2922:Tenaille
2905:Sea fort
2835:Presidio
2795:Magazine
2776:Hornwork
2709:Cavalier
2704:Casemate
2697:Caponier
2540:Ringwork
2428:Detinets
2397:Hoarding
2302:Enceinte
2177:Bretèche
2122:Bartizan
2117:Barbican
2093:Alcazaba
2021:Stockade
2001:Ringfort
1981:Palisade
1953:Landwehr
1948:Hillfort
1696:, p. 42.
1608:, p. 18.
1437:Archived
1407:(1975).
1308:Archived
1114:(1921).
1059:See also
1029:Tortoise
991:and the
955:Red Army
931:Strv 103
830:Warspite
693:Virginia
672:monitors
647:Virginia
443:shells.
382:Plymouth
280:bastions
214:Hittites
172:chásmata
146:"), and
131:casamata
96:ironclad
42:casemate
4261:Bunkers
4209:Malator
4127:Sapping
3847:Manhole
3812:Dungeon
3610:Vedette
3600:Schloss
3565:Festung
3560:Dungeon
3555:Château
3499:Castles
3307:By role
3164:Pillbox
2994:Outpost
2910:Station
2898:Schanze
2881:Sandbag
2866:Redoubt
2850:Ravelin
2818:Palanka
2802:Orillon
2788:Lunette
2730:Coupure
2675:Bastion
2665:Arsenal
2633:Zwinger
2545:Roundel
2535:Ricetto
2510:Postern
2495:Outwork
2419:Kremlin
2290:Curtain
2265:Citadel
2249:Chemise
2209:Caltrop
2127:Bastion
2100:Alcázar
1996:Rampart
1974:Oppidum
1967:Nuraghe
1913:Crannog
1887:Castros
1823:Ancient
1272:16 July
1229:16 July
1013:ISU-152
1011:or the
974:Elefant
945:During
844:Gotland
816:torpedo
774:In the
686:Monitor
634:Warrior
606:Warrior
458:in the
363:mortars
264:rampart
218:Ti'inik
178:χάσματα
54:warship
3989:Mining
3960:(silo)
3938:Bunker
3867:Tunnel
3771:Grotto
3766:Cenote
3605:Trench
3595:Picket
3006:Sangar
2959:Bunker
2891:Sconce
2811:Ostrog
2759:Flèche
2642:Modern
2621:Yagura
2589:Turret
2525:Reduit
2463:Merlon
2407:Kasbah
2385:Gusuku
2362:Glacis
2355:Gabion
2324:church
2231:Chashi
2214:Castle
2058:Laager
2046:Vallum
2003:(Rath)
1878:Castra
1860:Burgus
1830:Abatis
1752:
1716:
1561:
1507:
1417:
1387:
1359:
1124:
1065:Bunker
1009:SU-100
987:, the
939:turret
838:-class
800:Haruna
619:Gloire
608:(1860)
403:, the
332:Second
206:Israel
195:Masada
3995:, and
3837:Fogou
3646:Siege
3590:Palas
3534:Walls
3524:Forts
3487:Lists
3334:Fence
3276:Rocca
3144:Kabal
2859:Redan
2766:Gorge
2690:Canal
2567:Shiro
2530:Ribat
2520:Qalat
2332:Dzong
2328:house
2028:Sudis
1960:Limes
1918:Ditch
1851:Broch
1842:Agger
1164:[
1145:[
836:Omaha
780:Edgar
769:class
767:Blake
762:class
760:Edgar
747:class
680:Union
596:Naval
550:feste
485:near
472:feste
272:scarp
166:matta
163:with
156:matta
152:Latin
148:matta
112:tanks
56:, or
3882:Well
3761:Cave
3656:list
3074:Buoy
2628:Yett
2470:Moat
2437:Ksar
2412:Keep
2204:Caer
2194:Burh
2170:Boom
2163:Berm
2142:Bawn
2107:Amba
1943:Gord
1750:ISBN
1714:ISBN
1559:ISBN
1505:ISBN
1415:ISBN
1385:ISBN
1357:ISBN
1274:2022
1231:2022
1202:2021
1122:ISBN
999:and
961:and
653:The
645:CSS
588:and
365:and
334:and
140:casa
100:hull
84:fort
46:guns
1928:Dun
1025:T28
881:by
703:).
524:at
342:in
144:hut
4247::
3991:,
3695::
2330:,
2326:,
1659:^
1626:^
1584:^
1263:.
1222:.
1218:.
1192:.
1174:^
1103:^
917:A
592:.
580:,
576:,
450:A
422:;
380:,
369:.
60:.
52:,
40:A
3738:e
3731:t
3724:v
2432:)
2424:(
2334:)
2061:)
2055:(
1808:e
1801:t
1794:v
1758:.
1722:.
1567:.
1513:.
1423:.
1393:.
1365:.
1237:.
1204:.
1130:.
904:)
898:(
893:)
889:(
875:.
501:(
474:(
258:.
175:(
150:(
36:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
