1495:
5933:
532:
2302:
2343:
804:
1345:
65:
1724:
211:
1701:
1629:
203:
6323:
829:
786:
768:
228:
2700:
7650:
2686:
117:
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236:
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arrival of the
Spanish invaders. They left abundant traces of their occupation that have been studied since the 16th century, and allow scientists to reconstruct their way of life. It is possible that the Muisca integrated with more ancient inhabitants, but the Muisca were the ones who molded the cultural profile and the social and political organization. Their language, a dialect of
1665:
1646:
1684:
2408:
621:. Like the other formative-era cultures of America, the Muiscas were transitioning between being hunter-gatherers and becoming sedentary farmers. Around 1500 BCE, groups of agrarians with ceramic traditions came to the region from the lowlands. They had permanent housing and stationary camps, and worked the salty water to extract salt. In
1484:
1925:). When they became old, Bachué and her husband decided to go back to the deep of the lagoon. That day the Muisca were so sad, but at the same time very happy because they knew their mother was very happy. Other versions of the legend say that after stepping into the lagoon of Iguaque, Bachué ascended to the sky and became
517:
1917:. Bachué sat down at the bank of the lake and waited for the child to grow up. When he was old enough, they married and had many children, who were the Muisca. Bachué taught them to hunt, to farm, to respect the laws, and to worship the gods. Bachué was so good and loved that the Muisca referred to her as
625:
there is evidence of agriculture and ceramics. The oldest settlement of the highlands dates to 1270 BCE. Between 800 BCE and 500 BCE, a second wave of migrants came to the highlands. Their presence is identified by multicolor ceramics, housing, and farms. These groups were still in residence upon the
2593:
This search for an identity resulted in giving emphasis to the Muisca culture and overlooking other native nations, which were seen as wild people. Researchers wrongly concluded that the Muisca culture inhabited a previously empty land and that all archeological finds could be attributed solely to
2382:, a corn-based alcoholic drink. This was a blow to the culture and economy of the Muisca. The ban remained until 1991. Since then, the "Festival of the chicha, maize, life, and joy" is celebrated every year in Barrio La Perseverancia, a neighborhood in Bogotá where most of the chicha is produced.
1835:
Muisca priests were educated from childhood and led the main religious ceremonies. Only the priests could enter the temples. Besides the religious activities, the priests had much influence in the lives of the people, giving counsel in matters of farming or war. The religion originally included
2081:
The Muisca did not construct large stone structures. They didn't use the abundant rock to leave monumental ruins as has happened with other
American cultures. Their houses were built with materials such as clay, canes, and wood. The houses had a conical form, most of them to the point that
2391:
2321:
were included in a new political division within the
Spanish colonies in America. The territory of the Muisca, located in a fertile plain of the Colombian Andes that contributed to make one of the most advanced South American civilizations, became part of the colonial region named
2371:, a northern region in modern-day Bogotá, which had been recognized and protected by the crown, were taken away by the republican governments following a strategy of suppression of the native culture and ethnic presence in the country's largest urban centres. The Reservation of
1624:
Another major economic activity was weaving. The people made a wide variety of complex textiles. The scholar Paul Bahn said: "the Andean cultures mastered almost every method of textile weaving or decoration now known, and their products were often finer than those of today."
2606:. Argüello García pointed out that the goal of that expedition in the context of the new nation was to underline the pre-Hispanic societies and in that sense, they centered on the Muisca culture as the main model. A similar tendency can be found in the works of
2581:
After the independence wars in 1810, there was a surge of interest in the study of the Muisca culture. Indigenous
Colombians established the capital of their republic in Bogotá, the former viceroyal city, which was the capital of the confederation of the
3316:
Bonnett Vélez, Diana (1999). "El caso del altiplano
Cundiboyacense: 1750–1800". La ofensiva hacia las tierras comunales indígenas" [The Case of the Cundiboyacense Highland: 1750–1800. The challenge toward the communitarian Indian lands].
2550:
the report does not include the number of people of the Muisca ethnic group in the entire territory of the ancient Muisca
Confederation or outside that territory. It does not include Muisca Creole persons, it is to say, those of mixed Muisca
2797:
1336:. This kind of legislation was suitable to a confederation system, and it was a well-organized one. The natural resources could not be privatized: woods, lakes, plateaus, rivers and other natural resources were common goods.
1518:, mainly because of the precious resources of the area: gold and emeralds. When the Spaniards arrived in Muisca territory they found a rich state, with the Muisca Confederation controlling mining of the following products:
601:, other lithic tools dated a millennium later were found that belonged to specialized hunters. Human skeletons were found that date to 5000 BCE. Analysis demonstrated that the people were members of the El Abra Culture.
2602:, who led the Geography Commission with Manuel Ancízar and did descriptive studies of the national territory and an inventory of the archaeological sites. The result of the expedition was published in Bogotá in 1889 as
2191:
finally put down the last resistance and the territories of the
Confederations were shared by Belalcazar, Federmann, and De Quesada. Later the Spanish Crown would elect De Quesada as the man in charge, with the title
882:. Most of the tribes were part of the Muisca ethnic group, sharing the same language and culture and forming relations through trade. They united in the face of a common enemy. The army was the responsibility of the
2624:
suggested that the rock art symbols were writing. Wenceslao
Cabrera Ortíz was the one who concluded that the Muisca were migrants to the highlands; in 1969 he published on this and reported about excavations at the
2016:
were based in Bogotá. They recorded many of the myths as they were interested in the traditions and culture of the conquered people. The Muisca territory became the seat of the colonial administration for the
421:
Due to
Spanish colonization, the population of the Muisca has drastically decreased and assimilated into the general population. The descendants of the Muisca are often found in rural municipalities including
2059:; the Spaniards were attracted by stories of a "city of gold" that did not exist. Indigenous people sometimes got rid of the avaricious Spaniards in that way, pointing them in the direction of other peoples.
6352:
726:
2094:("Valley of the Palaces"). The houses had small doors and windows, and the dwellings of the higher rank citizens were different. The Muisca used little furniture as they would typically sit on the floor.
3535:
2402:
924:. Although both areas had common political relations and affinities and belonged to the same tribal nation, there were still rivalries between them. Among the territories there were four chiefdoms:
5913:
3642:
394:
At the time of the
Spaniard invasion, the area had a large population, although the precise number of inhabitants is not known. Estimates vary from 1 million to over 3 million inhabitants. Their
1907:
and all the water came out, forming a waterfall. Bochica punished Huitaca and Chibchacum: He made Huitaca an owl and made her hold up the sky. Chibchacum was tasked with holding up the Earth.
738:
4501:
2392:
2449:(ONIC). They proposed linguistic and cultural recuperation, defense of the territories nowadays occupied by others, and proposed urban and tourist plans. They support the communities of
2176:. The presence of the Spaniards gave hope to both sovereigns that, were they to make one Confederation, they could prevail in a war against the Spaniards. But the Spaniards prevailed.
1494:
2375:
was re-established on land bought by the community in 1916, and then recognized by the 1991 constitution; the recognition was withdrawn in 1998 by the state and restored in 2006.
7547:
5908:
2055:
covered himself with gold dust and washed it off in the lake while tossing gold trinkets into the waters. This tradition was well known outside the Confederation, as far as the
7594:
2334:. The viceregal era contributed to the importance of Bogotá, and people from the area would play an important role in the fights for independence and republican consolidation.
3252:"A new species of Brachygasterina Macquart from Colombia, and description of the males of B. stuebeli Röder and B. muisca Soares & Carvalho (Diptera: Muscidae) – Abstract"
754:
531:
751:
2502:
made important achievements in its project of natural medicine in association with the Paul VI Hospital and the District Secretary of Health of Bogotá. The community of
2417:
Since 1989, there has been a process of reconstruction of the indigenous councils by the surviving members of the Muisca Culture. Muisca Councils currently working are
589:, which is estimated to be approximately 13,000 years old. Other archaeological traces in the region of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense have led scholars to talk about an
3635:
1567:: gold was imported from other regions, but it was so abundant that it became a preferred material for Muisca handicrafts. The many handicraft works in gold and the
7569:
7297:
3558:
2866:
6300:
5888:
4534:
2645:
5873:
762:
1770:. Their political and administrative organization enabled them to form a compact cultural unity with great discipline. In Spanish, it is called cultura muisca
3234:(2009). "The Muisca Calendar: An approximation to the timekeeping system of the ancient native people of the northeastern Andes of Colombia". pp. 1–170.
2632:
Recent archaeological work has also concentrated on the creation and composition of Muisca goldwork, with this data being made available for wider research.
2446:
1424:
Geography: Many names of localities and regions were kept. In some cases, the Spanish named cities with a combination of Chibcha and Spanish words, such as
861:, because it did not dominate other ethnic groups or peoples. It is hard to compare the Muisca Confederation with other American civilizations, such as the
7684:
4850:
4473:
3628:
2179:
The reaction of the chief leaders and the people did little to change the destiny of the Confederations. The Spanish executed the last Muisca sovereigns,
2393:
5878:
2705:
1844:
857:
that was a loose union of states that each retained sovereignty. The confederation was not a kingdom, as there was no absolute monarch, nor was it an
7527:
7322:
4882:
1589:. Items traded ranged from those of basic necessity through to luxury goods. The abundance of salt, emeralds, and coal brought these commodities to
7689:
5973:
1895:: though not properly a god, he enjoyed the same status as one. He was a chief or hero eternized in the oral tradition. The land was flooded by a
1903:, protector of the farmers. Bochica listened to the complaints of the Muisca about floods. With his stick, he broke two rocks at the edge of the
7372:
2301:
742:
6425:
4870:
3506:
3424:
3306:
2590:. Research shows that this site was the cradle of an advanced society whose process of consolidation was cut short by the Spanish conquest.
756:
5784:
4899:
3161:
749:
6644:
5843:
4894:
4772:
3549:
7579:
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5898:
4877:
4516:
2561:
260:
4173:
4149:
2119:
7604:
7225:
7164:
5837:
4906:
4209:
2098:
759:
739:
292:
6239:
4296:
4017:
1847:, that the children were regarded as sacred and cared for until the age of 15, when their lives were then offered to the Sun-god,
758:
7475:
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5728:
5658:
5347:
4332:
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2331:
487:
4380:
4262:
4005:
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2947:
7694:
7679:
7584:
7574:
7455:
6527:
5358:
5040:
4855:
4466:
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2442:
873:. The Muisca Confederation was one of the biggest and best-organized confederations of tribes on the South American continent.
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3529:
7152:
5820:
5663:
4511:
4440:
4095:
3659:
3595:
3357:
García, Antonio; Jiménez, Edith; Ochoa, Blanca (1946). "Resguardo Indígena de Tocancipá" [Tocancipá Indian Shelter].
2925:
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364:
300:
276:
256:
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1840:, but the practice may have been extinct by the time of the Spanish conquest, as there are no first-hand Spanish accounts.
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5809:
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Fundación Misión Colombia: Historia de Bogota, Conquista y Colonia. Tomo 1 Salvat-Villegas editores, Bogotá, Colombia 1989
2595:
2157:
2153:
2083:
1601:
Having developed an agrarian society, the people used terrace farming and irrigation in the highlands. Main products were
753:
750:
462:
3341:]. Série Latinoamericana (in Spanish). Vol. 5. Bogotá: Facultad de Sociología, Universidad Nacional de Colombia.
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to the goddess. The legend grew until the term became a metaphor for any place where great wealth may be found or made.
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4327:
752:
748:
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5497:
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were taken advantage of by the Spaniards as they conquered the heart of what would be Colombia. Some of them, such as
903:
The Muisca Confederation existed as the union of two lesser confederations. The southern confederation, headed by the
7282:
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5724:
4291:
4274:
4012:
2188:
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4000:
741:
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5451:
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archaeological site. Those publications opened a new era in the studies of the pre-Hispanic cultures in Colombia.
7622:
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4413:
4107:
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4192:
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6310:
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1994:
went to Suamox for a major festival where ritual offerings were made. It was the only day of the year when the
1782:
1344:
777:
566:
355:
The territory of the Muisca spanned an area of around 25,000 km (9,700 sq mi) from the north of
264:
110:
7425:
7420:
7199:
6295:
5180:
2326:. Much information about the Muisca culture was gathered by the Spanish administration and by authors such as
803:
736:
6376:
3162:"A new species of Zephyranthes herb. S.L. (Amaryllidaceae, Hippeastreae) with notes on the genus in Colombia"
2313:
When the Muisca structure disappeared under the Spanish Conquest, the territory of the Confederations of the
7235:
7204:
6571:
6095:
6085:
5732:
5507:
4677:
2641:
2565:
2169:
1794:
1757:
1433:
1413:, related to the Muisca culture, speak similar languages, which encouraged trade. The Muisca used a form of
647:
570:
458:
454:. A census by the Ministry of Interior Affairs in 2005 reports a total of 14,051 Muisca people in Colombia.
335:
31:
2411:
737:
7612:
7470:
7450:
7415:
7410:
7302:
6449:
6442:
5959:
5150:
4226:
3498:
2731:
2575:
2323:
2306:
2161:
2018:
1716:
1356:
505:
501:
7460:
7445:
6661:
5653:
5502:
5135:
4889:
4860:
4659:
4634:
4599:
3612:
3412:
2480:
1864:
1688:
913:). This southern polity included the majority of the Muisca population and held greater economic power.
7250:
6666:
6435:
6288:
6116:
4787:
3118:"Typology, technology, composition and context of Muisca metalwork (Colombia, AD 600-1800): a database"
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2430:
1882:
1654:
1514:
The Muisca had an economy and society considered to have been one of the most powerful of the American
1425:
1309:
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746:
427:
3583:
Animated video about the Spanish conquest of the Muisca – Tisquesusa, Quemuenchatocha and Aquiminzaque
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356:
321:
317:
272:
38:
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After independence in 1810, the new state dissolved many of the indigenous reservations. The one in
1871:, the sacred city of the Sun. He was the most venerated god, especially by the Confederation of the
757:
744:
7505:
7405:
7400:
6653:
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6018:
5770:
5532:
4762:
4564:
4544:
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3483:
3468:
3330:
2607:
2076:
1723:
1328:, that is to say, their rule of law was determined by long-extant customs with the approval of the
1268:
609:
Scholars agree that the group identified as Muisca migrated to the Altiplano Cundiboyacense in the
480:
306:
Subgroupings of the Muisca were identified chiefly by their allegiances to three great rulers: the
210:
7265:
5789:
2570:
Studies of Muisca culture are abundant and have a long tradition. The first sources come from the
745:
553:
Knowledge of events up until 1450 is mainly derived from mythological contexts, but thanks to the
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4408:
3235:
2518:
2503:
2426:
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1515:
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1065:
423:
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280:
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1700:
3405:
Gran Enciclopedia de Colombia Tematica. Tomos 1 y 11 Círculo de Lectores, Bogotá, Colombia 1994
1628:
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7240:
7107:
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6604:
6589:
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6276:
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5848:
5814:
5537:
5527:
5237:
5205:
5115:
5085:
5015:
4980:
4950:
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3540:
3502:
3420:
3302:
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3184:
3139:
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1955:
1913:: the mother of the Muisca people. It was said that a beautiful woman with a baby came out of
1878:
1814:
1781:
Pre-Columbian Muisca patterns appear in various seals of modern municipalities located on the
1352:
360:
138:
3589:
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6757:
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6681:
6259:
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6028:
5618:
5558:
5542:
5425:
5389:
5296:
5200:
5000:
4817:
4792:
4609:
4604:
4221:
4216:
4136:
4029:
3907:
3762:
3266:
3209:
3180:
3176:
3129:
2007:
1939:
1904:
1367:
1292:
1176:
1172:
627:
598:
435:
202:
134:
6393:
4451:
1773:
The contributions of the Muisca culture to the Colombian national identity have been many.
7674:
7653:
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5379:
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5185:
5080:
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4916:
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4398:
4037:
3807:
2951:
2929:
2870:
2691:
2487:, part of the Suba Hills that is considered by the Shelter's Council to be communal land.
2327:
2280:
1963:
1959:
1945:
1837:
1830:
1817:. The winner received a finely woven cotton blanket from the chief and was qualified as a
1398:
1373:
828:
785:
767:
643:
610:
597:, tools and other lithic artifacts date to 9740 BCE; on the Bogotá savanna, especially at
227:
150:
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6305:
6234:
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3717:
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2544:
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2418:
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1926:
1284:
557:
we do have descriptions of the final period of Muisca history, prior to Spanish arrival.
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5414:
5404:
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5125:
4936:
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4619:
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4569:
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3767:
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3712:
3707:
3677:
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3295:
2756:
2748:
2060:
1818:
1745:
1639:
1503:
1410:
896:
870:
675:
663:
651:
544:
494:
466:
407:
395:
388:
384:
296:
186:
182:
174:
81:
1813:, has survived and became a popular sport of Colombia. Also important were matches of
7668:
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7272:
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6126:
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5715:
5628:
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5353:
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5020:
4975:
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3620:
2744:
2617:
2230:
2205:
2056:
1767:
1634:
1402:
1360:
1325:
1098:
1094:
1057:
854:
691:
679:
671:
578:
447:
415:
368:
190:
3251:
3198:"Jumping plant-lice of the New World genus Calinda (Hemiptera:Psylloidea:Triozidae)"
2012:
The Muisca mythology is well documented. Many of the writers who contributed to the
7092:
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6890:
6721:
6716:
6579:
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6342:
6254:
6146:
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5711:
5687:
5643:
5593:
5588:
5477:
5462:
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5311:
5262:
5257:
5232:
5210:
5175:
5055:
4757:
4692:
4649:
3972:
3947:
3922:
3892:
3872:
3817:
3797:
3782:
3757:
3606:
2764:
2760:
2752:
2722:
2286:
2184:
2122:
1914:
1810:
1753:
411:
380:
376:
178:
170:
166:
6800:
6176:
5195:
3450:
Diferentes oleadas de poblamiento en la prehistoria tardía de los Andes Orientales
2922:
2662:
found in Colombia in the area of the Muisca have been named after the people. Two
2454:
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1555:
1541:
1445:
1202:
1081:
703:
443:
3492:
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3462:
1544:
and other sites. Colombia has some of the world's most significant coal reserves.
674:(ruled 1470 to 1490) was in a constant war against aggressive tribes such as the
7430:
7327:
7120:
7015:
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6805:
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6726:
6629:
6264:
6244:
6191:
6136:
5707:
5697:
5568:
5512:
5316:
5247:
5100:
5070:
4777:
4669:
4549:
3957:
3877:
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3837:
3812:
3802:
3792:
3787:
3702:
3687:
2726:
2526:
2434:
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was reduced to 54% of its original size after 1934, and the indigenous lands in
2360:
2268:
1437:
1280:
1252:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1119:
1073:
1045:
639:
635:
585:
era. Colombia has one of the most ancient archaeological sites of the Americas:
439:
372:
194:
154:
69:
2963:
2043:(Spanish for "The Golden One") in the early 16th century may be located in the
235:
7537:
7260:
6996:
6981:
6634:
6624:
6619:
6609:
6400:
6181:
6023:
5745:
5583:
5563:
5190:
5005:
4797:
4559:
3651:
3582:
3574:
3270:
3015:
2681:
2462:
2242:
2224:
2101:
1900:
1741:
1664:
1645:
1551:
1414:
1313:
1305:
1210:
1168:
1136:
1089:
1085:
1053:
707:
687:
622:
520:
491:
457:
Much of the historic knowledge about the Muisca comes from the testimonies of
3532:– The Metropolitan Museum of Art exhibition catalog – available online as PDF
3278:
3223:
3188:
3143:
3104:
Cuaderno primero: Generalidades, Algunos conjuntos pictóricos de Cundinamarca
2574:, which work lasted for three centuries during the existence of the colonial
1585:
The Muisca traded their goods at local and regional markets with a system of
6991:
6810:
6773:
6731:
6614:
6456:
5766:
5762:
5737:
5487:
4822:
4712:
3777:
3747:
3742:
3454:
El simposio 'Los chibchas en América' del II Congreso Mundial de Arqueología
2671:
2473:
2236:
2165:
2034:
1805:
The Muisca culture had certain sports which were part of their rituals. The
1797:. The remaining Muisca people in central Colombia also have their own seal.
1790:
1683:
1577:
1572:
1256:
1140:
1132:
683:
614:
220:
6973:
6880:
6584:
6388:
5271:
4941:
3827:
3250:
Pérez, Sandra; Wolff, Marta; De Carvalho, Claudio J.B. (19 November 2012).
3214:
3197:
2587:
2533:
2495:) is a publication of poetry, literature, and essays about Muisca culture.
2437:. The councils had an Assembly in Bosa on 20–22 September 2002, called the
2274:
2217:
2087:
2063:
was explored by conquistadors who were looking for gold offerings from the
1910:
1673:
1317:
1244:
1206:
1198:
1040:
925:
910:
594:
331:
231:
The Altiplano Cundiboyacense in the Eastern Ranges; territory of the Muisca
3134:
3117:
2610:. An objection to that point of view came from Vicente Restrepo: his work
2118:
6919:
6914:
6906:
6158:
5753:
5603:
5165:
5145:
5140:
5030:
5010:
3887:
3732:
3727:
3697:
2450:
2051:
offered gold and other treasures to the Guatavita goddess. To do so, the
1987:
1971:
1868:
1595:
1591:
1526:
1441:
1275:
1260:
1123:
1115:
1111:
937:
869:
empires as it was more similar to a confederation of states, such as the
582:
451:
349:
268:
215:
122:
3435:
Los muiscas: una reseña histórica con base en las primeras descripciones
2407:
2097:
1881:(The Moon-goddess): her temple was in what is today the municipality of
1483:
940:. The chiefdom was composed by localities. The tribes were divided into
239:
Southwestern Altiplano; Bogotá savanna, territory of the southern mosca(
6941:
6933:
6599:
6383:
5749:
5286:
5215:
5170:
4911:
4807:
4782:
4767:
4687:
4682:
4639:
4614:
4584:
3977:
3932:
3912:
3897:
3682:
2667:
2663:
2626:
1922:
1896:
1892:
1786:
1650:
1522:
1406:
1240:
1235:
1164:
1106:
933:
878:
590:
586:
524:
473:
316:, ruling a territory roughly covering modern southern and northeastern
17:
1863:, Suá, Zuhé or Xué (The Sun god): he is the father of the Muisca. His
7001:
6430:
6121:
5682:
5578:
5553:
5065:
5060:
4985:
4921:
4802:
4752:
4742:
4717:
3952:
3927:
3847:
3822:
3692:
3566:
3002:
Abbreviation in Spanish: "Organización Nacional Indígena de Colombia"
2821:
2651:
2507:
2458:
2379:
2248:
2180:
1618:
1610:
1602:
1586:
1532:
1456:
1452:
1420:
Many Chibcha words were absorbed or "loaned" into Colombian Spanish:
1248:
1160:
1144:
858:
618:
484:
477:
403:
339:
6594:
3588:
2513:
Toward the end of 2006 there was a report on the Muisca population:
1951:
1860:
1848:
2809:
Ministerio de Cultura (2010) "Muiscas, los hijos de Bachué". Bogotá
2536:
5,186 people are registered as belonging to the Muisca ethnic group
2469:
in their efforts to recover their organizational and human rights.
1998:
showed his face, as he was considered a descendant of the Sun god.
6901:
6860:
6186:
6152:
6141:
5332:
5276:
5267:
5155:
4732:
3962:
3842:
3240:
2773:
2718:
2659:
2655:
2466:
2364:
2341:
2300:
2261:
2117:
2096:
1975:
1763:
1722:
1699:
1682:
1663:
1644:
1627:
1559:
1493:
1482:
1343:
1288:
1264:
1214:
1193:
1102:
1061:
1049:
982:
929:
921:
890:
862:
843:
827:
727:
Timeline of inhabitation of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense, Colombia
711:
699:
530:
515:
431:
344:
313:
308:
234:
226:
209:
201:
3575:
Nicely animated video about the Muisca and their religious origin
6968:
3116:
Martinon-Torres, Marcos; Villegas, Maria Uribe (15 March 2012).
1614:
1606:
1564:
1547:
1537:
1488:
1077:
905:
884:
866:
839:
469:
326:
76:
7360:
7150:
6835:
6559:
6212:
5995:
5955:
4455:
3624:
3605:
876:
Every tribe within the confederation was ruled by a chief or a
1929:; in other versions Chia and Bachué are two different figures.
1843:
Oral tradition suggests that every family gave up a child for
735:
516:
3417:
Mercados, poblamiento, e integración étnica entre los Muiscas
613:(between 1000 BCE and 500 CE), as shown by evidence found at
5914:
Population history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas
3208:. Geneva, Switzerland: Société Suisse de Zoologie: 231–344.
3160:
Fernández-Alonso, José Luis; Groenendijk, Jeroen P. (2023).
802:
784:
766:
3375:). Manuscrito anónimo de la Biblioteca Nacional de Colombia
352:
and modern northeastern Boyacá and southwestern Santander.
3530:
The Art of Pre-Columbian Gold: The Jan Mitchell Collection
53:
5951:
2674:
have been named after the Muisca religion and mythology.
3442:
La Chicha, una bebida fermentada a través de la historia
3301:. Vol. 2nd edition. London, UK: Thames and Hudson.
3016:
History of the Investigation of the Rock Art in Colombia
1885:. She was widely worshipped by the Confederation of the
2864:
The place of religion in the Muisca social organization
2472:
The Muisca people of Suba opposed the drying up of the
1958:
for the Moon. They developed a vigesimal (based on 20)
1762:
The Muisca were an agrarian and ceramic society of the
1428:(Chibcha: "Bacatá"). Most of the municipalities of the
682:, who would also make difficulties for his successors,
577:
departments) show evidence of human activity since the
3440:
Llano Restrepo, María Clara y Marcela Campuzano 1994:
3034:), Bogotá, 1889: Comisión Coreográfica Agustín Codazzi
1678:
Carved in stone by Bogotan sculptor María Teresa Zerda
5909:
Painting in the Americas before European colonization
3393:
From the Chibcha People to the Colony to the Republic
1950:
The cult of the Muisca centered on two main deities;
702:, especially for the possession of the salt mines of
3382:
Colombian Encyclopedia within reach – Espasa Century
3380:
Enciclopedia de Colombia a su alcance Espasa Siglo (
3339:
The Chibcha People: Social and Politica Organization
2800:– Ministry of Internal Affairs – accessed 21-04-2016
7603:
7560:
7519:
7371:
7315:
7213:
7172:
7163:
7106:
7078:
7045:
7036:
7010:
6966:
6954:
6928:
6899:
6858:
6846:
6788:
6765:
6756:
6690:
6652:
6643:
6570:
6477:
6409:
6360:
6351:
6330:
6223:
6167:
6104:
6006:
5780:
5703:
5678:
5649:
5624:
5599:
5574:
5549:
5518:
5493:
5468:
5437:
5400:
5375:
5338:
5307:
5282:
5253:
5246:
5241:
5236:
5231:
5229:
4836:
4668:
4525:
4489:
4391:
4135:
4028:
3993:
3986:
3658:
3479:
Los Muiscas: organización social y régimen político
363:and from the summits to the western portion of the
160:
144:
128:
104:
88:
51:
3294:
900:, the traditional ancient warriors of the Muisca.
2510:, and regularly barter their products at market.
2114:was richly ornamented in gold and expensive cloth
1974:, the sacred city of the Sun and the seat of the
279:. The people spoke Muysccubun, a language of the
3538:– development cooperation story of the Wikibook
3402:). Tomo 1 Zamora Editores, Bogotá, Colombia 2003
2984:Decree of August 14, 1940, Republic of Colombia.
1529:is the primary producer of emeralds in the world
3196:Olivares, Tania S.; Burckhardt, Daniel (1997).
920:, and had its capital in Hunza, known today as
5889:Ceramics of Indigenous peoples of the Americas
5874:Category: Archaeological sites in the Americas
3444:. Bogotá: Instituto Colombiano de Antropología
3066:The Chibcha people before the Spanish Conquest
2873:– Museo del Oro – Biblioteca Luís Ángel Arango
2798:Total population of Muisca in Colombia: 14,051
2790:
2788:
2646:List of flora and fauna named after the Muisca
2194:adelantado de los cabildos de Santa Fe y Tunja
1899:, a beautiful and sometimes mean woman, or by
694:were also a permanent threat as rivals of the
5967:
4467:
3636:
3419:(in Spanish). Bogotá: Banco de la República.
3045:Memorias sobre las Antigüedades Neogranadinas
2403:Rediscovery of the Muisca indigenous heritage
8:
3049:Memoirs of the Ancient Neogranadian Cultures
2447:National Indigenous Organization of Colombia
2412:El redescubrimiento de la tradición indígena
2378:In 1948 the state forbade the production of
1966:(June 21), which they considered the Day of
1436:departments are derived from Chibcha names:
944:(ruled by a capitan). There were two kinds:
367:. Their territory bordered the lands of the
74:representation of the initiation of the new
46:
3389:De los Chibchas a la Colonia y la República
3297:Archaeology, Theories, Methods and Practice
3062:Los chibchas antes de la conquista española
3010:
3008:
2612:Los chibchas antes de la conquista española
2439:First General Congress of the Muisca People
1632:Ruins of the astronomical Muisca temple at
718:Timeline of inhabitation of the Muisca area
630:, was very similar to those peoples of the
99:10,000,000 Chibcha Mestizos (approximately)
7368:
7357:
7169:
7160:
7147:
7042:
6963:
6855:
6843:
6832:
6762:
6649:
6567:
6556:
6357:
6220:
6209:
6003:
5992:
5974:
5960:
5952:
5857:
4474:
4460:
4452:
3990:
3643:
3629:
3621:
3351:The Chibcha People under the Spaniard Rule
2848:– Historia Universal – accessed 20-04-2016
2483:. They defended the natural reserves like
1571:tradition of offering gold to the goddess
1397:. It was spoken across several regions of
721:
63:
45:
5879:Portal:Indigenous peoples of the Americas
3464:El camino chibcha a la sociedad de clases
3335:Los Chibchas: organización socio-política
3239:
3213:
3133:
2856:
2854:
2706:Indigenous peoples of the Americas portal
2363:was reduced to 10% of its original size.
2187:, in 1539 and 1540 respectively. In 1542
818:Political and administrative organization
4483:Pre-Columbian civilizations and cultures
3347:Los chibchas bajo la dominación española
2636:Named after the Muisca and their culture
2389:
1540:: the coal mines still operate today at
1462:Relations: the youngest child is called
916:The northern territory was ruled by the
724:
2784:
1978:(priest). The Muisca name of the city,
3369:González de Pérez, María Stella 1987:
2822:Muysccubun, the language of the Muisca
853:The Muisca people were organized in a
541:Muisca Confederation § Prehistory
508:have contributed notable scholarship.
2993:Law 34 of 1948, Republic of Colombia.
2441:. In that congress, they founded the
1970:, the Sun god. The Sué temple was in
7:
3616:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
3395:). Bogotá: Ediciones Paraninfo, 1991
3387:Hernández Rodríguez Guillermo 1949:
2529:, with a population of 2,318 persons
1875:, who was considered his descendant.
1550:: there were mines in production at
105:Regions with significant populations
4907:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Venezuela
3181:10.18257/raccefyn.28(107).2004.1987
1962:and knew exactly the timing of the
964:was inherited by maternal lineage.
7685:Indigenous culture of the Americas
5899:Indigenous cuisine of the Americas
4878:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Colombia
3652:Ancestry and ethnicity in Colombia
2562:List of Muisca research institutes
2359:was dissolved in 1940. The one in
1986:, means "City of the Sun". On the
214:View of the Eastern Ranges of the
25:
4890:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Ecuador
4861:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Bolivia
3604:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913).
3377:. Bogotá: Instituto Caro y Cuervo
3371:Diccionario y Gramática Chibcha (
909:, had its capital at Bacatá (now
7649:
7648:
7323:Conquest of the Chibchan Nations
6321:
5931:
4883:Archaeological sites in Colombia
4856:Cultures of Pre-Cabraline Brazil
3545:Development Cooperation Handbook
3539:
3491:Suescún Monroy, Armando (1987).
3122:Journal of Open Archaeology Data
3096:Monumentos rupestres de Colombia
2698:
2684:
2506:has reintroduced the growing of
2406:
2397:
2168:, discovered the rich plains of
334:and encompassing most of modern
115:
4866:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Chile
3384:). Tomo 1 Bogotá, Colombia 2003
3373:Chibchan Dictionary and Grammar
2975:Ocampo López, 2013, Ch.13, p.80
2443:Cabildo Mayor del Pueblo Muisca
206:Location of Muisca in Colombia.
7690:Indigenous peoples in Colombia
7618:Archaeology Museum of Sogamoso
4441:Race and ethnicity in Colombia
3596:New International Encyclopedia
3448:Lleras Pérez, Roberto (1990).
2824:– Muysccubun dictionary online
2736:Indigenous peoples in Colombia
2594:the Muisca. In 1849 president
2140:Spanish conquest of the Muisca
1730:Archaeology Museum of Sogamoso
894:. The army was made up of the
1:
7298:Pedro Fernández de Valenzuela
5810:Spanish Conquest of Guatemala
4871:Archaeological sites in Chile
3398:Historia de Colombia (tr.en.
3232:Izquierdo Peña, Manuel Arturo
2895:Ministerio de Minas y Energia
2598:invited Italian cartographer
2572:Chronicles of the West Indies
2547:, 1,573 people are registered
2332:Lucas Fernández de Piedrahita
2014:Chronicles of the West Indies
1889:, who was considered her son.
1575:contributed to the legend of
555:Chronicles of the West Indies
488:Lucas Fernández de Piedrahita
27:Indigenous people of Colombia
7024:Diego de Torres y Moyachoque
5904:Mesoamerican writing systems
4900:Archaeological sites in Peru
3100:Colombian Rock-art Monuments
2039:The origin of the legend of
1694:Archaeology Museum, Sogamoso
632:Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta
7623:Archaeology Museum of Pasca
5800:Spanish Conquest of Yucatán
3517:La formación social chibcha
3515:Tovar Pinzón, Hermes 1980:
2614:showed them as barbarians.
1324:The Muisca legislation was
299:in 1537 at the time of the
291:. They were encountered by
7711:
7628:Metropolitan Museum of Art
7293:Ortún Velázquez de Velasco
7231:Bartolomé Camacho Zambrano
6117:Battle of Chocontá (~1490)
5826:Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada
5729:Uaxaclajuun Ubʼaah Kʼawiil
3550:Muisca: "Chibchan Indians"
3536:Muisca Indigenous Heritage
3476:Rozo Guauta, José (1978).
3461:Posada, Francisco (1965).
3456:. Barquesimeto, Venezuela.
3094:Ortíz, Wenceslao Cabrera;
3014:Argüello G., Pedro María;
2945:Official website Guatavita
2882:Izquierdo Peña, 2009, p.43
2639:
2596:Tomás Cipriano de Mosquera
2559:
2479:and wanted to recover the
2203:
2158:Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada
2137:
2084:Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada
2074:
2032:
2005:
1943:
1937:
1828:
1739:
1507:
1501:
1371:
1365:
821:
661:
538:
463:Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada
36:
29:
7644:
7367:
7356:
7338:Battle of Tocarema (1538)
7288:Miguel Holguín y Figueroa
7159:
7146:
6842:
6831:
6566:
6555:
6319:
6312:Ubaté-Chiquinquirá Valley
6219:
6208:
6002:
5991:
5927:
5869:
5860:
5224:
5051:Llanos de Moxos (Bolivia)
4426:
3271:10.11646/zootaxa.3554.1.3
2964:Seal of the Muisca people
2297:Under the colonial regime
2164:, interested in locating
2129:, executed by the Spanish
2090:, gave the area the name
1638:("the little hell") near
535:A Muiscan ceramic figure.
165:
149:
133:
109:
98:
93:
62:
52:
7590:University of Pittsburgh
7585:Universidad La Javeriana
7580:Universidad de los Andes
7362:Research and collections
5938:Civilizations portal
4895:Cultural periods of Peru
3572:(in English and Spanish)
3563:Ibero-American Institute
3202:Revue Suisse de Zoologie
3083:The Chibcha Civilization
2108:when the Spanish arrived
1783:Altiplano Cundiboyacense
1668:Statue of water Goddess
581:at the beginning of the
567:Altiplano Cundiboyacense
281:Chibchan language family
265:Altiplano Cundiboyacense
111:Altiplano Cundiboyacense
7246:Hernán Venegas Carrillo
7221:Antonio Díaz de Cardoso
6837:Caciques and neighbours
6112:Battle of Pasca (~1470)
5832:Hernán Pérez de Quesada
4678:Mesoamerican chronology
3437:. Bogotá: Museo del Oro
3433:Londoño, Eduardo 1998:
3319:Universitas Humanistica
3246:Université de Montréal.
3079:La Civilización Chibcha
2642:List of Muisca toponyms
2622:La Civilización Chibcha
2566:List of Muisca scholars
2517:Three Muisca councils:
2154:Sebastián de Belalcázar
1758:Women in Muisca society
848:Independent territories
648:Sierra Nevada del Cocuy
54:
32:Muisca (disambiguation)
7695:Prehistory of Colombia
7680:Pre-Columbian cultures
7333:Conquest of the Panche
7316:Neighbouring conquests
6561:Religion and mythology
4535:Archaeological periods
3499:University of Virginia
3497:(in Spanish). Bogotá:
3413:Langebaek, Carl Henrik
3359:Boletín de Arqueología
3215:10.5962/bhl.part.79999
3169:Rev. Acad. Colomb. Cie
3043:Uricoechea, Ezequiel;
2732:New Kingdom of Granada
2576:New Kingdom of Granada
2414:
2347:
2324:Nuevo Reino de Granada
2310:
2307:Nuevo Reino de Granada
2200:Last Muisca sovereigns
2144:Rivalries between the
2130:
2115:
2092:Valle de los Alcázares
2023:Nuevo Reino de Granada
2019:New Kingdom of Granada
1732:
1727:Model of Muisca houses
1720:
1697:
1687:Reconstruction of the
1680:
1661:
1642:
1499:
1491:
1363:
850:
807:
789:
771:
536:
528:
506:Gonzalo Correal Urrego
383:in the northeast, the
375:in the northwest, the
244:
232:
224:
207:
7195:Gonzalo Suárez Rendón
6214:Geography and history
5838:List of Conquistadors
5725:Kʼinich Janaabʼ Pakal
5136:Quebrada de Humahuaca
4555:Caddoan Mississippian
3613:Catholic Encyclopedia
3353:). Bogotá: La Carreta
3135:10.5334/4f60dd6baa298
2954:– accessed 05-05-2016
2932:– accessed 05-05-2016
2923:Official website Sopó
2539:in the localities of
2481:Juan Amarillo wetland
2396:
2345:
2304:
2189:Gonzalo Suárez Rendón
2121:
2100:
1726:
1703:
1686:
1667:
1648:
1631:
1497:
1486:
1347:
831:
806:
788:
770:
678:, and especially the
534:
519:
512:History of the Muisca
387:in the east, and the
348:, religious ruler of
238:
230:
213:
205:
161:Related ethnic groups
94:14,051 (2005, census)
7575:Universidad Nacional
7328:Conquest of the Muzo
7236:Gonzalo García Zorro
6789:Mythological figures
6780:Monster of Lake Tota
6516:Muisca Confederation
5805:Francisco de Montejo
5733:Jasaw Chan Kʼawiil I
4846:Andean civilizations
4773:Shaft tomb tradition
2897:– Proexport Colombia
2833:Wiesner García, 1987
2445:, affiliated to the
2346:Muisca people (1882)
2338:Independent Colombia
2134:The Spanish conquest
2045:Muisca Confederation
1809:game, also known as
1750:Muisca mummification
1302:Autonomous chiefdoms
834:Muisca Confederation
824:Muisca Confederation
796:Muisca Confederation
273:Muisca Confederation
39:Muisca Confederation
30:For other uses, see
7562:Research institutes
7303:Pedro Ruíz Corredor
5771:Manco Inca Yupanqui
5076:Manteño-Huancavilca
4545:Ancestral Puebloans
4436:Lists of Colombians
3559:Books on the Muisca
3494:La Economía Chibcha
3484:University of Texas
3469:University of Texas
3400:History of Colombia
3345:Friede, Juan 1961:
3293:Bahn, Paul (1991).
3060:Restrepo, Vicente;
2608:Ezequiel Uricoechea
2586:, and was known as
2493:The Song of the Sun
2162:Nicolás de Federman
2077:Muisca architecture
1717:Gold Museum, Bogotá
1184:Territories of the
1095:Fusagasugá District
1029:Territories of the
991:Chiefdoms (Cacique)
565:Excavations in the
502:Javier Ocampo López
481:Juan de Castellanos
48:
7283:Martín Yañéz Tafur
7251:Juan de Albarracín
7226:Antonio de Lebrija
7205:Juan de San Martín
7190:Baltasar Maldonado
7180:Gonzalo de Quesada
6677:Goranchacha Temple
6331:Neighbouring areas
5894:Columbian exchange
5884:Portal:Mesoamerica
5036:La Tolita (Tumaco)
4851:Indigenous peoples
4590:Hopewell tradition
4517:Indigenous peoples
3501:. pp. 1–113.
3028:Peregrinación Alfa
2950:2016-01-30 at the
2928:2016-02-21 at the
2869:2007-01-25 at the
2604:Peregrinación Alfa
2415:
2348:
2311:
2131:
2116:
1733:
1721:
1698:
1681:
1662:
1643:
1516:Post-Classic stage
1510:Muisca agriculture
1500:
1498:Golden breastplate
1492:
1448:, and many others.
1426:Santa Fe de Bogotá
1395:Chibchan languages
1364:
1133:Guatavita District
851:
808:
790:
772:
569:(the highlands of
537:
529:
379:in the north, the
295:dispatched by the
271:, that formed the
245:
233:
225:
223:is clearly visible
208:
7662:
7661:
7640:
7639:
7636:
7635:
7486:Reichel-Dolmatoff
7352:
7351:
7348:
7347:
7311:
7310:
7185:Hernán de Quesada
7142:
7141:
7138:
7137:
7134:
7133:
7032:
7031:
6950:
6949:
6827:
6826:
6823:
6822:
6819:
6818:
6752:
6751:
6672:Cojines del Zaque
6551:
6550:
6547:
6546:
6543:
6542:
6426:Piedras del Tunjo
6301:Flora & fauna
6204:
6203:
6200:
6199:
5949:
5948:
5945:
5944:
5919:Pre-Columbian art
5855:
5854:
5849:Francisco Pizarro
5815:Pedro de Alvarado
5131:Pucará de Tilcara
4449:
4448:
4422:
4421:
3554:Online Books Page
3508:978-958-601-137-2
3486:. pp. 1–216.
3426:978-958-9028-40-7
3331:Broadbent, Sylvia
3308:978-0-500-27867-3
3026:Ancízar, Manuel;
2498:The community of
2394:
1731:
1719:
1696:
1679:
1401:and the north of
1393:, belongs to the
960:). The status of
832:Territory of the
812:
811:
799:
781:
549:History of Bogotá
497:(17th century).
371:in the west, the
257:indigenous people
200:
199:
139:Colombian Spanish
82:lake of Guatavita
16:(Redirected from
7702:
7652:
7651:
7553:
7543:
7533:
7369:
7358:
7268:
7200:Juan de Céspedes
7170:
7161:
7153:Spanish conquest
7148:
7108:Cariban-speaking
7047:Chibcha-speaking
7043:
6964:
6868:
6856:
6844:
6833:
6763:
6744:Tequendama Falls
6739:
6707:
6650:
6568:
6557:
6536:
6524:
6512:
6500:
6485:
6452:
6445:
6438:
6419:
6416:10,000 - 2800 BP
6396:
6379:
6370:
6358:
6325:
6313:
6284:
6221:
6210:
6081:
6004:
5993:
5985:
5976:
5969:
5962:
5953:
5936:
5935:
5934:
5858:
5844:Spanish Conquest
5821:Spanish Conquest
5796:Spanish Conquest
5785:Spanish Conquest
5227:
5226:
4476:
4469:
4462:
4453:
4432:
4384:
4372:
4348:
4336:
4324:
4312:
4300:
4283:
4266:
4254:
4242:
4213:
4201:
4189:
4177:
4165:
4153:
4128:
4116:
4099:
4087:
4075:
4063:
4021:
4009:
3991:
3645:
3638:
3631:
3622:
3617:
3609:
3607:"Chibchas"
3600:
3592:
3581:
3573:
3543:
3512:
3487:
3472:
3471:. pp. 1–42.
3457:
3430:
3366:
3342:
3326:
3312:
3300:
3282:
3256:
3245:
3243:
3227:
3217:
3192:
3175:(107): 177–186.
3166:
3148:
3147:
3137:
3113:
3107:
3092:
3086:
3077:Triana, Miguel;
3075:
3069:
3058:
3052:
3041:
3035:
3024:
3018:
3012:
3003:
3000:
2994:
2991:
2985:
2982:
2976:
2973:
2967:
2961:
2955:
2943:
2939:
2933:
2921:
2917:
2911:
2904:
2898:
2893:
2889:
2883:
2880:
2874:
2862:
2858:
2849:
2844:
2840:
2834:
2831:
2825:
2820:
2816:
2810:
2807:
2801:
2796:
2792:
2714:Spanish conquest
2708:
2703:
2702:
2701:
2694:
2689:
2688:
2687:
2534:Capital District
2410:
2401:
2395:
2008:Muisca mythology
1954:for the Sun and
1940:Muisca astronomy
1905:Tequendama Falls
1766:of the north of
1729:
1715:
1692:
1677:
1672:identified with
1451:Fruits, such as
1409:culture and the
1381:, also known as
1368:Chibcha language
1013:
1007:
1001:
992:
986:
793:
775:
722:
599:Tequendama Falls
483:(16th century);
277:Spanish conquest
121:
119:
118:
89:Total population
67:
57:
49:
21:
7710:
7709:
7705:
7704:
7703:
7701:
7700:
7699:
7665:
7664:
7663:
7658:
7632:
7599:
7556:
7551:
7541:
7531:
7515:
7363:
7344:
7307:
7266:
7209:
7155:
7130:
7102:
7080:Arawak-speaking
7074:
7028:
7006:
6946:
6924:
6895:
6886:Quemuenchatocha
6866:
6838:
6815:
6784:
6748:
6737:
6705:
6686:
6639:
6562:
6539:
6530:
6518:
6506:
6494:
6479:
6473:
6450:
6443:
6436:
6413:
6405:
6394:
6377:
6364:
6347:
6326:
6317:
6311:
6282:
6226:
6215:
6196:
6169:The Salt People
6163:
6100:
6079:
5998:
5987:
5983:
5980:
5950:
5941:
5932:
5930:
5923:
5865:
5856:
5846:
5835:
5829:
5823:
5812:
5808:
5802:
5798:
5787:
5773:
5769:
5765:
5761:
5752:
5748:
5744:
5742:Quemuenchatocha
5740:
5731:
5727:
5718:
5714:
5710:
5671:
5540:
5449:
5423:
5412:
5359:Human Sacrifice
5356:
5348:Human Sacrifice
5345:
5319:
5292:Mayan Languages
5220:
4832:
4664:
4521:
4502:Genetic history
4485:
4480:
4450:
4445:
4430:
4418:
4387:
4378:
4366:
4342:
4330:
4318:
4306:
4294:
4277:
4260:
4248:
4236:
4207:
4195:
4183:
4171:
4159:
4147:
4131:
4122:
4110:
4093:
4081:
4069:
4057:
4024:
4015:
4003:
3982:
3654:
3649:
3603:
3590:"Chibcha"
3587:
3579:
3571:
3526:
3509:
3490:
3475:
3460:
3447:
3427:
3411:
3356:
3329:
3315:
3309:
3292:
3289:
3287:Further reading
3254:
3249:
3230:
3195:
3164:
3159:
3156:
3151:
3115:
3114:
3110:
3093:
3089:
3076:
3072:
3059:
3055:
3051:), Berlín, 1854
3042:
3038:
3025:
3021:
3013:
3006:
3001:
2997:
2992:
2988:
2983:
2979:
2974:
2970:
2962:
2958:
2952:Wayback Machine
2941:
2940:
2936:
2930:Wayback Machine
2919:
2918:
2914:
2905:
2901:
2891:
2890:
2886:
2881:
2877:
2871:Wayback Machine
2860:
2859:
2852:
2842:
2841:
2837:
2832:
2828:
2818:
2817:
2813:
2808:
2804:
2794:
2793:
2786:
2782:
2704:
2699:
2697:
2692:Colombia portal
2690:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2648:
2640:Main articles:
2638:
2600:Agustín Codazzi
2568:
2558:
2556:Muisca research
2405:
2390:
2388:
2353:
2340:
2328:Pedro de Aguado
2299:
2294:
2281:Quemuenchatocha
2208:
2202:
2142:
2136:
2109:
2079:
2073:
2037:
2031:
2010:
2004:
1964:summer solstice
1948:
1946:Muisca calendar
1942:
1936:
1921:(Good woman in
1857:
1838:human sacrifice
1833:
1831:Muisca religion
1827:
1803:
1785:, for instance
1779:
1760:
1738:
1728:
1714:
1691:
1676:
1653:in the town of
1512:
1506:
1481:
1399:Central America
1376:
1374:Muisca numerals
1370:
1351:as depicted by
1349:Muisca numerals
1342:
1011:
1005:
996:
990:
980:
968:Confederation (
954:Minor Capitania
946:Great Capitania
837:
826:
820:
814:
801:
800:
791:
783:
782:
773:
763:
761:
720:
666:
660:
607:
563:
551:
514:
500:More recently,
219:
151:Muisca religion
116:
114:
100:
84:
73:
58:
44:
41:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7708:
7706:
7698:
7697:
7692:
7687:
7682:
7677:
7667:
7666:
7660:
7659:
7657:
7656:
7645:
7642:
7641:
7638:
7637:
7634:
7633:
7631:
7630:
7625:
7620:
7615:
7609:
7607:
7601:
7600:
7598:
7597:
7592:
7587:
7582:
7577:
7572:
7566:
7564:
7558:
7557:
7555:
7554:
7544:
7534:
7523:
7521:
7517:
7516:
7514:
7513:
7508:
7503:
7498:
7493:
7488:
7483:
7478:
7473:
7468:
7463:
7458:
7453:
7448:
7443:
7438:
7433:
7428:
7423:
7418:
7413:
7408:
7406:De Castellanos
7403:
7398:
7393:
7388:
7383:
7377:
7375:
7365:
7364:
7361:
7354:
7353:
7350:
7349:
7346:
7345:
7343:
7342:
7341:
7340:
7330:
7325:
7319:
7317:
7313:
7312:
7309:
7308:
7306:
7305:
7300:
7295:
7290:
7285:
7280:
7278:Martín Galeano
7275:
7270:
7263:
7258:
7256:Juan del Junco
7253:
7248:
7243:
7241:Gonzalo Macías
7238:
7233:
7228:
7223:
7217:
7215:
7211:
7210:
7208:
7207:
7202:
7197:
7192:
7187:
7182:
7176:
7174:
7167:
7157:
7156:
7151:
7144:
7143:
7140:
7139:
7136:
7135:
7132:
7131:
7129:
7128:
7123:
7118:
7112:
7110:
7104:
7103:
7101:
7100:
7095:
7090:
7084:
7082:
7076:
7075:
7073:
7072:
7067:
7062:
7057:
7051:
7049:
7040:
7034:
7033:
7030:
7029:
7027:
7026:
7020:
7018:
7008:
7007:
7005:
7004:
6999:
6994:
6989:
6984:
6978:
6976:
6961:
6952:
6951:
6948:
6947:
6945:
6944:
6938:
6936:
6926:
6925:
6923:
6922:
6917:
6911:
6909:
6897:
6896:
6894:
6893:
6888:
6883:
6878:
6872:
6870:
6853:
6840:
6839:
6836:
6829:
6828:
6825:
6824:
6821:
6820:
6817:
6816:
6814:
6813:
6808:
6803:
6798:
6792:
6790:
6786:
6785:
6783:
6782:
6777:
6769:
6767:
6760:
6754:
6753:
6750:
6749:
6747:
6746:
6741:
6734:
6729:
6724:
6719:
6714:
6709:
6702:
6696:
6694:
6688:
6687:
6685:
6684:
6679:
6674:
6669:
6664:
6658:
6656:
6647:
6641:
6640:
6638:
6637:
6632:
6627:
6622:
6617:
6612:
6607:
6602:
6597:
6592:
6587:
6582:
6576:
6574:
6564:
6563:
6560:
6553:
6552:
6549:
6548:
6545:
6544:
6541:
6540:
6538:
6537:
6525:
6513:
6501:
6488:
6486:
6475:
6474:
6472:
6471:
6464:
6459:
6454:
6447:
6440:
6433:
6428:
6422:
6420:
6407:
6406:
6404:
6403:
6398:
6391:
6386:
6381:
6373:
6371:
6355:
6349:
6348:
6346:
6345:
6340:
6334:
6332:
6328:
6327:
6320:
6318:
6316:
6315:
6308:
6303:
6298:
6293:
6292:
6291:
6286:
6277:Bogotá savanna
6274:
6273:
6272:
6267:
6262:
6257:
6252:
6247:
6242:
6231:
6229:
6227:Cundiboyacense
6217:
6216:
6213:
6206:
6205:
6202:
6201:
6198:
6197:
6195:
6194:
6189:
6184:
6179:
6173:
6171:
6165:
6164:
6162:
6161:
6156:
6149:
6144:
6139:
6134:
6129:
6124:
6119:
6114:
6108:
6106:
6102:
6101:
6099:
6098:
6093:
6088:
6083:
6076:
6071:
6066:
6061:
6056:
6051:
6046:
6041:
6036:
6031:
6026:
6021:
6016:
6010:
6008:
6000:
5999:
5996:
5989:
5988:
5981:
5979:
5978:
5971:
5964:
5956:
5947:
5946:
5943:
5942:
5928:
5925:
5924:
5922:
5921:
5916:
5911:
5906:
5901:
5896:
5891:
5886:
5881:
5876:
5870:
5867:
5866:
5861:
5853:
5852:
5841:
5818:
5793:
5782:
5778:
5777:
5756:
5735:
5722:
5705:
5704:Notable Rulers
5701:
5700:
5695:
5690:
5685:
5680:
5676:
5675:
5673:Neo-Inca State
5666:
5661:
5656:
5651:
5647:
5646:
5641:
5636:
5631:
5626:
5622:
5621:
5616:
5611:
5606:
5601:
5597:
5596:
5591:
5586:
5581:
5576:
5572:
5571:
5566:
5561:
5556:
5551:
5547:
5546:
5535:
5530:
5525:
5520:
5516:
5515:
5510:
5505:
5500:
5495:
5491:
5490:
5485:
5480:
5475:
5470:
5466:
5465:
5460:
5455:
5444:
5439:
5435:
5434:
5429:
5418:
5407:
5402:
5398:
5397:
5392:
5387:
5382:
5377:
5373:
5372:
5367:
5362:
5351:
5340:
5336:
5335:
5330:
5325:
5314:
5309:
5305:
5304:
5299:
5294:
5289:
5284:
5280:
5279:
5274:
5265:
5260:
5255:
5251:
5250:
5245:
5240:
5235:
5230:
5225:
5222:
5221:
5219:
5218:
5213:
5208:
5203:
5198:
5193:
5188:
5183:
5178:
5173:
5168:
5163:
5158:
5153:
5148:
5143:
5138:
5133:
5128:
5123:
5118:
5113:
5108:
5103:
5098:
5093:
5088:
5083:
5078:
5073:
5068:
5063:
5058:
5053:
5048:
5043:
5038:
5033:
5028:
5023:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5003:
4998:
4993:
4988:
4983:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4958:
4953:
4944:
4939:
4934:
4929:
4924:
4919:
4914:
4909:
4904:
4903:
4902:
4892:
4887:
4886:
4885:
4875:
4874:
4873:
4863:
4858:
4853:
4848:
4842:
4840:
4834:
4833:
4831:
4830:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4810:
4805:
4800:
4795:
4790:
4785:
4780:
4775:
4770:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4674:
4672:
4666:
4665:
4663:
4662:
4657:
4652:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4617:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4542:
4537:
4531:
4529:
4523:
4522:
4520:
4519:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4499:
4493:
4491:
4487:
4486:
4481:
4479:
4478:
4471:
4464:
4456:
4447:
4446:
4444:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4427:
4424:
4423:
4420:
4419:
4417:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4395:
4393:
4389:
4388:
4386:
4385:
4373:
4361:
4360:
4359:
4349:
4337:
4325:
4313:
4301:
4289:
4284:
4272:
4267:
4255:
4243:
4231:
4230:
4229:
4219:
4214:
4202:
4190:
4178:
4166:
4154:
4141:
4139:
4133:
4132:
4130:
4129:
4117:
4105:
4100:
4088:
4076:
4064:
4052:
4051:
4050:
4045:
4034:
4032:
4026:
4025:
4023:
4022:
4010:
3997:
3995:
3988:
3987:Non-indigenous
3984:
3983:
3981:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3935:
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3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3768:Embera-Wounaan
3765:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
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3695:
3690:
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3664:
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3648:
3647:
3640:
3633:
3625:
3619:
3618:
3601:
3585:
3577:
3569:
3556:
3547:
3533:
3525:
3524:External links
3522:
3521:
3520:
3519:. Bogotá. CIEC
3513:
3507:
3488:
3482:(in Spanish).
3473:
3467:(in Spanish).
3458:
3445:
3438:
3431:
3425:
3409:
3406:
3403:
3396:
3385:
3378:
3367:
3354:
3343:
3327:
3321:(in Spanish).
3313:
3307:
3288:
3285:
3284:
3283:
3247:
3228:
3193:
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3150:
3149:
3108:
3087:
3070:
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3019:
3004:
2995:
2986:
2977:
2968:
2956:
2934:
2912:
2899:
2884:
2875:
2850:
2846:Muisca culture
2835:
2826:
2811:
2802:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2777:
2776:
2770:
2769:
2768:
2767:
2739:
2738:
2729:
2716:
2710:
2709:
2695:
2679:
2676:
2637:
2634:
2620:, in his work
2557:
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2552:
2548:
2537:
2530:
2387:
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2336:
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2291:
2290:
2284:
2278:
2272:
2254:
2253:
2252:
2246:
2240:
2234:
2228:
2209:
2204:Main article:
2201:
2198:
2138:Main article:
2135:
2132:
2075:Main article:
2072:
2069:
2061:Lake Guatavita
2033:Main article:
2030:
2027:
2006:Main article:
2003:
2000:
1938:Main article:
1935:
1932:
1931:
1930:
1908:
1890:
1876:
1856:
1853:
1829:Main article:
1826:
1823:
1819:guecha warrior
1802:
1799:
1778:
1775:
1746:Muisca cuisine
1737:
1734:
1640:Villa de Leyva
1583:
1582:
1562:
1545:
1535:
1530:
1504:Muisca economy
1502:Main article:
1480:
1477:
1476:
1475:
1460:
1449:
1366:Main article:
1341:
1338:
1326:consuetudinary
1322:
1321:
1299:
1271:
1231:
1230:
1229:
1180:
1179:
1130:
1112:Ubaté District
1109:
1092:
1036:
1035:
1025:
1024:
1023:
1022:
1021:
1020:
1019:
1018:
1017:
1016:
1015:
1014:
871:Achaean League
822:Main article:
819:
816:
810:
809:
792:
774:
764:
734:
731:
730:
719:
716:
664:Muisca warfare
662:Main article:
659:
656:
606:
603:
562:
559:
545:Herrera Period
513:
510:
461:and colonists
391:in the south.
365:Eastern Ranges
361:Sumapaz Páramo
338:, the western
330:, centered in
312:, centered in
297:Spanish Empire
283:, also called
198:
197:
163:
162:
158:
157:
147:
146:
142:
141:
131:
130:
126:
125:
107:
106:
102:
101:
96:
95:
91:
90:
86:
85:
72:(1200–1500 CE)
68:
60:
59:
42:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7707:
7696:
7693:
7691:
7688:
7686:
7683:
7681:
7678:
7676:
7673:
7672:
7670:
7655:
7647:
7646:
7643:
7629:
7626:
7624:
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7619:
7616:
7614:
7613:Museo del Oro
7611:
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7608:
7606:
7602:
7596:
7593:
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7588:
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7583:
7581:
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7509:
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7504:
7502:
7499:
7497:
7494:
7492:
7489:
7487:
7484:
7482:
7479:
7477:
7476:De Piedrahita
7474:
7472:
7469:
7467:
7464:
7462:
7459:
7457:
7454:
7452:
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7447:
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7412:
7409:
7407:
7404:
7402:
7399:
7397:
7394:
7392:
7389:
7387:
7386:Acosta Samper
7384:
7382:
7379:
7378:
7376:
7374:
7370:
7366:
7359:
7355:
7339:
7336:
7335:
7334:
7331:
7329:
7326:
7324:
7321:
7320:
7318:
7314:
7304:
7301:
7299:
7296:
7294:
7291:
7289:
7286:
7284:
7281:
7279:
7276:
7274:
7273:Luis Lanchero
7271:
7269:
7264:
7262:
7259:
7257:
7254:
7252:
7249:
7247:
7244:
7242:
7239:
7237:
7234:
7232:
7229:
7227:
7224:
7222:
7219:
7218:
7216:
7212:
7206:
7203:
7201:
7198:
7196:
7193:
7191:
7188:
7186:
7183:
7181:
7178:
7177:
7175:
7171:
7168:
7166:
7165:Conquistadors
7162:
7158:
7154:
7149:
7145:
7127:
7124:
7122:
7119:
7117:
7114:
7113:
7111:
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7052:
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7048:
7044:
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7039:
7035:
7025:
7022:
7021:
7019:
7017:
7013:
7009:
7003:
7000:
6998:
6995:
6993:
6990:
6988:
6987:Saguamanchica
6985:
6983:
6980:
6979:
6977:
6975:
6971:
6970:
6965:
6962:
6960:
6959:
6953:
6943:
6940:
6939:
6937:
6935:
6934:Tundama
6931:
6927:
6921:
6918:
6916:
6913:
6912:
6910:
6908:
6904:
6903:
6898:
6892:
6889:
6887:
6884:
6882:
6879:
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6863:
6862:
6857:
6854:
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6809:
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6715:
6713:
6710:
6708:
6703:
6701:
6698:
6697:
6695:
6693:
6689:
6683:
6682:Hunzahúa Well
6680:
6678:
6675:
6673:
6670:
6668:
6665:
6663:
6660:
6659:
6657:
6655:
6651:
6648:
6646:
6642:
6636:
6633:
6631:
6628:
6626:
6623:
6621:
6618:
6616:
6613:
6611:
6608:
6606:
6603:
6601:
6598:
6596:
6593:
6591:
6588:
6586:
6583:
6581:
6578:
6577:
6575:
6573:
6569:
6565:
6558:
6554:
6534:
6529:
6528:Cabildo Mayor
6526:
6522:
6517:
6514:
6510:
6505:
6502:
6498:
6493:
6490:
6489:
6487:
6483:
6476:
6470:
6469:
6468:El Infiernito
6465:
6463:
6460:
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6455:
6453:
6448:
6446:
6441:
6439:
6434:
6432:
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6427:
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6417:
6412:
6408:
6402:
6399:
6397:
6392:
6390:
6387:
6385:
6382:
6380:
6378:Lake Humboldt
6375:
6374:
6372:
6368:
6367:<10,000 BP
6363:
6359:
6356:
6354:
6350:
6344:
6341:
6339:
6336:
6335:
6333:
6329:
6324:
6314:
6309:
6307:
6304:
6302:
6299:
6297:
6296:Eastern Hills
6294:
6290:
6287:
6285:
6280:
6279:
6278:
6275:
6271:
6268:
6266:
6263:
6261:
6258:
6256:
6253:
6251:
6250:Juan Amarillo
6248:
6246:
6243:
6241:
6238:
6237:
6236:
6233:
6232:
6230:
6228:
6222:
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6207:
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6109:
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6103:
6097:
6094:
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6089:
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6082:
6077:
6075:
6072:
6070:
6067:
6065:
6062:
6060:
6057:
6055:
6052:
6050:
6049:Mummification
6047:
6045:
6042:
6040:
6037:
6035:
6032:
6030:
6027:
6025:
6022:
6020:
6017:
6015:
6012:
6011:
6009:
6005:
6001:
5994:
5990:
5986:
5977:
5972:
5970:
5965:
5963:
5958:
5957:
5954:
5940:
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5926:
5920:
5917:
5915:
5912:
5910:
5907:
5905:
5902:
5900:
5897:
5895:
5892:
5890:
5887:
5885:
5882:
5880:
5877:
5875:
5872:
5871:
5868:
5864:
5859:
5850:
5845:
5842:
5839:
5833:
5827:
5822:
5819:
5816:
5811:
5806:
5801:
5797:
5794:
5791:
5790:Hernán Cortés
5786:
5783:
5779:
5776:
5772:
5768:
5764:
5760:
5757:
5755:
5751:
5747:
5743:
5739:
5736:
5734:
5730:
5726:
5723:
5721:
5717:
5713:
5709:
5706:
5702:
5699:
5696:
5694:
5691:
5689:
5686:
5684:
5681:
5677:
5674:
5670:
5667:
5665:
5662:
5660:
5657:
5655:
5652:
5648:
5645:
5642:
5640:
5637:
5635:
5632:
5630:
5627:
5623:
5620:
5617:
5615:
5612:
5610:
5607:
5605:
5602:
5598:
5595:
5592:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5582:
5580:
5577:
5573:
5570:
5567:
5565:
5562:
5560:
5557:
5555:
5552:
5548:
5544:
5539:
5536:
5534:
5531:
5529:
5526:
5524:
5521:
5517:
5514:
5511:
5509:
5506:
5504:
5501:
5499:
5496:
5492:
5489:
5486:
5484:
5481:
5479:
5476:
5474:
5471:
5467:
5464:
5461:
5459:
5456:
5453:
5448:
5445:
5443:
5440:
5436:
5433:
5430:
5427:
5422:
5419:
5416:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5399:
5396:
5393:
5391:
5388:
5386:
5383:
5381:
5378:
5374:
5371:
5368:
5366:
5363:
5360:
5355:
5352:
5349:
5344:
5341:
5337:
5334:
5331:
5329:
5326:
5323:
5318:
5315:
5313:
5310:
5306:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5295:
5293:
5290:
5288:
5285:
5281:
5278:
5275:
5273:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5252:
5249:
5244:
5239:
5234:
5228:
5223:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5194:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5184:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5109:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5084:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5054:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4901:
4898:
4897:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4884:
4881:
4880:
4879:
4876:
4872:
4869:
4868:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4843:
4841:
4839:
4838:South America
4835:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4675:
4673:
4671:
4667:
4661:
4660:Weeden Island
4658:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4635:Poverty Point
4633:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4600:Mississippian
4598:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4532:
4530:
4528:
4527:North America
4524:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4497:Paleo-Indians
4495:
4494:
4492:
4488:
4484:
4477:
4472:
4470:
4465:
4463:
4458:
4457:
4454:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4429:
4428:
4425:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4396:
4394:
4390:
4382:
4377:
4374:
4370:
4365:
4362:
4358:
4355:
4354:
4353:
4350:
4346:
4341:
4338:
4334:
4329:
4326:
4322:
4317:
4314:
4310:
4305:
4302:
4298:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4281:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4264:
4259:
4256:
4252:
4247:
4244:
4240:
4235:
4232:
4228:
4225:
4224:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4211:
4206:
4203:
4199:
4194:
4191:
4187:
4182:
4179:
4175:
4170:
4167:
4163:
4158:
4155:
4151:
4146:
4143:
4142:
4140:
4138:
4134:
4126:
4121:
4118:
4114:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4097:
4092:
4089:
4085:
4080:
4077:
4073:
4068:
4065:
4061:
4056:
4053:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4040:
4039:
4036:
4035:
4033:
4031:
4027:
4019:
4014:
4011:
4007:
4002:
3999:
3998:
3996:
3992:
3989:
3985:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3665:
3663:
3661:
3657:
3653:
3646:
3641:
3639:
3634:
3632:
3627:
3626:
3623:
3615:
3614:
3608:
3602:
3598:
3597:
3591:
3586:
3584:
3578:
3576:
3570:
3568:
3564:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3542:
3537:
3534:
3531:
3528:
3527:
3523:
3518:
3514:
3510:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3495:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3480:
3474:
3470:
3466:
3465:
3459:
3455:
3451:
3446:
3443:
3439:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3422:
3418:
3414:
3410:
3407:
3404:
3401:
3397:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3383:
3379:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3364:
3360:
3355:
3352:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3314:
3310:
3304:
3299:
3298:
3291:
3290:
3286:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3264:
3260:
3253:
3248:
3242:
3237:
3233:
3229:
3225:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3163:
3158:
3157:
3153:
3145:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3112:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3091:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3074:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3057:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3040:
3037:
3033:
3032:Alpha Travels
3029:
3023:
3020:
3017:
3011:
3009:
3005:
2999:
2996:
2990:
2987:
2981:
2978:
2972:
2969:
2965:
2960:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2946:
2938:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2924:
2916:
2913:
2909:
2903:
2900:
2896:
2888:
2885:
2879:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2865:
2857:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2839:
2836:
2830:
2827:
2823:
2815:
2812:
2806:
2803:
2799:
2791:
2789:
2785:
2779:
2775:
2772:
2771:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2743:
2742:
2741:
2740:
2737:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2711:
2707:
2696:
2693:
2682:
2677:
2675:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2647:
2643:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2623:
2619:
2618:Miguel Triana
2615:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2591:
2589:
2585:
2579:
2577:
2573:
2567:
2563:
2555:
2549:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2535:
2531:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2515:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2496:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2475:
2470:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2413:
2409:
2404:
2400:
2385:
2383:
2381:
2376:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2350:
2344:
2337:
2335:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2320:
2316:
2308:
2303:
2296:
2288:
2285:
2282:
2279:
2276:
2273:
2270:
2267:
2266:
2264:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2250:
2247:
2244:
2241:
2238:
2235:
2232:
2231:Saguamanchica
2229:
2226:
2223:
2222:
2220:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2210:
2207:
2206:Muisca rulers
2199:
2197:
2195:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2177:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2141:
2133:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2113:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2093:
2089:
2086:, founder of
2085:
2078:
2070:
2068:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2057:Caribbean Sea
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2036:
2028:
2026:
2024:
2020:
2015:
2009:
2001:
1999:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1947:
1941:
1933:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1909:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1891:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1877:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1859:
1858:
1854:
1852:
1850:
1846:
1841:
1839:
1832:
1824:
1822:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1800:
1798:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1768:South America
1765:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1735:
1725:
1718:
1713:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1675:
1671:
1666:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1647:
1641:
1637:
1636:
1635:El Infiernito
1630:
1626:
1622:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1593:
1588:
1580:
1579:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1546:
1543:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1528:
1524:
1521:
1520:
1519:
1517:
1511:
1505:
1496:
1490:
1487:Emerald from
1485:
1478:
1474:means people.
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1422:
1421:
1418:
1417:for numbers.
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1403:South America
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1375:
1369:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1277:
1274:Territory of
1272:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1237:
1234:Territory of
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1195:
1191:
1190:
1188:
1187:
1182:
1181:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1042:
1038:
1037:
1033:
1032:
1027:
1026:
1009:
1008:
1003:
1002:
999:
994:
993:
988:
987:
984:
978:
977:
975:
971:
967:
966:
965:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
914:
912:
908:
907:
901:
899:
898:
893:
892:
887:
886:
881:
880:
874:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
855:confederation
849:
845:
841:
835:
830:
825:
817:
815:
805:
798:
797:
787:
780:
779:
769:
765:
733:
732:
729:
728:
723:
717:
715:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
672:Saguamanchica
670:
665:
657:
655:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
624:
620:
616:
612:
611:Formative era
604:
602:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
579:Archaic stage
576:
572:
568:
560:
558:
556:
550:
546:
542:
533:
527:(~11,000 BCE)
526:
522:
518:
511:
509:
507:
503:
498:
496:
493:
489:
486:
482:
479:
475:
471:
468:
464:
460:
459:conquistadors
455:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
419:
417:
416:manufacturing
413:
409:
405:
401:
398:was based on
397:
392:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
353:
351:
347:
346:
341:
337:
333:
329:
328:
323:
320:and southern
319:
315:
311:
310:
304:
302:
298:
294:
293:conquistadors
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
251:(also called
250:
242:
237:
229:
222:
217:
212:
204:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
159:
156:
152:
148:
143:
140:
136:
132:
127:
124:
112:
108:
103:
97:
92:
87:
83:
79:
78:
71:
66:
61:
56:
50:
40:
33:
19:
7546:
7536:
7526:
7520:Publications
7267:Lázaro Fonte
7011:
6967:
6957:
6929:
6900:
6891:Aquiminzaque
6859:
6849:
6772:
6645:Sacred sites
6580:Chiminigagua
6532:
6521:~1450 - 1540
6520:
6508:
6504:Early Muisca
6503:
6497:800 BC - 800
6496:
6481:
6466:
6462:Lake Herrera
6415:
6366:
6343:Tenza Valley
6338:Ocetá Páramo
6306:Suárez River
6235:Bogotá River
6151:
6019:Architecture
5982:
5929:
5862:
5712:Moctezuma II
5692:
5669:Inca history
5594:Andean Music
5538:Architecture
5533:Architecture
5528:Architecture
5523:Architecture
5519:Architecture
5513:Gender Roles
5258:Tenochtitlan
5181:Timoto–Cuica
5176:Tierradentro
4961:Casma–Sechin
4693:Chalcatzingo
4328:Scandinavian
3832:
3611:
3594:
3580:(in Spanish)
3516:
3493:
3478:
3463:
3453:
3449:
3441:
3434:
3416:
3399:
3392:
3388:
3381:
3374:
3370:
3362:
3358:
3350:
3346:
3338:
3334:
3322:
3318:
3296:
3262:
3258:
3205:
3201:
3172:
3168:
3154:Bibliography
3125:
3121:
3111:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3090:
3082:
3078:
3073:
3065:
3061:
3056:
3048:
3044:
3039:
3031:
3027:
3022:
2998:
2989:
2980:
2971:
2959:
2942:(in Spanish)
2937:
2920:(in Spanish)
2915:
2908:Archaeology,
2907:
2902:
2892:(in Spanish)
2887:
2878:
2861:(in Spanish)
2843:(in Spanish)
2838:
2829:
2819:(in Spanish)
2814:
2805:
2795:(in Spanish)
2649:
2631:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2603:
2592:
2583:
2580:
2571:
2569:
2512:
2497:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2471:
2438:
2416:
2386:21st century
2377:
2354:
2351:20th century
2318:
2314:
2312:
2287:Aquiminzaque
2257:
2256:
2213:
2212:
2193:
2185:Aquiminzaque
2178:
2170:Cundinamarca
2149:
2145:
2143:
2126:
2123:Aquiminzaque
2111:
2105:
2091:
2080:
2071:Architecture
2064:
2052:
2048:
2040:
2038:
2022:
2013:
2011:
1995:
1991:
1983:
1979:
1967:
1949:
1918:
1915:Lake Iguaque
1886:
1872:
1842:
1834:
1806:
1804:
1795:Cundinamarca
1780:
1772:
1761:
1754:Muisca music
1710:
1709:
1705:
1669:
1649:Monument to
1633:
1623:
1600:
1590:
1584:
1576:
1568:
1513:
1471:
1470:for a girl;
1467:
1463:
1434:Cundinamarca
1419:
1391:muysca cubun
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1377:
1357:Von Humboldt
1348:
1333:
1329:
1323:
1320:, Tacasquirá
1301:
1273:
1233:
1192:
1185:
1183:
1039:
1030:
1028:
997:
973:
969:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
917:
915:
904:
902:
895:
889:
883:
877:
875:
852:
838:Showing the
813:
794:
776:
725:
695:
668:
667:
608:
593:Culture: In
571:Cundinamarca
564:
554:
552:
499:
456:
420:
412:metalworking
393:
354:
343:
336:Cundinamarca
325:
307:
305:
288:
284:
252:
248:
246:
240:
75:
43:Ethnic group
7605:Collections
6806:Pacanchique
6796:Goranchacha
6667:Moon Temple
6630:Chibafruime
6137:Muisca raft
6014:Agriculture
5775:Túpac Amaru
5759:Manco Cápac
5708:Moctezuma I
5619:Agriculture
5614:Agriculture
5609:Agriculture
5600:Agriculture
5543:Road System
5432:Mathematics
5297:Muysc Cubun
5151:San Agustín
5101:Monte Verde
4778:Teotihuacan
4670:Mesoamerica
4565:Coles Creek
4550:Anishinaabe
4507:Archaeology
4379: [
4367: [
4343: [
4331: [
4319: [
4307: [
4295: [
4278: [
4261: [
4249: [
4237: [
4208: [
4196: [
4184: [
4172: [
4160: [
4148: [
4123: [
4111: [
4094: [
4082: [
4070: [
4058: [
4016: [
4004: [
3878:Pira-tapuya
3688:Awa-Kwaiker
2485:La Conejera
2289:(1537–1540)
2283:(1490–1537)
2277:(1470–1490)
2251:(1537–1539)
2245:(1514–1537)
2239:(1490–1514)
2233:(1470–1490)
2227:(1450–1470)
2125:, the last
1706:Muisca raft
1415:hieroglyphs
1253:Sativanorte
1223:Lenguazaque
1046:Teusaquillo
1041:Bacatá rule
521:Petroglyphs
495:Pedro Simón
400:agriculture
275:before the
155:Catholicism
70:Muisca raft
7669:Categories
7538:El Carnero
7506:Uricoechea
7481:De Quesada
7261:Juan Tafur
7038:Neighbours
6997:Tisquesusa
6982:Meicuchuca
6662:Sun Temple
6635:Guahaioque
6620:Nencatacoa
6610:Chibchacum
6509:800 - 1200
6482:>800 BC
6401:Tequendama
6362:Prehistory
6283:Suba Hills
6059:Muysccubun
5746:Tisquesusa
5720:Cuauhtémoc
5716:Cuitláhuac
5046:Lauricocha
5016:Gran Chaco
5006:Cupisnique
4991:Chinchorro
4966:Chachapoya
4956:Caral–Supe
4798:Tlaxcaltec
4788:Teuchitlán
4703:Chupícuaro
4630:Plum Bayou
4625:Plaquemine
4595:Marksville
4560:Chichimeca
4292:Portuguese
4275:Lithuanian
4013:Venezuelan
3660:Indigenous
2780:References
2560:See also:
2491:Magazine (
2243:Tisquesusa
2225:Meicuchuca
2102:Tisquesusa
2021:(Spanish:
1944:See also:
1919:Furachoque
1901:Chibchacum
1742:Muisca art
1740:See also:
1689:Sun temple
1508:See also:
1372:See also:
1194:Hunza rule
1099:Fusagasugá
1058:Facatativá
1054:Subachoque
942:Capitanías
688:Tisquesusa
646:) and the
605:Muisca era
561:Background
539:See also:
492:Franciscan
448:Gachancipá
342:; and the
37:See also:
7491:Schrimpff
7461:Langebaek
7456:Izquierdo
7401:Broadbent
7391:De Aguado
6992:Nemequene
6956:Southern
6848:Northern
6811:Thomagata
6801:Idacansás
6774:El Dorado
6758:Mythology
6712:Guatavita
6615:Cuchavira
6457:Aguazuque
6225:Altiplano
6177:Zipaquirá
6064:Mythology
6029:Astronomy
5767:Atahualpa
5763:Pachacuti
5738:Nemequene
5604:Chinampas
5426:Astronomy
5415:Astronomy
5395:Mythology
5390:Mythology
5385:Mythology
5380:Mythology
5376:Mythology
5206:Wankarani
5196:Tuncahuán
5086:Marajoara
5041:Las Vegas
4927:Atacameño
4823:Xochipala
4763:Purépecha
4723:Epi-Olmec
4713:Cuicuilco
4655:Troyville
4645:St. Johns
4376:Ukrainian
4246:Hungarian
4227:Mennonite
4001:Argentine
3863:Patángoro
3778:Guambiano
3748:Cocamilla
3743:Chitarero
3279:1175-5334
3265:: 45–57.
3241:0812.0574
3224:0035-418X
3189:0370-3908
3144:2049-1565
3128:(1): e4.
2966:– Commons
2906:P. Bahn,
2664:volcanoes
2650:Several (
2551:ancestry.
2474:Tibabuyes
2455:Tocancipá
2357:Tocancipá
2237:Nemequene
2166:El Dorado
2041:El Dorado
2035:El Dorado
2029:El Dorado
2002:Mythology
1934:Astronomy
1845:sacrifice
1815:wrestling
1791:Guatavita
1711:El Dorado
1578:El Dorado
1573:Guatavita
1556:Zipaquirá
1542:Zipaquirá
1446:Zipaquirá
1257:Sativasur
1203:Ramiriquí
1141:Guatavita
1082:Zipaquirá
1000:(Capitan)
998:Capitanía
981:Priests (
778:Altiplano
704:Zipaquirá
684:Nemequene
615:Aguazuque
444:Tocancipá
327:psihipqua
322:Santander
255:) are an
221:Lake Tota
216:Colombian
129:Languages
7654:Category
7451:Humboldt
7421:Duquesne
7373:Scholars
7016:Turmequé
6958:caciques
6920:Sugamuxi
6915:Nompanim
6876:Hunzahúa
6850:caciques
6533:>2002
6478:Ceramic
6289:Wetlands
6270:Tunjuelo
6192:Sesquilé
6159:Zoratama
6132:Emeralds
6105:Specific
6086:Toponyms
6074:Religion
6069:Numerals
6034:Calendar
5863:See also
5781:Conquest
5754:Zoratama
5421:Calendar
5410:Calendar
5405:Calendar
5401:Calendar
5370:Religion
5365:Religion
5354:Religion
5343:Religion
5339:Religion
5328:Numerals
5322:Numerals
5283:Language
5263:Multiple
5201:Valdivia
5186:Tiwanaku
5146:Saladoid
5141:Quimbaya
5031:Kuhikugu
5011:Diaguita
5001:Chorrera
4818:Veraguas
4813:Veracruz
4793:Tlatilco
4605:Mogollon
4512:Cultures
4490:Americas
4431:See also
4304:Romanian
4181:Croatian
4145:Austrian
4103:Japanese
4055:Armenian
4043:Lebanese
3994:Americas
3888:Quimbaya
3808:Kankuamo
3733:Carijona
3728:Carabayo
3698:Barasana
3415:(1987).
3391:(tr.en.
3349:(tr.en.
3333:(1964).
2948:Archived
2926:Archived
2867:Archived
2678:See also
2670:'s moon
2527:Sesquilé
2435:Sesquilé
2361:Sesquilé
2271:(?-1470)
2269:Hunzahúa
2148:and the
1988:solstice
1984:Sugamuxi
1972:Sogamoso
1960:calendar
1825:Religion
1807:turmequé
1777:Heraldry
1619:potatoes
1598:status.
1596:currency
1592:de facto
1527:Colombia
1523:emeralds
1442:Sogamoso
1438:Chocontá
1340:Language
1281:Busbanzá
1276:Sugamuxi
1227:Turmequé
1219:Tibiritá
1157:Sesquilé
1149:Chocontá
1124:Simijaca
1120:Cucunubá
1074:Engativá
938:Sogamoso
644:Kankuamo
638:, Ijka,
583:Holocene
440:Engativá
406:mining,
332:Muyquytá
301:conquest
269:Colombia
145:Religion
123:Colombia
7548:Epítome
7528:Elegías
7466:De Lugo
7416:Correal
7126:Yarigui
7098:Guayupe
7088:Achagua
7060:Sutagao
7012:cacique
6942:Tundama
6930:cacique
6717:Iguaque
6700:Fúquene
6692:Natural
6625:Chaquén
6605:Huitaca
6600:Bochica
6572:Deities
6492:Herrera
6451:Sáchica
6444:Nemocón
6437:Galindo
6384:El Abra
6353:History
6260:Teusacá
6182:Nemocón
6091:Warfare
6080:Society
6044:Economy
6039:Cuisine
6007:General
5750:Tundama
5679:Peoples
5664:History
5659:History
5654:History
5650:History
5644:Cuisine
5639:Cuisine
5634:Cuisine
5629:Cuisine
5625:Cuisine
5483:Warfare
5478:Warfare
5473:Warfare
5469:Warfare
5463:Society
5458:Economy
5447:Society
5442:Society
5438:Society
5308:Writing
5302:Quechua
5287:Nahuatl
5254:Capital
5191:Toyopán
5171:Tairona
5081:Mapuche
4996:Chiripa
4971:Chancay
4942:Cañaris
4917:Amotape
4912:El Abra
4828:Zapotec
4808:Totonac
4783:Tepanec
4768:Quelepa
4738:Mezcala
4728:Huastec
4698:Cholula
4688:Capacha
4683:Acolhua
4640:Sinagua
4615:Patayan
4585:Hohokam
4575:Fremont
4409:Mestizo
4399:African
4352:Spanish
4340:Slovene
4316:Russian
4270:Italian
4169:British
4157:Belgian
4120:Turkish
4091:Iranian
4067:Chinese
3968:Yarigui
3933:Tinigua
3918:Tariana
3913:Tairona
3903:Sutagao
3898:Siriano
3883:Quechua
3773:Guahibo
3738:Chimila
3683:Arhuaco
3678:Andoque
3673:Andaquí
3668:Achagua
3599:. 1905.
3259:Zootaxa
3085:), 1924
3068:), 1895
2757:Guayupe
2749:Achagua
2668:Jupiter
2627:El Abra
2532:in the
2477:wetland
2463:Ráquira
2305:Map of
1923:Chibcha
1897:goddess
1893:Bochica
1867:was in
1855:Deities
1736:Culture
1704:Famous
1655:Cuítiva
1651:Bochica
1552:Nemocón
1479:Economy
1407:Tairona
1379:Chibcha
1314:Tinjacá
1310:Chipatá
1306:Charalá
1269:Tobasia
1241:Cerinza
1236:Tundama
1211:Machetá
1169:Usaquén
1153:Teusacá
1137:Gachetá
1107:Tibacuy
1090:Zipacón
1086:Nemocón
962:Capitan
934:Duitama
897:güeches
879:cacique
865:or the
708:Nemocón
676:Sutagao
628:Chibcha
623:Zipacón
591:El Abra
587:El Abra
525:El Abra
474:soldier
467:Spanish
408:trading
396:economy
389:Sutagao
385:Achagua
359:to the
263:of the
261:culture
253:Chibcha
187:Sutagao
183:Guayupe
135:Chibcha
80:at the
18:Chibcha
7675:Muisca
7552:(1889)
7542:(1638)
7532:(1589)
7501:Triana
7471:Ocampo
7446:Hammen
7436:Gamboa
7431:Friede
7426:Freyle
7396:Arango
7381:Acosta
7116:Panche
7002:Sagipa
6974:Bacatá
6907:Suamox
6881:Michuá
6738:Ubaque
6727:Suesca
6722:Siecha
6706:Guasca
6585:Bachué
6431:Checua
6411:Lithic
6389:Tibitó
6255:Soacha
6122:Chicha
5997:Topics
5984:Muisca
5693:Muisca
5688:Mayans
5683:Aztecs
5317:Script
5312:Script
5272:Bacatá
5243:Muisca
5126:Pucará
5121:Piaroa
5116:Paiján
5111:Omagua
5066:Lupaca
5061:Lokono
5026:Kalina
5021:Huetar
4981:Chavín
4976:Chango
4951:Nariño
4947:Capulí
4937:Calima
4932:Aymara
4922:Arawak
4803:Toltec
4753:Olmecs
4748:Nicoya
4743:Mixtec
4718:Diquis
4620:Picosa
4610:Oshara
4580:Glades
4570:Dorset
4414:Romani
4404:Jewish
4392:Others
4357:Basque
4287:Polish
4222:German
4217:French
4137:Europe
4108:Korean
4079:Indian
4048:Syrian
3953:Witoto
3938:Tucano
3928:Ticuna
3908:Tahamí
3868:Piaroa
3858:Panche
3848:Nutabe
3833:Muisca
3828:Mokaná
3823:Macuna
3763:Emberá
3713:Calima
3693:Baniwa
3567:Berlin
3505:
3423:
3305:
3277:
3222:
3187:
3142:
3106:, 1969
2910:p. 317
2745:Panche
2652:fossil
2588:Bacatá
2525:, and
2508:quinua
2465:, and
2459:Soacha
2433:, and
2380:chicha
2309:(1625)
2275:Michuá
2258:Zaques
2249:Sagipa
2218:Bacatá
2181:Sagipa
2174:Boyacá
2160:, and
2088:Bogotá
2047:. The
1990:, the
1980:Suamox
1911:Bachué
1869:Suamox
1865:temple
1801:Sports
1756:, and
1674:Bachué
1659:Boyacá
1611:quinoa
1603:fruits
1587:barter
1558:, and
1533:copper
1472:muysca
1457:uchuva
1453:curuba
1430:Boyacá
1405:. The
1383:muysca
1353:Acosta
1318:Saboyá
1297:Tópaga
1249:Onzaga
1245:Oicatá
1207:Samacá
1199:Soracá
1161:Guasca
1145:Suesca
952:) and
936:, and
926:Bacatá
911:Bogotá
859:empire
846:, and
692:Caribs
690:. The
680:Panche
642:, and
619:Soacha
595:Tibitó
575:Boyacá
547:, and
485:bishop
478:priest
476:, and
450:, and
414:, and
369:Panche
357:Boyacá
350:Suamox
340:Llanos
324:; the
318:Boyacá
285:Muysca
249:Muisca
191:Panche
120:
55:Muysca
47:Muisca
7570:ICANH
7511:Zerda
7496:Simón
7441:Groot
7411:Celis
7214:Minor
7173:Major
7093:Tegua
7070:Lache
7065:Guane
6902:iraca
6867:Hunza
6861:zaque
6766:Myths
6654:Built
6395:Sueva
6265:Torca
6245:Fucha
6187:Tausa
6153:Tunjo
6142:Ruana
6096:Women
6054:Music
5698:Incas
5589:Music
5584:Music
5579:Music
5575:Music
5508:Women
5503:Women
5498:Women
5494:Women
5452:Trade
5333:Quipu
5277:Cusco
5268:Hunza
5233:Aztec
5166:Taíno
5161:Sican
5156:Shuar
5106:Nazca
5096:Mollo
5091:Moche
5071:Luzia
4986:Chimú
4758:Pipil
4733:Izapa
4708:Coclé
4650:Thule
4540:Adena
4383:]
4371:]
4364:Swiss
4347:]
4335:]
4323:]
4311:]
4299:]
4282:]
4265:]
4258:Irish
4253:]
4241:]
4234:Greek
4212:]
4205:Dutch
4200:]
4193:Czech
4188:]
4176:]
4164:]
4152:]
4127:]
4115:]
4098:]
4086:]
4074:]
4062:]
4020:]
4008:]
3973:Yukpa
3963:Yagua
3948:Wayuu
3923:Tegua
3893:Siona
3873:Pijao
3843:Nukak
3818:Lache
3798:Hupda
3783:Guane
3758:Cubeo
3753:Cofán
3723:Cauca
3718:Camsá
3337:[
3255:(PDF)
3236:arXiv
3165:(PDF)
3102:) in
2774:Tunjo
2765:Tegua
2761:Lache
2753:Guane
2719:Aztec
2660:fauna
2656:flora
2489:Suati
2467:Tenjo
2451:Ubaté
2365:Tenjo
2315:zaque
2262:Hunza
2214:Zipas
2146:zaque
2127:zaque
1996:zaque
1992:zaque
1976:Iraca
1873:zaque
1764:Andes
1560:Tausa
1468:china
1466:, or
1389:, or
1387:mosca
1361:Zerda
1334:zaque
1293:Pisba
1289:Pesca
1265:Paipa
1261:Soatá
1215:Tenza
1186:zaque
1116:Ubaté
1103:Pasca
1062:Tabio
1050:Tenjo
1006:Sybyn
983:Iraca
974:zaque
950:sybyn
930:Hunza
922:Tunja
918:zaque
891:zaque
863:Aztec
844:Zaque
712:Tausa
700:Hunza
696:zaque
636:Kogui
452:Ubaté
432:Tenjo
381:Lache
377:Guane
345:iraca
314:Hunza
289:Mosca
218:Andes
179:Tegua
171:Lache
167:Guane
7595:UPTC
7121:Muzo
7055:U'wa
6969:zipa
6732:Tota
6590:Chía
6240:Frío
6147:Tejo
6127:Duit
5488:Army
5270:and
5248:Inca
5238:Maya
5216:Zenú
5211:Wari
5056:Lima
4038:Arab
4030:Asia
3978:Zenú
3958:Wiwa
3943:U'wa
3853:Paez
3838:Muzo
3813:Kogi
3803:Inga
3793:Hiwi
3788:Guna
3708:Barí
3703:Bora
3503:ISBN
3421:ISBN
3365:(1).
3303:ISBN
3275:ISSN
3263:3554
3220:ISSN
3185:ISSN
3140:ISSN
2727:Muzo
2723:Maya
2658:and
2644:and
2584:zipa
2564:and
2545:Bosa
2543:and
2541:Suba
2523:Chía
2519:Cota
2504:Cota
2500:Bosa
2431:Chía
2427:Cota
2423:Bosa
2419:Suba
2373:Cota
2369:Suba
2330:and
2319:zipa
2317:and
2183:and
2172:and
2150:zipa
2112:zipa
2110:The
2106:zipa
2065:zipa
2053:zipa
2049:zipa
1956:Chía
1927:Chía
1887:zipa
1883:Chía
1879:Chía
1811:tejo
1789:and
1787:Sopó
1617:and
1615:yuca
1607:coca
1569:zipa
1565:gold
1548:salt
1538:coal
1489:Muzo
1464:cuba
1455:and
1432:and
1411:U'wa
1359:and
1330:zipa
1285:Toca
1225:and
1177:Suba
1173:Tuna
1165:Sopó
1143:and
1128:Susa
1105:and
1088:and
1078:Usme
1070:Chía
1066:Cota
1031:zipa
970:zipa
906:zipa
885:zipa
867:Inca
840:Zipa
710:and
686:and
669:Zipa
658:Wars
652:U'wa
640:Wiwa
617:and
573:and
504:and
490:and
470:poet
436:Suba
428:Chía
424:Cota
404:salt
373:Muzo
287:and
259:and
247:The
241:zipa
195:Muzo
175:U'wa
77:zipa
7014:of
6972:of
6932:of
6905:of
6864:of
6595:Sué
6024:Art
5569:Art
5564:Art
5559:Art
5554:Art
5550:Art
3267:doi
3210:doi
3206:104
3177:doi
3130:doi
2666:on
2260:of
2216:of
2025:).
1982:or
1968:Sué
1952:Sué
1861:Sué
1849:Sué
1708:of
1670:Sie
1332:or
1012:Uta
972:or
958:uta
888:or
698:of
654:).
523:of
309:hoa
303:.
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5807:)
4381:es
4369:es
4345:es
4333:es
4321:es
4309:es
4297:es
4280:es
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4251:es
4239:es
4210:es
4198:es
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4150:es
4125:es
4113:es
4096:es
4084:es
4072:es
4060:es
4018:es
4006:es
3610:.
3593:.
3565:–
3561:–
3552:–
3452:.
3361:.
3323:48
3273:.
3261:.
3257:.
3218:.
3204:.
3200:.
3183:.
3173:28
3171:.
3167:.
3138:.
3124:.
3120:.
3007:^
2853:^
2787:^
2763:,
2759:,
2755:,
2751:,
2747:,
2734:,
2725:,
2721:,
2672:Io
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2578:.
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2457:,
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2196:.
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1793:,
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1175:,
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1101:,
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1080:,
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1004:→
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932:,
928:,
842:,
714:.
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6523:)
6519:(
6511:)
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6495:(
6484:)
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6418:)
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
