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five years after a fire. Second year survival after fires for seedlings seems to be much higher in
Southern California, at about 50 to 62%. Seedling growth occurs in late winter and spring, and plants grown from seed reach reproductive maturity within three to four years. However, most postfire seedlings may fail to even reach maturity after germination, being negatively correlated with the regeneration of the burls. Many seedlings will fail after finding themselves in competition with healthy burls after a fire.
273:
become gray with exfoliating bark in later age. The stems are resinous, oily, and glabrous to puberulent, with stipules less than 1.5 mm. Emerging from the stems are alternate spirally arranged leaves, and sometimes branches. The leaves are linear, often 5 to 10 mm long, and shaped like needles. They are shaped nearly round in cross section, and end apiculate, or with a sharp tip. The leaves are evergreen, heavily sclerified, and may also come in a sickle-shape.
782:
55:
918:. They use the oils from the twigs and leaves and make a strong tea from the bark for the treatment of skin infections. For sores and snakebites, the leaves and twigs are ground into a powder and mixed with animal grease and applied. The branches and leaves may be boiled which produces a liquid that can be used to bathe sore, swollen, or infected parts of the body. Huutah is also made into a tea to relieve cramps, ulcers, and chest ailments.
285:
842:
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42:
942:. The presence of the flammable oils in the leaves and stems make the sticks an excellent choice for kindling. The tough lignotuber, or the burl, is valued for creating long-lasting and high quality charcoal when burned. The Kumeyaay also used chamise for making hardwood points of arrows. The chamise-wood point would be pressed or glued with pinyon pine pitch into a shaft made out of
806:
the sexual organs. New foliage is also not limited to drought conditions or young stems, with leaves emerging from stems up to 8 or 9 years old. The leaves are retained for up to two growing seasons. Production of the sexual organs is usually prioritized over the development of new branches or foliage.
765:
Chamise may reproduce both sexually and vegetatively. Seedling recruitment and population expansion is typically reliant on wildfire, but a dimorphic population of both dormant and as well as germinable seeds are prepared to sprout in suitable conditions. The seeds are shade intolerant, only emerging
805:
Upon fruit dispersal in summer, any old inflorescences are shed, and new growth becomes woody. The production of the next inflorescences and flowers continues even in conditions of drought or extreme heat, owing to the storage of nutrients in the burl that enable the plant to continue production of
272:
It is a shrub with long, arching stems of brown to gray bark, and is usually less than 4 meters high. It is diffusely branched and spreading in habit, with some forms prostrate. The stems are slender, numerous, and erect, and generally lack permanent branches. The young stems have reddish bark, and
981:
and skin conditions caused by chafing and irritation. Psoriasis plaques do not seem to respond well to chamise treatment, but this treatment reportedly improved discomfort and dryness. A balm is made by placing 50 grams of branches and leaves into 2 liters of extra virgin olive oil to infuse for 1
792:
Dormant seeds tend to accumulate in the soil, until they are disturbed by a wildfire. Around 90% of seeds will germinate after exposure to fire, but establishment from seeds is episodic. Seedling survival rates will decrease substantially following a fire, with only up to 1% of seedlings surviving
333:
also exist within the plant. Various chemicals like p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, syringic acid, vanillic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid and arbutin have been identified within the plant. Furthermore, umbelliferone and phlorizin were found. An unknown triterpenoid known as 7α-hydroxybaruol was first
801:
The plant flowers from April to June, peaking in May. Growth is typically initiated in
January, speeding up in March, peaking in May, and then ending in July. Root growth follows a similar pattern, but fine roots may grow following summer rain events. Plants can remain physiologically active in
751:
This plant is typically found along foothills and coastal mountains, ridges, mesas, and hot, xeric sites. It dominates dry south and west-facing slopes, and survives in an average temperature range between 0 °C to 38 °C. In the southern Coast Ranges, where annual rainfall may average
300:
0 to 1.1 mm long. The flowers are small, white, and inconspicuous yet showy. The flowers have 5 petals and 5 calyx lobes, with the calyx lobes alternately arranged around the corolla. The calyx lobes are wider than they are long. There are 10 to 15 stamens, which occur in cylindrical to
752:
between 400 and 500 mm, chamise can be found abundantly on all slopes and exposures, and grows on both deep, fertile soils and shallow, rocky soils. As the amount of precipitation increases with northward latitude, chamise is restricted to poorer soils and drier, exposed sites.
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Chamise tends to have a high proportion of sterile fruits. This may be due to under-pollination, limited resources, or consequences of a high genetic load. Chamise is a self-incompatible plant, and allozyme analysis of chamise populations have shown a high rate of outcrossing.
802:
summer drought due to their deep tap roots being able to bring up moisture deep within the earth, and because their fine shallow roots are able to make quick use of infrequent moisture. Plants that have been burned to the burl may continue to expend growth even into summer.
986:
is melted and thoroughly mixed in a water bath at 75 degrees
Celsius. The mixture is then poured into 35 milliliter containers and allowed to harden into a balm. The balm can be rubbed with the finger tips and used as needed daily on rashes and lesions on the skin.
728:, and is present in approximately 70% of California chaparral. It occurs over a wide range of soils, elevations, latitudes, and distances from the coasts, at elevations as high as 1,800 meters. In Baja California, it is found in the Peninsular Ranges of the
1027:
258:
underground and at the base of the stem, known as a burl, that allow it to resprout after fire has off burned its stems. It is noted for its greasy, resinous foliage, and its status as one of
California's most iconic chaparral shrubs.
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1963:
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will store the bark and leaves as food in their nests year-round. Chamise and chamissal provides habitat and cover for nesting birds, mule deer, and sensitive species of wildlife such as the
301:
pyramid-shaped panicles at the tips of branches. The terminal clusters of flowers are 2.5 to 10 cm long. The petals are retained into fruit maturation, turning a rusty brown color. The
1185:. In: Fire Effects Information System, . U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Retrieved 15 October 2021
1958:
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and south-facing slopes, which are generally inhospitable to most plants, as well as in slate, sand, clay, and gravel soils. Chaparral habitats are known for their fierce periodical
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1973:
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where there are openings in the canopy. Seed production in mature shrubs does not decrease relative to the age of plants. Vegetative reproduction is by canopy rejuvenation from the
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Chamise is an important plant for wildlife. After wildfires, the resprouting chamise may provide nearly all of the available forage for animals. Chamise sprouts are browsed by
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which differ from each other in minor characters; they are not accepted as distinct by all authors. The following three taxa are recognized in the second edition of
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1814:
1460:
276:
417:
1237:
Adams, J., Bouttemy, A., Filho, O. R. F., & Williams, T. (2014). Adenostoma
Fasciculatum, California Chamise, Chemistry and Use in Skin Conditions.
770:, via the production of new basal sprouts, which may be induced by fire or mechanical means. Although the plants regenerate vegetatively, they do not
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McPherson, J. K., Chou, C. H., & Muller, C. H. (1971). Allelopathic constituents of the chaparral shrub
Adenostoma fasciculatum.
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Chamise forms dense, monotypic stands that cover the dry hills of coastal
California. These thickets of chamise are sometimes called
1938:
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well, sprouting from ground level in low basal crowns that remain after fires, preventing the bare soil from being washed away.
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329:, the diterpenoids thalianol and thaliandiol, and the triterpenoids 7α-hydroxybaruol and glutinol. Steroids like suberosol and
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It is very drought tolerant and adaptable, with the ability to grow in nutrient-poor, barren soil and on exposed, dry, rocky
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385:) may be confused with chamise, as they both have profuse white flowers and are common in chaparral habitats.
954:. Fire was used to harden the wooden points, which allegedly made it as hard as iron as when done correctly.
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352:), which grows taller, has red-brown bark, and un-clustered, larger leaves. Phylogenetic analysis places
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flora, chamise dries out, burns, and recovers quickly to thrive once again. It is a plant that controls
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614:) – Leaves 4–6 mm, apex blunt; shoots slightly hairy. Found primarily in southern
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634:. It usually prefers dry mesas or foothills along the coast, but may be found in some
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The
Kumeyaay and associated peoples have numerous uses for chamise, which they call
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is 0.8 to 3.2 mm large, and strongly 10-ribbed. The fruit is a small, ovoid
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The oily leaves and twigs gave rise to the common name "greasewood." The name
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The inflorescence is dense to open, up to 17 cm long, and with 1 to 3
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month. Then the olive oil is poured into a mixing bowl and 135 grams of
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573:) – Leaves 5–10 mm, apex sharp; shoots hairless. Occurs throughout
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1299:"Annotated checklist of the vascular plants of Baja California, Mexico"
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The plant is also used by many other Native
Americans including the
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Chamise is a member of the Rose family (Rosaceae), within the genus
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Journal of alternative and complementary medicine (New York, NY)
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originates from the clustered (fascicled) leaves on the plant.
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and likely rabbits, but may be unpalatable to other mammals.
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Chamise is probably the most widely distributed shrub of the
1954:
Natural history of the
California chaparral and woodlands
910:
The plant is considered a useful medicinal plant by the
785:
Chamise resprouting after a high-intensity wildfire in
1506:"What can traditional healing do for modern medicine"
1333:
An Ethnobotany of Baja California's Kumeyaay Indians.
1028:
California chaparral and its global significance. In
346:. The only other species in the genus is red-shanks (
1964:
Natural history of the Channel Islands of California
368:, and suggests tentative placement in the subfamily
1585:
1076:Montalvo, A.M.; Riordan, E.C.; Beyers, Jan (2017).
626:, where it occurs as far south on the coast to
1959:Natural history of the California Coast Ranges
1979:Natural history of the Santa Monica Mountains
1974:Natural history of the San Francisco Bay Area
1459:C. Michael Hogan (2008). N. Stromberg (ed.).
712:ecosystem in North America, found throughout
487:
479:
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8:
1297:Rebman, J. P.; Gibson, J.; Rich, K. (2016).
521:
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448:
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423:
247:is one of the most widespread plants of the
1399:"Adenostoma fasciculatum var. obtusifolium"
1368:"Adenostoma fasciculatum var. fasciculatum"
1273:"Ceanothus cuneatus var. Cuneatus Calflora"
1087:. United States Department of Agriculture.
1078:"Plant profile for Adenostoma fasciculatum"
1005:"Plant profile for Adenostoma fasciculatum"
1949:Flora of the Sierra Nevada (United States)
1573:
1343:
1341:
199:
40:
31:
1524:
1430:"Adenostoma fasciculatum var. prostratum"
1984:Natural history of the Transverse Ranges
1969:Natural history of the Peninsular Ranges
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930:A botanical illustration of the plant.
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630:, but even further south on interior
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1491:Native American Ethnobotany Database
1306:San Diego Society of Natural History
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1202:Pasiecznik, Nick (28 January 2015).
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1204:"Adenostoma fasciculatum (chamise)"
321:, which include the monoterpenoids
25:
704:The prostrate variety of chamise.
296:. Flowers are suspended on short
254:. Chamise produces a specialized
1885:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:720231-1
1208:CABI Invasive Species Compendium
720:. In California, it occurs from
53:
1440:from the original on 2017-08-29
1409:from the original on 2017-08-29
1378:from the original on 2017-06-29
1214:from the original on 2015-03-20
1136:from the original on 2017-08-29
1094:from the original on 2020-03-19
977:Chamise is useful for treating
886:orange-throated whiptail lizard
642:, or on the sky islands of the
1:
208:Approximate distribution of
2000:
1331:Wilken, Michael A. (2012)
1181:McMurray, Nancy E. (1990)
734:Sierra de San Pedro Martir
389:Etymology and nomenclature
334:discovered in this plant.
27:Species of flowering plant
1513:Tang (Humanitas Medicine)
1487:"Adenostoma fasciculatum"
1463:(Heteromeles arbutifolia)
1335:Retrieved 15 October 2021
1126:"Adenostoma fasciculatum"
838:may also be co-dominant.
822:. In this chaparral type
207:
198:
177:
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50:Scientific classification
48:
39:
34:
1939:Flora of Baja California
1436:. Jepson Flora Project.
1405:. Jepson Flora Project.
1374:. Jepson Flora Project.
1132:. Jepson Flora Project.
1033:(pp. 7). Springer, Cham.
696:Distribution and habitat
1846:Adenostoma fasciculatum
1617:Adenostoma fasciculatum
1587:Adenostoma fasciculatum
1566:Adenostoma fasciculatum
1560:Jepson Manual Treatment
1554:Adenostoma fasciculatum
1428:Jones, William (2012).
1397:Jones, William (2012).
1366:Jones, William (2012).
1353:Tongva Medicinal Plants
1183:Adenostoma fasciculatum
1124:Jones, William (2012).
748:in the Central Desert.
522:
507:
457:
449:
441:
424:
349:Adenostoma sparsifolium
220:Adenostoma fasciculatum
210:Adenostoma fasciculatum
181:Adenostoma fasciculatum
1526:10.5667/tang.2014.0006
1210:. CABI International.
1026:Rundel, P. W. (2018).
931:
914:who know the plant as
890:California gnatcatcher
850:
789:
705:
652:Baja California desert
545:Flora of North America
488:
480:
472:
289:
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882:Dusky-footed woodrats
857:. It can be found in
844:
784:
742:Sierra de La Asamblea
703:
679:) – Similar to var.
644:Sierra de La Asamblea
571:California greasewood
287:
279:
948:California sunflower
797:Seasonal development
761:Reproductive biology
577:and in the northern
249:California chaparral
223:, commonly known as
163:A. fasciculatum
1944:Flora of California
746:Sierra de San Borja
648:Sierra de San Borja
612:southern greasewood
1568:(Chamise) — photos
1504:Adams, JD (2014).
932:
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382:Ceanothus cuneatus
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212:in North America.
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1828:Open Tree of Life
1579:Taxon identifiers
1030:Valuing Chaparral
865:, and like other
847:Poway, California
820:chamise chaparral
736:, along with the
673:prostrate chamise
670:
604:San Diego chamise
601:
579:Peninsular Ranges
564:
541:The Jepson Manual
317:Chamise contains
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16:(Redirected from
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1471:. Archived from
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859:serpentine soils
787:San Diego County
730:Sierra de Juarez
726:San Diego County
722:Mendocino County
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636:Peninsular Range
620:San Diego County
608:southern chamise
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689:Channel Islands
638:mountains like
624:Baja California
583:Baja California
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516:Tongva language
495:yerba del pasma
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233:flowering plant
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1546:External links
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1519:(2): 9.1–9.6.
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1475:on 2009-07-19.
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774:vegetatively.
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691:, up to 750 m.
677:carpet chamise
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567:common chamise
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489:chamizo prieto
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359:Chamaebatiaria
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1434:Jepson eFlora
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843:
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481:chamizo negro
476:
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176:
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172:Binomial name
169:
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144:
143:
140:
137:
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133:
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107:
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80:Tracheophytes
78:
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72:
71:
68:
65:
62:
61:
56:
51:
47:
43:
38:
33:
30:
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1499:
1490:
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1433:
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1402:
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1371:
1361:
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1267:
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1207:
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1129:
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1084:
1029:
1008:
999:
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939:
935:
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915:
909:
875:
852:
819:
815:
813:
804:
800:
791:
776:
771:
764:
750:
707:
681:obtusifolium
680:
676:
672:
664:
663:
658:
657:
611:
607:
603:
596:obtusifolium
595:
594:
589:
588:
570:
566:
559:fasciculatum
558:
557:
552:
551:
534:
520:
514:
505:
499:
494:
486:
478:
470:
464:
455:
447:
439:
437:
431:
422:
416:
411:
407:
401:
395:fasciculatum
394:
392:
380:
378:
370:Spiraeoideae
363:
357:
353:
347:
343:
341:
323:hydroquinone
316:
291:
271:
228:
224:
219:
218:
217:
209:
180:
178:
162:
161:
149:
112:
99:
86:
73:
29:
1802:NatureServe
1737:iNaturalist
1611:Wikispecies
1552:Ecology of
901:Ethnobotany
738:sky islands
640:San Jacinto
632:sky islands
379:Buckbrush (
356:closest to
331:campesterol
263:Description
93:Angiosperms
1934:Adenostoma
1928:Categories
1854:Plant List
1755:30143720-2
1638:Calflora:
1444:15 October
1413:15 October
1382:15 October
1218:15 October
1140:15 October
1098:15 October
1085:Treesearch
991:References
888:, and the
714:California
665:prostratum
628:El Rosario
575:California
535:There are
412:greasewood
374:Sorbarieae
354:Adenostoma
344:Adenostoma
319:terpenoids
303:hypanthium
268:Morphology
256:lignotuber
237:California
235:native to
229:greasewood
150:Adenostoma
1703:250100003
1245:(5), A35.
973:Medicinal
944:arrowweed
878:mule deer
867:chaparral
863:wildfires
836:manzanita
832:ceanothus
828:scrub oak
816:chamissal
724:south to
710:chaparral
600:S. Watson
537:varieties
531:Varieties
294:bractlets
252:ecoregion
157:Species:
63:Kingdom:
1898:27801458
1893:Tropicos
1859:rjp-4733
1807:2.135300
1768:11375089
1596:Wikidata
1535:72461373
1438:Archived
1407:Archived
1376:Archived
1349:"Huutah"
1212:Archived
1134:Archived
1089:Archived
965:and the
959:Cahuilla
922:Kumeyaay
855:outcrops
744:and the
646:and the
543:and the
508:iy pshii
372:, tribe
365:Sorbaria
338:Taxonomy
327:geranial
298:pedicels
280:Flowers.
139:Rosaceae
135:Family:
106:Eudicots
35:Chamise
1716:3030227
1602:Q627027
1461:"Toyon
1011:. 2008.
984:beeswax
963:Chumash
952:mulefat
871:erosion
756:Ecology
740:of the
650:in the
473:chamizo
466:Spanish
450:i.ipshí
408:chamise
403:English
243:. This
231:, is a
225:chamise
145:Genus:
129:Rosales
125:Order:
67:Plantae
18:Chamise
1867:PLANTS
1833:653076
1820:140993
1729:417462
1690:adefas
1687:FEIS:
1667:637532
1631:436660
1533:
1312:: 244.
979:eczema
967:Ohlone
940:iipshi
916:huutah
912:Tongva
906:Tongva
772:spread
669:Dunkle
523:huutah
501:Tiipai
442:iipshi
433:Kumiai
418:Ko'alh
307:achene
190:&
119:Rosids
1794:25090
1763:IRMNG
1742:47146
1680:ADSFA
1654:652F2
1531:S2CID
1509:(PDF)
1302:(PDF)
1092:(PDF)
1081:(PDF)
950:, or
936:iipsi
824:toyon
662:var.
659:A. f.
593:var.
590:A. f.
556:var.
553:A. f.
425:iipsi
245:shrub
188:Hook.
113:Clade
100:Clade
87:Clade
74:Clade
1880:POWO
1872:ADFA
1841:PfaF
1815:NCBI
1789:ITIS
1781:3304
1750:IPNI
1724:GRIN
1711:GBIF
1675:EPPO
1626:BOLD
1446:2021
1415:2021
1384:2021
1220:2021
1142:2021
1100:2021
1009:USDA
896:Uses
834:and
768:burl
732:and
716:and
687:and
622:and
458:ipxi
362:and
325:and
239:and
192:Arn.
1906:WFO
1776:ISC
1698:FNA
1662:EoL
1649:CoL
1521:doi
938:or
818:or
581:of
227:or
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