416:
excess of pericentriolar material). In addition, because centrosomal proteins have a tendency to form aggregates, centrosome-related bodies (CRBs) are often observed in ectopic places. Both enlarged centrosomes and CRBs are similar to the centrosomal structures observed in tumors. Even more, these structures can be induced in culture cells by overexpression of specific centrosomal proteins, such as CNap-1 or Nlp. These structures may look very similar, yet detailed studies reveal that they may present very different properties, depending on their proteic composition. For instance, their capacity to incorporate Îł-TuRC complexes (see also:
74:
260:
342:
589:, leading to the hypothesis of an RNA-based genome within the centrosome. However, subsequent research has shown that centrosome do not contain their own DNA-based genomes. While it was confirmed that RNA molecules associate with centrosomes, the sequences have still been found within the nucleus. Furthermore, centrosomes can form
415:
Usually, structural aberrations appear due to uncontrolled expression of centrosome components, or due to post-translational modifications (such as phosphorylations) that are not adequate for the components. These modifications may produce variations in centrosome size (usually too large, due to an
337:
as a regulator of the process. But the processes are essentially different in that centrosome doubling does not occur by template reading and assembly. The mother centriole just aids in the accumulation of materials required for the assembly of the daughter centriole.
406:
cells. This initial observation was subsequently extended to many types of human tumors. Centrosome alterations in cancer can be divided in two subgroups — i.e., structural or numeric aberrations — yet both can be found simultaneously in a tumor.
321:, the centrosomes migrate to opposite poles of the cell. The mitotic spindle then forms between the two centrosomes. Upon division, each daughter cell receives one centrosome. Aberrant numbers of centrosomes in a cell have been associated with
349:
Centrioles, however, are not required for the progression of mitosis. When the centrioles are irradiated by a laser, mitosis proceeds normally with a morphologically normal spindle. Moreover, development of the fruit fly
367:. They are also defective in spindle positioning and in the ability to establish a central localization site in cytokinesis. The function of centrosomes in this context is hypothesized to ensure the fidelity of
473:, but it is possible that the increase in centrosome numbers due to a failure during cell division might be more frequent than appreciated, because many "primary" defects in one cell (deregulation of the
444:
to resolve centrioles that are very close to each other. Nevertheless, it is clear that the presence of an excess of centrosomes is a common event in human tumors. It has been observed that loss of the
436:
and the loss of tissue differentiation. However, the method to count the centrosome number (with two centrioles to each centrosome) is often not very precise, because it is frequently assessed using
538:
and are thus part of the "eukaryotic signature genes". Although there are studies on the evolution of the centrins and centrioles, no studies have been published on the evolution of the
356:
is largely normal when centrioles are absent due to a mutation in a gene required for their duplication. In the absence of the centrioles, the microtubules of the spindle are focused by
1642:"Centrosome amplification and instability occurs exclusively in aneuploid, but not in diploid colorectal cancer cell lines, and correlates with numerical chromosomal aberrations"
461:. (For references, see .) An excess of centrosomes can be generated by very different mechanisms: specific reduplication of the centrosome, cytokinesis failure during
1416:
384:, and this will determine its polarity. It's not yet clear whether the role of the centrosome in polarity determination is microtubule-dependent or independent.
371:, because it greatly increases the efficacy. Some cell types arrest in the following cell cycle when centrosomes are absent. This is not a universal phenomenon.
2299:
1174:
Van
Beneden, E. (1876). Contribution a l'histoire de la vesiculaire germinative et du premier noyau embryonnaire. Bull. Acad. R. Belg (2me series) 42, 35–97.
561:
mutants that lack centrosomes can even develop to morphologically normal adult flies, which then die shortly after birth because their sensory neurons lack
380:
egg is fertilized, the sperm delivers a pair of centrioles. These centrioles will form the centrosomes, which will direct the first cell division of the
1134:
Bloodgood, RA (2009). "From
Central to Rudimentary to Primary: The History of an Underappreciated Organelle Whose Time Has Come.The Primary Cilium".
874:
1410:
666:
2024:
517:
and are required for centriole duplication. There exist two main subfamilies of centrins, both of which are present in the early-branching
1532:
Lingle, W.L.; Barrett, S.L.; Negron, V.C.; D'assoro, A.B.; Boeneman, K.; Liu, W.; Whitehead, C.M.; Reynolds, C.; Salisbury, J.L. (2002).
309:, so that each daughter cell inherits one centrosome, containing two structures called centrioles. The centrosome replicates during the
170:
lack centrosomes and therefore use other structures to organize their microtubules. Although the centrosome has a key role in efficient
209:. In general, each centriole of the centrosome is based on a nine-triplet microtubule assembled in a cartwheel structure, and contains
1657:
609:
2292:
1151:
707:
1030:
Rieder, C. L.; Faruki, S.; Khodjakov, A. (Oct 2001). "The centrosome in vertebrates: more than a microtubule-organizing center".
1440:
Nigg, E.A. (2002). "Centrosome aberrations: cause or consequence of cancer progression? and taking little boys and girls away".
2361:
557:. For example, both species have lost one of the centrin subfamilies that are usually associated with centriole duplication.
1194:
1136:
From central to rudimentary to primary: the history of an underappreciated organelle whose time has come. The primary cilium
2463:
363:
Unlike centrioles, centrosomes are required for survival of the organism. Cells without centrosomes lack radial arrays of
225:
during cellular differentiation. However, once the cell starts to divide, the cilium is replaced again by the centrosome.
143:
1593:"C-Nap1, a Novel Centrosomal Coiled-Coil Protein and Candidate Substrate of the Cell Cycle–regulated Protein Kinase Nek2"
2285:
330:
961:
469:
generation of centrosomes. At this point, there is insufficient information to know how prevalent these mechanisms are
807:
Azimzadeh, Juliette; Wong, Mei Lie; Downhour, Diane Miller; Alvarado, Alejandro Sánchez; Marshall, Wallace F. (2012).
1640:
Ghadimi, B.M.; Sackett, D.L.; Difilippantonio, M.J.; Schrock, E.; Neumann, T.; Jauho, A.; Auer, G.; Ried, T. (2000).
1121:
Flemming, W. (1875). Studien uber die
Entwicklungsgeschichte der Najaden. Sitzungsgeber. Akad. Wiss. Wien 71, 81–147
982:
Eddé, B.; Rossier; Le Caer; Desbruyères; Gros; Denoulet (1990). "Posttranslational glutamylation of alpha-tubulin".
526:. Centrins have therefore been present in the common ancestor of eukaryotes. Conversely, they have no recognizable
154:
progression. The centrosome provides structure for the cell. The centrosome is thought to have evolved only in the
465:(generating an increase in chromosome number), cell fusion (such as in cases of infection by specific viruses) or
731:
Jaspersen, S. L.; Winey, M. (2004). "THE BUDDING YEAST SPINDLE POLE BODY: Structure, Duplication, and
Function".
1757:"Aurora-A overexpression reveals tetraploidization as a major route to centrosome amplification in p53–/– cells"
360:, allowing the formation of a bipolar spindle. Many cells can completely undergo interphase without centrioles.
2458:
2017:
1734:
918:"Subdiffraction imaging of centrosomes reveals higher-order organizational features of pericentriolar material"
581:. The sequences identified were found in "few to no" other places in the cell, and do not appear in existing
2099:
868:"Flatworms' minimalist approach to cell division reveals the molecular architecture of the human centrosome"
565:. Thus, these flies have evolved functionally redundant machinery, which is independent of the centrosomes.
547:
539:
437:
190:
119:
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194:
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889:
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1961:
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522:
294:
The mother centriole, the older of the two in the centriole pair, also has a central role in making
2716:
2321:
2010:
1804:
Storchova, Z.; Pellman, D. (2004). "From polyploidy to aneuploidy, genome instability and cancer".
364:
341:
238:
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1829:
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1379:
1340:
Basto, R.; Lau, J.; Vinogradova, T.; Gardiol, A.; Woods, G.; Khodjakov, A.; Raff, W. (Jun 2006).
1319:
1273:
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Rodrigues-martins, A.; Riparbelli, M.; Callaini, G.; Glover, D. M.; Bettencourt-dias, M. (2007).
1254:
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574:
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486:
441:
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therefore affects the shape, polarity and motility of implicated tumor cells in different ways.
73:
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1989:
1930:
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The presence of an inadequate number of centrosomes is very often linked to the appearance of
744:
1979:
1969:
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695:
654:
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268:
254:
234:
31:
1488:"Polo-like kinase 1 regulates Nlp, a centrosome protein involved in microtubule nucleation"
259:
2346:
902:
357:
326:
288:
545:
It is evident that some parts of the centrosome are highly diverged in the model species
391:
supplies the centriole that creates the centrosome and microtubule system of the zygote.
1965:
1706:
1549:
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995:
826:
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1984:
1949:
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1900:
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produces superfluous centrosomes, as well as deregulating other proteins implicated in
399:
242:
147:
2277:
1865:
1848:
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1756:
1568:
1533:
1504:
1487:
1486:
Casenghi, M.; Meraldi, P.; Weinhart, U.; Duncan, P.I.; Korner, R.; Nigg, E.A. (2003).
1233:
1216:
1143:
1043:
916:
Lawo, Steffen; Hasegan, Monica; Gupta, Gagan D.; Pelletier, Laurence (November 2012).
699:
2710:
2592:
2552:
2527:
2443:
2356:
2331:
1534:"Centrosome amplification drives chromosomal instability in breast tumor development"
641:
462:
368:
2002:
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957:
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131:
54:
1714:
1591:
Fry, A.M.; Mayor, T.; Meraldi, P.; Stierhof, Y.D.; Tanaka, K.; Nigg, E.A. (1998).
768:"Making Microtubules and Mitotic Spindles in Cells without Functional Centrosomes"
1190:
Zellen-Studien II: Die
Befruchtung und Teilung des Eies von Ascaris megalocephala
1188:
658:
2674:
2640:
2567:
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202:
182:
114:
1403:
A color atlas for human assisted reproduction: laboratory and clinical insights
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1974:
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Fukasawa, K.; Choi, T.; Kuriyama, R.; Rulong, S.; Woude, Vande G.F. (1996).
1297:
1003:
917:
834:
518:
506:
502:
482:
178:
159:
139:
138:(Latin centrum 'center' + Greek sĹŤma 'body') (archaically cytocentre) is an
91:
86:
81:
41:
35:
1993:
1934:
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17:
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after having been removed (e.g., by laser irradiation) from normal cells.
174:
in animal cells, it is not essential in certain fly and flatworm species.
2635:
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2241:
2201:
2071:
1658:
10.1002/(SICI)1098-2264(200002)27:2<183::AID-GCC10>3.0.CO;2-P
649:. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. Vol. 607. pp.
535:
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2216:
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2061:
1274:"Revisiting the Role of the Mother Centriole in Centriole Biogenesis"
694:. International Review of Cytology. Vol. 220. pp. 257–289.
582:
531:
490:
450:
403:
381:
322:
222:
218:
206:
163:
1849:"Centrin-2 is required for centriole duplication in mammalian cells"
1817:
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185:
to each other, and surrounded by a dense, highly structured mass of
1453:
2256:
2206:
2196:
2191:
2186:
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2137:
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2079:
2075:
2056:
2051:
766:
Mahoney, N. M.; Goshima, G.; Douglass, A. D.; Vale, R. D. (2006).
562:
489:, etc.) would generate a failure in cell division, an increase in
458:
454:
388:
340:
295:
258:
167:
1847:
Salisbury, J. L.; Suino, K. M.; Busby, R.; Springett, M. (2002).
279:, the nuclear membrane breaks down, and the centrosome-nucleated
2266:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2107:
2089:
446:
334:
2281:
2006:
493:
and an increase in centrosome numbers as a "secondary" effect.
2630:
2112:
478:
509:
has been traced for some of the signature genes — e.g., the
585:
databases. One identified RNA sequence contains a putative
420:) can be very variable, and so their capacity to nucleate
1948:
Alliegro, M. C.; Alliegro, M. A.; Palazzo, R. E. (2006).
1691:"Abnormal centrosome amplification in the absence of p53"
1138:. Methods in Cell Biology. Vol. 94. pp. 3–52.
221:. In many cell types, the centrosome is replaced by a
27:
Cell organelle in animal cell helping in cell division
610:"Structure of Plants and Fungi|Digitális Tankönyvtár"
1075:"Cell Cycle Regulation of the Centrosome and Cilium"
692:
Acentrosomal microtubule nucleation in higher plants
2683:
2618:
2543:
2434:
2320:
2146:
2098:
2042:
53:
1397:Hewitson, Laura & Schatten, Gerald P. (2003).
1217:"Centrosome duplication. A centriolar pas de deux"
1193:. Vol. H.2 c.2. Jena: Gustav Fischer Verlag.
241:in 1876, and later described and named in 1888 by
573:Research in 2006 indicated that centrosomes from
193:(PCM). The PCM contains proteins responsible for
1950:"Centrosome-associated RNA in surf clam oocytes"
1405:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 3.
809:"Centrosome Loss in the Evolution of Planarians"
263:Role of the centrosome in cell cycle progression
1954:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1894:
1892:
1481:
1479:
1335:
1333:
733:Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology
402:, in 1914, described centrosome aberrations in
634:
632:
630:
2293:
2018:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1401:. In Patrizio, Pasquale; et al. (eds.).
8:
1129:
1127:
821:(6067) (published 5 January 2012): 461–463.
1755:Meraldi, P.; Honda, R.; Nigg, E.A. (2002).
1435:
1433:
1073:Avidor-Reiss, T; Gopalakrishnan, J (2013).
345:Centrosome (shown by arrow) next to nucleus
2300:
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2011:
2003:
1983:
1973:
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1557:
1503:
1357:
1305:
1232:
1098:
1025:
1023:
1021:
842:
783:
325:. Doubling of a centrosome is similar to
233:The centrosome was discovered jointly by
1399:"The biology of fertilization in humans"
745:10.1146/annurev.cellbio.20.022003.114106
642:"Origin and Evolution of the Centrosome"
333:nature of the process and the action of
601:
317:in the process of cell division called
305:The centrosome is copied only once per
898:
887:
875:Stowers Institute for Medical Research
395:Centrosome alterations in cancer cells
50:
647:Eukaryotic Membranes and Cytoskeleton
7:
267:Centrosomes are associated with the
78:Components of a typical centrosome:
639:Bornens, M.; Azimzadeh, J. (2008).
505:history of the centrosome and the
440:, which does not have high enough
25:
275:stage of the cell cycle. During
177:Centrosomes are composed of two
72:
1905:Current Opinion in Cell Biology
1737:from the original on 2020-11-15
1419:from the original on 2024-03-21
1197:from the original on 2021-08-26
964:from the original on 2021-07-25
313:of the cell cycle. During the
1:
2464:Microtubule organizing center
1866:10.1016/S0960-9822(02)01019-9
1715:10.1126/science.271.5256.1744
1505:10.1016/S1534-5807(03)00193-X
1234:10.1016/S0092-8674(01)00366-X
1144:10.1016/S0091-679X(08)94001-2
1044:10.1016/S0962-8924(01)02085-2
700:10.1016/S0074-7696(02)20008-X
453:formation in humans, such as
144:microtubule organizing center
659:10.1007/978-0-387-74021-8_10
150:, as well as a regulator of
1091:10.1016/j.ddmec.2013.03.002
485:metabolism, failure in the
387:In human reproduction, the
2733:
1359:10.1016/j.cell.2006.05.025
1342:"Flies without centrioles"
1079:Drug Discov Today Dis Mech
513:. Centrins participate in
252:
197:and anchoring — including
39:
29:
1917:10.1016/j.ceb.2009.01.008
785:10.1016/j.cub.2006.01.053
71:
62:
2459:Prokaryotic cytoskeleton
1899:Marshall, W. F. (2009).
1646:Genes Chromosomes Cancer
1215:Stearns, T. (May 2001).
866:staff (5 January 2012).
142:that serves as the main
40:Not to be confused with
2100:Pericentriolar material
1975:10.1073/pnas.0602859103
1298:10.1126/science.1142950
1004:10.1126/science.1967194
835:10.1126/science.1214457
559:Drosophila melanogaster
548:Drosophila melanogaster
540:pericentriolar material
438:fluorescence microscopy
191:pericentriolar material
120:Pericentriolar material
1773:10.1093/emboj/21.4.483
1609:10.1083/jcb.141.7.1563
1559:10.1073/pnas.032479999
1538:Proc Natl Acad Sci USA
1032:Trends in Cell Biology
897:Cite journal requires
569:Associated nucleotides
554:Caenorhabditis elegans
411:Structural aberrations
346:
283:can interact with the
264:
195:microtubule nucleation
111:Interconnecting fibers
2449:Intermediate filament
2342:Endoplasmic reticulum
1901:"Centriole evolution"
1806:Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol
344:
329:in two respects: the
262:
253:Further information:
146:(MTOC) of the animal
2696:Extracellular matrix
523:Giardia intestinalis
447:tumor-suppressor p53
108:Microtubule triplets
102:Subdistal appendages
2399:Cytoplasmic granule
1966:2006PNAS..103.9034A
1707:1996Sci...271.1744F
1701:(5256): 1744–1747.
1550:2002PNAS...99.1978L
1290:2007Sci...316.1046R
996:1990Sci...247...83E
922:Nature Cell Biology
827:2012Sci...335..461A
614:regi.tankonyvtar.hu
428:Numeric aberrations
365:astral microtubules
239:Edouard Van Beneden
2424:Weibel–Palade body
2308:Structures of the
2037:and its components
1085:(3–4): e119–e124.
575:Atlantic surf clam
487:spindle checkpoint
442:optical resolution
434:genome instability
374:When the nematode
347:
265:
92:Daughter centriole
2704:
2703:
2484:Spindle pole body
2275:
2274:
1960:(24): 9034–9038.
1859:(15): 1287–1292.
1412:978-0-7817-3769-2
1284:(5827): 1046–50.
928:(11): 1148–1158.
668:978-0-387-74020-1
515:calcium signaling
128:
127:
99:Distal appendages
16:(Redirected from
2724:
2302:
2295:
2288:
2279:
2027:
2020:
2013:
2004:
1998:
1997:
1987:
1977:
1945:
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1742:
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1637:
1631:
1630:
1620:
1603:(7): 1563–1574.
1588:
1582:
1581:
1571:
1561:
1544:(4): 1978–1983.
1529:
1518:
1517:
1507:
1483:
1474:
1473:
1437:
1428:
1427:
1425:
1424:
1394:
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1387:
1361:
1352:(7): 1375–1386.
1337:
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1016:
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721:
687:
681:
680:
644:
636:
625:
624:
622:
621:
606:
331:semiconservative
269:nuclear membrane
255:Centrosome cycle
235:Walther Flemming
160:eukaryotic cells
87:Mother centriole
76:
66:
57:
51:
32:Centrosome cycle
21:
2732:
2731:
2727:
2726:
2725:
2723:
2722:
2721:
2707:
2706:
2705:
2700:
2679:
2614:
2539:
2430:
2347:Golgi apparatus
2323:
2316:
2306:
2276:
2271:
2142:
2094:
2038:
2031:
2001:
1947:
1946:
1942:
1898:
1897:
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1853:Current Biology
1846:
1845:
1841:
1818:10.1038/nrm1276
1803:
1802:
1798:
1754:
1753:
1749:
1740:
1738:
1688:
1687:
1683:
1639:
1638:
1634:
1590:
1589:
1585:
1531:
1530:
1521:
1485:
1484:
1477:
1448:(11): 815–821.
1439:
1438:
1431:
1422:
1420:
1413:
1396:
1395:
1391:
1339:
1338:
1331:
1271:
1270:
1266:
1214:
1213:
1209:
1200:
1198:
1185:Boveri, Theodor
1183:
1182:
1178:
1173:
1169:
1154:
1133:
1132:
1125:
1120:
1116:
1072:
1071:
1067:
1038:(10): 413–419.
1029:
1028:
1019:
990:(4938): 83–85.
981:
980:
976:
967:
965:
934:10.1038/ncb2591
915:
914:
910:
896:
886:
879:
877:
871:(press release)
870:
865:
864:
860:
806:
805:
801:
772:Current Biology
765:
764:
760:
730:
729:
725:
710:
690:Schmit (2002).
689:
688:
684:
669:
638:
637:
628:
619:
617:
608:
607:
603:
599:
571:
499:
430:
413:
397:
327:DNA replication
289:mitotic spindle
257:
251:
231:
124:
64:
55:
49:
38:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2730:
2728:
2720:
2719:
2709:
2708:
2702:
2701:
2699:
2698:
2693:
2687:
2685:
2681:
2680:
2678:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2666:
2665:
2660:
2650:
2649:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2628:
2622:
2620:
2619:Other internal
2616:
2615:
2613:
2612:
2607:
2606:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2555:
2549:
2547:
2541:
2540:
2538:
2537:
2536:
2535:
2530:
2520:
2519:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2493:
2488:
2487:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2440:
2438:
2432:
2431:
2429:
2428:
2427:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2396:
2395:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2328:
2326:
2318:
2317:
2307:
2305:
2304:
2297:
2290:
2282:
2273:
2272:
2270:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2153:
2151:
2144:
2143:
2141:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2104:
2102:
2096:
2095:
2093:
2092:
2087:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2048:
2046:
2040:
2039:
2032:
2030:
2029:
2022:
2015:
2007:
2000:
1999:
1940:
1888:
1839:
1796:
1767:(4): 483–492.
1747:
1681:
1652:(2): 183–190.
1632:
1583:
1519:
1498:(1): 113–125.
1475:
1454:10.1038/nrc924
1442:Nat Rev Cancer
1429:
1411:
1389:
1329:
1264:
1227:(4): 417–420.
1207:
1176:
1167:
1152:
1123:
1114:
1065:
1017:
974:
908:
899:|journal=
858:
799:
778:(6): 564–569.
758:
723:
708:
682:
667:
626:
616:(in Hungarian)
600:
598:
595:
587:RNA polymerase
570:
567:
498:
495:
429:
426:
412:
409:
400:Theodor Boveri
396:
393:
250:
247:
243:Theodor Boveri
230:
227:
126:
125:
123:
122:
117:
112:
109:
106:
103:
100:
97:
94:
89:
84:
77:
69:
68:
60:
59:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2729:
2718:
2715:
2714:
2712:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2688:
2686:
2682:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2655:
2654:
2651:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2633:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2623:
2621:
2617:
2611:
2608:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2593:Proteinoplast
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2560:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2553:Mitochondrion
2551:
2550:
2548:
2546:
2545:Endosymbionts
2542:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2528:Lamellipodium
2526:
2525:
2524:
2521:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2498:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2466:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2444:Microfilament
2442:
2441:
2439:
2437:
2433:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2401:
2400:
2397:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2364:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2357:Autophagosome
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2332:Cell membrane
2330:
2329:
2327:
2325:
2322:Endomembrane
2319:
2315:
2311:
2303:
2298:
2296:
2291:
2289:
2284:
2283:
2280:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2154:
2152:
2150:
2145:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2105:
2103:
2101:
2097:
2091:
2088:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2049:
2047:
2045:
2041:
2036:
2028:
2023:
2021:
2016:
2014:
2009:
2008:
2005:
1995:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1944:
1941:
1936:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1895:
1893:
1889:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1843:
1840:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1800:
1797:
1792:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1751:
1748:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1685:
1682:
1677:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1636:
1633:
1628:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1587:
1584:
1579:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1528:
1526:
1524:
1520:
1515:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1482:
1480:
1476:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1436:
1434:
1430:
1418:
1414:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1393:
1390:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1336:
1334:
1330:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1268:
1265:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1211:
1208:
1196:
1192:
1191:
1186:
1180:
1177:
1171:
1168:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1153:9780123750242
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1130:
1128:
1124:
1118:
1115:
1110:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1069:
1066:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1026:
1024:
1022:
1018:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
978:
975:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
912:
909:
904:
891:
876:
869:
862:
859:
854:
850:
845:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
815:
810:
803:
800:
795:
791:
786:
781:
777:
773:
769:
762:
759:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
727:
724:
719:
715:
711:
709:9780123646248
705:
701:
697:
693:
686:
683:
678:
674:
670:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
643:
635:
633:
631:
627:
615:
611:
605:
602:
596:
594:
592:
588:
584:
580:
579:RNA sequences
577:eggs contain
576:
568:
566:
564:
560:
556:
555:
550:
549:
543:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
496:
494:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
463:cell division
460:
456:
452:
448:
443:
439:
435:
427:
425:
423:
419:
410:
408:
405:
401:
394:
392:
390:
385:
383:
379:
378:
372:
370:
369:cell division
366:
361:
359:
355:
354:
343:
339:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
303:
301:
297:
292:
290:
287:to build the
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
261:
256:
248:
246:
244:
240:
237:in 1875 and
236:
228:
226:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
175:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
121:
118:
116:
113:
110:
107:
105:Proximal ends
104:
101:
98:
95:
93:
90:
88:
85:
83:
80:
79:
75:
70:
67:
61:
58:
52:
47:
43:
37:
33:
19:
2573:Gerontoplast
2523:Pseudopodium
2516:Radial spoke
2496:Undulipodium
2468:
2436:Cytoskeleton
2352:Parenthesome
2034:
1957:
1953:
1943:
1911:(1): 14–15.
1908:
1904:
1856:
1852:
1842:
1812:(1): 45–54.
1809:
1805:
1799:
1764:
1760:
1750:
1739:. Retrieved
1698:
1694:
1684:
1649:
1645:
1635:
1600:
1596:
1586:
1541:
1537:
1495:
1491:
1445:
1441:
1421:. Retrieved
1402:
1392:
1349:
1345:
1281:
1277:
1267:
1224:
1220:
1210:
1199:. Retrieved
1189:
1179:
1170:
1135:
1117:
1082:
1078:
1068:
1035:
1031:
987:
983:
977:
966:. Retrieved
925:
921:
911:
890:cite journal
878:. Retrieved
861:
818:
812:
802:
775:
771:
761:
736:
732:
726:
691:
685:
646:
618:. Retrieved
613:
604:
590:
572:
558:
552:
546:
544:
521:
503:evolutionary
500:
477:, defective
470:
466:
431:
422:microtubules
414:
398:
386:
375:
373:
362:
351:
348:
304:
293:
281:microtubules
266:
232:
183:right angles
181:arranged at
176:
135:
132:cell biology
129:
115:Microtubules
63:
56:Cell biology
2675:Magnetosome
2641:Spliceosome
2568:Chromoplast
2563:Chloroplast
2454:Microtubule
1597:J Cell Biol
1307:10400.7/955
739:(1): 1–28.
285:chromosomes
271:during the
203:pericentrin
189:termed the
158:lineage of
96:Distal ends
18:Centrosomal
2717:Centrosome
2670:Proteasome
2663:Inclusions
2610:Nitroplast
2603:Apicoplast
2588:Elaioplast
2583:Amyloplast
2578:Leucoplast
2533:Filopodium
2479:Basal body
2469:Centrosome
2419:Peroxisome
2414:Glyoxysome
2404:Melanosome
2314:organelles
2044:Centrioles
2035:centrosome
1741:2019-09-09
1423:2013-11-09
1201:2018-01-14
968:2020-08-07
620:2021-01-30
597:References
475:cell cycle
377:C. elegans
353:Drosophila
307:cell cycle
179:centrioles
152:cell-cycle
136:centrosome
65:centrosome
46:Centromere
30:See also:
2691:Cell wall
2653:Cytoplasm
2626:Nucleolus
2598:Tannosome
2506:Flagellum
2491:Myofibril
2474:Centriole
2409:Microbody
2382:Phagosome
1368:0092-8674
1243:0092-8674
1052:0962-8924
942:1476-4679
880:6 January
519:eukaryote
507:centriole
497:Evolution
483:chromatin
418:Îł-tubulin
249:Functions
199:Îł-tubulin
140:organelle
82:Centriole
42:Centisome
36:Centriole
2711:Category
2684:External
2636:Ribosome
2392:Acrosome
2377:Endosome
2372:Lysosome
2149:proteins
2072:Centrins
1994:16754862
1935:19196504
1875:12176356
1834:11985415
1826:14708009
1791:11847097
1735:Archived
1731:20139983
1676:10612807
1578:11830638
1514:12852856
1492:Dev Cell
1462:12415252
1417:Archived
1376:16814722
1316:17463247
1251:11371338
1195:Archived
1187:(1888).
1162:20362083
1109:24982683
1060:11567874
962:Archived
958:11286303
950:23086237
853:22223737
794:16546079
753:15473833
718:12224551
677:17977464
536:bacteria
528:homologs
511:centrins
315:prophase
300:flagella
273:prophase
156:metazoan
2658:Cytosol
2558:Plastid
2511:Axoneme
2387:Vacuole
2367:Exosome
2362:Vesicle
2337:Nucleus
1985:1482561
1962:Bibcode
1926:2835302
1883:1415623
1723:8596939
1703:Bibcode
1695:Science
1667:4721570
1627:9647649
1618:2133000
1546:Bibcode
1470:9038803
1384:2080684
1324:6965044
1286:Bibcode
1278:Science
1259:1622118
1100:4073209
1012:1967194
992:Bibcode
984:Science
844:3347778
823:Bibcode
814:Science
651:119–129
591:de novo
471:in vivo
467:de novo
319:mitosis
311:S phase
277:mitosis
229:History
215:cenexin
211:centrin
187:protein
172:mitosis
2501:Cilium
2324:system
2252:CEP350
2247:CEP250
2242:CEP215
2237:CEP192
2232:CEP170
2227:CEP164
2222:CEP152
2217:CEP135
2212:CEP120
2157:CCP110
2147:other
2067:CEP104
2062:CNTROB
1992:
1982:
1933:
1923:
1881:
1873:
1832:
1824:
1789:
1782:125866
1779:
1761:EMBO J
1729:
1721:
1674:
1664:
1625:
1615:
1576:
1569:122305
1566:
1512:
1468:
1460:
1409:
1382:
1374:
1366:
1322:
1314:
1257:
1249:
1241:
1160:
1150:
1107:
1097:
1058:
1050:
1010:
956:
948:
940:
851:
841:
792:
751:
716:
706:
675:
665:
583:genome
532:archea
491:ploidy
451:cancer
404:cancer
382:zygote
358:motors
323:cancer
223:cilium
219:tektin
207:ninein
168:plants
134:, the
2646:Vault
2257:CNTRL
2207:CEP97
2202:CEP90
2197:CEP78
2192:CEP76
2187:CEP72
2182:CEP70
2177:CEP68
2172:CEP63
2167:CEP57
2162:CEP55
2138:TUBE1
2133:TNKS2
2084:CETN3
2080:CETN2
2076:CETN1
2057:CENPJ
2052:SASS6
1879:S2CID
1830:S2CID
1727:S2CID
1466:S2CID
1380:S2CID
1320:S2CID
1255:S2CID
954:S2CID
563:cilia
459:BRCA2
455:BRCA1
389:sperm
296:cilia
164:Fungi
2310:cell
2267:NINL
2128:TNKS
2123:PCNT
2118:PCM1
2108:BBS4
2090:SFI1
2082:and
2033:The
1990:PMID
1931:PMID
1871:PMID
1822:PMID
1787:PMID
1719:PMID
1672:PMID
1623:PMID
1574:PMID
1510:PMID
1458:PMID
1407:ISBN
1372:PMID
1364:ISSN
1346:Cell
1312:PMID
1247:PMID
1239:ISSN
1221:Cell
1158:PMID
1148:ISBN
1105:PMID
1056:PMID
1048:ISSN
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