1554:'s 1992 memoir explains through the eyes of a transplant surgeon that ciclosporin was an epoch-making drug for solid organ allotransplantation. It greatly expanded the clinical applicability of such transplantation by substantially advancing the antirejection pharmacotherapy component. Put simply, the biggest limits of applying such transplantation more widely were not cost or surgical skill (as formidable as those are) but rather the problem of allograft rejection and the scarcity of donor organs. Ciclopsporin was a major advancement against the rejection part of the challenge.
833:
1305:(MPTP), thus preventing MPTP opening. The MPTP is found in the mitochondrial membrane of cardiac muscle cells. MPTP opening signifies a sudden change in the inner mitochondrial membrane permeability, allowing protons and other ions and solutes of a size up to ~1.5 kDa to go through the inner membrane. This change of permeability is considered a cellular catastrophe, leading to cell death. However, brief mitochondrial permeability transition pore openings play an essential physiological role in maintaining healthy mitochondrial homeostasis.
760:
737:
51:
1705:. Ciclosporin's neuroprotective properties were first discovered in the early 1990s when two researchers (Eskil Elmér and Hiroyuki Uchino) were conducting experiments in cell transplantation. An unintended finding was that cyclosporin A was strongly neuroprotective when it crossed the blood–brain barrier. This same process of mitochondrial destruction through the opening of the MPT pore is implicated in making traumatic brain injuries much worse.
875:
InChI=1S/C62H111N11O12/c1-25-27-28-40(15)52(75)51-56(79)65-43(26-2)58(81)67(18)33-48(74)68(19)44(29-34(3)4)55(78)66-49(38(11)12)61(84)69(20)45(30-35(5)6)54(77)63-41(16)53(76)64-42(17)57(80)70(21)46(31-36(7)8)59(82)71(22)47(32-37(9)10)60(83)72(23)50(39(13)14)62(85)73(51)24/h25,27,34-47,49-52,75H,26,28-33H2,1-24H3,(H,63,77)(H,64,76)(H,65,79)(H,66,78)/b27-25+/t40-,41+,42-,43+,44+,45+,46+,47+,49+,50+,51+,52-/m1/s1
1309:
Preservation of this interaction, in turn, protects synaptopodin from cathepsin L-mediated degradation. Altogether, the antiproteinuric effect of
Ciclosporin results, at least in part, from the maintenance of synaptopodin protein abundance in podocytes, which, in turn, is sufficient to maintain the integrity of the glomerular filtration barrier and to safeguard against proteinuria.
1348:
42:
6654:
1720:(MPTP) manifests in ischemia (blood flow restriction to tissue) and reperfusion injury (damage occurring after ischemia when blood flow returns to tissue), after myocardial infarction (heart attack) and when mutations in mitochondrial DNA polymerase occur. The heart attempts to compensate for disease state by increasing the intracellular
1785:
in dogs. Unlike the human form of the medication, the lower doses used in dogs mean the drug acts as an immunomodulator and has fewer side effects than in humans. The benefits of using this product include the reduced need for concurrent therapies to bring the condition under control. It is available
1772:
allows for reversal of cardiac hypertrophy caused in the original cardiac response. Decreasing the release of cytochrome C caused decreased cell death during injury and disease. Cyclosporin A also inhibits the phosphatase calcineurin pathway (14). Inhibition of this pathway has been shown to decrease
1575:
adopted a positive opinion, recommending the granting of a marketing authorization for the medicinal product
Vevizye, intended for the treatment of dry eye disease. The applicant for this medicinal product is Novaliq GmbH. Vevizye was approved for medical use in the European Union in September 2024.
1749:
to block the opening of MPTP, and thus decreases the release of protein cytochrome C, which can cause programmed cell death. CypD is a protein within the MPTP that acts as a gate; binding by cyclosporin A decreases the amount of inappropriate opening of MPTP, which decreases the intramitochondrial
1668:
Ciclosporin is in a phase II/III (adaptive) clinical study in Europe to determine its ability to ameliorate neuronal cellular damage and reperfusion injury (phase III) in traumatic brain injury. This multi-center study is being organized by NeuroVive Pharma and the
European Brain Injury Consortium
1308:
Ciclosporin can induce a remission of proteinuria caused by such diseases as MCD and FSGS. Ciclosporin blocks the calcineurin-mediated dephosphorylation of synaptopodin, a regulator of Rho GTPases in podocytes, thereby preserving the phosphorylation-dependent synaptopodin-14-3-3 beta interaction.
1215:. Ciclosporin causes hypertension by inducing vasoconstriction in the kidneys and increasing sodium reabsorption. The increase in blood pressure can cause cardiovascular events; it is thus recommended that the lowest effective dose for people requiring long-term treatment be used.
1338:
Ciclosporin is highly metabolized in humans and animals after ingestion. The metabolites, which include cyclosporin B, C, D, E, H, and L, have less than 10% of ciclosporin's immunosuppressant activity and are associated with higher kidney toxicity.
1615:
Ciclosporin exhibits very poor solubility in water, and, as a consequence, suspension and emulsion forms of the medication have been developed for oral administration and for injection. Ciclosporin was originally brought to market by Sandoz (now
4690:
Trammer B, Amann A, Haltner-Ukomadu E, Tillmanns S, Keller M, Högger P (November 2008). "Comparative permeability and diffusion kinetics of cyclosporine A liposomes and propylene glycol solution from human lung tissue into human blood ex vivo".
1673:
and ethanol. NeuroSTAT was compared to
Sandimmune in a phase I study and found to be bioequivalent. In this study, NeuroSTAT did not exhibit the anaphylactic and hypersensitivity reactions found in cremophor- and ethanol-based products.
1480:) is the polyketide synthase. These genes are associated with an active retrotransposon. Although these sequences are poorly-annotated on GenBank and other databases, 90% similar sequences can be found for the Cyclosporin-producing
4117:
Rüegger A, Kuhn M, Lichti H, Loosli HR, Huguenin R, Quiquerez C, et al. (1976). "" [Cyclosporin A, a
Peptide Metabolite from Trichoderma polysporum (Link ex Pers.) Rifai, with a remarkable immunosuppressive activity].
3957:
di Salvo ML, Florio R, Paiardini A, Vivoli M, D'Aguanno S, Contestabile R (January 2013). "Alanine racemase from
Tolypocladium inflatum: a key PLP-dependent enzyme in cyclosporin biosynthesis and a model of catalytic promiscuity".
1290:(nuclear factor of activated T-cells), which moves to the T-cell nucleus and increases the transcription of genes for IL-2 and related cytokines. Ciclosporin, by preventing the dephosphorylation of NF-AT, leads to reduced
3272:
Morciano G, Giorgi C, Bonora M, Punzetti S, Pavasini R, Wieckowski MR, et al. (January 2015). "Molecular identity of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore and its role in ischemia-reperfusion injury".
4450:
To facilitate the translation and pronunciation of INN, "f" should be used instead of "ph", "t" instead of "th", "e" instead of "ae" or "oe", and "i" instead of "y"; the use of the letters "h" and "k" should be
1620:), under the brand name Sandimmune, which is available as soft gelatin capsules, an oral solution, and a formulation for intravenous administration. These are all nonaqueous compositions. A newer
318:
1515:. Both strains produced a family of natural products called cyclosporins. Two related components that had antifungal activity were isolated from extracts from these fungi. The Norwegian strain,
4393:
Drug Name(s): Sandimmune (Cyclosporine), Company: Novartis, Action Date: 11/14/1983, Action Type: Approval, Submission
Classification: Type 1 - New Molecular Entity, Review Priority: Priority
494:)-30-Ethyl-33--6,9,18,24-tetraisobutyl-3,21-diisopropyl-1,4,7,10,12,15,19,25,28-nonamethyl-1,4,7,10,13,16,19,22,25,28,31-undecaazacyclotritriacontane-2,5,8,11,14,17,20,23,26,29,32-undecone
1415:, which is the starting amino acid in the biosynthetic process. With the adenylation domain, cyclosporin synthetase generates the acyl-adenylated amino acids, then covalently binds the
4859:
Uchino H, Elmér E, Uchino K, Lindvall O, Siesjö BK (December 1995). "Cyclosporin A dramatically ameliorates CA1 hippocampal damage following transient forebrain ischaemia in the rat".
1669:
using NeuroVive's formulation of ciclosporin called
Neurostat (also known by its cardioprotection brand name of Ciclomulsion). This formulation uses a lipid emulsion base instead of
1624:, orally-administered formulation, Neoral, is available as a solution and as soft gelatin capsules. Compositions of Neoral are designed to form microemulsions in contact with water.
6724:
1981:
1951:
5057:
Lim HW, De Windt LJ, Mante J, Kimball TR, Witt SA, Sussman MA, et al. (April 2000). "Reversal of cardiac hypertrophy in transgenic disease models by calcineurin inhibition".
4816:
Sullivan PG, Thompson M, Scheff SW (February 2000). "Continuous infusion of cyclosporin A postinjury significantly ameliorates cortical damage following traumatic brain injury".
4587:
263:
4388:
3011:
Mott JL, Zhang D, Freeman JC, Mikolajczak P, Chang SW, Zassenhaus HP (July 2004). "Cardiac disease due to random mitochondrial DNA mutations is prevented by cyclosporin A".
2146:
1548:. The first patient, on 9 March 1980, was a 28-year-old woman. In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved ciclosporin for clinical use in 1983.
891:
4367:
2116:
2081:
2046:
1524:
The immunosuppressive effect of the natural product ciclosporin was discovered on 31 January 1972 in a screening test on immune suppression designed and implemented by
4620:
2601:
1742:
cause inappropriate MPTP opening leading to a decrease in the cardiac range of function, leading to cardiac hypertrophy as an attempt to compensate for the problem.
2003:
4676:
for "Cyclosporine
Inhalation Solution (CIS) in Lung Transplant and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Recipients for the Treatment of Bronchiolitis Obliterans" at
6729:
1568:
4948:"Transient cardiac expression of constitutively active Galphaq leads to hypertrophy and dilated cardiomyopathy by calcineurin-dependent and independent pathways"
4017:
144:
3247:
855:
CC1C(=O)N(CC(=O)N((C(=O)N(C(=O)N((C(=O)N(C(=O)N(C(=O)N((C(=O)N((C(=O)N((C(=O)N((C(=O)N1)((C)C/C=C/C)O)C)C(C)C)C)CC(C)C)C)CC(C)C)C)C)C)CC(C)C)C)C(C)C)CC(C)C)C)C
5222:
847:
4202:
Calne RY, White DJ, Thiru S, Evans DB, McMaster P, Dunn DC, et al. (1978). "Cyclosporin A in patients receiving renal allografts from cadaver donors".
3548:
3057:"Effects of the calcineurin dependent signaling pathway inhibition by cyclosporin A on early and late cardiac remodeling following myocardial infarction"
1717:
1694:
1302:
2916:
3104:
Handschumacher RE, Harding MW, Rice J, Drugge RJ, Speicher DW (November 1984). "Cyclophilin: a specific cytosolic binding protein for cyclosporin A".
1545:
1462:, the species currently used for mass production of Cyclosporin, has the biosynthetic genes arranged into a 12-gene cluster. Of these 12 genes, SimA (
1584:
The natural product was named cyclosporin by the German-speaking scientists who first isolated it and cyclosporine when translated into
English. Per
1528:
at Sandoz. The chemical structure of cyclosporin was determined in 1976, also at Sandoz. The success of the drug candidate ciclosporin in preventing
6138:
4349:
978:, increased hair growth, and vomiting. Other severe side effects include an increased risk of infection, liver problems, and an increased risk of
3544:
However, the name, "Beauveria nivea", also appears in several other articles including in a 2001 online publication by Harriet Upton entitled "
4751:"Bioequivalence and tolerability assessment of a novel intravenous ciclosporin lipid emulsion compared to branded ciclosporin in Cremophor EL"
2222:
Text was copied from this source which is copyright European Medicines Agency. Reproduction is authorized provided the source is acknowledged.
4649:
4429:
4011:
3536:
2978:
2458:
1034:
6709:
1372:
2464:
1973:
1943:
3626:"Immunosuppressive activity of cyclosporine metabolites compared and characterized by mass spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance"
2176:
6674:
4791:
3160:"Cyclophilin D controls mitochondrial pore-dependent Ca(2+) exchange, metabolic flexibility, and propensity for heart failure in mice"
6694:
6081:
5451:
4530:
4384:
3910:"Identification of cyclosporin C from Amphichorda felina using a Cryptococcus neoformans differential temperature sensitivity assay"
2280:
1585:
867:
2817:
2335:
1643:(dry eye syndrome) has been marketed under the brand name Restasis. Ikervis is a similar formulation with a concentration of 0.1%.
5215:
1627:
Generic ciclosporin preparations have been marketed under various brand names, including Cicloral (by Sandoz/Hexal), Gengraf (by
1230:
2138:
1851:
1745:
Cyclosporin A has been shown to decrease cardiac hypertrophy by affecting cardiac myocytes in many ways. Cyclosporin A binds to
6490:
4363:
2365:
2309:
1090:
446:
303:
176:
1379:
domain is responsible for substrate recognition and activation, whereas the thiolation domain covalently binds the adenylated
2542:
2108:
2073:
2038:
1499:
In 1970, new strains of fungi were isolated from soil samples taken from Norway and from Wisconsin in the US by employees of
3859:"The genome of tolypocladium inflatum: evolution, organization, and expression of the cyclosporin biosynthetic gene cluster"
3743:"Structure and localization of cyclosporin synthetase, the key enzyme of cyclosporin biosynthesis in Tolypocladium inflatum"
4328:
On 2 September (1983), the Food and Drug Administration approved cyclosporin, a new drug that suppresses the immune system.
4074:
Borel JF, Feurer C, Gubler HU, Stähelin H (July 1976). "Biological effects of cyclosporin A: a new antilymphocytic agent".
2939:
2589:
4601:
3665:
Lawen A (October 2015). "Biosynthesis of cyclosporins and other natural peptidyl prolyl cis/trans isomerase inhibitors".
2391:
6714:
5287:
4612:
2623:
Reinhard T (2000). "Lokales Cyclosporin A bei Nummuli nach Keratoconjunctivitis epidemica Eine Pilotstudie - Springer".
2595:
1491:). SimB has two paralogs in the same organism with different but overlapping functions thanks to their low specificity.
924:
608:
195:
4463:
1266:
and preventing the mitochondrial permeability transition pore from opening. Ciclosporin binds to the cytosolic protein
6699:
5396:
5208:
2074:"Sandimmune- cyclosporine capsule, liquid filled Sandimmune- cyclosporine injection Sandimmune- cyclosporine solution"
1517:
1062:
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3564:
3208:
6689:
6684:
6644:
5266:
2707:
Dijkmans BA, van Rijthoven AW, Goei Thè HS, Boers M, Cats A (August 1992). "Cyclosporine in rheumatoid arthritis".
1811:
1640:
1604:
968:
131:
3742:
1439:(Bmt) indicate cyclosporin synthetase requires the action of other enzymes. The racemization of L-Ala to D-Ala by
5944:
3483:
2506:
2478:
2258:
1702:
1572:
1234:
1211:
dysfunction, burning sensations at finger tips, and an increased vulnerability to opportunistic fungal and viral
1058:
1436:
6679:
6324:
5194:
3545:
3416:"The actin cytoskeleton of kidney podocytes is a direct target of the antiproteinuric effect of cyclosporine A"
3490:
Pritchard DI (May 2005). "Sourcing a chemical succession for cyclosporin from parasites and human pathogens".
3463:
Borel JF (June 2002). "History of the discovery of cyclosporin and of its early pharmacological development".
1102:
557:
3702:"Mechanism of cyclosporin A biosynthesis. Evidence for synthesis via a single linear undecapeptide precursor"
2913:
6319:
1525:
1404:
1335:, which is rarely encountered in nature. Unlike most peptides, ciclosporin is not synthesized by ribosomes.
232:
4896:"Therapeutic window analysis of the neuroprotective effects of cyclosporine A after traumatic brain injury"
755:
6124:
5550:
5231:
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1682:
1351:
Cyclosporin biosynthesis. Bmt = butenyl-methyl-threonine, Abu = L-alpha-aminobutyric acid, Sar = sarcosine
1066:
1029:
1915:"FDA-sourced list of all drugs with black box warnings (Use Download Full Results and View Query links.)"
1282:. In T-cells, activation of the T-cell receptor normally increases intracellular calcium, which acts via
6719:
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4341:
2668:"Non-biologic systemic treatments for atopic dermatitis: Current state of the art and future directions"
1600:
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1329:
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1387:, and the condensation domain elongates the peptide chain. Cyclosporin synthetase substrates include L-
1037:. In 2021, it was the 175th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 2
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Ciclosporin has been used experimentally to treat cardiac hypertrophy (an increase in cell volume).
982:. Blood levels of the medication should be checked to decrease the risk of side effects. Use during
50:
5532:
3158:
Elrod JW, Wong R, Mishra S, Vagnozzi RJ, Sakthievel B, Goonasekera SA, et al. (October 2010).
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4446:"Guidelines on the Use of International Nonproprietary Names (INNs) for Pharmaceutical Substances"
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to increase the contractility cycling rates. Constitutively high levels of mitochondrial
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2008:
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4366:. Columbia University Medical Center, Dept. of Surgery, Cardiac Transplant Program.
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to activate calcineurin. Calcineurin then dephosphorylates the transcription factor
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Ciclosporin also binds to the cyclophilin D protein that constitutes part of the
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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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cyclosporin, ciclosporin A, cyclosporine A, cyclosporin A (CsA), cyclosporine (
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Archer TM, Boothe DM, Langston VC, Fellman CL, Lunsford KV, Mackin AJ (2014).
4769:
3971:
3925:
3384:
1470:
1447:-dependent. The formation of butenyl-methyl-L-threonine is performed by a Bmt
1416:
1364:
1325:
1295:
1283:
805:
588:
251:
5007:"Increased cytochrome c correlates with poor survival in aggressive lymphoma"
4972:
4947:
4131:
2511:
World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 22nd list (2021)
6606:
6601:
6586:
6561:
6516:
6496:
6456:
6391:
6355:
6277:
6073:
6026:
5955:
5921:
5888:
5698:
5678:
5587:
5487:
5327:
4471:
4004:
The search for anti-inflammatory drugs case histories from concept to clinic
3569:
3368:
3125:
2932:
IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk to Humans (2012).
2422:
1787:
1670:
1482:
1424:
1412:
1408:
1347:
1212:
1196:
1168:
1094:
1082:
983:
964:
940:
431:
426:
148:
33:
5173:
5138:
5078:
5070:
5040:
4946:
Mende U, Kagen A, Cohen A, Aramburu J, Schoen FJ, Neer EJ (November 1998).
4929:
4837:
4829:
4787:
4712:
4518:
4495:"Microemulsions for oral administration and their therapeutic applications"
4323:
4180:
4171:
4154:
4052:
3979:
3943:
3894:
3843:
3777:
3686:
3511:
3476:
3449:
3392:
3353:
3304:
3235:
3193:
3082:
3032:
2859:
2813:
2693:
2644:
2483:
World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019
2418:
2039:"Neoral- cyclosporine capsule, liquid filled Neoral- cyclosporine solution"
4991:
4911:
4880:
4573:
4280:
4000:"The history of the discovery and development of Cyclosporin (Sandimmune)"
3825:
3769:
3727:
3651:
3610:
3133:
2900:
2769:
2728:
2636:
1900:
6541:
6416:
6105:
5613:
5523:
5459:
5381:
4616:
4245:
Starzl TE, Klintmalm GB, Porter KA, Iwatsuki S, Schröter GP (July 1981).
4139:
3560:
3320:"Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) and ROS-induced ROS release"
3295:
2804:
2744:"Cyclosporine in severe ulcerative colitis refractory to steroid therapy"
1791:
1652:
1636:
1617:
1504:
1464:
1188:
1180:
1164:
1160:
1128:
1098:
979:
704:
568:
190:
5022:
4421:
4223:
2519:
2491:
577:
41:
6034:
5120:
4095:
4087:
3808:
Yang X, Feng P, Yin Y, Bushley K, Spatafora JW, Wang C (October 2018).
2271:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1321:
1274:, especially of T cells. This cyclosporin—cyclophilin complex inhibits
1255:
1176:
1144:
523:
5152:
Palmeiro BS (January 2013). "Cyclosporine in veterinary dermatology".
5005:
Wilkinson ST, Johnson DB, Tardif HL, Tome ME, Briehl MM (March 2010).
4411:
4044:
3810:"Tolypocladium inflatum Benefits Fungal Adaptation to the Environment"
2684:
2667:
2004:"Health product highlights 2021: Annexes of products approved in 2021"
6349:
6180:
3175:
1781:
The medication is approved in the United States for the treatment of
1500:
1432:
1388:
1291:
1204:
1112:
In addition to these indications, ciclosporin is also used in severe
1025:
1018:
952:
668:
406:
3431:
1647:
formulations are in clinical development, and include a solution in
1278:, which is normally responsible for activating the transcription of
4364:"First Successful Pediatric Heart Transplant [9 June 1984]"
1697:, which has been found to cause much of the damage associated with
637:
6048:
5901:
1873:
Laupacis A, Keown PA, Ulan RA, McKenzie N, Stiller CR (May 1982).
1537:
1521:, was later used for the large scale fermentation of ciclosporin.
1508:
1427:
linkage. Some of the amino acid substrates become N-methylated by
1346:
1287:
1218:
Ciclosporin use after a kidney transplantation is associated with
1208:
1156:
832:
823:
648:
403:
5105:"Oral cyclosporine treatment in dogs: a review of the literature"
4294:
Kolata G (September 1983). "FDA speeds approval of cyclosporin".
6020:
5968:
5929:
5915:
5469:
5343:
4247:"Liver transplantation with use of cyclosporin a and prednisone"
1693:
associated with injury. Ciclosporin blocks the formation of the
1223:
628:
364:
336:
5204:
3482:
Some sources list the fungus under an alternative species name
349:
185:
5877:
3207:
Briston T, Selwood DL, Szabadkai G, Duchen MR (January 2019).
1922:
997:
Ciclosporin is believed to work by decreasing the function of
4552:
Min DI (March 1996). "Neoral: a microemulsion cyclosporine".
3700:
Dittmann J, Wenger RM, Kleinkauf H, Lawen A (January 1994).
3555:" (retrieved 19 June 2005). Mark Plotkin states in his book
721:
98:
4749:
Ehinger KH, Hansson MJ, Sjövall F, Elmér E (January 2013).
4727:
1596:
so that the INN for the medication is spelled ciclosporin.
1359:
synthetase, cyclosporin synthetase. The enzyme contains an
1123:
Ciclosporin has also been used in people with acute severe
974:
Common side effects include high blood pressure, headache,
312:
217:
86:
77:
5154:
Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice
3585:"Isolation of 10 cyclosporine metabolites from human bile"
2666:
Paolino A, Alexander H, Broderick C, Flohr C (May 2023).
2139:"Vevye- cyclosporine ophthalmic solution solution/ drops"
101:
3741:
Hoppert M, Gentzsch C, Schörgendorfer K (October 2001).
2969:(22nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. p.
2495:. WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
325:
2914:
Agents Classified by the IARC Monographs, Volumes 1–110
1035:
World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines
898:
4693:
European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics
3667:
Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects
3624:
Copeland KR, Yatscoff RW, McKenna RM (February 1990).
2792:
Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology
2068:
2066:
2064:
1536:
and colleagues at the University of Cambridge, and in
1254:
Ciclosporin's main effect is to lower the activity of
6642:
3546:
Origin of drugs in current use: the cyclosporin story
2334:. The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists.
2308:. The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists.
1451:
that uses acetate/malonate as its starting material.
1431:. The cyclization step releases cyclosporin from the
104:
92:
80:
74:
71:
4894:
Sullivan PG, Sebastian AH, Hall ED (February 2011).
2103:
2101:
2099:
1944:"Regulatory Decision Summary for Restasis Multidose"
95:
83:
6409:
6337:
6310:
6195:
5838:
5540:
5531:
5522:
5515:
5468:
5450:
5441:
5395:
5326:
5256:
5247:
3013:
Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications
1639:of ciclosporin for treating inflammation caused by
821:
804:
771:
766:
747:
715:
687:
667:
647:
627:
607:
587:
567:
556:
547:
522:
502:
437:
425:
412:
397:
387:
379:
302:
297:
262:
250:
231:
205:
175:
161:
143:
126:
116:
89:
62:
57:
4413:The Puzzle People: Memoirs Of A Transplant Surgeon
2033:
2031:
2029:
2027:
4586:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
3369:"Treatment of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis"
2783:Naesens M, Kuypers DR, Sarwal M (February 2009).
4155:"The controversial early history of cyclosporin"
3559:, Penguin Books 2001, pages 46-47, that in 1996
1677:Ciclosporin has been investigated as a possible
1474:) is the alanine racemase, and SimG (similar to
1127:and hives that do not respond to treatment with
1077:. It is also approved in the US for treating of
1033:and came into medical use in 1983. It is on the
990:; however, ciclosporin does not appear to cause
536:
4372:It gained FDA approval at the end of 1983, ...
3318:Zorov DB, Juhaszova M, Sollott SJ (July 2014).
2938:. International Agency for Research on Cancer.
2385:
2383:
2261:(2009). Stuart MC, Kouimtzi M, Hill SR (eds.).
2200:
2198:
2196:
2194:
511:
5098:
5096:
4405:
4403:
4401:
4387:. United States Food and Drug Administration.
2447:Watts R, Clunie G, Hall F, Marshall T (2009).
1569:Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use
6725:World Health Organization essential medicines
5216:
3993:
3991:
3989:
2875:"Cyclosporine-induced hyperuricemia and gout"
1875:"Cyclosporin A: a powerful immunosuppressant"
8:
5059:Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology
3275:Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology
1041:million prescriptions. It is available as a
1013:, which in turn decreases the production of
194:
122:Neoral, Sandimmune, Restasis, Gengraf, other
32:
2300:
2298:
2296:
2294:
2292:
372:In general: ℞ (Prescription only)
5537:
5528:
5519:
5447:
5253:
5223:
5209:
5201:
4941:
4939:
3153:
3151:
3149:
3147:
3145:
3143:
2265:. World Health Organization. p. 221.
1974:"Regulatory Decision Summary for Verkazia"
1786:as an ophthalmic ointment for dogs called
1718:mitochondrial permeability transition pore
1695:mitochondrial permeability transition pore
1303:mitochondrial permeability transition pore
1220:increased levels of uric acid in the blood
1024:Ciclosporin was isolated in 1971 from the
758:
735:
596:
5193:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
5128:
5030:
4981:
4971:
4919:
4777:
4270:
4170:
3933:
3884:
3874:
3833:
3717:
3641:
3600:
3519:Sneader W (23 June 2005). "Ciclosporin".
3439:
3343:
3294:
3183:
3072:
3050:
3048:
3046:
3044:
3042:
3006:
3004:
3002:
3000:
2998:
2996:
2994:
2992:
2990:
2890:
2803:
2759:
2683:
2518:
2490:
2270:
1890:
1001:. It does this by forming a complex with
616:
5052:
5050:
2590:"FDA Approves First Generic of Restasis"
2453:. Oxford University Press. p. 558.
1607:(USAN) and cyclosporin is a former BAN.
1139:Side effects of ciclosporin can include
6649:
5109:Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine
3960:Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics
2844:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1831:
1468:) is the cyclosporin synthetase, SimB (
872:
852:
731:
576:
451:
167:
4579:
4352:from the original on 26 February 2017.
4006:. Boston: Birkhäuser. pp. 27–63.
3998:Borel JF, Kis ZL, Beveridge T (1995).
3914:Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology
3486:such as Pritchard and Sneader in 2005:
2785:"Calcineurin inhibitor nephrotoxicity"
2565:"Cyclosporine - Drug Usage Statistics"
2392:"Mechanisms of action of cyclosporine"
2368:from the original on 14 September 2017
1810:(autoimmune blistering skin disease),
749:
31:
6730:Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs
4020:from the original on 5 November 2017.
2513:. Geneva: World Health Organization.
2485:. Geneva: World Health Organization.
2467:from the original on 5 November 2017.
1854:from the original on 18 November 2010
697:
676:
656:
153:
135:
7:
4797:from the original on 26 October 2018
4738:from the original on 6 January 2014.
4626:from the original on 20 October 2022
4153:Heusler K, Pletscher A (June 2001).
3253:from the original on 21 January 2022
2709:Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism
2604:from the original on 2 February 2022
2545:from the original on 15 January 2024
2338:from the original on 13 January 2016
2312:from the original on 17 October 2016
2237:Union Register of medicinal products
1879:Canadian Medical Association Journal
703:
285:
275:
4728:"Hem - NeuroVive Pharmaceutical AB"
4566:10.7182/prtr.1.6.1.f04016025hh795up
4448:. World Health Organization. 1997.
4391:from the original on 1 March 2017.
4370:from the original on 1 March 2017.
4251:The New England Journal of Medicine
2942:from the original on 28 August 2021
2879:The New England Journal of Medicine
2748:The New England Journal of Medicine
2358:"Cyclosporine Use During Pregnancy"
2179:from the original on 13 August 2022
2149:from the original on 29 August 2023
1532:was shown in kidney transplants by
636:
527:
4873:10.1111/j.1748-1716.1995.tb09999.x
4554:Journal of Transplant Coordination
4493:Gibaud S, Attivi D (August 2012).
4416:. University of Pittsburgh Press.
4002:. In Merluzzi VJ, Adams J (eds.).
3527:. John Wiley & Sons. pp.
3216:Trends in Pharmacological Sciences
2600:(Press release). 2 February 2022.
2119:from the original on 30 March 2014
2084:from the original on 21 April 2014
14:
4533:from the original on 5 March 2018
3373:Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy
3164:Journal of Clinical Investigation
3061:European Journal of Heart Failure
2823:from the original on 20 July 2018
2672:Clinical and Experimental Allergy
2109:"Restasis- cyclosporine emulsion"
1818:(anal inflammatory disease), and
1603:(BAN), while cyclosporine is the
1586:International Nonproprietary Name
1546:Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh
6652:
4652:from the original on 3 July 2018
3567:that it is in fact a species of
2390:Matsuda S, Koyasu S (May 2000).
2049:from the original on 5 July 2013
1984:from the original on 7 June 2022
1978:Drug and Health Product Register
1954:from the original on 7 June 2022
1948:Drug and Health Product Register
1761:. Decreasing intramitochondrial
1588:(INN) guidelines for drugs, the
1435:. Amino acids such as D-Ala and
1355:Cyclosporin is synthesized by a
789:
783:
67:
49:
40:
4499:Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery
4316:10.1126/science.221.4617.1273-a
3706:Journal of Biological Chemistry
3589:Drug Metabolism and Disposition
1599:Ciclosporin is the INN and the
1264:calcineurin–phosphatase pathway
1199:retention (possibly leading to
1091:adenoviral keratoconjunctivitis
880:Key:PMATZTZNYRCHOR-CGLBZJNRSA-N
4861:Acta Physiologica Scandinavica
4470:. January 2013. Archived from
3465:Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift
2852:10.1002/14651858.CD007893.pub2
795:
777:
1:
4568:(inactive 7 September 2024).
4340:Gottesman J (20 March 1988).
4216:10.1016/S0140-6736(78)91970-0
3719:10.1016/S0021-9258(17)42019-9
3504:10.1016/S1359-6446(05)03395-7
3074:10.1016/S1388-9842(02)00120-4
2411:10.1016/S0162-3109(00)00192-2
1802:(immune response against the
1716:Inappropriate opening of the
1116:, It has been used in severe
5288:dihydroorotate dehydrogenase
4613:Food and Drug Administration
4511:10.1517/17425247.2012.694865
4342:"Milestones in Cardiac Care"
3876:10.1371/journal.pgen.1003496
3679:10.1016/j.bbagen.2014.12.009
2965:Review of medical physiology
2721:10.1016/0049-0172(92)90046-g
2596:Food and Drug Administration
1681:agent in conditions such as
1229:Ciclosporin is listed as an
1187:(particularly of the lips),
1065:and to prevent rejection of
925:immunosuppressant medication
6710:Drugs developed by Novartis
5267:purine synthesis inhibitors
4758:Clinical Drug Investigation
4263:10.1056/NEJM198107303050507
3287:10.1016/j.yjmcc.2014.08.015
2892:10.1056/NEJM199002013220514
2761:10.1056/NEJM199406303302601
1822:(a neuromuscular disease).
1798:. It is also used to treat
1518:Tolypocladium inflatum Gams
1258:; it does so by inhibiting
1063:bone marrow transplantation
6746:
5166:10.1016/j.cvsm.2012.09.007
4705:10.1016/j.ejpb.2008.07.001
3523:Drug Discovery — A History
3336:10.1152/physrev.00026.2013
3228:10.1016/j.tips.2018.11.004
3025:10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.05.104
2523:. WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2021.02.
1812:Inflammatory bowel disease
1703:neurodegenerative diseases
1641:keratoconjunctivitis sicca
1605:United States Adopted Name
1437:butenyl-methyl-L-threonine
969:keratoconjunctivitis sicca
767:Chemical and physical data
18:
6675:Drugs developed by AbbVie
5452:IL-1 receptor antagonists
4770:10.1007/s40261-012-0029-x
3972:10.1016/j.abb.2012.11.011
3926:10.1007/s00253-018-8792-0
3643:10.1093/clinchem/36.2.225
3484:Hypocladium inflatum gams
3385:10.1517/14656566.6.9.1539
2873:Figg WD (February 1990).
2507:World Health Organization
2479:World Health Organization
2259:World Health Organization
2210:European Medicines Agency
2173:European Medicines Agency
1844:Dictionary.com Unabridged
1635:). Since 2002, a topical
1573:European Medicines Agency
1540:transplants performed by
1235:squamous cell skin cancer
1143:, increased hair growth,
1059:graft-versus-host disease
888:
863:
843:
442:
421:variable (about 24 hours)
48:
39:
6695:IARC Group 1 carcinogens
6325:Anti-lymphocyte globulin
5195:Medical Subject Headings
4973:10.1073/pnas.95.23.13893
4464:"The Cyclosporine Story"
4132:10.1002/hlca.19760590412
4033:Clinical Transplantation
3750:Archives of Microbiology
3563:researcher Kathie Hodge
2961:Ganong WF (2005). "27".
2263:WHO Model Formulary 2008
1773:myocardial hypertrophy.
1685:, and has been shown in
1292:effector T-cell function
19:Not to be confused with
6320:Anti-thymocyte globulin
5232:Immunosuppressive drugs
3126:10.1126/science.6238408
2919:25 October 2011 at the
1328:; it contains a single
1231:IARC Group 1 carcinogen
6125:Interleukin-6 receptor
5551:Complement component 5
5071:10.1006/jmcc.2000.1113
4900:Journal of Neurotrauma
4830:10.1006/exnr.1999.7282
4818:Experimental Neurology
4670:Clinical trial number
4172:10.4414/smw.2001.09702
4120:Helvetica Chimica Acta
1683:traumatic brain injury
1460:Tolypocladium inflatum
1352:
1120:and related diseases.
1030:Tolypocladium inflatum
1015:inflammatory cytokines
4912:10.1089/neu.2010.1646
4468:www.davidmoore.org.uk
3826:10.1128/mBio.01211-18
3770:10.1007/s002030100324
3324:Physiological Reviews
2637:10.1007/s003470070025
2535:"The Top 300 of 2021"
2175:. 17 September 2018.
1601:British Approved Name
1429:S-adenosyl methionine
1350:
1294:; it does not affect
1173:increased cholesterol
1057:to treat and prevent
963:. It is also used as
921:calcineurin inhibitor
257:Calcineurin inhibitor
4159:Swiss Medical Weekly
3492:Drug Discovery Today
2805:10.2215/CJN.04800908
1526:Hartmann F. Stähelin
1357:nonribosomal peptide
1239:non-Hodgkin lymphoma
1222:and, in some cases,
1118:rheumatoid arthritis
1079:rheumatoid arthritis
937:rheumatoid arthritis
6715:Ophthalmology drugs
5023:10.3892/ol_00000040
4964:1998PNAS...9513893M
4422:10.2307/j.ctt9qh63b
4308:1983Sci...221.1273K
3762:2001ArMic.176..285H
3118:1984Sci...226..544H
2332:"Cyclosporine eent"
2239:. 23 September 2024
1980:. 23 October 2014.
1950:. 23 October 2014.
1808:pemphigus foliaceus
1794:, which is part of
1645:Inhaled ciclosporin
1631:) and Deximune (by
1558:Society and culture
1449:polyketide synthase
1445:pyridoxal phosphate
1405:2-aminobutyric acid
1373:N-methyltransferase
1369:condensation domain
1250:Mechanism of action
1193:high blood pressure
345:(Prescription only)
321:(Prescription only)
36:
6700:Immunosuppressants
6482:Diroximel fumarate
6155:IL-2 receptor/CD25
5583:Certolizumab pegol
5236:Immunosuppressants
5121:10.1111/jvim.12265
4678:ClinicalTrials.gov
4619:. September 2009.
4609:FDA Data Dashboard
4474:on 22 October 2022
4410:Starzl TE (1992).
4210:(8104–5): 1323–7.
4165:(21–22): 299–302.
4088:10.1007/bf01973261
4076:Agents and Actions
3630:Clinical Chemistry
3551:2005-03-08 at the
3367:Meyrier A (2005).
2399:Immunopharmacology
1800:sebaceous adenitis
1790:, manufactured by
1687:animal experiments
1592:was replaced with
1567:In July 2024, the
1421:phosphopantetheine
1385:phosphopantetheine
1353:
1270:(immunophilin) of
1125:ulcerative colitis
1103:Sjögren's syndrome
1087:nummular keratitis
1043:generic medication
949:nephrotic syndrome
6690:CYP3A4 inhibitors
6685:CYP2D6 inhibitors
6640:
6639:
6487:Efgartigimod alfa
6477:Dimethyl fumarate
6405:
6404:
6333:
6332:
6306:
6305:
5511:
5510:
5437:
5436:
5278:Mycophenolic acid
4431:978-0-8229-3714-2
4346:Los Angeles Times
4045:10.1111/ctr.12072
4013:978-1-4615-9846-6
3538:978-0-471-89979-2
2980:978-0-07-144040-0
2685:10.1111/cea.14301
2625:Der Ophthalmologe
2460:978-0-19-922999-4
2428:on 11 August 2017
1820:myasthenia gravis
1816:anal furunculosis
1783:atopic dermatitis
1332:
1317:Ciclosporin is a
1177:trouble breathing
1114:atopic dermatitis
1075:liver transplants
957:organ transplants
906:
905:
834:Interactive image
717:CompTox Dashboard
368:
353:
340:
328:
316:
221:
188:
138:
16:Chemical compound
6737:
6657:
6656:
6655:
6648:
6283:Telimomab aritox
6186:Zolimomab aritox
6007:CD62L/L-selectin
5745:Immunoglobulin E
5538:
5529:
5520:
5448:
5254:
5225:
5218:
5211:
5202:
5178:
5177:
5149:
5143:
5142:
5132:
5100:
5091:
5090:
5054:
5045:
5044:
5034:
5011:Oncology Letters
5002:
4996:
4995:
4985:
4975:
4943:
4934:
4933:
4923:
4891:
4885:
4884:
4856:
4850:
4849:
4813:
4807:
4806:
4804:
4802:
4796:
4781:
4755:
4746:
4740:
4739:
4723:
4717:
4716:
4687:
4681:
4668:
4662:
4661:
4659:
4657:
4642:
4636:
4635:
4633:
4631:
4625:
4606:
4598:
4592:
4591:
4585:
4577:
4549:
4543:
4542:
4540:
4538:
4490:
4484:
4483:
4481:
4479:
4460:
4454:
4453:
4442:
4436:
4435:
4407:
4396:
4395:
4381:
4375:
4374:
4360:
4354:
4353:
4337:
4331:
4330:
4291:
4285:
4284:
4274:
4242:
4236:
4235:
4199:
4193:
4192:
4174:
4150:
4144:
4143:
4114:
4108:
4107:
4071:
4065:
4064:
4028:
4022:
4021:
3995:
3984:
3983:
3954:
3948:
3947:
3937:
3920:(5): 2337–2350.
3905:
3899:
3898:
3888:
3878:
3854:
3848:
3847:
3837:
3805:
3799:
3796:
3790:
3789:
3747:
3738:
3732:
3731:
3721:
3697:
3691:
3690:
3662:
3656:
3655:
3645:
3621:
3615:
3614:
3604:
3580:
3574:
3542:
3526:
3515:
3480:
3460:
3454:
3453:
3443:
3411:
3405:
3404:
3379:(9): 1539–1549.
3364:
3358:
3357:
3347:
3315:
3309:
3308:
3298:
3269:
3263:
3262:
3260:
3258:
3252:
3213:
3204:
3198:
3197:
3187:
3176:10.1172/JCI43171
3155:
3138:
3137:
3101:
3095:
3094:
3076:
3052:
3037:
3036:
3008:
2985:
2984:
2968:
2958:
2952:
2951:
2949:
2947:
2929:
2923:
2911:
2905:
2904:
2894:
2870:
2864:
2863:
2839:
2833:
2832:
2830:
2828:
2822:
2807:
2789:
2780:
2774:
2773:
2763:
2739:
2733:
2732:
2704:
2698:
2697:
2687:
2663:
2657:
2656:
2620:
2614:
2613:
2611:
2609:
2586:
2580:
2579:
2577:
2575:
2561:
2555:
2554:
2552:
2550:
2531:
2525:
2524:
2522:
2503:
2497:
2496:
2494:
2475:
2469:
2468:
2444:
2438:
2437:
2435:
2433:
2427:
2421:. Archived from
2396:
2387:
2378:
2377:
2375:
2373:
2354:
2348:
2347:
2345:
2343:
2328:
2322:
2321:
2319:
2317:
2302:
2287:
2286:
2274:
2255:
2249:
2248:
2246:
2244:
2229:
2223:
2221:
2219:
2217:
2202:
2189:
2188:
2186:
2184:
2165:
2159:
2158:
2156:
2154:
2135:
2129:
2128:
2126:
2124:
2105:
2094:
2093:
2091:
2089:
2070:
2059:
2058:
2056:
2054:
2035:
2022:
2021:
2019:
2017:
2000:
1994:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1970:
1964:
1963:
1961:
1959:
1940:
1934:
1933:
1931:
1929:
1919:nctr-crs.fda.gov
1911:
1905:
1904:
1894:
1870:
1864:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1836:
1804:sebaceous glands
1771:
1770:
1769:
1760:
1759:
1758:
1741:
1740:
1739:
1730:
1729:
1728:
1649:propylene glycol
1479:
1473:
1467:
1441:alanine racemase
1330:
1313:Pharmacokinetics
1040:
902:
901:
894:
836:
816:
814:
797:
791:
785:
779:
762:
751:
740:
739:
725:
723:
707:
701:
680:
660:
640:
620:
600:
580:
560:
540:
530:
529:
515:
417:
366:
363:
358:
351:
348:
338:
335:
327:
324:
314:
311:
289:
279:
219:
216:
198:
187:
184:
171:
157:
137:
134:
111:
110:
107:
106:
103:
100:
97:
94:
91:
88:
85:
82:
79:
76:
73:
53:
44:
37:
35:
6745:
6744:
6740:
6739:
6738:
6736:
6735:
6734:
6680:Cyclic peptides
6665:
6664:
6663:
6653:
6651:
6643:
6641:
6636:
6582:Rozanolixizumab
6467:Deucravacitinib
6401:
6329:
6302:
6191:
5840:
5834:
5542:
5507:
5464:
5443:
5433:
5391:
5331:
5322:
5258:Antimetabolites
5249:
5243:
5229:
5187:
5182:
5181:
5151:
5150:
5146:
5102:
5101:
5094:
5056:
5055:
5048:
5004:
5003:
4999:
4958:(23): 13893–8.
4945:
4944:
4937:
4893:
4892:
4888:
4858:
4857:
4853:
4815:
4814:
4810:
4800:
4798:
4794:
4753:
4748:
4747:
4743:
4726:Administrator.
4725:
4724:
4720:
4689:
4688:
4684:
4669:
4665:
4655:
4653:
4644:
4643:
4639:
4629:
4627:
4623:
4604:
4600:
4599:
4595:
4578:
4551:
4550:
4546:
4536:
4534:
4492:
4491:
4487:
4477:
4475:
4462:
4461:
4457:
4444:
4443:
4439:
4432:
4409:
4408:
4399:
4383:
4382:
4378:
4362:
4361:
4357:
4339:
4338:
4334:
4293:
4292:
4288:
4244:
4243:
4239:
4201:
4200:
4196:
4152:
4151:
4147:
4116:
4115:
4111:
4073:
4072:
4068:
4030:
4029:
4025:
4014:
3997:
3996:
3987:
3956:
3955:
3951:
3907:
3906:
3902:
3869:(6): e1003496.
3856:
3855:
3851:
3807:
3806:
3802:
3797:
3793:
3745:
3740:
3739:
3735:
3699:
3698:
3694:
3673:(10): 2111–20.
3664:
3663:
3659:
3623:
3622:
3618:
3582:
3581:
3577:
3553:Wayback Machine
3543:
3539:
3518:
3516:
3489:
3487:
3481:
3462:
3461:
3457:
3432:10.1038/nm.1857
3420:Nature Medicine
3413:
3412:
3408:
3366:
3365:
3361:
3317:
3316:
3312:
3271:
3270:
3266:
3256:
3254:
3250:
3211:
3206:
3205:
3201:
3157:
3156:
3141:
3112:(4674): 544–7.
3103:
3102:
3098:
3054:
3053:
3040:
3010:
3009:
2988:
2981:
2960:
2959:
2955:
2945:
2943:
2931:
2930:
2926:
2921:Wayback Machine
2912:
2908:
2872:
2871:
2867:
2846:(1): CD007893.
2841:
2840:
2836:
2826:
2824:
2820:
2787:
2782:
2781:
2777:
2741:
2740:
2736:
2706:
2705:
2701:
2665:
2664:
2660:
2631:(11): 764–768.
2622:
2621:
2617:
2607:
2605:
2588:
2587:
2583:
2573:
2571:
2563:
2562:
2558:
2548:
2546:
2533:
2532:
2528:
2505:
2504:
2500:
2477:
2476:
2472:
2461:
2446:
2445:
2441:
2431:
2429:
2425:
2405:(2–3): 119–25.
2394:
2389:
2388:
2381:
2371:
2369:
2356:
2355:
2351:
2341:
2339:
2330:
2329:
2325:
2315:
2313:
2304:
2303:
2290:
2283:
2257:
2256:
2252:
2242:
2240:
2231:
2230:
2226:
2215:
2213:
2204:
2203:
2192:
2182:
2180:
2167:
2166:
2162:
2152:
2150:
2145:. 26 May 2023.
2137:
2136:
2132:
2122:
2120:
2107:
2106:
2097:
2087:
2085:
2072:
2071:
2062:
2052:
2050:
2037:
2036:
2025:
2015:
2013:
2012:. 3 August 2022
2002:
2001:
1997:
1987:
1985:
1972:
1971:
1967:
1957:
1955:
1942:
1941:
1937:
1927:
1925:
1913:
1912:
1908:
1872:
1871:
1867:
1857:
1855:
1838:
1837:
1833:
1828:
1779:
1768:
1766:
1765:
1764:
1762:
1757:
1755:
1754:
1753:
1751:
1738:
1736:
1735:
1734:
1732:
1727:
1725:
1724:
1723:
1721:
1711:
1709:Cardiac disease
1679:neuroprotective
1666:
1664:Neuroprotection
1661:
1613:
1611:Available forms
1582:
1565:
1560:
1530:organ rejection
1497:
1475:
1469:
1463:
1457:
1345:
1315:
1252:
1247:
1141:gum enlargement
1137:
1107:meibomian gland
1053:Ciclosporin is
1051:
1038:
976:kidney problems
945:Crohn's disease
911:, also spelled
897:
895:
892:(what is this?)
889:
884:
881:
876:
871:
870:
859:
856:
851:
850:
839:
812:
810:
800:
794:
788:
782:
743:
719:
711:
683:
663:
643:
623:
603:
583:
563:
543:
526:
518:
498:
495:
450:
449:
415:
389:Bioavailability
381:Pharmacokinetic
375:
356:
293:
246:(IV), eye drops
234:
227:
208:
201:
70:
66:
28:
21:cyclobenzaprine
17:
12:
11:
5:
6743:
6741:
6733:
6732:
6727:
6722:
6717:
6712:
6707:
6702:
6697:
6692:
6687:
6682:
6677:
6667:
6666:
6662:
6661:
6638:
6637:
6635:
6634:
6629:
6624:
6619:
6614:
6609:
6604:
6599:
6594:
6589:
6584:
6579:
6574:
6569:
6564:
6559:
6554:
6549:
6544:
6539:
6534:
6529:
6524:
6519:
6514:
6509:
6504:
6499:
6494:
6491:+hyaluronidase
6484:
6479:
6474:
6472:Deuruxolitinib
6469:
6464:
6459:
6454:
6449:
6444:
6439:
6434:
6429:
6424:
6419:
6413:
6411:
6407:
6406:
6403:
6402:
6400:
6399:
6394:
6389:
6384:
6383:
6382:
6377:
6365:
6364:
6363:
6358:
6345:
6343:
6335:
6334:
6331:
6330:
6328:
6327:
6322:
6316:
6314:
6308:
6307:
6304:
6303:
6301:
6300:
6295:
6290:
6285:
6280:
6275:
6270:
6265:
6260:
6255:
6250:
6245:
6240:
6235:
6230:
6225:
6220:
6215:
6210:
6205:
6199:
6197:
6193:
6192:
6190:
6189:
6176:
6175:
6174:
6173:
6168:
6163:
6150:
6149:
6148:
6147:
6135:
6134:
6133:
6121:
6120:
6119:
6114:
6102:
6101:
6100:
6095:
6090:
6078:
6077:
6076:
6065:
6064:
6063:
6062:
6057:
6045:
6044:
6043:
6031:
6030:
6029:
6017:
6016:
6015:
6003:
6002:
6001:
5996:
5984:
5983:
5982:
5977:
5965:
5964:
5963:
5958:
5953:
5948:
5945:+hyaluronidase
5938:
5926:
5925:
5924:
5912:
5911:
5910:
5898:
5897:
5896:
5891:
5886:
5874:
5873:
5872:
5867:
5862:
5857:
5844:
5842:
5836:
5835:
5833:
5832:
5831:
5830:
5817:
5816:
5815:
5814:
5809:
5788:
5787:
5786:
5785:
5772:
5771:
5770:
5769:
5756:
5755:
5754:
5753:
5740:
5739:
5738:
5737:
5724:
5723:
5722:
5721:
5716:
5711:
5706:
5701:
5696:
5691:
5686:
5681:
5676:
5671:
5666:
5661:
5656:
5651:
5646:
5641:
5636:
5631:
5626:
5621:
5616:
5603:
5602:
5601:
5600:
5595:
5590:
5585:
5580:
5575:
5562:
5561:
5560:
5559:
5546:
5544:
5535:
5526:
5517:
5513:
5512:
5509:
5508:
5506:
5505:
5500:
5495:
5490:
5485:
5480:
5474:
5472:
5466:
5465:
5463:
5462:
5456:
5454:
5445:
5439:
5438:
5435:
5434:
5432:
5431:
5430:
5429:
5421:PDE4 inhibitor
5417:
5412:
5407:
5401:
5399:
5393:
5392:
5390:
5389:
5384:
5378:
5377:
5376:
5375:
5370:
5365:
5360:
5339:
5337:
5324:
5323:
5321:
5320:
5319:
5318:
5305:
5304:
5303:
5302:
5297:
5283:
5282:
5281:
5280:
5275:
5262:
5260:
5251:
5245:
5244:
5230:
5228:
5227:
5220:
5213:
5205:
5199:
5198:
5186:
5185:External links
5183:
5180:
5179:
5144:
5092:
5065:(4): 697–709.
5046:
5017:(2): 227–230.
4997:
4935:
4886:
4851:
4808:
4741:
4718:
4682:
4663:
4637:
4593:
4544:
4485:
4455:
4437:
4430:
4397:
4376:
4355:
4332:
4302:(4617): 1273.
4286:
4237:
4194:
4145:
4126:(4): 1075–92.
4109:
4066:
4039:(3): 326–329.
4023:
4012:
3985:
3949:
3900:
3849:
3800:
3791:
3733:
3692:
3657:
3616:
3575:
3557:Medicine Quest
3537:
3498:(10): 688–91.
3455:
3426:(9): 931–938.
3406:
3359:
3310:
3264:
3199:
3170:(10): 3680–7.
3139:
3096:
3038:
2986:
2979:
2953:
2924:
2906:
2885:(5): 334–336.
2865:
2834:
2798:(2): 481–508.
2775:
2754:(26): 1841–5.
2734:
2699:
2678:(5): 495–510.
2658:
2615:
2581:
2556:
2526:
2498:
2470:
2459:
2439:
2379:
2349:
2323:
2306:"Cyclosporine"
2288:
2281:
2250:
2224:
2212:. 25 July 2024
2206:"Vevizye EPAR"
2190:
2160:
2130:
2095:
2060:
2023:
1995:
1965:
1935:
1906:
1865:
1830:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1778:
1777:Veterinary use
1775:
1767:
1756:
1737:
1726:
1710:
1707:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1612:
1609:
1581:
1578:
1571:(CHMP) of the
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1496:
1493:
1456:
1453:
1344:
1341:
1314:
1311:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1136:
1133:
1050:
1047:
986:may result in
927:. It is taken
904:
903:
886:
885:
883:
882:
879:
877:
874:
866:
865:
864:
861:
860:
858:
857:
854:
846:
845:
844:
841:
840:
838:
837:
829:
827:
819:
818:
808:
802:
801:
798:
792:
786:
780:
775:
769:
768:
764:
763:
753:
745:
744:
742:
741:
728:
726:
713:
712:
710:
709:
693:
691:
685:
684:
682:
681:
673:
671:
665:
664:
662:
661:
653:
651:
645:
644:
642:
641:
633:
631:
625:
624:
622:
621:
613:
611:
605:
604:
602:
601:
593:
591:
585:
584:
582:
581:
573:
571:
565:
564:
562:
561:
553:
551:
545:
544:
542:
541:
533:
531:
520:
519:
517:
516:
508:
506:
500:
499:
497:
496:
453:
445:
444:
443:
440:
439:
435:
434:
429:
423:
422:
419:
410:
409:
401:
395:
394:
391:
385:
384:
377:
376:
374:
373:
370:
361:
346:
333:
322:
308:
306:
300:
299:
295:
294:
292:
291:
268:
266:
260:
259:
254:
248:
247:
237:
235:administration
229:
228:
226:
225:
223:
213:
211:
203:
202:
200:
199:
181:
179:
173:
172:
165:
159:
158:
151:
141:
140:
128:
124:
123:
120:
114:
113:
64:
60:
59:
55:
54:
46:
45:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6742:
6731:
6728:
6726:
6723:
6721:
6718:
6716:
6713:
6711:
6708:
6706:
6703:
6701:
6698:
6696:
6693:
6691:
6688:
6686:
6683:
6681:
6678:
6676:
6673:
6672:
6670:
6660:
6650:
6646:
6633:
6630:
6628:
6625:
6623:
6622:Tildrakizumab
6620:
6618:
6615:
6613:
6610:
6608:
6605:
6603:
6600:
6598:
6595:
6593:
6590:
6588:
6585:
6583:
6580:
6578:
6575:
6573:
6570:
6568:
6565:
6563:
6560:
6558:
6555:
6553:
6552:Pegcetacoplan
6550:
6548:
6545:
6543:
6540:
6538:
6535:
6533:
6530:
6528:
6525:
6523:
6520:
6518:
6515:
6513:
6510:
6508:
6505:
6503:
6500:
6498:
6495:
6492:
6488:
6485:
6483:
6480:
6478:
6475:
6473:
6470:
6468:
6465:
6463:
6462:Darvadstrocel
6460:
6458:
6455:
6453:
6450:
6448:
6445:
6443:
6440:
6438:
6435:
6433:
6430:
6428:
6425:
6423:
6420:
6418:
6415:
6414:
6412:
6408:
6398:
6395:
6393:
6390:
6388:
6385:
6381:
6378:
6376:
6373:
6372:
6371:
6370:
6369:TNF inhibitor
6366:
6362:
6359:
6357:
6354:
6353:
6352:
6351:
6347:
6346:
6344:
6341:
6336:
6326:
6323:
6321:
6318:
6317:
6315:
6313:
6309:
6299:
6296:
6294:
6291:
6289:
6286:
6284:
6281:
6279:
6276:
6274:
6271:
6269:
6266:
6264:
6261:
6259:
6256:
6254:
6251:
6249:
6246:
6244:
6241:
6239:
6236:
6234:
6231:
6229:
6226:
6224:
6221:
6219:
6216:
6214:
6211:
6209:
6206:
6204:
6201:
6200:
6198:
6194:
6187:
6183:
6182:
6178:
6177:
6172:
6169:
6167:
6164:
6162:
6159:
6158:
6157:
6156:
6152:
6151:
6146:
6143:
6142:
6141:
6140:
6136:
6132:
6129:
6128:
6127:
6126:
6122:
6118:
6115:
6113:
6110:
6109:
6108:
6107:
6103:
6099:
6096:
6094:
6091:
6089:
6086:
6085:
6084:
6083:
6079:
6075:
6072:
6071:
6070:
6067:
6066:
6061:
6058:
6056:
6053:
6052:
6051:
6050:
6046:
6042:
6039:
6038:
6037:
6036:
6035:CD147/Basigin
6032:
6028:
6025:
6024:
6023:
6022:
6018:
6014:
6011:
6010:
6009:
6008:
6004:
6000:
5997:
5995:
5992:
5991:
5990:
5989:
5985:
5981:
5978:
5976:
5973:
5972:
5971:
5970:
5966:
5962:
5959:
5957:
5954:
5952:
5949:
5946:
5942:
5939:
5937:
5934:
5933:
5932:
5931:
5927:
5923:
5920:
5919:
5918:
5917:
5913:
5909:
5906:
5905:
5904:
5903:
5899:
5895:
5892:
5890:
5887:
5885:
5882:
5881:
5880:
5879:
5875:
5871:
5868:
5866:
5863:
5861:
5858:
5856:
5855:Muromonab-CD3
5853:
5852:
5851:
5850:
5846:
5845:
5843:
5837:
5829:
5826:
5825:
5824:
5823:
5819:
5818:
5813:
5810:
5808:
5805:
5804:
5803:
5802:
5798:
5794:
5790:
5789:
5784:
5781:
5780:
5779:
5778:
5774:
5773:
5768:
5765:
5764:
5763:
5762:
5758:
5757:
5752:
5749:
5748:
5747:
5746:
5742:
5741:
5736:
5733:
5732:
5731:
5730:
5729:Interleukin 5
5726:
5725:
5720:
5717:
5715:
5712:
5710:
5709:Tildrakizumab
5707:
5705:
5702:
5700:
5697:
5695:
5692:
5690:
5687:
5685:
5682:
5680:
5677:
5675:
5672:
5670:
5667:
5665:
5662:
5660:
5657:
5655:
5652:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5642:
5640:
5637:
5635:
5632:
5630:
5627:
5625:
5622:
5620:
5617:
5615:
5612:
5611:
5610:
5609:
5605:
5604:
5599:
5596:
5594:
5591:
5589:
5586:
5584:
5581:
5579:
5576:
5574:
5571:
5570:
5569:
5568:
5564:
5563:
5558:
5555:
5554:
5553:
5552:
5548:
5547:
5545:
5543:(noncellular)
5539:
5536:
5534:
5530:
5527:
5525:
5521:
5518:
5516:Extracellular
5514:
5504:
5501:
5499:
5496:
5494:
5491:
5489:
5486:
5484:
5483:Ridaforolimus
5481:
5479:
5476:
5475:
5473:
5471:
5467:
5461:
5458:
5457:
5455:
5453:
5449:
5446:
5442:Intracellular
5440:
5428:
5425:
5424:
5423:
5422:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5402:
5400:
5398:
5394:
5388:
5385:
5383:
5380:
5379:
5374:
5371:
5369:
5366:
5364:
5361:
5359:
5356:
5355:
5354:
5353:
5349:
5345:
5341:
5340:
5338:
5335:
5329:
5325:
5317:
5314:
5313:
5312:
5311:
5307:
5306:
5301:
5300:Teriflunomide
5298:
5296:
5293:
5292:
5290:
5289:
5285:
5284:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5270:
5269:
5268:
5264:
5263:
5261:
5259:
5255:
5252:
5248:Intracellular
5246:
5241:
5237:
5233:
5226:
5221:
5219:
5214:
5212:
5207:
5206:
5203:
5196:
5192:
5189:
5188:
5184:
5175:
5171:
5167:
5163:
5160:(1): 153–71.
5159:
5155:
5148:
5145:
5140:
5136:
5131:
5126:
5122:
5118:
5114:
5110:
5106:
5099:
5097:
5093:
5088:
5084:
5080:
5076:
5072:
5068:
5064:
5060:
5053:
5051:
5047:
5042:
5038:
5033:
5028:
5024:
5020:
5016:
5012:
5008:
5001:
4998:
4993:
4989:
4984:
4979:
4974:
4969:
4965:
4961:
4957:
4953:
4949:
4942:
4940:
4936:
4931:
4927:
4922:
4917:
4913:
4909:
4905:
4901:
4897:
4890:
4887:
4882:
4878:
4874:
4870:
4867:(4): 469–71.
4866:
4862:
4855:
4852:
4847:
4843:
4839:
4835:
4831:
4827:
4823:
4819:
4812:
4809:
4793:
4789:
4785:
4780:
4775:
4771:
4767:
4763:
4759:
4752:
4745:
4742:
4737:
4733:
4732:neurovive.com
4729:
4722:
4719:
4714:
4710:
4706:
4702:
4699:(3): 758–64.
4698:
4694:
4686:
4683:
4679:
4675:
4674:
4667:
4664:
4651:
4647:
4641:
4638:
4622:
4618:
4614:
4610:
4603:
4597:
4594:
4589:
4583:
4575:
4571:
4567:
4563:
4559:
4555:
4548:
4545:
4532:
4528:
4524:
4520:
4516:
4512:
4508:
4505:(8): 937–51.
4504:
4500:
4496:
4489:
4486:
4473:
4469:
4465:
4459:
4456:
4452:
4447:
4441:
4438:
4433:
4427:
4423:
4419:
4415:
4414:
4406:
4404:
4402:
4398:
4394:
4390:
4386:
4380:
4377:
4373:
4369:
4365:
4359:
4356:
4351:
4347:
4343:
4336:
4333:
4329:
4325:
4321:
4317:
4313:
4309:
4305:
4301:
4297:
4290:
4287:
4282:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4264:
4260:
4256:
4252:
4248:
4241:
4238:
4233:
4229:
4225:
4221:
4217:
4213:
4209:
4205:
4198:
4195:
4190:
4186:
4182:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4164:
4160:
4156:
4149:
4146:
4141:
4137:
4133:
4129:
4125:
4122:(in German).
4121:
4113:
4110:
4105:
4101:
4097:
4093:
4089:
4085:
4082:(4): 468–75.
4081:
4077:
4070:
4067:
4062:
4058:
4054:
4050:
4046:
4042:
4038:
4034:
4027:
4024:
4019:
4015:
4009:
4005:
4001:
3994:
3992:
3990:
3986:
3981:
3977:
3973:
3969:
3965:
3961:
3953:
3950:
3945:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3927:
3923:
3919:
3915:
3911:
3904:
3901:
3896:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3868:
3864:
3863:PLOS Genetics
3860:
3853:
3850:
3845:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3827:
3823:
3819:
3815:
3811:
3804:
3801:
3795:
3792:
3787:
3783:
3779:
3775:
3771:
3767:
3763:
3759:
3756:(4): 285–93.
3755:
3751:
3744:
3737:
3734:
3729:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3712:(4): 2841–6.
3711:
3707:
3703:
3696:
3693:
3688:
3684:
3680:
3676:
3672:
3668:
3661:
3658:
3653:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3635:
3631:
3627:
3620:
3617:
3612:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3594:
3590:
3586:
3579:
3576:
3572:
3571:
3566:
3562:
3558:
3554:
3550:
3547:
3540:
3534:
3530:
3525:
3524:
3513:
3509:
3505:
3501:
3497:
3493:
3485:
3478:
3474:
3471:(12): 433–7.
3470:
3466:
3459:
3456:
3451:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3433:
3429:
3425:
3421:
3417:
3410:
3407:
3402:
3398:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3363:
3360:
3355:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3330:(3): 909–50.
3329:
3325:
3321:
3314:
3311:
3306:
3302:
3297:
3296:11392/2149014
3292:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3268:
3265:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3229:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3210:
3203:
3200:
3195:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3154:
3152:
3150:
3148:
3146:
3144:
3140:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3100:
3097:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3051:
3049:
3047:
3045:
3043:
3039:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3019:(4): 1210–5.
3018:
3014:
3007:
3005:
3003:
3001:
2999:
2997:
2995:
2993:
2991:
2987:
2982:
2976:
2972:
2967:
2966:
2957:
2954:
2941:
2937:
2936:
2928:
2925:
2922:
2918:
2915:
2910:
2907:
2902:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2869:
2866:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2838:
2835:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2786:
2779:
2776:
2771:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2738:
2735:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2703:
2700:
2695:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2662:
2659:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2619:
2616:
2603:
2599:
2597:
2591:
2585:
2582:
2570:
2566:
2560:
2557:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2530:
2527:
2521:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2502:
2499:
2493:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2474:
2471:
2466:
2462:
2456:
2452:
2451:
2443:
2440:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2393:
2386:
2384:
2380:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2353:
2350:
2337:
2333:
2327:
2324:
2311:
2307:
2301:
2299:
2297:
2295:
2293:
2289:
2284:
2282:9789241547659
2278:
2273:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2254:
2251:
2238:
2234:
2228:
2225:
2211:
2207:
2201:
2199:
2197:
2195:
2191:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2164:
2161:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2134:
2131:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2104:
2102:
2100:
2096:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2069:
2067:
2065:
2061:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2034:
2032:
2030:
2028:
2024:
2011:
2010:
2009:Health Canada
2005:
1999:
1996:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1969:
1966:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1939:
1936:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1910:
1907:
1902:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1885:(9): 1041–6.
1884:
1880:
1876:
1869:
1866:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1840:"cyclosporin"
1835:
1832:
1825:
1823:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1784:
1776:
1774:
1748:
1747:cyclophilin D
1743:
1719:
1714:
1708:
1706:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1675:
1672:
1663:
1658:
1656:
1655:dispersions.
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1633:Dexcel Pharma
1630:
1625:
1623:
1622:microemulsion
1619:
1610:
1608:
1606:
1602:
1597:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1570:
1562:
1557:
1555:
1553:
1552:Thomas Starzl
1549:
1547:
1543:
1542:Thomas Starzl
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1522:
1520:
1519:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1489:Amphichorda ~
1486:
1484:
1478:
1472:
1466:
1461:
1454:
1452:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1349:
1342:
1340:
1336:
1334:
1327:
1323:
1320:
1312:
1310:
1306:
1304:
1299:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1280:interleukin 2
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1249:
1244:
1242:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1227:
1225:
1221:
1216:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1149:peptic ulcers
1146:
1142:
1134:
1132:
1130:
1126:
1121:
1119:
1115:
1110:
1109:dysfunction.
1108:
1104:
1100:
1097:for treating
1096:
1092:
1088:
1085:, persistent
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1048:
1046:
1044:
1036:
1032:
1031:
1027:
1022:
1020:
1019:T-lymphocytes
1016:
1012:
1008:
1005:to block the
1004:
1000:
995:
993:
992:birth defects
989:
988:preterm birth
985:
981:
977:
972:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
933:intravenously
930:
926:
923:, used as an
922:
918:
914:
910:
900:
893:
887:
878:
873:
869:
862:
853:
849:
842:
835:
831:
830:
828:
825:
820:
809:
807:
803:
776:
774:
770:
765:
761:
757:
754:
752:
750:ECHA InfoCard
746:
738:
734:
733:DTXSID0020365
730:
729:
727:
718:
714:
706:
705:RCSB PDB
700:
695:
694:
692:
690:
686:
679:
675:
674:
672:
670:
666:
659:
655:
654:
652:
650:
646:
639:
635:
634:
632:
630:
626:
619:
615:
614:
612:
610:
606:
599:
595:
594:
592:
590:
586:
579:
575:
574:
572:
570:
566:
559:
555:
554:
552:
550:
546:
539:
535:
534:
532:
525:
521:
514:
510:
509:
507:
505:
501:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
452:
448:
441:
436:
433:
430:
428:
424:
420:
418:
411:
408:
405:
402:
400:
396:
392:
390:
386:
382:
378:
371:
369: Rx-only
362:
359:
347:
344:
334:
332:
323:
320:
310:
309:
307:
305:
301:
296:
288:
283:
278:
273:
270:
269:
267:
265:
261:
258:
255:
253:
249:
245:
241:
238:
236:
230:
224:
215:
214:
212:
210:
204:
197:
192:
183:
182:
180:
178:
174:
170:
166:
164:
160:
156:
152:
150:
146:
142:
133:
129:
125:
121:
119:
115:
109:
65:
63:Pronunciation
61:
58:Clinical data
56:
52:
47:
43:
38:
30:
26:
25:cephalosporin
22:
6720:Orphan drugs
6705:Nephrotoxins
6632:Upadacitinib
6592:Satralizumab
6577:Ritlecitinib
6572:Risankizumab
6367:
6348:
6288:Teprotumumab
6238:Inebilizumab
6233:Fontolizumab
6213:Atorolimumab
6181:T-lymphocyte
6179:
6153:
6137:
6123:
6104:
6093:Lerdelimumab
6088:Bertilimumab
6080:
6068:
6047:
6033:
6019:
6005:
5986:
5967:
5951:Pascolizumab
5936:Obinutuzumab
5928:
5914:
5900:
5884:Clenoliximab
5876:
5860:Otelixizumab
5847:
5820:
5807:Lebrikizumab
5791:
5775:
5759:
5743:
5727:
5684:Satralizumab
5674:Risankizumab
5606:
5565:
5549:
5541:Serum target
5493:Temsirolimus
5419:
5410:Pomalidomide
5405:Lenalidomide
5363:Pimecrolimus
5357:
5342:
5316:Methotrexate
5308:
5286:
5273:Azathioprine
5265:
5250:(initiation)
5191:Cyclosporine
5157:
5153:
5147:
5112:
5108:
5062:
5058:
5014:
5010:
5000:
4955:
4951:
4906:(2): 311–8.
4903:
4899:
4889:
4864:
4860:
4854:
4824:(2): 631–7.
4821:
4817:
4811:
4799:. Retrieved
4764:(1): 25–34.
4761:
4757:
4744:
4731:
4721:
4696:
4692:
4685:
4671:
4666:
4654:. Retrieved
4640:
4628:. Retrieved
4608:
4596:
4582:cite journal
4557:
4553:
4547:
4535:. Retrieved
4502:
4498:
4488:
4476:. Retrieved
4472:the original
4467:
4458:
4449:
4440:
4412:
4392:
4379:
4371:
4358:
4345:
4335:
4327:
4299:
4295:
4289:
4257:(5): 266–9.
4254:
4250:
4240:
4207:
4203:
4197:
4162:
4158:
4148:
4123:
4119:
4112:
4079:
4075:
4069:
4036:
4032:
4026:
4003:
3966:(2): 55–65.
3963:
3959:
3952:
3917:
3913:
3903:
3866:
3862:
3852:
3817:
3813:
3803:
3794:
3753:
3749:
3736:
3709:
3705:
3695:
3670:
3666:
3660:
3636:(2): 225–9.
3633:
3629:
3619:
3595:(3): 292–6.
3592:
3588:
3578:
3568:
3556:
3522:
3495:
3491:
3468:
3464:
3458:
3423:
3419:
3409:
3376:
3372:
3362:
3327:
3323:
3313:
3278:
3274:
3267:
3255:. Retrieved
3222:(1): 50–70.
3219:
3215:
3202:
3167:
3163:
3109:
3105:
3099:
3067:(6): 713–8.
3064:
3060:
3016:
3012:
2964:
2956:
2944:. Retrieved
2934:
2927:
2909:
2882:
2878:
2868:
2843:
2837:
2825:. Retrieved
2795:
2791:
2778:
2751:
2747:
2737:
2715:(1): 30–36.
2712:
2708:
2702:
2675:
2671:
2661:
2628:
2624:
2618:
2606:. Retrieved
2593:
2584:
2572:. Retrieved
2568:
2559:
2547:. Retrieved
2538:
2529:
2520:10665/345533
2510:
2501:
2492:10665/325771
2482:
2473:
2450:Rheumatology
2449:
2442:
2430:. Retrieved
2423:the original
2402:
2398:
2370:. Retrieved
2361:
2352:
2340:. Retrieved
2326:
2314:. Retrieved
2262:
2253:
2243:27 September
2241:. Retrieved
2236:
2233:"Vevizye PI"
2227:
2214:. Retrieved
2209:
2181:. Retrieved
2172:
2163:
2151:. Retrieved
2142:
2133:
2121:. Retrieved
2112:
2086:. Retrieved
2077:
2051:. Retrieved
2042:
2014:. Retrieved
2007:
1998:
1986:. Retrieved
1977:
1968:
1956:. Retrieved
1947:
1938:
1926:. Retrieved
1918:
1909:
1882:
1878:
1868:
1856:. Retrieved
1848:Random House
1843:
1834:
1780:
1744:
1715:
1712:
1691:brain damage
1676:
1667:
1626:
1614:
1598:
1593:
1589:
1583:
1566:
1563:Legal status
1550:
1523:
1516:
1498:
1488:
1481:
1459:
1458:
1455:Gene cluster
1375:domain. The
1354:
1343:Biosynthesis
1337:
1316:
1307:
1300:
1253:
1245:Pharmacology
1228:
1217:
1201:hyperkalemia
1153:pancreatitis
1138:
1135:Side effects
1122:
1111:
1052:
1049:Medical uses
1028:
1023:
1009:activity of
996:
973:
971:(dry eyes).
916:
913:cyclosporine
912:
908:
907:
896:
890:
696:PRD_000142 (
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
414:Elimination
304:Legal status
298:Legal status
196:Cyclosporine
177:License data
29:
6627:Tofacitinib
6567:Ravulizumab
6557:Pirfenidone
6547:Peficitinib
6447:Canakinumab
6437:Briakinumab
6427:Bimekizumab
6422:Baricitinib
6387:Aflibercept
6298:Vepalimomab
6293:Vapaliximab
6268:Rovelizumab
6258:Pexelizumab
6248:Morolimumab
6223:Cedelizumab
6208:Anifrolumab
6203:Alemtuzumab
6161:Basiliximab
6131:Tocilizumab
6117:Vedolizumab
6112:Natalizumab
6098:Metelimumab
6041:Gavilimomab
5999:Toralizumab
5994:Teneliximab
5980:Lumiliximab
5975:Gomiliximab
5961:Ublituximab
5941:Ocrelizumab
5894:Zanolimumab
5870:Visilizumab
5828:Secukinumab
5812:Ustekinumab
5783:Elsilimomab
5767:Faralimomab
5735:Mepolizumab
5719:Ustekinumab
5714:Tocilizumab
5689:Secukinumab
5639:Canakinumab
5629:Briakinumab
5624:Bimekizumab
5619:Basiliximab
5608:Interleukin
5598:Nerelimomab
5503:Zotarolimus
5444:(reception)
5415:Thalidomide
5373:Voclosporin
5358:Ciclosporin
5352:Calcineurin
5348:Cyclophilin
5295:Leflunomide
5291:inhibitors
5115:(1): 1–20.
4673:NCT01287078
2946:23 February
2935:Ciclosporin
2372:20 December
2272:10665/44053
2183:27 February
1699:head injury
1513:Switzerland
1381:amino acids
1377:adenylation
1361:adenylation
1333:-amino acid
1326:amino acids
1276:calcineurin
1272:lymphocytes
1268:cyclophilin
1260:calcineurin
1145:convulsions
1011:calcineurin
1007:phosphatase
1003:cyclophilin
999:lymphocytes
959:to prevent
917:cyclosporin
909:Ciclosporin
817: g·mol
756:100.119.569
438:Identifiers
244:intravenous
163:MedlinePlus
127:Other names
118:Trade names
34:Ciclosporin
6669:Categories
6617:Sutimlimab
6612:Spesolimab
6597:Siltuximab
6537:Olokizumab
6527:Ixekizumab
6522:Itacitinib
6512:Guselkumab
6507:Fingolimod
6502:Filgotinib
6452:Crovalimab
6442:Brodalumab
6432:Blisibimod
6397:Rilonacept
6380:Opinercept
6375:Etanercept
6361:Belatacept
6312:Polyclonal
6273:Siplizumab
6263:Reslizumab
6253:Ofatumumab
6243:Maslimomab
6228:Emapalumab
6171:Inolimomab
6166:Daclizumab
6145:Odulimomab
6060:Ruplizumab
6055:Frexalimab
6013:Aselizumab
5908:Efalizumab
5865:Teplizumab
5761:Interferon
5751:Omalizumab
5704:Spesolimab
5694:Siltuximab
5669:Rilonacept
5664:Olokizumab
5654:Ixekizumab
5649:Guselkumab
5644:Daclizumab
5634:Brodalumab
5593:Infliximab
5578:Afelimomab
5573:Adalimumab
5557:Eculizumab
5533:Monoclonal
5524:Antibodies
5498:Umirolimus
5478:Everolimus
5427:Apremilast
5387:Gusperimus
5368:Tacrolimus
5336:inhibitors
5328:Macrolides
5310:antifolate
4801:26 October
4648:. Santen.
4630:24 October
4560:(1): 5–8.
4478:24 October
4204:The Lancet
3281:: 142–53.
2608:3 February
2574:14 January
2549:14 January
2342:8 December
2316:8 December
2123:3 February
2088:3 February
2053:3 February
1928:22 October
1826:References
1689:to reduce
1534:R.Y. Calne
1477:ATQ39432.1
1471:CAA02484.1
1423:through a
1417:amino acid
1407:, 4-methyl
1367:domain, a
1365:thiolation
1363:domain, a
1298:activity.
1296:cytostatic
1284:calmodulin
1213:infections
1101:caused by
1089:following
822:3D model (
806:Molar mass
689:PDB ligand
658:CHEBI:4031
618:83HN0GTJ6D
589:ChemSpider
549:IUPHAR/BPS
513:59865-13-3
504:CAS Number
447:IUPAC name
399:Metabolism
252:Drug class
6607:Sirukumab
6602:Siponimod
6587:Sarilumab
6562:Ponesimod
6532:Netakimab
6517:Iptacopan
6497:Etrasimod
6457:Danicopan
6392:Alefacept
6356:Abatacept
6278:Talizumab
6218:Begelomab
6074:Belimumab
6027:Galiximab
5956:Rituximab
5922:Erlizumab
5889:Keliximab
5699:Sirukumab
5679:Sarilumab
5659:Netakimab
5588:Golimumab
5488:Sirolimus
4646:"Ikervis"
3570:Cordyceps
2362:Drugs.com
2169:"Ikervis"
2153:29 August
1788:Optimmune
1671:cremophor
1483:Beauveria
1425:thioester
1413:D-alanine
1409:threonine
1371:, and an
1197:potassium
1189:itchiness
1169:confusion
1095:eye drops
1093:, and as
1083:psoriasis
1055:indicated
984:pregnancy
965:eye drops
961:rejection
955:, and in
941:psoriasis
678:ChEMBL160
432:Bile duct
427:Excretion
416:half-life
233:Routes of
207:Pregnancy
155:Monograph
149:Drugs.com
6659:Medicine
6542:Ozanimod
6417:Avacopan
6410:Unsorted
6196:Unsorted
6106:Integrin
5839:Cellular
5614:Anakinra
5460:Anakinra
5382:Abetimus
5234: /
5174:23182330
5139:24341787
5087:10904494
5079:10756124
5041:20798784
4930:21142667
4846:25190221
4838:10686082
4792:Archived
4788:23179472
4736:Archived
4713:18656538
4650:Archived
4621:Archived
4617:Novartis
4602:"Neoral"
4531:Archived
4527:28468973
4519:22663249
4451:avoided.
4389:Archived
4368:Archived
4350:Archived
4324:17776314
4232:10731038
4189:24662504
4181:11584691
4061:39502677
4053:23331048
4018:Archived
3980:23219598
3944:29396588
3895:23818858
3844:30279281
3786:33075098
3778:11685373
3687:25497210
3561:mycology
3549:Archived
3512:15896681
3477:12422576
3450:18724379
3401:35867347
3393:16086641
3354:24987008
3305:25172387
3257:2 August
3248:Archived
3244:54470812
3236:30527591
3194:20890047
3083:12453541
3033:15194495
2940:Archived
2917:Archived
2860:20091657
2827:20 April
2818:Archived
2814:19218475
2694:36949024
2645:11130165
2602:Archived
2569:ClinCalc
2543:Archived
2539:ClinCalc
2509:(2021).
2481:(2019).
2465:Archived
2419:10878286
2366:Archived
2336:Archived
2310:Archived
2177:Archived
2147:Archived
2143:DailyMed
2117:Archived
2113:DailyMed
2082:Archived
2078:DailyMed
2047:Archived
2043:DailyMed
2016:25 March
1982:Archived
1952:Archived
1852:Archived
1792:Intervet
1659:Research
1653:liposome
1637:emulsion
1618:Novartis
1505:Novartis
1185:tingling
1181:numbness
1165:diarrhea
1161:vomiting
1129:steroids
1099:dry eyes
980:lymphoma
899:(verify)
569:DrugBank
393:variable
264:ATC code
209:category
191:DailyMed
6338:-cept (
5130:4895546
5032:2927837
4992:9811897
4960:Bibcode
4921:3037811
4881:8719269
4779:3586182
4615:(FDA);
4574:9157923
4537:4 March
4304:Bibcode
4296:Science
4281:7017414
4272:2772056
4104:2862779
3935:5942556
3886:3688495
3835:6168864
3758:Bibcode
3728:8300618
3652:2137384
3611:2568911
3602:3154783
3441:4109287
3345:4101632
3185:2947235
3134:6238408
3114:Bibcode
3106:Science
3091:9181082
2901:2296276
2770:8196726
2729:1411580
2432:4 March
2216:27 July
1901:7074504
1892:1863293
1858:13 July
1850:. n.d.
1544:at the
1495:History
1401:glycine
1397:alanine
1393:leucine
1322:peptide
1262:in the
1256:T-cells
919:, is a
773:Formula
598:4447449
578:DB00091
538:5284373
524:PubChem
360:Rx-only
357:WARNING
329::
284: (
282:S01XA18
280:)
274: (
272:L04AD01
222: C
193::
169:a601207
6645:Portal
6350:CTLA-4
6340:Fusion
5841:target
5822:IL-17A
5799:, and
5332:other
5197:(MeSH)
5172:
5137:
5127:
5085:
5077:
5039:
5029:
4990:
4980:
4928:
4918:
4879:
4844:
4836:
4786:
4776:
4711:
4656:3 July
4572:
4525:
4517:
4428:
4322:
4279:
4269:
4230:
4222:
4187:
4179:
4140:950308
4138:
4102:
4094:
4059:
4051:
4010:
3978:
3942:
3932:
3893:
3883:
3842:
3832:
3784:
3776:
3726:
3685:
3650:
3609:
3599:
3535:
3531:–299.
3510:
3475:
3448:
3438:
3399:
3391:
3352:
3342:
3303:
3242:
3234:
3192:
3182:
3132:
3089:
3081:
3031:
2977:
2899:
2858:
2812:
2768:
2727:
2692:
2653:399211
2651:
2643:
2457:
2417:
2279:
1988:7 June
1958:7 June
1899:
1889:
1629:Abbott
1501:Sandoz
1485:felina
1465:Q09164
1433:enzyme
1411:, and
1389:valine
1324:of 11
1319:cyclic
1205:kidney
1073:, and
1067:kidney
1039:
1026:fungus
953:eczema
929:orally
848:SMILES
669:ChEMBL
638:D00184
407:CYP3A4
354:
341:
331:℞-only
317:
189:
112:
6139:LFA-1
6049:CD154
5902:CD11a
5801:IL-23
5797:IL-13
5793:IL-12
5397:IMiDs
5083:S2CID
4983:24952
4842:S2CID
4795:(PDF)
4754:(PDF)
4624:(PDF)
4605:(PDF)
4523:S2CID
4228:S2CID
4224:82836
4185:S2CID
4100:S2CID
4057:S2CID
3820:(5).
3782:S2CID
3746:(PDF)
3565:found
3397:S2CID
3251:(PDF)
3240:S2CID
3212:(PDF)
3087:S2CID
2821:(PDF)
2788:(PDF)
2649:S2CID
2598:(FDA)
2594:U.S.
2426:(PDF)
2395:(PDF)
1796:Merck
1580:Names
1538:liver
1509:Basel
1507:) in
1503:(now
1288:NF-AT
1209:liver
1157:fever
1071:heart
868:InChI
824:JSmol
649:ChEBI
404:Liver
6069:BLyS
6021:CD80
5988:CD40
5969:CD23
5930:CD20
5916:CD18
5777:IL-6
5470:mTOR
5344:FKBP
5334:IL-2
5170:PMID
5135:PMID
5075:PMID
5037:PMID
4988:PMID
4926:PMID
4877:PMID
4834:PMID
4803:2018
4784:PMID
4709:PMID
4658:2018
4632:2022
4588:link
4570:PMID
4539:2018
4515:PMID
4480:2022
4426:ISBN
4320:PMID
4277:PMID
4220:PMID
4177:PMID
4136:PMID
4096:8969
4092:PMID
4049:PMID
4008:ISBN
3976:PMID
3940:PMID
3891:PMID
3840:PMID
3814:mBio
3774:PMID
3724:PMID
3683:PMID
3671:1850
3648:PMID
3607:PMID
3533:ISBN
3508:PMID
3473:PMID
3446:PMID
3389:PMID
3350:PMID
3301:PMID
3259:2021
3232:PMID
3190:PMID
3130:PMID
3079:PMID
3029:PMID
2975:ISBN
2948:2018
2897:PMID
2856:PMID
2829:2018
2810:PMID
2766:PMID
2725:PMID
2690:PMID
2641:PMID
2610:2022
2576:2024
2551:2024
2455:ISBN
2434:2018
2415:PMID
2374:2016
2344:2016
2318:2016
2277:ISBN
2245:2024
2218:2024
2185:2023
2155:2023
2125:2022
2090:2022
2055:2022
2018:2024
1990:2022
1960:2022
1930:2023
1897:PMID
1860:2011
1701:and
1651:and
1487:(or
1395:, L-
1391:, L-
1237:and
1224:gout
1207:and
1183:and
1105:and
1081:and
967:for
935:for
931:or
915:and
815:.635
699:PDBe
629:KEGG
609:UNII
558:1024
383:data
240:Oral
145:AHFS
132:USAN
6082:CAT
5878:CD4
5849:CD3
5567:TNF
5240:L04
5162:doi
5125:PMC
5117:doi
5067:doi
5027:PMC
5019:doi
4978:PMC
4968:doi
4916:PMC
4908:doi
4869:doi
4865:155
4826:doi
4822:161
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