1416:, meaning that the "chromists" acquired their plastids from each other instead of inheriting them from a single common ancestor. Thus the phylogeny of the distinctive plastids, which are agreed to have a common origin in the rhodophytes, is different from the phylogeny of the host cells. In 2021, Jürgen Strassert and colleagues modelled the timelines for the presumed spread of the red plastids, concluding that "the hypotheses of serial endosymbiosis are chronologically possible, as the stem lineages of all red plastid-containing groups overlap in time" during the
582:
substantially after the radiation of the four phyla themselves. This favors the view that the common ancestor of these four phyla was not photosynthetic and that chloroplasts were implanted separately into each much more recently. This probable polyphyly of the chromophyte algae, if confirmed, would make it desirable to treat
Cryptista, Heterokonta, and Haptophyta as separate kingdoms, rather than to group them together in the single kingdom Chromista.
60:
1056:
42:
638:(dinoflagellate + apicomplexan), heterokont and cryptophyte plastids based on their comparison of GAPDH (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase) genes. Harper & Keeling (2003) described haptophyte homologs and considered them further evidence of a single endosymbiotic event involving the ancestor of all chromists.
581:
The four phyla that contain chromophyte algae (those with chlorophyll c--i.e., Cryptista, Heterokonta, Haptophyta, Dinozoa) are distantly related to each other and to
Chlorarachniophyta on our trees. However, all of the photosynthetic taxa within each of these four phyla radiate from each other very
292:
However, Cavalier-Smith's hypothesis of chromist monophyly has been rejected by other researchers, who consider it more likely that some chromists acquired their plastids by incorporating another chromist instead of inheriting them from a common ancestor. This is thought to have occurred repeatedly,
1404:
A 2020 phylogeny of the eukaryotes states that "the chromalveolate hypothesis is not widely accepted" (noting
Cavalier-Smith et al 2018 as an exception), explaining that the host lineages do not appear to be closely related in "most phylogenetic analyses". Further, none of TSAR, Cryptista, and
1063:
Cavalier-Smith made a new analysis of
Chromista in 2018 in which he classified all chromists into 8 phyla (Gyrista corresponds to the above phyla Ochrophyta and Pseudofungi, Cryptista corresponds to the above phyla Cryptista and "N.N.", Haptista corresponds to the above phyla Haptophyta and
322:
590:
I established
Chromista as a kingdom distinct from Plantae and Protozoa because of the evidence that chromist chloroplasts were acquired secondarily by enslavement of a red alga, itself a member of kingdom Plantae, and their unique membrane
293:
so that the red plastids spread from one group to another. The plastids, far from characterising their hosts as belonging to a single clade, thus have a different history from their disparate hosts. They appear to have originated in the
685:
In 2015, Cavalier-Smith and his colleagues made a new higher-level grouping of all organisms as a revision of the seven kingdoms model. In it, they classified the kingdom
Chromista into 2 subkingdoms and 11 phyla, namely:
532:
in 1981; the earlier names
Chromophyta, Chromobiota and Chromobionta correspond to roughly the same group. It has been described as consisting of three different groups: It includes all protists whose plastids contain
1405:
Haptista, groups formerly within
Chromalveolata, appear "likely to be ancestrally defined by red secondary plastids". This is because of the many non-photosynthetic organisms related to the groups with chlorophyll
235:, all non-photosynthetic Chromista have secondarily lost the ability to photosynthesise. Its members might have arisen independently as separate evolutionary groups from the last eukaryotic common ancestor.
329:'s view a separate Kingdom) by enslaving a red alga, ending up with multiple membranes around what became their red plastids. Groups lacking red plastids were supposed to have secondarily lost them. The
388:
in and out of the organelles. The diversity of chromists is hypothesised to have arisen from degeneration, loss or replacement of the plastids in some lineages. Additional symbiogenesis of
630:. (2004) considered the presence of a unique class of FBA (fructose-1,6-biophosphate-aldolase) enzyme not similar to that found in plants as evidence of chromist monophyly. Fast
262:) into the proposed group. As of 2018, the kingdom was nearly as diverse as the kingdoms Plantae and Animalia, consisting of eight phyla. Notable members include marine algae,
325:
Structure of some types of
Chromista compared with plant cell (left). The idea was that the Chromista had arisen, supposedly just once (making them monophyletic, and in
2135:"An exceptional horizontal gene transfer in plastids: gene replacement by a distant bacterial paralog and evidence that haptophyte and cryptophyte plastids are sisters"
2237:
Chadefaud, Marius (1950). "Les cellules nageuses des Algues dans l'embranchement des
Chromophycées" [Seaweed swimming cells in the branch of Chromophyceae].
1397:), but there is evidence that suggests the haptophytes and cryptomonads do not belong together with the heterokonts or the SAR clade, but may be associated with the
1838:"Kingdom Chromista and its eight phyla: a new synthesis emphasising periplastid protein targeting, cytoskeletal and periplastid evolution, and ancient divergences"
1401:. Cryptista specifically may be sister or part of Archaeplastida, though this could be an artefact due to acquisition of genes from red algae by cryptomonads.
1505:
2082:
Morozov, A. A.; Galachyants, Yuri P. (2019). "Diatom genes originating from red and green algae: Implications for the secondary endosymbiosis models".
392:
has provided genes retained in some members (such as heterokonts), and bacterial chlorophyll (indicated by the presence of ribosomal protein L36 gene,
4324:
1510:
4350:
2633:"Untangling the early diversification of eukaryotes: a phylogenomic study of the evolutionary origins of Centrohelida, Haptophyta and Cryptista"
2852:"Multigene phylogeny and cell evolution of chromist infrakingdom Rhizaria: contrasting cell organisation of sister phyla Cercozoa and Retaria"
380:. These plastids are now enclosed in two extra cell membranes, making a four-membrane envelope, as a result of which they acquired many other
357:
and lie within an extra (periplastid) membrane in the lumen of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (typically within the perinuclear cisterna);
2424:"Nucleus-Encoded, Plastid-Targeted Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (GAPDH) Indicates a Single Origin for Chromalveolate Plastids"
1389:
Molecular trees have had difficulty resolving relationships between the different groups. All three may share a common ancestor with the
595:
Since then Chromista has been defined in different ways at different times. In 2010, Cavalier-Smith reorganised Chromista to include the
2951:
2318:"Gene Replacement of Fructose-1,6-Bisphosphate Aldolase Supports the Hypothesis of a Single Photosynthetic Ancestor of Chromalveolates"
2213:"Chromista revisited: a dilemma of overlapping putative kingdoms, and the attempted application of the botanical code of nomenclature"
2195:
1984:
Ponce-Toledo, Rafael I.; Deschamps, Philippe; López-García, Purificación; Zivanovic, Yvan; Benzerara, Karim; Moreira, David (2017).
4440:
4412:
2985:
2980:
404:
Some examples of classification of the groups involved, which have overlapping but non-identical memberships, are shown below.
2212:
4355:
3064:
3054:
3037:
4445:
2375:"Nuclear-Encoded, Plastid-Targeted Genes Suggest a Single Common Origin for Apicomplexan and Dinoflagellate Plastids"
2256:
Chadefaud, Marius (1960). "Les végétaux non vasculaires (Cryptogamie)". In Chadefaud, Marius; Emberger, L. (eds.).
59:
577:
group whose members arose independently, sharing no more than descent from the common ancestor of all eukaryotes:
1670:"A molecular timescale for eukaryote evolution with implications for the origin of red algal-derived plastids"
349:
Members of Chromista are single-celled and multicellular eukaryotes having basically either or both features:
2277:"Extremely intron-rich genes in the alveolate ancestors inferred with a flexible maximum-likelihood approach"
368:). Molecular evidence indicates that the plastids in chromists were derived from red algae through secondary
3069:
2944:
4225:
1059:
Chromista classification according to Cavalier-Smith, 2018, with supposed events marking group divergences
2907:
Burki, F. (2017). "The convoluted evolution of eukaryotes with complex plastids". In Hirakawa, Y. (ed.).
4399:
3032:
2847:
2423:
1941:
Keeling, Patrick J. (2009). "Chromalveolates and the Evolution of Plastids by Secondary Endosymbiosis".
1833:
1792:
529:
239:
2682:"The evolutionary history of haptophytes and cryptophytes: phylogenomic evidence for separate origins"
4378:
4285:
4140:
2801:
2742:
2582:
2091:
1681:
1551:
254:. According to Cavalier-Smith, the kingdom originally consisted mostly of photosynthetic eukaryotes (
4316:
4145:
3847:
3631:
412:
The Chromophycées (Chadefaud, 1950), renamed Chromophycota (Chadefaud, 1960), included the current
4003:
3857:
3049:
3027:
3015:
2990:
2937:
2502:
2115:
1966:
1641:
668:. However, in 2008 the group was found not to be monophyletic, and later studies confirmed this.
385:
326:
54:
4417:
227:
and are surrounded by four membranes. If the ancestor already possessed chloroplasts derived by
4404:
4386:
4272:
4191:
4117:
4098:
3808:
3391:
3059:
3022:
3010:
3000:
2889:
2871:
2829:
2770:
2711:
2662:
2610:
2551:
2494:
2453:
2445:
2404:
2396:
2355:
2337:
2298:
2191:
2185:
2166:
2107:
2064:
2015:
1958:
1923:
1867:
1812:
1769:
1715:
1697:
1633:
1625:
1579:
381:
201:
4391:
2473:"The New Higher Level Classification of Eukaryotes with Emphasis on the Taxonomy of Protists"
4163:
4109:
3863:
3309:
2974:
2879:
2863:
2819:
2809:
2760:
2750:
2701:
2693:
2652:
2644:
2600:
2590:
2541:
2533:
2484:
2435:
2386:
2345:
2329:
2288:
2156:
2146:
2099:
2054:
2046:
2005:
1997:
1950:
1913:
1905:
1857:
1849:
1804:
1759:
1749:
1705:
1689:
1615:
1569:
1559:
505:
473:
437:
4036:
3211:
2391:
1417:
1055:
267:
4263:
2373:
Fast, Naomi M.; Kissinger, Jessica C.; Roos, David S.; Keeling, Patrick J. (2001-03-01).
2924:
2805:
2746:
2586:
2095:
1685:
1555:
4311:
4132:
4122:
4086:
4061:
3750:
3541:
3442:
3364:
3173:
3005:
2884:
2851:
2824:
2789:
2765:
2730:
2706:
2681:
2657:
2632:
2605:
2570:
2546:
2521:
2374:
2161:
2134:
2059:
2034:
2010:
1985:
1918:
1893:
1862:
1837:
1764:
1737:
1710:
1669:
1668:
Strassert, Jürgen F. H.; Irisarri, Iker; Williams, Tom A.; Burki, Fabien (2021-03-25).
1421:
1398:
1394:
1384:
1164:
1030:
596:
477:
433:
213:
205:
179:
102:
87:
2788:
Burki, Fabien; Shalchian-Tabrizi, Kamran; Minge, Marianne; et al. (August 2007).
2350:
2317:
4434:
4168:
3967:
3959:
3789:
3710:
3650:
3561:
3535:
3264:
2489:
2472:
2272:
1954:
1808:
1645:
1574:
1539:
1413:
600:
534:
509:
449:
377:
373:
369:
263:
221:
2119:
1970:
1736:
Parfrey, Laura Wegener; Barbero, Erika; Lasser, Elyse; et al. (December 2006).
4201:
4028:
4008:
3948:
3852:
3825:
3772:
3730:
3697:
3472:
3250:
3189:
2506:
1602:
Burki, Fabien; Roger, Andrew J.; Brown, Matthew W.; Simpson, Alastair G.B. (2020).
760:
653:
574:
497:
457:
417:
321:
243:
228:
198:
41:
2522:"Phylogenomics reveals a new 'megagroup' including most photosynthetic eukaryotes"
2333:
573:
In 1994, Cavalier-Smith and colleagues indicated that the Chromista is probably a
2814:
2755:
2595:
2103:
1754:
1540:"Chimeric conundra: are nucleomorphs and chromists monophyletic or polyphyletic?"
1424:
eras. They propose that the plastids were transmitted between groups as follows:
4337:
4257:
4092:
4018:
3870:
3834:
3814:
3762:
3736:
3626:
3574:
3547:
3529:
3502:
3269:
3138:
3127:
2729:
Ruggiero, Michael A.; Gordon, Dennis P.; Orrell, Thomas M.; et al. (2015).
2631:
Burki, Fabien; Kaplan, Maia; Tikhonenkov, Denis V.; et al. (January 2016).
1436:
1282:
950:
661:
620:
567:
556:
517:
513:
481:
465:
425:
389:
330:
298:
251:
129:
4277:
1693:
1620:
1603:
1544:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
17:
4173:
3997:
3988:
3973:
3841:
3778:
3637:
3598:
3593:
3479:
3396:
3291:
3203:
2867:
2001:
1853:
1462:
1440:
1432:
1246:
1134:
994:
914:
746:
657:
616:
562:
548:
544:
501:
493:
461:
453:
421:
413:
306:
302:
294:
285:
278:
272:
247:
209:
169:
4248:
2875:
2571:"EEF2 analysis challenges the monophyly of Archaeplastida and Chromalveolata"
2449:
2400:
2341:
1701:
1629:
1564:
4298:
4072:
4013:
3721:
3686:
3644:
3621:
3603:
3490:
3426:
3301:
3178:
3121:
3108:
2960:
2440:
2293:
2276:
1894:"Kingdoms Protozoa and Chromista and the eozoan root of the eukaryotic tree"
1409:, and the possibility that cryptophytes are more closely related to plants.
1390:
1233:
1094:
901:
804:
774:
716:
665:
604:
469:
429:
342:
334:
232:
153:
134:
124:
74:
2929:
2893:
2833:
2774:
2715:
2697:
2666:
2648:
2614:
2555:
2537:
2498:
2457:
2408:
2359:
2302:
2170:
2151:
2111:
2068:
2050:
2019:
1962:
1927:
1909:
1871:
1773:
1738:"Evaluating support for the current classification of eukaryotic diversity"
1719:
1637:
1816:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1583:
586:
In 2009, Cavalier-Smith gave his reason for making a new kingdom, saying:
4363:
4242:
4079:
4041:
3942:
3919:
3466:
3461:
3453:
3383:
3258:
3133:
3116:
3094:
3044:
1223:
1187:
1174:
1119:
1106:
1081:
978:
891:
855:
842:
731:
703:
612:
608:
364:
The kingdom includes diverse organisms from algae to malarial parasites (
259:
158:
147:
139:
1986:"An Early-Branching Freshwater Cyanobacterium at the Origin of Plastids"
1663:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1655:
4195:
3930:
3767:
3613:
3520:
3509:
3373:
3279:
3235:
3143:
1500:
1466:
1317:
1202:
870:
789:
635:
338:
310:
217:
184:
2520:
Burki, Fabien; Shalchian-Tabrizi, Kamran & Pawlowski, Jan (2008).
2039:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
4342:
3585:
3315:
3217:
3159:
2569:
Kim, E.; Graham, L. E. (July 2008). Redfield, Rosemary Jeanne (ed.).
1538:
Cavalier-Smith, Thomas; Allsopp, M. T.; Chao, E. E. (November 1994).
1302:
1261:
963:
929:
552:
118:
4368:
4219:
372:
in a single event. In contrast, plants acquired their plastids from
4303:
2316:
Patron, Nicola J.; Rogers, Matthew B.; Keeling, Patrick J. (2004).
2239:
Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l'Académie des Sciences
4155:
3795:
1054:
320:
255:
4329:
3412:
2035:"The endosymbiotic origin, diversification and fate of plastids"
448:
The Chromophyta (Christensen 1962, 2008), defined as algae with
4223:
2933:
2680:
Burki, F.; Okamoto, N.; Pombert, J. F.; Keeling, P. J. (2012).
2626:
2624:
4290:
238:
Chromista as a taxon was created by the British biologist
2731:"A higher level classification of all living organisms"
492:
The Chromophyta (Bourrelly, 1968) included the current
360:
cilia with tripartite or bipartite rigid tubular hairs.
2790:"Phylogenomics reshuffles the eukaryotic supergroups"
424:(included in Chrysophyceae until Christensen, 1962),
220:). It includes all eukaryotes whose plastids contain
4232:
4154:
4131:
4108:
4058:
4027:
3987:
3958:
3929:
3917:
3824:
3788:
3749:
3720:
3696:
3683:
3612:
3584:
3560:
3519:
3489:
3452:
3439:
3409:
3382:
3362:
3300:
3278:
3232:
3202:
3187:
3156:
3107:
3092:
168:
110:
53:
34:
2190:. Porto Alegre: Editora Artmed. pp. 156–157.
440:(included in Chrysophyceae until Hibberd, 1975).
208:, consisting of single-celled and multicellular
2850:; Chao, Ema E.; Lewis, Rhodri (17 April 2018).
1828:
1826:
588:
579:
2911:. Vol. 84. Academic Press. pp. 1–30.
1795:(1981). "Eukaryote kingdoms: seven or nine?".
2945:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1525:
212:species that share similar features in their
8:
634:. (2001) supported a single origin for the
528:The name Chromista was first introduced by
258:), but he later brought many heterotrophs (
4220:
4105:
3935:
3926:
3914:
3821:
3785:
3755:
3702:
3693:
3680:
3566:
3495:
3449:
3436:
3419:
3406:
3379:
3359:
3355:
3284:
3242:
3199:
3195:
3166:
3104:
3100:
3089:
3085:
2952:
2938:
2930:
1887:
1885:
1883:
1881:
40:
31:
2883:
2823:
2813:
2764:
2754:
2705:
2656:
2604:
2594:
2545:
2488:
2439:
2390:
2349:
2292:
2160:
2150:
2133:Rice, Danny W; Palmer, Jeffrey D (2006).
2058:
2009:
1917:
1861:
1787:
1785:
1783:
1763:
1753:
1731:
1729:
1709:
1619:
1573:
1563:
1506:Cavalier-Smith's system of classification
172:included but traditionally excluded taxa
1511:List of Chromista by conservation status
1521:
1412:The alternative to monophyly is serial
4210:denotes groups with over 1,000 species
297:, and to have been transmitted to the
2392:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003818
7:
4379:cb489858-d3ab-41b0-b557-489de4d5d0c9
444:Chromophyta (Christensen 1962, 1989)
353:plastid(s) that contain chlorophyll
2925:UCMP: Introduction to the Chromista
1295:
1288:
1239:
1229:
1180:
1170:
1112:
1087:
1077:
1067:
956:
907:
897:
848:
838:
767:
709:
699:
689:
396:) in haptophytes and cryptophytes.
2477:Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology
2471:Adl, Sina M.; et al. (2005).
1943:Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology
1379:Polyphyly and serial endosymbiosis
309:, and then from these last to the
25:
1608:Trends in Ecology & Evolution
2686:Proceedings of the Royal Society
2637:Proceedings. Biological Sciences
2490:10.1111/j.1550-7408.2005.00053.x
2258:Traité de Botanique Systématique
1955:10.1111/j.1550-7408.2008.00371.x
524:Chromista (Cavalier-Smith, 1981)
58:
2428:Molecular Biology and Evolution
2379:Molecular Biology and Evolution
2281:Molecular Biology and Evolution
1892:Cavalier-Smith, Thomas (2009).
599:(named for the included groups
408:Chromophycées (Chadefaud, 1950)
3689:
3685:
3445:
3441:
2909:Advances in Botanical Research
2187:Biologia e Filogenia das Algas
1:
2334:10.1128/EC.3.5.1169-1175.2004
488:Chromophyta (Bourrelly, 1968)
27:Eukaryotic biological kingdom
2815:10.1371/journal.pone.0000790
2756:10.1371/journal.pone.0119248
2596:10.1371/journal.pone.0002621
2422:Harper, J. T. (2003-06-27).
2271:Csurös, M.; Rogozin, I. B.;
2104:10.1016/j.margen.2019.02.003
2033:Keeling, Patrick J. (2010).
1809:10.1016/0303-2647(81)90050-2
1755:10.1371/journal.pgen.0020220
1604:"The New Tree of Eukaryotes"
652:The Chromalveolata included
2211:Blackwell, Will H. (2009).
242:in 1981 to distinguish the
4462:
2184:de Reviers, Bruno (2006).
1694:10.1038/s41467-021-22044-z
1621:10.1016/j.tree.2019.08.008
1382:
301:and from them to both the
283:and the malarial parasite
4186:
3938:
3913:
3758:
3705:
3679:
3569:
3498:
3435:
3422:
3405:
3358:
3354:
3287:
3245:
3198:
3169:
3103:
3088:
3084:
2968:
2868:10.1007/s00709-018-1241-1
2002:10.1016/j.cub.2016.11.056
1854:10.1007/s00709-017-1147-3
1315:
1300:
1293:
1286:
1259:
1244:
1237:
1227:
1200:
1185:
1178:
1168:
1132:
1117:
1110:
1092:
1085:
1075:
992:
976:
961:
954:
927:
912:
905:
895:
868:
853:
846:
836:
802:
787:
772:
765:
744:
729:
714:
707:
697:
176:
115:
55:Scientific classification
48:
39:
3415:
3411:
1565:10.1073/pnas.91.24.11368
480:were transferred to the
4441:Obsolete eukaryote taxa
452:, included the current
2848:Cavalier-Smith, Thomas
2698:10.1098/rspb.2011.2301
2649:10.1098/rspb.2015.2802
2538:10.1098/rsbl.2008.0224
2152:10.1186/1741-7007-4-31
2051:10.1098/rstb.2009.0103
1910:10.1098/rsbl.2009.0948
1834:Cavalier-Smith, Thomas
1793:Cavalier-Smith, Thomas
1614:(1). Elsevier: 43–55.
1361:(SAR supergroup)
1060:
593:
584:
386:transporting molecules
346:
4400:Paleobiology Database
2441:10.1093/molbev/msg195
2294:10.1093/molbev/msn039
1674:Nature Communications
1383:Further information:
1058:
324:
276:, the brain parasite
240:Thomas Cavalier-Smith
642:Chromalveolata (Adl
4087:Gunflint microbiota
3848:Klebsormidiophyceae
3632:Hyphochytriomycetes
2806:2007PLoSO...2..790B
2747:2015PLoSO..1019248R
2692:(1736): 2246–2254.
2587:2008PLoSO...3.2621K
2096:2019MarGn..45...72M
1686:2021NatCo..12.1879S
1556:1994PNAS...9111368C
1550:(24): 11368–11372.
1051:Cavalier-Smith 2018
1031:SAR supergroup
204:, refined from the
4446:Kingdoms (biology)
3858:Coleochaetophyceae
3238:
3234:
3162:
3158:
2643:(1823): 20152802.
1061:
547:or Stramenopiles:
400:History and groups
347:
327:Tom Cavalier-Smith
202:biological kingdom
197:is a proposed but
49:Chromista collage
4428:
4427:
4387:Open Tree of Life
4226:Taxon identifiers
4217:
4216:
4182:
4181:
4118:Spironematellidae
4099:Meteora sporadica
4054:
4053:
4050:
4049:
3983:
3982:
3909:
3908:
3905:
3904:
3901:
3900:
3897:
3896:
3893:
3892:
3889:
3888:
3885:
3884:
3881:
3880:
3809:Prasinodermophyta
3745:
3744:
3675:
3674:
3671:
3670:
3667:
3666:
3663:
3662:
3659:
3658:
3556:
3555:
3392:Centroplasthelida
3350:
3349:
3346:
3345:
3342:
3341:
3338:
3337:
3334:
3333:
3330:
3329:
3326:
3325:
3228:
3227:
3152:
3151:
2434:(10): 1730–1735.
2273:Koonin, Eugene V.
2045:(1541): 729–748.
1375:
1374:
1365:
1364:
1355:
1354:
1346:
1345:
1337:
1336:
1328:
1327:
1272:
1271:
1213:
1212:
1154:
1153:
1145:
1144:
1047:
1046:
1037:
1036:
1023:
1022:
1014:
1013:
1005:
1004:
940:
939:
881:
880:
824:
823:
815:
814:
382:membrane proteins
192:
191:
106:
16:(Redirected from
4453:
4421:
4420:
4408:
4407:
4395:
4394:
4382:
4381:
4372:
4371:
4359:
4358:
4346:
4345:
4333:
4332:
4320:
4319:
4307:
4306:
4294:
4293:
4281:
4280:
4268:
4267:
4266:
4253:
4252:
4251:
4221:
4164:Collodictyonidae
4110:Hemimastigophora
4106:
4065:
3936:
3927:
3923:
3915:
3864:Zygnematophyceae
3822:
3802:
3786:
3756:
3703:
3694:
3690:
3681:
3567:
3496:
3450:
3446:
3437:
3420:
3416:
3407:
3380:
3367:
3360:
3356:
3310:Choanoflagellata
3285:
3243:
3239:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3167:
3163:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3090:
3086:
2997:
2977:
2954:
2947:
2940:
2931:
2913:
2912:
2904:
2898:
2897:
2887:
2862:(5): 1517–1574.
2844:
2838:
2837:
2827:
2817:
2785:
2779:
2778:
2768:
2758:
2726:
2720:
2719:
2709:
2677:
2671:
2670:
2660:
2628:
2619:
2618:
2608:
2598:
2566:
2560:
2559:
2549:
2517:
2511:
2510:
2492:
2468:
2462:
2461:
2443:
2419:
2413:
2412:
2394:
2370:
2364:
2363:
2353:
2328:(5): 1169–1175.
2313:
2307:
2306:
2296:
2268:
2262:
2261:
2260:. Paris: Tome I.
2253:
2247:
2246:
2234:
2228:
2227:
2217:
2208:
2202:
2201:
2181:
2175:
2174:
2164:
2154:
2130:
2124:
2123:
2079:
2073:
2072:
2062:
2030:
2024:
2023:
2013:
1981:
1975:
1974:
1938:
1932:
1931:
1921:
1889:
1876:
1875:
1865:
1830:
1821:
1820:
1789:
1778:
1777:
1767:
1757:
1733:
1724:
1723:
1713:
1665:
1650:
1649:
1623:
1599:
1588:
1587:
1577:
1567:
1535:
1296:
1289:
1240:
1230:
1181:
1171:
1113:
1088:
1078:
1068:
957:
908:
898:
849:
839:
768:
710:
700:
690:
506:Choanoflagellida
474:Choanoflagellida
438:Choanoflagellida
376:through primary
111:Groups included
101:
63:
62:
44:
32:
21:
4461:
4460:
4456:
4455:
4454:
4452:
4451:
4450:
4431:
4430:
4429:
4424:
4416:
4411:
4403:
4398:
4390:
4385:
4377:
4375:
4367:
4362:
4354:
4349:
4341:
4336:
4328:
4323:
4315:
4310:
4302:
4297:
4289:
4284:
4276:
4271:
4262:
4261:
4256:
4247:
4246:
4241:
4228:
4218:
4213:
4178:
4150:
4141:Ancyromonadidae
4127:
4104:
4059:
4046:
4037:Malawimonadidae
4023:
3979:
3954:
3918:
3877:
3820:
3793:
3792:
3784:
3741:
3716:
3684:
3655:
3608:
3580:
3552:
3515:
3485:
3440:
3431:
3410:
3401:
3378:
3363:
3322:
3296:
3274:
3233:
3224:
3188:
3183:
3157:
3148:
3093:
3080:
3079:
2995:
2973:
2964:
2958:
2921:
2916:
2906:
2905:
2901:
2846:
2845:
2841:
2787:
2786:
2782:
2741:(4): e0119248.
2728:
2727:
2723:
2679:
2678:
2674:
2630:
2629:
2622:
2568:
2567:
2563:
2526:Biology Letters
2519:
2518:
2514:
2470:
2469:
2465:
2421:
2420:
2416:
2372:
2371:
2367:
2322:Eukaryotic Cell
2315:
2314:
2310:
2270:
2269:
2265:
2255:
2254:
2250:
2236:
2235:
2231:
2215:
2210:
2209:
2205:
2198:
2183:
2182:
2178:
2132:
2131:
2127:
2084:Marine Genomics
2081:
2080:
2076:
2032:
2031:
2027:
1990:Current Biology
1983:
1982:
1978:
1940:
1939:
1935:
1898:Biology Letters
1891:
1890:
1879:
1832:
1831:
1824:
1803:(3–4): 461–81.
1791:
1790:
1781:
1735:
1734:
1727:
1667:
1666:
1653:
1601:
1600:
1591:
1537:
1536:
1523:
1519:
1497:
1418:Mesoproterozoic
1395:chromalveolates
1387:
1381:
1376:
1366:
1356:
1347:
1338:
1329:
1273:
1214:
1155:
1146:
1053:
1048:
1038:
1024:
1015:
1006:
941:
882:
825:
816:
683:
677:Cavalier-Smith
674:
648:
526:
520:(= Dinophyta).
490:
446:
410:
402:
341:are within the
333:are within the
319:
268:dinoflagellates
100:
66:
57:
28:
23:
22:
18:Chromalveolates
15:
12:
11:
5:
4459:
4457:
4449:
4448:
4443:
4433:
4432:
4426:
4425:
4423:
4422:
4409:
4396:
4383:
4373:
4360:
4347:
4334:
4321:
4308:
4295:
4282:
4269:
4254:
4238:
4236:
4230:
4229:
4224:
4215:
4214:
4212:
4211:
4205:
4198:
4194:excluded from
4187:
4184:
4183:
4180:
4179:
4177:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4160:
4158:
4152:
4151:
4149:
4148:
4146:Planomonadidae
4143:
4137:
4135:
4133:Ancyromonadida
4129:
4128:
4126:
4125:
4123:Paramastigidae
4120:
4114:
4112:
4103:
4102:
4095:
4089:
4083:
4075:
4068:
4066:
4062:Incertae sedis
4056:
4055:
4052:
4051:
4048:
4047:
4045:
4044:
4039:
4033:
4031:
4025:
4024:
4022:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3993:
3991:
3985:
3984:
3981:
3980:
3978:
3977:
3970:
3964:
3962:
3956:
3955:
3953:
3952:
3945:
3939:
3933:
3924:
3911:
3910:
3907:
3906:
3903:
3902:
3899:
3898:
3895:
3894:
3891:
3890:
3887:
3886:
3883:
3882:
3879:
3878:
3876:
3875:
3867:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3838:
3830:
3828:
3819:
3818:
3811:
3805:
3803:
3783:
3782:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3759:
3753:
3751:Archaeplastida
3747:
3746:
3743:
3742:
3740:
3739:
3734:
3726:
3724:
3718:
3717:
3715:
3714:
3706:
3700:
3691:
3677:
3676:
3673:
3672:
3669:
3668:
3665:
3664:
3661:
3660:
3657:
3656:
3654:
3653:
3648:
3641:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3618:
3616:
3610:
3609:
3607:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3590:
3588:
3582:
3581:
3579:
3578:
3570:
3564:
3558:
3557:
3554:
3553:
3551:
3550:
3545:
3542:Dinoflagellata
3538:
3536:Chrompodellida
3533:
3525:
3523:
3517:
3516:
3514:
3513:
3506:
3499:
3493:
3487:
3486:
3484:
3483:
3476:
3469:
3464:
3458:
3456:
3447:
3433:
3432:
3430:
3429:
3423:
3417:
3403:
3402:
3400:
3399:
3394:
3388:
3386:
3377:
3376:
3370:
3368:
3365:Diaphoretickes
3352:
3351:
3348:
3347:
3344:
3343:
3340:
3339:
3336:
3335:
3332:
3331:
3328:
3327:
3324:
3323:
3321:
3320:
3312:
3306:
3304:
3298:
3297:
3295:
3294:
3288:
3282:
3276:
3275:
3273:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3254:
3246:
3240:
3230:
3229:
3226:
3225:
3223:
3222:
3214:
3208:
3206:
3193:
3185:
3184:
3182:
3181:
3176:
3170:
3164:
3154:
3153:
3150:
3149:
3147:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3124:
3119:
3113:
3111:
3098:
3082:
3081:
3078:
3077:
3076:
3075:
3074:
3073:
3070:Mesomycetozoea
3067:
3062:
3052:
3042:
3041:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3019:
3018:
3006:Diaphoretickes
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2970:
2969:
2966:
2965:
2963:classification
2959:
2957:
2956:
2949:
2942:
2934:
2928:
2927:
2920:
2919:External links
2917:
2915:
2914:
2899:
2839:
2780:
2721:
2672:
2620:
2561:
2532:(4): 366–369.
2512:
2483:(5): 399–451.
2463:
2414:
2385:(3): 418–426.
2365:
2308:
2287:(5): 903–911.
2263:
2248:
2229:
2203:
2196:
2176:
2125:
2074:
2025:
1996:(3): 386–391.
1976:
1933:
1904:(3): 342–345.
1877:
1848:(1): 297–357.
1822:
1779:
1725:
1651:
1589:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1514:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1496:
1493:
1492:
1491:
1490:
1489:
1488:
1487:
1486:
1485:
1484:
1483:
1482:
1481:
1480:
1479:
1478:
1477:
1476:
1475:
1474:
1473:
1472:
1471:
1470:
1469:
1422:Neoproterozoic
1399:Archaeplastida
1385:Diaphoretickes
1380:
1377:
1373:
1372:
1368:
1367:
1363:
1362:
1358:
1357:
1353:
1352:
1349:
1348:
1344:
1343:
1340:
1339:
1335:
1334:
1331:
1330:
1326:
1325:
1322:
1321:
1314:
1311:
1310:
1307:
1306:
1299:
1294:
1292:
1287:
1285:
1279:
1278:
1275:
1274:
1270:
1269:
1266:
1265:
1258:
1255:
1254:
1251:
1250:
1243:
1238:
1236:
1228:
1226:
1220:
1219:
1216:
1215:
1211:
1210:
1207:
1206:
1199:
1196:
1195:
1192:
1191:
1184:
1179:
1177:
1169:
1167:
1161:
1160:
1157:
1156:
1152:
1151:
1148:
1147:
1143:
1142:
1139:
1138:
1131:
1128:
1127:
1124:
1123:
1116:
1111:
1109:
1103:
1102:
1099:
1098:
1091:
1086:
1084:
1076:
1074:
1066:
1052:
1049:
1045:
1044:
1040:
1039:
1035:
1034:
1026:
1025:
1021:
1020:
1017:
1016:
1012:
1011:
1008:
1007:
1003:
1002:
999:
998:
991:
988:
987:
984:
983:
975:
972:
971:
968:
967:
960:
955:
953:
947:
946:
943:
942:
938:
937:
934:
933:
926:
923:
922:
919:
918:
911:
906:
904:
896:
894:
888:
887:
884:
883:
879:
878:
875:
874:
867:
864:
863:
860:
859:
852:
847:
845:
837:
835:
831:
830:
827:
826:
822:
821:
818:
817:
813:
812:
809:
808:
801:
798:
797:
794:
793:
786:
783:
782:
779:
778:
771:
766:
764:
755:
754:
751:
750:
743:
740:
739:
736:
735:
728:
725:
724:
721:
720:
713:
708:
706:
698:
696:
688:
682:
675:
673:
672:Classification
670:
647:
640:
597:SAR supergroup
571:
570:
565:
560:
530:Cavalier-Smith
525:
522:
489:
486:
478:Euglenophyceae
445:
442:
434:Euglenophyceae
409:
406:
401:
398:
362:
361:
358:
318:
315:
214:photosynthetic
206:Chromalveolata
190:
189:
188:
187:
182:
180:Archaeplastida
174:
173:
166:
165:
164:
163:
162:
161:
156:
144:
143:
142:
137:
132:
127:
113:
112:
108:
107:
103:Cavalier-Smith
95:
91:
90:
88:Diaphoretickes
85:
78:
77:
72:
68:
67:
64:
51:
50:
46:
45:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4458:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4438:
4436:
4419:
4414:
4410:
4406:
4401:
4397:
4393:
4388:
4384:
4380:
4374:
4370:
4365:
4361:
4357:
4352:
4348:
4344:
4339:
4335:
4331:
4326:
4322:
4318:
4313:
4309:
4305:
4300:
4296:
4292:
4287:
4283:
4279:
4274:
4270:
4265:
4259:
4255:
4250:
4244:
4240:
4239:
4237:
4235:
4231:
4227:
4222:
4209:
4206:
4203:
4199:
4197:
4193:
4190:¹traditional
4189:
4188:
4185:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4169:Mantamonadida
4167:
4165:
4162:
4161:
4159:
4157:
4153:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4138:
4136:
4134:
4130:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4115:
4113:
4111:
4107:
4101:
4100:
4096:
4094:
4090:
4088:
4084:
4082:
4081:
4076:
4074:
4070:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4063:
4057:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4034:
4032:
4030:
4026:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3999:
3995:
3994:
3992:
3990:
3986:
3976:
3975:
3971:
3969:
3968:Heterolobosea
3966:
3965:
3963:
3961:
3960:Discicristata
3957:
3951:
3950:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3940:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3928:
3925:
3921:
3916:
3912:
3873:
3872:
3868:
3866:
3865:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3843:
3839:
3837:
3836:
3832:
3831:
3829:
3827:
3823:
3817:
3816:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3806:
3804:
3800:
3799:
3791:
3790:Viridiplantae
3787:
3781:
3780:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3760:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3748:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3732:
3728:
3727:
3725:
3723:
3719:
3713:
3712:
3711:Microheliella
3708:
3707:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3695:
3692:
3688:
3682:
3678:
3652:
3651:Actinophryida
3649:
3647:
3646:
3642:
3640:
3639:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3619:
3617:
3615:
3611:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3591:
3589:
3587:
3583:
3577:
3576:
3572:
3571:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3562:Stramenopiles
3559:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3543:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3531:
3527:
3526:
3524:
3522:
3518:
3512:
3511:
3507:
3504:
3501:
3500:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3488:
3482:
3481:
3477:
3475:
3474:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3459:
3457:
3455:
3451:
3448:
3444:
3438:
3434:
3428:
3425:
3424:
3421:
3418:
3414:
3408:
3404:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3389:
3387:
3385:
3381:
3375:
3372:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3361:
3357:
3353:
3318:
3317:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3307:
3305:
3303:
3299:
3293:
3290:
3289:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3277:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3265:Ichthyosporea
3263:
3261:
3260:
3255:
3253:
3252:
3248:
3247:
3244:
3241:
3237:
3231:
3220:
3219:
3215:
3213:
3212:Rotosphaerida
3210:
3209:
3207:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3194:
3191:
3186:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3174:Apusomonadida
3172:
3171:
3168:
3165:
3161:
3155:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3129:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3114:
3112:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3099:
3096:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3057:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3047:
3046:
3043:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3033:Stramenopiles
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3017:
3014:
3013:
3012:
3009:
3008:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2996:(major groups
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2976:
2972:
2971:
2967:
2962:
2955:
2950:
2948:
2943:
2941:
2936:
2935:
2932:
2926:
2923:
2922:
2918:
2910:
2903:
2900:
2895:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2843:
2840:
2835:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2784:
2781:
2776:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2725:
2722:
2717:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2676:
2673:
2668:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2627:
2625:
2621:
2616:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2565:
2562:
2557:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2516:
2513:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2467:
2464:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2418:
2415:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2369:
2366:
2361:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2312:
2309:
2304:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2267:
2264:
2259:
2252:
2249:
2244:
2241:(in French).
2240:
2233:
2230:
2226:(2): 191–225.
2225:
2221:
2214:
2207:
2204:
2199:
2197:9788536315102
2193:
2189:
2188:
2180:
2177:
2172:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2129:
2126:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2078:
2075:
2070:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2029:
2026:
2021:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1980:
1977:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1937:
1934:
1929:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1888:
1886:
1884:
1882:
1878:
1873:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1829:
1827:
1823:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1788:
1786:
1784:
1780:
1775:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1742:PLOS Genetics
1739:
1732:
1730:
1726:
1721:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1664:
1662:
1660:
1658:
1656:
1652:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1598:
1596:
1594:
1590:
1585:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1526:
1522:
1516:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1498:
1494:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1459:
1458:
1457:
1456:
1455:
1454:
1453:
1452:
1451:
1450:
1449:
1448:
1447:
1446:
1445:
1444:
1443:
1442:
1438:
1437:Cryptophytina
1434:
1431:
1430:
1429:
1428:
1427:
1426:
1425:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1414:endosymbiosis
1410:
1408:
1402:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1386:
1378:
1370:
1369:
1360:
1359:
1351:
1350:
1342:
1341:
1333:
1332:
1324:
1323:
1320:
1319:
1313:
1312:
1309:
1308:
1305:
1304:
1298:
1297:
1291:
1290:
1284:
1281:
1280:
1277:
1276:
1268:
1267:
1264:
1263:
1257:
1256:
1253:
1252:
1249:
1248:
1242:
1241:
1235:
1232:
1231:
1225:
1222:
1221:
1218:
1217:
1209:
1208:
1205:
1204:
1198:
1197:
1194:
1193:
1190:
1189:
1183:
1182:
1176:
1173:
1172:
1166:
1163:
1162:
1159:
1158:
1150:
1149:
1141:
1140:
1137:
1136:
1130:
1129:
1126:
1125:
1122:
1121:
1115:
1114:
1108:
1105:
1104:
1101:
1100:
1097:
1096:
1090:
1089:
1083:
1080:
1079:
1073:
1070:
1069:
1065:
1057:
1050:
1042:
1041:
1032:
1028:
1027:
1019:
1018:
1010:
1009:
1001:
1000:
997:
996:
990:
989:
986:
985:
982:
980:
974:
973:
970:
969:
966:
965:
959:
958:
952:
949:
948:
945:
944:
936:
935:
932:
931:
925:
924:
921:
920:
917:
916:
910:
909:
903:
900:
899:
893:
890:
889:
886:
885:
877:
876:
873:
872:
866:
865:
862:
861:
858:
857:
851:
850:
844:
841:
840:
833:
832:
829:
828:
820:
819:
811:
810:
807:
806:
800:
799:
796:
795:
792:
791:
785:
784:
781:
780:
777:
776:
770:
769:
763:
762:
757:
756:
753:
752:
749:
748:
742:
741:
738:
737:
734:
733:
727:
726:
723:
722:
719:
718:
712:
711:
705:
702:
701:
695:
692:
691:
687:
680:
676:
671:
669:
667:
663:
659:
655:
654:Stramenopiles
650:
645:
641:
639:
637:
633:
629:
624:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
601:Stramenopiles
598:
592:
587:
583:
578:
576:
569:
566:
564:
561:
558:
554:
550:
546:
543:
542:
541:
539:
538:
531:
523:
521:
519:
516:were part of
515:
511:
510:Cryptophyceae
507:
503:
499:
498:Stramenopiles
496:(autotrophic
495:
487:
485:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
458:Stramenopiles
456:(autotrophic
455:
451:
450:chlorophyll c
443:
441:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
418:Stramenopiles
416:(autotrophic
415:
407:
405:
399:
397:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
378:symbiogenesis
375:
374:cyanobacteria
371:
370:symbiogenesis
367:
359:
356:
352:
351:
350:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
323:
316:
314:
312:
308:
304:
300:
299:Cryptophytina
296:
290:
288:
287:
282:
280:
275:
274:
269:
265:
264:potato blight
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
244:stramenopiles
241:
236:
234:
230:
229:endosymbiosis
226:
225:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
200:
196:
186:
183:
181:
178:
177:
175:
171:
170:Cladistically
167:
160:
157:
155:
152:
151:
149:
145:
141:
138:
136:
133:
131:
128:
126:
123:
122:
120:
117:
116:
114:
109:
104:
99:
96:
93:
92:
89:
86:
83:
80:
79:
76:
73:
70:
69:
61:
56:
52:
47:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
4233:
4207:
4202:paraphyletic
4097:
4078:
4060:
4029:Malawimonada
4009:Anaeromonada
4004:Anaeramoebae
3996:
3972:
3949:Tsukubamonas
3947:
3869:
3862:
3853:Charophyceae
3840:
3833:
3826:Streptophyta
3813:
3797:
3777:
3773:Rhodelphidia
3731:Palpitomonas
3729:
3709:
3698:Pancryptista
3643:
3636:
3573:
3540:
3528:
3508:
3478:
3473:Foraminifera
3471:
3314:
3257:
3251:Tunicaraptor
3249:
3216:
3190:Opisthokonta
3126:
3055:Opisthokonta
2908:
2902:
2859:
2855:
2842:
2797:
2793:
2783:
2738:
2734:
2724:
2689:
2685:
2675:
2640:
2636:
2581:(7): e2621.
2578:
2574:
2564:
2529:
2525:
2515:
2480:
2476:
2466:
2431:
2427:
2417:
2382:
2378:
2368:
2325:
2321:
2311:
2284:
2280:
2275:(May 2008).
2266:
2257:
2251:
2242:
2238:
2232:
2223:
2219:
2206:
2186:
2179:
2142:
2138:
2128:
2087:
2083:
2077:
2042:
2038:
2028:
1993:
1989:
1979:
1946:
1942:
1936:
1901:
1897:
1845:
1841:
1800:
1796:
1748:(12): e220.
1745:
1741:
1677:
1673:
1611:
1607:
1547:
1543:
1433:Rhodophytina
1411:
1406:
1403:
1388:
1316:
1301:
1260:
1245:
1201:
1186:
1133:
1118:
1093:
1071:
1062:
993:
977:
962:
928:
913:
869:
854:
803:
788:
773:
759:Phylum
758:
745:
730:
715:
693:
684:
678:
651:
649:
643:
631:
627:
625:
594:
589:
585:
580:
575:polyphyletic
572:
568:Cryptomonads
557:water moulds
536:
535:chlorophyll
527:
491:
447:
411:
403:
393:
365:
363:
354:
348:
295:Rhodophytina
291:
284:
277:
271:
252:cryptophytes
237:
223:
222:chlorophyll
216:organelles (
199:polyphyletic
194:
193:
97:
81:
29:
4338:iNaturalist
4258:Wikispecies
4093:Chitinozoan
4019:Parabasalia
3871:Embryophyta
3835:Chlorokybus
3815:Chlorophyta
3763:Glaucophyta
3737:Cryptophyta
3627:Pirsoniales
3594:Bicosoecida
3575:Platysulcus
3548:Perkinsozoa
3530:Apicomplexa
3503:Colponemida
3270:Pluriformea
3139:Archamoebea
3128:Eumycetozoa
2856:Protoplasma
2800:(8): e790.
2139:BMC Biology
1842:Protoplasma
1797:Bio Systems
1680:(1): 1879.
1283:Heterokonta
1064:Heliozoa):
981:(Oomycota)
979:Pseudofungi
951:Heterokonta
790:Picomonadea
662:Cryptophyta
563:Haptophytes
549:brown algae
545:Heterokonts
518:Pyrrhophyta
514:Dinophyceae
482:Chlorophyta
466:Cryptophyta
426:Cryptophyta
390:green algae
331:Cryptophyta
248:haptophytes
130:Heterokonta
4435:Categories
4174:Rigifilida
4073:Acritarchs
3998:Barthelona
3989:Metamonada
3974:Euglenozoa
3842:Mesostigma
3798:sensu lato
3779:Rhodophyta
3638:Ochrophyta
3599:Placidozoa
3510:Ciliophora
3480:Radiolaria
3397:Haptophyta
3292:Filasterea
3204:Holomycota
2245:: 788–790.
2220:Phytologia
1949:(1): 1–8.
1517:References
1463:Haptophyta
1441:Ochrophyta
1391:alveolates
1247:Ciliophora
1135:Haptophyta
995:Ochrophyta
915:Ciliophora
747:Haptophyta
658:Haptophyta
502:Haptophyta
494:Ochrophyta
462:Haptophyta
454:Ochrophyta
422:Haptophyta
414:Ochrophyta
366:Plasmodium
307:Haptophyta
303:Ochrophyta
286:Plasmodium
279:Toxoplasma
273:Paramecium
210:eukaryotic
65:(obsolete)
35:Chromista
4264:Chromista
4234:Chromista
4014:Fornicata
3920:Excavates
3722:Cryptista
3645:Oomycetes
3622:Developea
3604:Sagenista
3491:Alveolata
3427:Telonemia
3302:Choanozoa
3179:Breviatea
3122:Tubulinea
3109:Amoebozoa
3050:Amoebozoa
3028:Alveolata
3016:Cryptista
2991:Eukaryota
2961:Eukaryote
2876:0033-183X
2450:0737-4038
2401:1537-1719
2342:1535-9778
2145:(1): 31.
2090:: 72–78.
1702:2041-1723
1646:204545629
1630:0169-5347
1234:Alveolata
1095:Cryptista
1072:Chromista
902:Alveolata
805:Telonemea
775:Endohelea
717:Cryptista
694:Chromista
666:Alveolata
621:Cryptista
605:Alveolata
591:topology.
470:Dinophyta
430:Dinophyta
343:Alveolata
335:Cryptista
233:red algae
195:Chromista
154:Cryptista
135:Alveolata
125:Telonemia
98:Chromista
94:Kingdom:
75:Eukaryota
4364:MycoBank
4312:Fungorum
4243:Wikidata
4196:protists
4192:kingdoms
4080:Grypania
4042:Imasidae
3943:Jakobida
3467:Endomyxa
3462:Cercozoa
3454:Rhizaria
3384:Haptista
3316:Animalia
3259:Bicellum
3134:Variosea
3117:Discosea
3095:Amorphea
3045:Amorphea
3023:Rhizaria
3011:Hacrobia
3001:Excavata
2986:Bacteria
2894:29666938
2834:17726520
2794:PLOS ONE
2775:25923521
2735:PLOS ONE
2716:22298847
2667:26817772
2615:18612431
2575:PLOS ONE
2556:18522922
2499:16248873
2458:12885964
2409:11230543
2360:15470245
2303:18296415
2171:16956407
2120:73458340
2112:30792089
2069:20124341
2020:28132810
1971:34259721
1963:19335769
1928:20031978
1872:28875267
1836:(2018).
1774:17194223
1720:33767194
1638:31606140
1495:See also
1461: ↘
1224:Halvaria
1188:Cercozoa
1175:Rhizaria
1120:Heliozoa
1107:Haptista
1082:Hacrobia
892:Halvaria
856:Cercozoa
843:Rhizaria
732:Heliozoa
704:Hacrobia
646:., 2005)
636:myzozoan
617:Haptista
613:Hacrobia
609:Rhizaria
512:and the
305:and the
260:protozoa
218:plastids
159:Haptista
148:Hacrobia
140:Rhizaria
71:Domain:
4392:4806301
4249:Q862296
3931:Discoba
3796:Plants
3768:Picozoa
3614:Gyrista
3521:Myzozoa
3374:Provora
3280:Filozoa
3236:Holozoa
3144:Cutosea
3060:Animals
2981:Archaea
2885:6133090
2825:1949142
2802:Bibcode
2766:4418965
2743:Bibcode
2707:3321700
2658:4795036
2606:2440802
2583:Bibcode
2547:2610160
2507:8060916
2162:1570145
2092:Bibcode
2060:2817223
2011:5650054
1919:2880060
1863:5756292
1817:7337818
1765:1713255
1711:7994803
1682:Bibcode
1584:7972066
1552:Bibcode
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