Circus - Knowledge (XXG)

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movement, often termed 'new circus' or 'cirque nouveau', have tended to favour a theatrical approach, combining character-driven circus acts with original music in a broad variety of styles to convey complex themes or stories. Since the 1990s, a more avant garde approach to presenting traditional circus techniques or 'disciplines' in ways that align more closely to performance art, dance or visual arts has been given the name 'contemporary circus'. This labelling can cause confusion based upon the other use of the phrase contemporary circus to mean 'circus of today'. For this reason, some commentators have begun using the term 21st Century Circus to encompass all the various styles available in the present day. 21st Century Circus continues to develop new variations on the circus tradition while absorbing new skills, techniques, and stylistic influences from other art forms and technological developments. For aesthetic or economic reasons, 21st Century Circus productions may often be staged in theatres rather than in large outdoor tents.

4601:... Ringling had become the target of animal protection groups that claimed it mistreated its elephants, and the two sides soon locked in a 14-year legal battle so cutthroat it involved secret informants paid by animal groups and a former CIA official who was paid by Ringling's parent company, Feld Entertainment, to spy on activists and a journalist. The litigation ended with several animal groups paying a $ 16 million settlement to Feld. While the animal activists never prevailed against Ringling in court, they were victorious outside. The allegations of elephant abuse prompted municipalities around the country to ban elephant bullhooks — a sharp metal tool used by handlers — or to prohibit wild animal performances altogether, as Los Angeles recently moved to do. After Ringling retired its last pachyderms to a company-owned elephant conservation center in Florida, ticket sales declined much more than Feld expected, and the company announced in January that Ringling would close for good. 1173:. Performers have been traditionally referred to as artistes, although in recent years the term artists has also come into regular use. To some performers from multi-generational circus families, the term artiste is still preferred as it is considered to confer higher status than artist. Conversely, some performers from the circus school training route taken by many of the newer generations prefer the term artist as it is considered to be less pretentious than artiste. The physical and creative skills that circus artist/es perform are known as disciplines, and are often grouped for training purposes into the broad categories of juggling, equilibristics, acrobatics, aerial and clowning. These disciplines can be honed into individual acts, which can be performed independently and marketed to many different prospective circus employers, and also used for devising solo or collaborative work created specifically for a single project. 2286:

Mexico, the Netherlands, Norway, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Poland, Portugal, Singapore, Slovenia, Sweden, Switzerland, and Turkey. Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Germany, Spain, the United Kingdom, and the United States, have locally restricted or banned the use of animals in entertainment. In response to a growing popular concern about the use of animals in entertainment, animal-free circuses are becoming more common around the world. In 2009, Bolivia passed legislation banning the use of any animals, wild or domestic, in circuses. The law states that circuses "constitute an act of cruelty." Circus operators had one year from the bill's passage on 1 July 2009 to comply. In 2018 in Germany, an accident with an elephant during a circus performance prompted calls to ban animal performances in circuses. PETA called the German politicians to outlaw the keeping of animals for circuses.

439: 668:, who was born 1742 in Newcastle-under-Lyme, England. He became a cavalry officer who set up the first modern amphitheatre for the display of horse riding tricks in Lambeth, London, on 4 April 1768. Astley did not originate trick horse riding, nor was he first to introduce acts such as acrobats and clowns to the English public, but he was the first to create a space where all these acts were brought together to perform a show. Astley rode in a circle rather than a straight line as his rivals did, and thus chanced on the format of performing in a circle. Astley performed stunts in a 42 ft diameter ring, which is the standard size used by circuses ever since. Astley referred to the performance arena as a circle and the building as an amphitheatre; these would later be known as a circus. In 1770, Astley hired 308:(often wooden) were built with various types of seating, a centre ring, and sometimes a stage. The traditional large tents commonly known as "big tops" were introduced in the mid-19th century as touring circuses superseded static venues. These tents eventually became the most common venue. Contemporary circus is performed in a variety of venues including tents, theatres, casinos, cruise ships and open-air spaces. Many circus performances are still held in a ring, usually 13 m (43 ft) in diameter. This dimension was adopted by Astley in the late 18th century as the minimum diameter that enabled an acrobatic horse rider to stand upright on a cantering horse to perform their tricks. 780: 684: 2278: 2224:, having reviewed information from experts representing both the circus industry and animal welfare, found an absence of "scientific evidence sufficient to demonstrate that travelling circuses are not compatible with meeting the welfare needs of any type of non-domesticated animal presently being used in the United Kingdom." According to that group's report, published in October 2007, "there appears to be little evidence to demonstrate that the welfare of animals kept in travelling circuses is any better or any worse than that of animals kept in other captive environments." 867:, who is noteworthy as Britain's only black circus proprietor and who operated one of the most celebrated travelling circuses in Victorian England, erected temporary structures for his limited engagements or retrofitted existing structures. One such structure in Leeds, which Fanque assumed from a departing circus, collapsed, resulting in minor injuries to many but the death of Fanque's wife. Traveling circus companies also rented the land they set up their structures on sometimes causing damage to the local ecosystems. Three important circus innovators were the Italian 767: 644: 473:, although circuses served varying purposes and differed in design and construction, and for events that involved re-enactments of naval battles, the circus was flooded with water; however, the Roman circus buildings were not circular but rectangular with semi circular ends. The lower seats were reserved for persons of rank; there were also various state boxes for the giver of the games and his friends. The circus was the only public spectacle at which men and women were not separated. Some circus historians such as 1473: 56: 1661: 1450: 655: 883: 2035: 2153:

shock device, known as a hot shot or electric prod, on an elephant, which Feld also stated was appropriate practice. Feld denied that any of these practices harm elephants. In its January 2010 verdict on the case, brought against Feld Entertainment International by the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals et al., the Court ruled that evidence against the circus company was "not credible with regard to the allegations". In lieu of a

1991: 839: 735: 2372: 1016:) is a performing arts movement that originated in the 1970s in Australia, Canada, France, the West Coast of the United States, and the United Kingdom. New Circus combines traditional circus skills and theatrical techniques to convey a story or theme. Compared with the traditional circus, this genre of circus tends to focus more attention on the overall aesthetic impact, on character and story development, and on the use of 2043: 5897: 1188: 906: 2602: 4578:

the show's demise; the elephants' departure ultimately expedited what was a 'difficult business decision'. 'Ringling Bros. ticket sales have been declining, but following the transition of the elephants off the road, we saw an even more dramatic drop', Kenneth Feld said in a statement Saturday. 'This, coupled with high operating costs, made the circus an unsustainable business for the company.'

2535: 2364: 1462: 531: 2384: 951: 1605: 405: 989: 879:, whose early travelling circuses introduced the circus to Latin America, Australia, Southeast Asia, China, South Africa, and Russia. Soullier was the first circus owner to introduce Chinese acrobatics to the European circus when he returned from his travels in 1866, and Tourniaire was the first to introduce the performing art to Ranga, where it became extremely popular. 299:, England. In 1770, he hired acrobats, tightrope walkers, jugglers and a clown to fill in the pauses between the equestrian demonstrations and thus chanced on the format which was later named a "circus". Performances developed significantly over the next fifty years, with large-scale theatrical battle reenactments becoming a significant feature. The format in which a 5907: 2074:(PETA) contends that animals in circuses are frequently beaten into submission and that physical abuse has always been the method for training circus animals. It is also alleged that the animals are kept in cages that are too small and are given very little opportunity to walk around outside of their enclosure, thereby violating their right to freedom. 1126:(as a genre) tends to avoid linear narrative in favour of more suggestive, interdisciplinary approaches to abstract concepts. This includes a strong trend for developing new apparatus and movement languages based on the capacities, experience and interests of individual performers, rather than finding new ways to present traditional repertoire. 489:, in the valley between the Palatine and Aventine hills. It was constructed during the monarchy and, at first, built completely from wood. After being rebuilt several times, the final version of the Circus Maximus could seat 250,000 people; it was built of stone and measured 400m in length and 90m in width. Next in importance were the 703:, which was built as a combination of the circus, the menagerie, and the variety theatre, where wild animals such as lions and elephants from time to time appeared in the ring, and where convulsions of nature such as floods, earthquakes, and volcanic eruptions were produced with an extraordinary wealth of realistic display. 3156:, an Indian comic book superhero. According to this series, Dhruva was born and brought up in a fictional Indian circus called Jupiter Circus. When a rival circus burnt down Jupiter Circus, killing everyone in it, including Dhruva's parents, Dhruva vowed to become a crime fighter. A circus-based television series called 2667:. Other circus music includes "El Caballero", "Quality Plus", "Sunnyland Waltzes", "The Storming of El Caney", "Pahjamah", "Bull Trombone", "Big Time Boogie", "Royal Bridesmaid March", "The Baby Elephant Walk", "Liberty Bell March", "Java", Strauss's "Radetsky March", and "Pageant of Progress". A poster for 917:

From the late 19th century through the first half of the 20th century, travelling circuses were a major form of spectator entertainment in the US and attracted huge attention whenever they arrived in a city. After World War II, the popularity of the circus declined as new forms of entertainment (such

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In 2015, Ringling Bros. announced it would stop using elephants in its shows. The lumbering mammals delivered their final performances last May — dancing, spinning and standing on pedestals at the command of the ringmaster — and then were retired to a reserve in central Florida. The move exacerbated

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and James L. Hutchinson's circus and Barnum's death in 1891, his circus travelled to Europe as the Barnum & Bailey Greatest Show On Earth, where it toured from 1897 to 1902, impressing other circus owners with its large scale, its touring techniques (including the tent and circus train), and its

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As styles of performance have developed since the time of Astley, so too have the types of venue where these circuses have performed. The earliest modern circuses were performed in open-air structures with limited covered seating. From the late 18th to late 19th century, custom-made circus buildings

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engineers created the song's fairground atmosphere by assembling a sound collage of collected recordings of calliopes and fairground organs, which they cut into strips of various lengths, threw into a box, and then mixed up and edited together randomly, creating a long loop which was mixed into the

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There are nationwide bans on using some if not all animals in circuses in Austria, Belgium, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Colombia, Costa Rica, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Ecuador, El Salvador, Estonia, Finland, Greece, Hungary, India, Iran, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Malta,

2180:, an elephant named Janet (1965 – 1 February 1992) went out of control while giving a ride to a mother, her two children, and three other children. The elephant then stampeded through the circus grounds outside before being shot to death by police. Also, during a Circus International performance in 1125:

The genre of contemporary circus is largely considered to have begun in 1995 with 'Le Cri du Caméléon', an ensemble performance from the graduating class of the French circus school Le Centre National des Arts du Cirque (CNAC), directed by Joseph Nadj. In contrast to New Circus, Contemporary Circus

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have stated "these performances may have taken place in the great arenas that were called 'circuses' by the Romans, but it is a mistake to equate these places, or the entertainments presented there, with the modern circus". Others have argued that the lineage of the circus does go back to the Roman

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acknowledged that circus elephants are struck behind the ears, under the chin and on their legs with metal tipped prods, called bullhooks. Feld stated that these practices are necessary to protect circus workers. Feld also acknowledged that an elephant trainer was reprimanded for using an electric

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A shift in form has been credited with a revival of the circus tradition since the late 1970s, when a number of groups began to experiment with new circus formats and aesthetics, typically avoiding the use of animals to focus exclusively on human artistry. Circus companies and artistes within this

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studied living conditions and treatment of animals in UK circuses. All members of this group agreed that a change in the law was needed to protect circus animals. Gale told the BBC, "It's undignified and the conditions under which they are kept are woefully inadequate—the cages are too small, the

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activists. Many circuses went out of business or were forced to merge with other circus companies. Nonetheless, a good number of travelling circuses are still active in various parts of the world, ranging from small family enterprises to three-ring extravaganzas. Other companies found new ways to

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The influence of the American circus brought about a considerable change in the character of the modern circus. In arenas too large for speech to be easily audible, the traditional comic dialogue of the clown assumed a less prominent place than formerly, while the vastly increased wealth of stage

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properties relegated to the background the old-fashioned equestrian feats, which were replaced by more ambitious acrobatic performances, and by exhibitions of skill, strength, and daring, requiring the employment of immense numbers of performers, and often of complicated and expensive machinery.

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The modern and commonly held idea of a circus is of a Big Top with various acts providing entertainment therein; however, the history of circuses is more complex, with historians disagreeing on its origin, as well as revisions being done about the history due to the changing nature of historical

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to convey thematic or narrative content. Music used in the production is often composed exclusively for that production, and aesthetic influences are drawn as much from contemporary culture as from circus history. Animal acts rarely appear in new circus, in contrast to traditional circus, where

1374:. The title clown refers to the role functions and performance skills, not simply to the image of red nose and exaggerated facepaint that was popularised through 20th Century mass media. While many clowns still perform in this styling, there are also many clowns who adopt a more natural look. 1583:. Going as far back as the early eighteenth century, exotic animals were transported to North America for display, and menageries were a popular form of entertainment. The first true animals acts in the circus were equestrian acts. Soon elephants and big cats were displayed as well. 2236:

non-profit group dubbed this "a huge embarrassment for Britain that 30 other nations have taken action before us on this simple and popular measure". On 1 May 2019 Environmental Secretary Michael Gove announced a new Bill to ban the use of wild animals in travelling circuses. The

2090:. According to PETA, during an undercover investigation of Carson & Barnes Circus, video footage was captured showing animal care director Tim Frisco training endangered Asian elephants with electrical shock prods and instructing other trainers to "beat the elephants with a 2231:

repeatedly blocked the bill under the reasoning that "The EU Membership Costs and Benefits bill should have been called by the clerk before the circuses bill, so I raised a point of order". He explained that the circus bill was "at the bottom of the list" for discussion. The

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Despite the contemporary circus' shift toward more theatrical techniques and its emphasis on human rather than animal performance, traditional circus companies still exist alongside the new movement. Numerous circuses continue to maintain animal performers, including

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and a number of other animal rights groups paid a $ 16 million settlement to Feld Entertainment; however, the circus closed in May 2017 after a 146-year run when it experienced a steep decline in ticket sales a year after it discontinued its elephant act and sent its

3095:, which ran from 2003 to 2005, is also largely set in a travelling circus. The circus has also inspired many writers. Numerous books, both non-fiction and fiction, have been published about circus life. Notable examples of circus-based fiction include 508:

For some time after the fall of Rome, large circus buildings fell out of use as centres of mass entertainment. Instead, itinerant performers, animal trainers, and showmen travelled between towns throughout Europe, performing at local fairs such as the

947:, was established; performers were trained using methods developed from the Soviet gymnastics programme. When the Moscow State Circus company began international tours in the 1950s, its levels of originality and artistic skill were widely applauded. 2058:

passed a law banning the use of animals in any circus in the country. The law set fines for violations and required circuses to submit lists of the wildlife they possessed, which would then be made available to zoos interested in taking the

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A survey confirmed that on average, wild animals spend around 99 to 91 percent of their time in cages, wagons, or enclosure due to transportation. This causes a huge amount of distress to animals and leads to excessive amounts of drooling.

4798: 4530: 795:, a native New Yorker, was the first American to operate a major circus in the United States. Later the establishments of Purdy, Welch & Co., and of van Amburgh gave a wider popularity to the circus in the United States. In 1825, 468:

was a roofless arena for the exhibition of horse and chariot races, equestrian shows, staged battles, gladiatorial combat, and displays of (and fights with) trained animals. The circuses of Rome were similar to the ancient Greek

1157:. The ringmaster presents performers, speaks to the audience, and generally keeps the show moving. The activity of the circus traditionally takes place within a ring; large circuses may have multiple rings, like the six-ringed 4585: 2212:

environments they live in are not suitable and many of us believe the time has come for that practice to end." The group reported concerns about boredom and stress, and noted that an independent study by a member of the

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Beyond the performance aspect of circus, is the Social Circus field, catalysed by Reg Bolton. Social Circus engages communities through circus practice and activity to provide health and well-being benefits.

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introduces a variety of choreographed acts set to music, often termed 'traditional' or 'classical' circus, developed in the latter part of the 19th century and remained the dominant format until the 1970s.

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also describes the field of performance, training and community which has followed various formats through its 250-year modern history. Although not the inventor of the medium, Newcastle-under-Lyme born

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brought the first modern circus to the United States. He began his theatrical career with Hughes Royal Circus in London in the 1780s, and travelled from England in 1792 to establish his first circus in

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Based on these findings, the researchers called for more stringent regulation regarding the welfare of circus animals. In 2012, the Dutch government announced a ban on the use of wild circus animals.

1084:(founded in Seattle in 1998); the West African Circus Baobab (late 1990s); and Montreal's Les 7 doigts de la main (founded in 2002). The genre includes other circus troupes such as the Vermont-based 2493:

In other countries, purpose-built circus buildings still exist which are no longer used as circuses, or are used for circus only occasionally among a wider programme of events; for example, the

939:, expressed a wish for the circus to become "the people's art-form", with facilities and status on par with theatre, opera and ballet. The USSR nationalised Russian circuses. In 1927, the 4559: 1782: 438: 5085: 4516: 2161:. (parent of Ringling Bros.) agreed to pay an unprecedented $ 270,000 fine for violations of the Animal Welfare Act that allegedly occurred between June 2007 and August 2011. 3174: 4693: 2221: 4445: 727:

in Paris, the first purpose-built circus in France, followed by 18 other permanent circuses in cities throughout Europe. Astley leased his Parisian circus to the Italian

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The use of wild animals in travelling circuses has been banned in Scotland. The Wild Animals in Travelling Circuses (Scotland) Act 2018 came into force on 28 May 2018.

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In December 2018, New Jersey became the first state in the U.S. to ban circuses, carnivals and fairs from featuring elephants, tigers, and other exotic animals.

1346:, along with more classical balance disciplines such as tightwire, slackline and unicycle. Acts like these are some of the most common and the most traditional. 4706: 3246: 2514: 2145: 2086:

does not permit any sort of punishment that puts the animals in discomfort, trainers will still go against this law and use such things as electric rods and

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that operated until the 13th century, through medieval and renaissance jesters, minstrels and troubadours to the late 18th century and the time of Astley.

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are common to most circuses and are typically skilled in many circus acts; "clowns getting into the act" is a very familiar theme in any circus. Famous

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on 15 July 2020. Over 6,500 responses were made by the people of Wales, to the public consultation on the draft Bill, 97% of which supported the ban.

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combination of circus acts, a zoological exhibition, and a freak show. This format was adopted by European circuses at the turn of the 20th century.

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Greece became the first European country to ban any animal from performing in any circus in its territory in February 2012, following a campaign by

5460: 2165: 759:. The first circus building in the US opened on 3 April 1793 in Philadelphia, where Ricketts gave America's first complete circus performance. 5052: 4332: 3068:(1997), Leo's son Lune is captured and placed in a circus, which burns down when a tiger knocks down a ring of fire while jumping through it. 5307: 4091: 3946: 3782: 3649: 3489: 3464: 3315: 2316: 1680: 2258: 1587:

entered a cage with several big cats in 1833, and is generally considered to be the first wild animal trainer in American circus history.

5096: 3820: 5403:(Johns Hopkins University Press; 2013) 304 pages; elephants as "actors" or creatures of agency in the American circus from 1800 to 1940. 4339: 2441: 2213: 2014: 779: 699:'s celebrated shows in a later generation. In England circuses were often held in purpose-built buildings in large cities, such as the 5383:

Provides an overview of "low-yield research" into the history of the American Circus as covered in "ragcontent newspapers magazines

3261: 2676: 38: 2220:"found no evidence that circuses contribute to education or conservation."; however, in 2007, a different working group under the UK 695:, whose feats of horsemanship had much to do with establishing the traditions of the circus, which were perpetuated by Hengler's and 5941: 5321: 5281: 4177: 3399: 2942: 2582: 2238: 614: 3346: 4889: 2852: 940: 4419: 4390: 4758: 3330: 2722: 2659:

The atmosphere of the circus has served as a dramatic setting for many musicians. The most famous circus theme song is called "

2642: 1875: 1737: 1201: 4273: 723:(who coined the term "circus"), aided by his partner Charles Hughes, an equestrian performer. In 1782, Astley established the 5023: 4969: 4737: 3142: 2560: 2309: 2233: 2007: 863:'s circus, for example, between 1838 and 1840, travelled from Newcastle to Edinburgh and then to Portsmouth and Southampton. 552: 2277: 1772: 855:

returned to England from the United States, bringing with him a circus tent. At this time, itinerant circuses that could be

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as television) arrived and the public's tastes changed. From the 1960s onward, circuses attracted growing criticism from

827:, in the 1870s. Coup also introduced the first multiple-ring circuses, and was also the first circus entrepreneur to use 5839: 5829: 3012: 1905: 1846: 1754: 479: 4635: 3970: 3705: 2101:

conducted an investigation into the welfare of circus animals in 2008. The following issues, among others, were found:

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A variety of animals have historically been used in acts. While the types of animals used vary from circus to circus,

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as hard as they can and sink the sharp metal hook into the elephant's flesh and twist it until they scream in pain".

595: 4842: 3545: 3089:, follows the history of the circus family Humberto between 1826 and 1924. The setting of the HBO television series 3130: 2800: 2728: 2660: 2227:

A ban prohibiting the use of wild animals in circuses in England was due to be passed in 2015, but Conservative MP

2083: 1194: 724: 567: 2564: 2549: 1161:. A circus often travels with its own band, whose instrumentation in the United States has traditionally included 541: 4995: 3158: 2707: 2625: 1812: 1690: 1618: 860: 2196:

for more than thirty minutes. Police fired 86 shots at Tyke, who eventually collapsed from the wounds and died.

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is one of the most common acts in a circus; the combination of juggling and gymnastics that includes acts like

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Dfening, Fred D. III (November 2007). "The American Circus in the 1870s: An Overview from Newspaper Sources".

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which was about a clown who must make his audience laugh at the cost of his own sorrows. In the anime film

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A 14-year litigation against the Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus came to an end in 2014 when

5446: 3141:. Science fiction writer Barry B. Longyear wrote a trilogy about a circus of the future: City of Baraboo; 3116: 2828: 2121: 1730: 1715: 1660: 1642: 1472: 158: 1613: 796: 478:

circuses and a chronology of circus-related entertainment can be traced to Roman times, continued by the

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in 1939. Circus films continued to be popular during the Second World War; films from this era included

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Court Record, United States District Court for the District of Columbia, Civil Action No 03-2006 (EGS)

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Assael, Brenda, "Circus and Victorian Society", 2005, University of Virginia Press, Charlottesville

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Olympians of the Sawdust Circle: A Biographical Dictionary of the Nineteenth Century American Circus

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about a girl who is sold to a circus strongman. Fellini made a second film set in the circus called

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In some towns, there are circus buildings where regular performances are held. The best known are:

2141: 1747: 1158: 1150: 1120: 944: 852: 563: 498: 300: 276: 1355: 5746: 4776: 4771: 3726: 3452: 3251: 3181:, investigates a murder at a circus, working as the defence attorney of an egotistical magician. 3064: 2868: 2498: 2471: 2344: 2067: 1868: 1853: 1695: 1111:

shows have been seen by nearly 90 million spectators in over 200 cities on five continents.

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was the first circus owner to use a large canvas tent for the circus performance. Circus pioneer

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UK Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs. October 2007. Retrieved 24 February 2010.

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about Philip Astley's troupe as the first written use of the word to describe the modern circus.

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research, and the ongoing circus phenomenon. For many, circus history begins with Englishman

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The earliest involvement of animals in circus was just the display of exotic creatures in a

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about trapeze artists was released in 1931 and remade in the United States and released as

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toured from Montreal to Havana, building circus theatres in many of the cities it visited.

734: 5785: 5269: 4560:"Animal activists finally have something to applaud at Ringling Bros. circus: Its closure" 4234: 3714: 3190: 3111: 3101: 3054: 2833: 2758: 2738: 2718: 2404: 2398: 2185: 2051: 1990: 1430: 1426: 1410: 1378: 1097: 1081: 1017: 704: 474: 173: 168: 99: 4733:"Cameron urged to keep circus ban promise as Conservative MP blocks bill for eighth time" 4668: 4181: 792: 5430: 3618: 2371: 838: 5809: 5707: 5697: 5635: 5630: 3971:"Frost, Thomas (1881), "Circus Life and Circus Celebrities." London: Chatto and Windus" 3798: 3630:

Joe Nickell (2005). "Secrets of the sideshows". p.8. University Press of Kentucky, 2005

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UK Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs. May 2019. Retrieved 8 May 2019.

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On behalf of the Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality of the Netherlands,

5925: 5860: 5736: 5600: 5590: 5585: 5570: 5520: 5515: 5249: 5048: 4423: 3211: 3031: 2972: 2891: 2886: 2694: 2340: 2302: 2294: 2063: 1948: 1705: 1650: 1394: 1339: 1327: 1135: 1037: 919: 692: 665: 451: 357: 285: 268: 188: 1032:, forged in Australia in 1977 from SoapBox Circus (1976) and New Circus (1973); the 588: 5802: 5642: 5530: 4281: 4248: 3201: 3075: 3049: 3008: 2788: 2690: 2668: 2596: 2336: 2170: 2149: 1965: 1834: 1438: 1406: 1363: 1351: 1166: 1065: 905: 864: 828: 812: 756: 716: 497:, from the notoriety which it obtained through the Circensian pleasures of Nero. A 334: 296: 292: 231:

is a company of performers who put on diverse entertainment shows that may include

4446:"19 february 2008 – Projectvoorstel Ministerie LNV onderzoek welzijn circusdieren" 3091: 2601: 3523: 2671:'s Circus Royal, one of the most popular circuses of Victorian England, inspired 2521:

since 1974 and was the first of many international awards for circus performers.

2054:, Mexico. In December 2014, as a response to reports of animal mistreatment, the 5880: 5834: 5790: 5764: 5729: 5724: 5615: 5605: 5595: 5545: 5535: 5510: 5505: 5495: 5336: 3974: 3901: 3387: 3256: 3236: 3206: 3163: 3106: 3086: 2680: 2672: 2534: 2352: 2298: 1880: 1819: 1623: 1588: 1461: 1454: 1434: 1398: 1319: 1315: 1187: 530: 514: 423: 143: 4707:"Anger after bill to ban wild animals in circuses is blocked by MP Chris Chope" 4652:

Megan Burrow, "New Jersey becomes first state to ban wild animal circus acts",

2383: 5865: 5769: 5540: 5487: 5477: 5410:(Reaktion Books, distributed by University of Chicago Press; 2014); 296 pages; 5356: 4586:"Thunderous applause, tears as the 'greatest show on Earth' takes a final bow" 3195: 3126: 3059: 3041: 3027: 2784: 2319:

adopted a position paper in which it recommends the prohibition of the use of

2208: 1930: 1824: 1802: 1382: 1371: 1323: 1307: 1299: 1295: 1089: 1009: 983: 967: 954: 950: 886: 824: 808: 669: 470: 380: 236: 133: 108: 5401:

Entertaining Elephants: Animal Agency and the Business of the American Circus

5378: 5353:

Circus Life: Performing and Laboring Under America's Big Top Shows, 1830-1920

4307:"Wild things: Mexico struggles to find new homes for outlawed circus animals" 3574: 2127:

Tigers are terrified of fire but are still forced to jump through fire rings.

923:

draw in the public with innovative new approaches to the circus form itself.

5819: 5610: 5560: 5555: 5264:. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 390–391. 4639: 4071:

http://doc.cnac.fr/ListRecord.htm?list=link&xRecord=19102592157919207749

3409: 3045: 2978: 2487: 1975: 1920: 1580: 1422: 1103:

The most conspicuous success story in the new circus genre has been that of

1041: 1029: 988: 502: 2363: 2207:

In 1998 in the United Kingdom, a parliamentary working group chaired by MP

454:, while for others its origins go back much further—to Roman Empire times. 5115:"Vets call for complete ban on wild animal acts in circuses across Europe" 3281: 2293:

City ordinances banning performances by wild animals have been enacted in

5910: 5875: 5692: 5667: 5652: 5329:"Step Right Up: Bob Brooke presents the history of the circus in America" 4799:"Use of wild animals in circuses to be banned in Wales after Bill passed" 3044:

is held captive in a circus where she is cruelly forced to perform until

2842: 2466: 2457: 2320: 2091: 2087: 1970: 1807: 1797: 1700: 1557: 1529: 1465: 1386: 1331: 1072:

from France in 1984 and 1986 respectively. More recent examples include:

832: 807:

circus clown, popularising such expressions as "The One-Horse Show" and "

800: 677: 272: 260: 244: 163: 17: 5870: 5702: 5682: 5625: 5420: 5000: 4471:"Dutch government announces ban on the use of wild animals in circuses" 2999: 2376: 2193: 2047: 1915: 1509: 1497: 1485: 1311: 1069: 997: 738: 555: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 291:

In 1768, Astley, a skilled equestrian, began performing exhibitions of

252: 240: 183: 5425: 3129:

tells the fictional tale of a circus veterinarian and was made into a

2351:, Circo Atayde Hermanos, and Hermanos Mayaror Circus from Mexico, and 2130:

Since 1990 there have been over 123 cases of lion attacks at circuses.

2070:

in the training of performing circus animals. The animal rights group

787:

In the Americas during the first two decades of the 19th century, the

731:

in 1793. In 1826, the first circus took place under a canvas big top.

4129: 2518: 2424: 2413: 1565: 1549: 1541: 1517: 1061: 1045: 1025:

animal acts have often been a significant part of the entertainment.

1002: 856: 505:; its ruins have helped archaeologists reconstruct the Roman circus. 388: 248: 113: 5214: 2710:", which is played only to alert circus performers of an emergency. 2108:

33% of tigers and lions did not have access to an outdoor enclosure.

1433:. A popular sideshow attraction from the early 19th century was the 5192: 5166: 1468:

from Cole Brothers Circus parade through downtown Los Angeles, 1953

842:

Circus parade around tents, in lithograph by Gibson & Co., 1874

5855: 5797: 5392: 3221: 2912: 2600: 2481: 2382: 2370: 2362: 2276: 2254: 2041: 2033: 1537: 1533: 1525: 1521: 1493: 1477: 1471: 1460: 1448: 1367: 1347: 1186: 1053: 987: 949: 904: 881: 837: 778: 765: 733: 708: 682: 653: 642: 437: 384: 325: 232: 153: 148: 128: 123: 2992:

in 1970. Films about the circus made since 1959 include Disney's

1389:

are also parts of some circus acts, these activities may include

5438: 3504: 3020:, a Disney film about a tiger that escapes from the circus; and 2475: 2154: 1561: 1553: 1545: 1513: 1505: 1489: 295:

in an open field called Ha'Penny Hatch on the south side of the

73:

Classical Circus, New Circus, Contemporary circus, Social Circus

5442: 4107: 2117:

Elephants are shackled in chains for 17 hours a day on average.

383:

claimed that the first circus games were staged by the goddess

3707:

Mr Philip Astley's Introduction to The First Circus in England

2936:, a film about a tiger trainer, was released in 1948. In 1952 2698: 2693:, a well-known circus performer in the 19th century. Producer 2528: 1858: 1598: 1573: 1569: 1501: 524: 398: 5253: 4206: 366: 360: 347: 341: 4759:"Gove delivers legislation to ban wild animals in circuses". 2798:

Following World War I, circus films became popular. In 1924

2257:

was introduced in June 2019, and subsequently passed by the

711:, had his first major role as Little Clown in the pantomime 5086:"FVE position on the use of animals in travelling circuses" 4517:"USDA Fines Ringling Bros. Circus Over Treatment of Animals 3644:. Manchester: Manchester University Press. pp. 13–15. 2741:

1915 and later adapted into one of the first circus films,

835:

were also being established alongside travelling circuses.

5421:

Dictionary of Circus Slang (American and British/European)

4996:"San Francisco board approves wild animal performance ban" 3665: 3663: 3661: 3573:, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, January 2008 3482:

L' Hippodrome de Constantinople: Jeux, Peuple et Politique

1437:, where fleas were attached to props and viewed through a 5235:

Turner, Steve, "A Hard Day's Write." HarperCollins(1984).

3423: 3421: 3419: 2702:

final production. Another traditional circus song is the

2253:

to ban the use of wild animals in travelling circuses in

5024:"Los Angeles Bans Use of Wild Animals for Entertainment" 1285:

certain animals are excluded or the laws vary internally

913:, c. 1891, depicting a backstage area at the circus 37:"Three-ring circus" redirects here. For other uses, see 4037:

The UncommonWealth: Voices from the Library of Virginia

664:

The origin of the modern circus has been attributed to

4333:"Circus Incidents: Attacks, Abuse and Property Damage" 966:

Circuses from China, drawing on Chinese traditions of

3367:(Latin text with English translation). Translated by 831:

to transport the circus between towns. By the 1830s,

5408:

The Greatest Shows on Earth: A History of the Circus

5053:"New York City bans use of wild animals in circuses" 4153:"Run Away to the Circus? No need. It's Staying Here" 3900:. The Circus in America, 1793 – 1940. Archived from 3871:. The Circus in America, 1793 – 1940. Archived from 3851:"PHMC: Historical Markers Program: Ricketts' Circus" 5848: 5778: 5745: 5651: 5476: 5355:(University of Tennessee Press, 2018), p. 247 4391:"Animal Welfare Act and Animal Welfare Regulations" 3924:

Dan Rice: The Most Famous Man You've Never Heard Of

3371:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Loeb Classical Library. 2525:

In art, music, films, plays, books, and video games

2176:On 1 February 1992 at the Great American Circus in 1149:A traditional circus performance is often led by a 77: 69: 48: 4836: 4834: 4496:Circus CEO says elephants are struck, but not hurt 3892: 3890: 3770: 3642:Rings of Desire: Circus History and Representation 2222:Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs 2120:Elephants spend on average 10 hours a day showing 741:artists, in lithograph by Calvert Litho. Co., 1890 680:, and a clown to fill in the pauses between acts. 2281:Tigers in a transport cage in a travelling circus 2111:Lions spend on average 98% of their time indoors. 2105:71% of the observed animals had medical problems. 1028:Early pioneers of the new circus genre included: 320:First attested in English 14th century, the word 288:is credited as the father of the modern circus. 4944:"Circus elephant falls into audience in Germany" 4868:"Turkish parliament approves animal rights bill" 3394:. Lexington, Ky.: University Press of Kentucky. 763:attended a performance there later that season. 2713:Plays set in a circus include the 1896 musical 5215:"International Circus Festival of Monte-Carlo" 4970:"Circus captivity is beastly for wild animals" 4061:« Historique de la célèbre crise », 3695:"The First Circus"; Victoria and Albert Museum 3175:Phoenix Wright: Ace Attorney – Justice for All 3152:Circus is the central theme in comic books of 3074:, a musical film loosely based on the life of 2962:in the United States); these were followed by 2497:(The Circus Building) in Copenhagen, Denmark, 27:Group of entertainers performing circus skills 5454: 2749:and adapted for the English stage in 1932 as 2146:Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus 2015: 1202: 1169:, and sometimes the distinctive sound of the 821:P. T. Barnum's Museum, Menagerie & Circus 811:". The American circus was revolutionised by 713:The Triumph of Mirth; or, Harlequin's Wedding 485:The first circus in the city of Rome was the 208: 8: 3569:Marius Kwint, "Astley, Philip (1742–1814)", 3247:International Circus Festival of Monte-Carlo 2515:International Circus Festival of Monte-Carlo 2188:(1974 – 20 August 1994) killed her trainer, 2114:An average enclosure for tigers is only 5 m. 5302:. McFarland and Company, Inc., Publishers. 4008:Victoria and Albert Museum (7 March 2011). 3746:, University of Toronto Press, 1959, p. 29. 2563:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 2072:People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals 1612:It has been suggested that this section be 941:State University of Circus and Variety Arts 719:was opened in London on 4 November 1782 by 412:It has been suggested that this section be 372: 371:), meaning "circle" or "ring". In the book 328: 5461: 5447: 5439: 5426:History of American Circuses and Sideshows 4772:"4 – Extent, commencement and short title" 3759:, Cambridge University Press, 1995, p.216. 3198:, tent shows that preceded American circus 2312:and the Greek Animal Welfare Fund (GAWF). 2022: 2008: 1637: 1209: 1195: 859:quickly were becoming popular in Britain. 215: 201: 86: 54: 4922:"Bolivia bans use of animals in circuses" 4669:"UK Politics Protect circus animals call" 4301: 4299: 3869:"Circus in America TimeLine: 1801 – 1824" 3717:. PeoplePlay UK. Retrieved 18 March 2007. 3382: 3380: 3378: 2753:by playwright Cecily Hamilton, the revue 2583:Learn how and when to remove this message 889:, in lithograph by Gibson & Co., 1873 615:Learn how and when to remove this message 4414: 4412: 3669: 3585: 3439: 3427: 2793:Roustabout: The Great Circus Train Wreck 2184:, on 20 August 1994, an elephant called 5300:Women of the American Circus, 1880-1940 5141:"Hermanos Mayar Circus by Hank Duckman" 3621:. BBC News. Retrieved 13 December 2014. 3571:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 3273: 3058:(1970), a Hindi drama film directed by 2946:was first shown. Released in 1953 were 2355:Circus from Italy, to name just a few. 2166:The Humane Society of the United States 2133:Animals are trained through discipline. 1649: 1278: 98: 5217:. Montecarlofestival.mc. 15 April 2012 5191:. Cirquejulesverne.com. Archived from 5165:. Moiranonsolocirco.it. Archived from 4280:. History-magazine.com. Archived from 4230: 4219: 3727:Philip Astley (British circus manager) 3614: 3612: 3610: 3349:, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, 3162:was also telecast in India in 1989 on 1076:(founded in Quebec in 1993); Sweden's 746:Ricketts and the first American circus 45: 5327:Brooke, Bob (October–November 2001). 5093:Federation of Veterinarians of Europe 3683:The Pantomime Life of Joseph Grimaldi 3363:Tertullian, Septimus Florens (1931). 2686:Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band 2317:Federation of Veterinarians of Europe 2241:came into effect on 20 January 2020. 2066:groups have documented many cases of 1616:out into another article titled 1425:. Famous sideshow performers include 416:out into another article titled 279:and stunt-oriented artists. The term 7: 5906: 5163:"Moira Orfei Circo official website" 4615:"Elephant incidents in recent years" 4086:. Melbourne Book. pp. 239–248. 3941:. Wildside Press LLC. pp. 60–. 3333:, Charlton T. Lewis, Charles Short, 3173:In the third case of the video game 2561:adding citations to reliable sources 553:adding citations to reliable sources 4613:St. Petersburg Times (6 May 1993). 4340:Humane Society of the United States 4043:from the original on 18 August 2021 3973:. Circushistory.org. Archived from 2638:Der kleine Mann und die kleine Miss 2442:Moscow Circus on Tsvetnoy Boulevard 2214:Wildlife Conservation Research Unit 2082:According to PETA, although the US 1330:, and a variety of other routines. 4841:International., Animal Defenders. 4274:"The history of circus in the US, 4180:. Cirque du Soleil. Archived from 3825:The Circus in America, 1793 – 1940 3777:. Guinness World Records Limited. 3262:List of circuses and circus owners 2677:Being for the Benefit of Mr. Kite! 2650:The Little Man and the Little Miss 39:Three Ring Circus (disambiguation) 25: 5095:. FVE/013/pos/007. Archived from 4473:. 1 November 2012. Archived from 4309:. Fox News Latino. Archived from 3681:McConnell Stott|, Andrew (2009), 3459:. London: Paul Elek. p. 27. 2982:(1954), an Oscar-winning film by 2795:written by Jay Torrence in 2006. 2771:Stop the World, I Want to Get Off 2239:Wild Animals in Circuses Act 2019 2046:Elephant act at a 2009 circus in 1591:was a famous female tiger-tamer. 1294:Common acts include a variety of 5905: 5896: 5895: 5189:"The Cirque Jules Verne Website" 5139:Duckman, Hank (1 January 2006). 5113:Winter, Stuart (5 August 2015). 5075:, Animal Defenders International 4924:. Associated Press. 31 July 2009 4584:Brulliard, Karin (21 May 2017). 4420:"Circuses: Three Rings of Abuse" 4151:Collins, Glenn (28 April 2009). 3619:"The circus comes to the Circus" 2533: 1989: 1863: 1659: 1603: 1218:Worldwide laws on animal use in 775:Expansion of the American format 529: 403: 4558:Wang, Amy B (15 January 2017). 3602:The History of the Royal Circus 3546:"The story of circus · V&A" 2804:was the first film released by 2663:", and was composed in 1904 by 1568:, and domestic animals such as 974:are also popular touring acts. 628:Astley and early British circus 540:needs additional citations for 4994:Berg, Emmett (21 April 2015). 4895:. Circuses.com. Archived from 4847:Animal Defenders International 4738:Animal Defenders International 4638:. Circuses.com. Archived from 4393:. Nal.usda.gov. Archived from 3757:The Cambridge Guide to Theatre 3744:British Entertainers in France 3310:. Melbourne Books. p. 7. 2310:Animal Defenders International 2234:Animal Defenders International 819:, who launched the travelling 1: 4870:. Anadolu Agency. 9 July 2021 4529:Heath, Thomas (16 May 2014). 4342:. 1 June 2004. Archived from 3998:, 4 March 1854, p. 5, col. 3. 3821:"Person: Ricketts, John Bill" 3598:The Oxford English Dictionary 3484:. Paris: Éditions Gallimard. 2896:You Can't Cheat an Honest Man 2038:Circus baby elephant training 789:Circus of Pepin and Breschard 5298:Adams, Katherine H. (2012). 5022:Good, Kate (26 April 2017). 4371:. PETA.org. 17 February 2011 4084:Circus! The Australian Story 3742:Leathers, Victor L. (1959). 3308:Circus! The Australian Story 3282:"Philip Astley - Circopedia" 1153:who has a role similar to a 480:Hippodrome of Constantinople 367: 348: 5073:Greece bans animal circuses 3773:Guinness World Records 2014 2822:were produced, followed by 2689:. The song title refers to 2505:in Amsterdam, Netherlands. 1619:Circuses and animal cruelty 1250: Ban on import/export 5958: 5390:Johnson, William M. 1990. 4422:. Peta.org. Archived from 4207:https://social-circus.com/ 3550:Victoria and Albert Museum 3037:Hey There, It's Yogi Bear! 2943:The Greatest Show on Earth 2884:were released in 1936 and 2874:Charlie Chan at the Circus 2661:Entrance of the Gladiators 2594: 2375:Paper postcard of the Old 1180: 1133: 1118: 981: 893:After an 1881 merger with 361: 342: 62:Barnum & Bailey Circus 36: 29: 5891: 5393:The Rose-Tinted Menagerie 5276:. London: Tantivy Press. 4519:, " CNN 29 November 2011. 3935:William L. Slout (1998). 3685:, Canongate Books, p. 28. 3131:movie with the same title 2708:Stars and Stripes Forever 2501:in Stockholm, Sweden, or 1773:Animal–industrial complex 770:Circus tent, Italy (1951) 53: 5942:Animal keeping by humans 4178:"About Cirque du Soleil" 4132:. Les7doigtsdelamain.com 3640:Stoddart, Helen (2000). 3480:Dagron, Gilbert (2011). 3392:Secrets of the sideshows 3242:History of Indian circus 3085:, based on the novel by 3078:, was released in 2017. 2923:The Wagons Roll at Night 2480:Belarus State Circus in 2335:from the United States, 2323:in travelling circuses. 1342:come under the category 1310:), aerial acts (such as 851:In 1838, the equestrian 803:was the most famous pre- 387:in honour of her father 5396:. Iridescent Publishing 5274:A History of the Circus 5261:Encyclopædia Britannica 4843:"Worldwide circus bans" 4069:, n°85, February 1982, 4031:Bagley, Sherri (2019). 3769:Glenday, Craig (2013). 3755:Banham, Martin (1995). 3731:Encyclopædia Britannica 3713:8 November 2008 at the 3575:accessed 7 January 2014 3457:Circus: A World History 3455:; Cotes, Peter (1976). 3351:A Greek-English Lexicon 3034:'s first animated film 2787:and lyrics and book by 2349:Vazquez Hermanos Circus 909:Painting by Venezuelan 707:, the first mainstream 691:Astley was followed by 687:Elephant trainer (1903) 379:early Christian writer 32:Circus (disambiguation) 5673:Cigar box manipulation 4636:"Hawthorn Corporation" 4082:St Leon, Mark (2011). 3369:Terrot Reaveley Glover 3306:St Leon, Mark (2011). 3177:, the main character, 2940:'s Oscar-winning film 2612: 2423:Cirque Jules Verne in 2391: 2380: 2368: 2282: 2159:Feld Entertainment Inc 2060: 2039: 1481: 1469: 1458: 1291: 1232: Nationwide ban 1020:, original music, and 1006: 958: 943:, better known as the 914: 890: 843: 784: 771: 742: 688: 661: 651: 446: 373: 329: 159:Professional wrestling 60:Advertisement for the 5102:on 24 September 2015. 4825:"Leġiżlazzjoni Malta" 4253:Stop Circus Suffering 3524:"History of the Ludi" 3510:Ab Urbe condita libri 3154:Super Commando Dhruva 2906:(1940), the animated 2850:in 1928. German film 2604: 2454:Shanghai Circus World 2419:Cirque d'hiver, Paris 2410:Circus Krone Building 2386: 2374: 2366: 2280: 2122:stereotypic behaviour 2099:Wageningen University 2045: 2037: 1576:are the most common. 1475: 1464: 1452: 1190: 1183:List of circus skills 1012:(originally known as 991: 953: 908: 885: 841: 782: 769: 737: 686: 657: 648:Astley's Amphitheatre 646: 513:in London during the 462:In Ancient Rome, the 443:Sells Brothers Circus 441: 5351:Childress, Micah D. 4184:on 25 September 2009 4063:Jean-Pierre Thiollet 3857:on 19 December 2007. 3801:. Explore PA History 3799:"Historical Markers" 3600:lists the 1791 book 3071:The Greatest Showman 3007:(also in 1960); the 2810:Sally of the Sawdust 2618:'s children's books 2557:improve this section 2509:International awards 2463:Turkmen State Circus 2315:On 6 June 2015, the 1911:Animal protectionism 1595:Controversy and laws 1585:Isaac A. Van Amburgh 1155:Master of Ceremonies 1088:(founded in 1987 by 1034:Pickle Family Circus 972:Chinese State Circus 945:Moscow Circus School 895:James Anthony Bailey 817:William Cameron Coup 783:James Anthony Baliey 725:Amphithéâtre Anglais 549:improve this article 30:For other uses, see 5755:Equestrian vaulting 4890:"Elephant Rampages" 4658:, 15 December 2018. 4655:North Jersey Record 4642:on 13 October 2004. 4590:The Washington Post 4565:The Washington Post 4536:The Washington Post 4033:"Big Top Or Crops?" 3996:Leeds Intelligencer 3977:on 14 December 2010 3453:Croft-Cooke, Rupert 3227:Contemporary circus 3170:as the lead actor. 3122:Water for Elephants 2801:He Who Gets Slapped 2745:written in 1928 by 2737:written by Russian 2734:He Who Gets Slapped 2727:written in 1907 by 2724:Polly of the Circus 2486:"Globus" Circus in 2450:in Saint Petersburg 2429:Hippodrome Circus, 2142:U.S. District Court 1159:Moscow State Circus 1121:Contemporary Circus 1115:Contemporary Circus 853:Thomas Taplin Cooke 797:Joshuah Purdy Brown 501:was constructed by 277:object manipulation 239:, trained animals, 5195:on 12 October 2011 4777:Legislation.gov.uk 4713:. 14 November 2014 4515:Leigh Remizowski, 4451:. 19 February 2008 4157:The New York Times 4010:"Victorian Circus" 3335:A Latin Dictionary 3286:www.circopedia.org 3252:Traveling carnival 3065:Jungle Emperor Leo 3013:Billy Rose's Jumbo 2960:Sawdust and Tinsel 2948:Man on a Tightrope 2928:Captive Wild Woman 2824:The Devil's Circus 2613: 2392: 2381: 2369: 2345:Lennon Bros Circus 2283: 2084:Animal Welfare Act 2061: 2040: 1996:Animals portal 1482: 1470: 1459: 1292: 1240: Partial ban 1050:Nofit State Circus 1007: 959: 915: 891: 877:Jacques Tourniaire 844: 785: 772: 752:John Bill Ricketts 743: 689: 662: 652: 650:in London, c. 1808 447: 293:trick horse riding 179:Street performance 5919: 5918: 5815:Human firecracker 5339:on 4 January 2018 5309:978-0-7864-7228-4 4675:. 26 October 1998 4229:Missing or empty 4093:978-1-877096-50-1 3948:978-0-8095-1310-9 3784:978-1-908843-15-9 3651:978-0-7190-5234-7 3491:978-2-07-013378-9 3466:978-0-236-40051-5 3317:978-1-877096-50-1 3232:Dog and pony show 3139:Reese Witherspoon 3026:(1964), starring 3004:Circus of Horrors 2938:Cecil B. de Mille 2900:The Great Profile 2882:The Three Maxiums 2866:in 1956; in 1932 2848:Laugh Clown Laugh 2763:Top of the Ladder 2704:John Philip Sousa 2593: 2592: 2585: 2517:has been held in 2329:UniverSoul Circus 2229:Christopher Chope 2218:Oxford University 2178:Palm Bay, Florida 2032: 2031: 1876:Companion animals 1636: 1635: 1631: 1362:, Rusty Russell, 1360:Fratellini Family 1275: 1274: 1163:brass instruments 869:Giuseppe Chiarini 761:George Washington 701:London Hippodrome 674:tightrope walkers 625: 624: 617: 599: 445:with Great Danes 436: 435: 431: 419:History of circus 275:as well as other 257:tightrope walkers 225: 224: 85: 84: 16:(Redirected from 5949: 5909: 5908: 5899: 5898: 5760:Human cannonball 5715:Fire performance 5688:Hat manipulation 5678:Contact juggling 5526:Chair acrobatics 5463: 5456: 5449: 5440: 5382: 5348: 5346: 5344: 5335:. Archived from 5333:History Magazine 5313: 5287: 5270:Speaight, George 5265: 5257: 5236: 5233: 5227: 5226: 5224: 5222: 5211: 5205: 5204: 5202: 5200: 5185: 5179: 5178: 5176: 5174: 5169:on 23 April 2012 5159: 5153: 5152: 5150: 5148: 5143:. Mexconnect.com 5136: 5130: 5129: 5127: 5125: 5110: 5104: 5103: 5101: 5090: 5082: 5076: 5070: 5064: 5063: 5061: 5059: 5051:(21 June 2017). 5045: 5039: 5038: 5036: 5034: 5028:One Green Planet 5019: 5013: 5012: 5010: 5008: 4991: 4985: 4984: 4982: 4980: 4966: 4960: 4959: 4957: 4955: 4940: 4934: 4933: 4931: 4929: 4918: 4912: 4911: 4909: 4907: 4902:on 10 April 2008 4901: 4894: 4886: 4880: 4879: 4877: 4875: 4864: 4858: 4857: 4855: 4853: 4838: 4829: 4828: 4821: 4815: 4814: 4812: 4810: 4803:Welsh Government 4795: 4789: 4788: 4786: 4784: 4768: 4762: 4756: 4750: 4749: 4747: 4745: 4729: 4723: 4722: 4720: 4718: 4711:Bournemouth Echo 4703: 4697: 4691: 4685: 4684: 4682: 4680: 4665: 4659: 4650: 4644: 4643: 4632: 4626: 4625: 4623: 4621: 4610: 4604: 4603: 4598: 4596: 4580: 4574: 4572: 4554: 4548: 4547: 4545: 4543: 4526: 4520: 4513: 4507: 4504: 4498: 4493: 4487: 4486: 4484: 4482: 4467: 4461: 4460: 4458: 4456: 4450: 4442: 4436: 4435: 4433: 4431: 4416: 4407: 4406: 4404: 4402: 4397:on 16 April 2009 4387: 4381: 4380: 4378: 4376: 4365: 4359: 4358: 4356: 4354: 4348: 4337: 4329: 4323: 4322: 4320: 4318: 4303: 4294: 4293: 4291: 4289: 4284:on 14 April 2012 4270: 4264: 4263: 4261: 4259: 4245: 4239: 4238: 4232: 4227: 4225: 4217: 4215: 4213: 4200: 4194: 4193: 4191: 4189: 4174: 4168: 4167: 4165: 4163: 4148: 4142: 4141: 4139: 4137: 4126: 4120: 4119: 4117: 4115: 4104: 4098: 4097: 4079: 4073: 4059: 4053: 4052: 4050: 4048: 4028: 4022: 4021: 4019: 4017: 4005: 3999: 3993: 3987: 3986: 3984: 3982: 3966: 3960: 3959: 3957: 3955: 3932: 3926: 3920: 3914: 3913: 3911: 3909: 3894: 3885: 3884: 3882: 3880: 3875:on 25 March 2007 3865: 3859: 3858: 3853:. 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Archived from 3817: 3811: 3810: 3808: 3806: 3795: 3789: 3788: 3776: 3766: 3760: 3753: 3747: 3740: 3734: 3724: 3718: 3703: 3697: 3692: 3686: 3679: 3673: 3667: 3656: 3655: 3637: 3631: 3628: 3622: 3616: 3605: 3595: 3589: 3583: 3577: 3567: 3561: 3560: 3558: 3556: 3542: 3536: 3535: 3533: 3531: 3520: 3514: 3502: 3496: 3495: 3477: 3471: 3470: 3449: 3443: 3437: 3431: 3425: 3414: 3413: 3384: 3373: 3372: 3360: 3354: 3344: 3338: 3328: 3322: 3321: 3303: 3297: 3296: 3294: 3292: 3278: 3217:Cirque du Soleil 3135:Robert Pattinson 3099:by Eduard Bass, 2984:Federico Fellini 2964:Life Is a Circus 2956:Gycklarnas afton 2646: 2629: 2588: 2581: 2577: 2574: 2568: 2537: 2529: 2448:Ciniselli Circus 2389:Sirkus Finlandia 2347:from Australia, 2333:Big Apple Circus 2259:Welsh Parliament 2182:Honolulu, Hawaii 2140:In testimony in 2056:Mexican Congress 2024: 2017: 2010: 1994: 1993: 1954:Environmentalism 1681:Around the world 1663: 1653: 1638: 1627: 1607: 1606: 1599: 1419:sword swallowing 1391:human cannonball 1286: 1283: 1267: 1257: 1249: 1239: 1231: 1225: 1224: 1211: 1204: 1197: 1105:Cirque du Soleil 1094:Victoria Chaplin 1058:Cirque du Soleil 993:Cirque du Soleil 911:Arturo Michelena 871:, and Frenchmen 729:Antonio Franconi 640: 639: 635: 620: 613: 609: 606: 600: 598: 557: 533: 525: 511:Bartholomew Fair 491:Circus Flaminius 427: 407: 406: 399: 378: 370: 364: 363: 351: 345: 344: 332: 217: 210: 203: 87: 58: 46: 21: 5957: 5956: 5952: 5951: 5950: 5948: 5947: 5946: 5937:Performing arts 5922: 5921: 5920: 5915: 5887: 5844: 5774: 5741: 5659: 5655: 5647: 5486: 5481: 5472: 5467: 5436: 5417: 5362: 5342: 5340: 5326: 5310: 5297: 5294: 5292:Further reading 5284: 5268: 5248: 5245: 5240: 5239: 5234: 5230: 5220: 5218: 5213: 5212: 5208: 5198: 5196: 5187: 5186: 5182: 5172: 5170: 5161: 5160: 5156: 5146: 5144: 5138: 5137: 5133: 5123: 5121: 5112: 5111: 5107: 5099: 5088: 5084: 5083: 5079: 5071: 5067: 5057: 5055: 5047: 5046: 5042: 5032: 5030: 5021: 5020: 5016: 5006: 5004: 4993: 4992: 4988: 4978: 4976: 4968: 4967: 4963: 4953: 4951: 4948:The Independent 4942: 4941: 4937: 4927: 4925: 4920: 4919: 4915: 4905: 4903: 4899: 4892: 4888: 4887: 4883: 4873: 4871: 4866: 4865: 4861: 4851: 4849: 4840: 4839: 4832: 4823: 4822: 4818: 4808: 4806: 4797: 4796: 4792: 4782: 4780: 4770: 4769: 4765: 4757: 4753: 4743: 4741: 4731: 4730: 4726: 4716: 4714: 4705: 4704: 4700: 4692: 4688: 4678: 4676: 4667: 4666: 4662: 4651: 4647: 4634: 4633: 4629: 4619: 4617: 4612: 4611: 4607: 4594: 4592: 4583: 4581: 4570: 4568: 4557: 4555: 4551: 4541: 4539: 4528: 4527: 4523: 4514: 4510: 4505: 4501: 4494: 4490: 4480: 4478: 4469: 4468: 4464: 4454: 4452: 4448: 4444: 4443: 4439: 4429: 4427: 4426:on 26 July 2010 4418: 4417: 4410: 4400: 4398: 4389: 4388: 4384: 4374: 4372: 4367: 4366: 4362: 4352: 4350: 4346: 4335: 4331: 4330: 4326: 4316: 4314: 4305: 4304: 4297: 4287: 4285: 4276:HistoryMagazine 4272: 4271: 4267: 4257: 4255: 4247: 4246: 4242: 4228: 4218: 4211: 4209: 4202: 4201: 4197: 4187: 4185: 4176: 4175: 4171: 4161: 4159: 4150: 4149: 4145: 4135: 4133: 4130:"The 7 Fingers" 4128: 4127: 4123: 4113: 4111: 4110:. Circus Baobab 4108:"Circus Baobab" 4106: 4105: 4101: 4094: 4081: 4080: 4076: 4060: 4056: 4046: 4044: 4030: 4029: 4025: 4015: 4013: 4007: 4006: 4002: 3994: 3990: 3980: 3978: 3968: 3967: 3963: 3953: 3951: 3949: 3934: 3933: 3929: 3922:David Carlyon. 3921: 3917: 3907: 3905: 3896: 3895: 3888: 3878: 3876: 3867: 3866: 3862: 3849: 3848: 3844: 3834: 3832: 3819: 3818: 3814: 3804: 3802: 3797: 3796: 3792: 3785: 3768: 3767: 3763: 3754: 3750: 3741: 3737: 3725: 3721: 3715:Wayback Machine 3704: 3700: 3693: 3689: 3680: 3676: 3668: 3659: 3652: 3639: 3638: 3634: 3629: 3625: 3617: 3608: 3596: 3592: 3584: 3580: 3568: 3564: 3554: 3552: 3544: 3543: 3539: 3529: 3527: 3522: 3521: 3517: 3503: 3499: 3492: 3479: 3478: 3474: 3467: 3451: 3450: 3446: 3438: 3434: 3426: 3417: 3402: 3386: 3385: 3376: 3362: 3361: 3357: 3345: 3341: 3329: 3325: 3318: 3305: 3304: 3300: 3290: 3288: 3280: 3279: 3275: 3270: 3191:Animal training 3187: 3102:Cirque du Freak 3097:Circus Humberto 3083:Circus Humberto 3055:Mera Naam Joker 2834:Charlie Chaplin 2812:(remade 1930), 2759:Herbert Farjeon 2739:Leonid Andreyev 2719:Lionel Monckton 2715:The Circus Girl 2640: 2623: 2621:Der kleine Mann 2599: 2589: 2578: 2572: 2569: 2554: 2538: 2527: 2511: 2495:Cirkusbygningen 2405:Budapest Circus 2399:Blackpool Tower 2367:Circus building 2361: 2275: 2267: 2247: 2205: 2080: 2028: 1988: 1981: 1980: 1944: 1936: 1935: 1901: 1893: 1892: 1768: 1760: 1759: 1733: 1723: 1722: 1671: 1651: 1632: 1608: 1604: 1597: 1447: 1431:The Doll Family 1427:Zip the Pinhead 1290: 1289: 1284: 1280: 1269: 1265: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1223: 1215: 1185: 1179: 1147: 1138: 1132: 1123: 1117: 1098:Charlie Chaplin 1082:Teatro ZinZanni 1018:lighting design 986: 980: 964: 929: 849: 777: 750:The Englishman 748: 705:Joseph Grimaldi 641: 637: 633: 631: 630: 621: 610: 604: 601: 558: 556: 546: 534: 523: 475:George Speaight 460: 432: 429:(November 2023) 408: 404: 397: 391:, the Sun God. 333:, which is the 318: 221: 174:Stand-up comedy 100:Performing arts 65: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5955: 5953: 5945: 5944: 5939: 5934: 5924: 5923: 5917: 5916: 5914: 5913: 5903: 5892: 5889: 5888: 5886: 5885: 5884: 5883: 5873: 5868: 5863: 5858: 5852: 5850: 5846: 5845: 5843: 5842: 5840:Wheel of Death 5837: 5832: 5827: 5822: 5817: 5812: 5810:Globe of death 5807: 5806: 5805: 5795: 5794: 5793: 5786:Animal trainer 5782: 5780: 5776: 5775: 5773: 5772: 5767: 5762: 5757: 5751: 5749: 5743: 5742: 5740: 5739: 5734: 5733: 5732: 5727: 5722: 5720:Fire breathing 5712: 5711: 5710: 5705: 5700: 5690: 5685: 5680: 5675: 5670: 5664: 5662: 5649: 5648: 5646: 5645: 5640: 5639: 5638: 5633: 5623: 5618: 5613: 5608: 5603: 5598: 5593: 5588: 5583: 5578: 5573: 5568: 5563: 5558: 5553: 5548: 5543: 5538: 5533: 5528: 5523: 5518: 5513: 5508: 5503: 5498: 5492: 5490: 5474: 5473: 5468: 5466: 5465: 5458: 5451: 5443: 5434: 5433: 5428: 5423: 5416: 5415:External links 5413: 5412: 5411: 5406:Simon, Linda. 5404: 5399:Nance, Susan. 5397: 5388: 5360: 5349: 5324: 5314: 5308: 5293: 5290: 5289: 5288: 5282: 5266: 5255:"Circus" 5252:, ed. (1911). 5250:Chisholm, Hugh 5244: 5241: 5238: 5237: 5228: 5206: 5180: 5154: 5131: 5105: 5077: 5065: 5049:Pacelle, Wayne 5040: 5014: 4986: 4961: 4935: 4913: 4881: 4859: 4830: 4816: 4805:. 15 July 2020 4790: 4763: 4751: 4724: 4698: 4686: 4660: 4645: 4627: 4605: 4549: 4521: 4508: 4499: 4488: 4477:on 14 May 2013 4462: 4437: 4408: 4382: 4360: 4349:on 28 May 2008 4324: 4313:on 21 May 2015 4295: 4265: 4240: 4195: 4169: 4143: 4121: 4099: 4092: 4074: 4054: 4023: 4000: 3988: 3961: 3947: 3927: 3915: 3898:"Introduction" 3886: 3860: 3842: 3812: 3790: 3783: 3761: 3748: 3735: 3719: 3698: 3687: 3674: 3672:, p. 391. 3657: 3650: 3632: 3623: 3606: 3590: 3578: 3562: 3537: 3526:. 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1119:Main article: 1116: 1113: 1109:cirque nouveau 1096:, daughter of 1086:Circus Smirkus 1022:costume design 1014:cirque nouveau 982:Main article: 979: 976: 963: 960: 928: 925: 873:Louis Soullier 848: 845: 776: 773: 747: 744: 721:Charles Dibdin 659:Circus Ronaldo 629: 626: 623: 622: 537: 535: 528: 522: 519: 495:Circus Neronis 487:Circus Maximus 459: 456: 434: 433: 411: 409: 402: 396: 393: 375:De Spectaculis 317: 314: 269:ventriloquists 223: 222: 220: 219: 212: 205: 197: 194: 193: 192: 191: 186: 181: 176: 171: 166: 161: 156: 151: 146: 141: 136: 131: 126: 121: 116: 111: 103: 102: 96: 95: 83: 82: 79: 75: 74: 71: 67: 66: 59: 51: 50: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5954: 5943: 5940: 5938: 5935: 5933: 5930: 5929: 5927: 5912: 5904: 5902: 5894: 5893: 5890: 5882: 5879: 5878: 5877: 5874: 5872: 5869: 5867: 5864: 5862: 5861:Circus school 5859: 5857: 5854: 5853: 5851: 5847: 5841: 5838: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5823: 5821: 5818: 5816: 5813: 5811: 5808: 5804: 5801: 5800: 5799: 5796: 5792: 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3712: 3709: 3708: 3702: 3699: 3696: 3691: 3688: 3684: 3678: 3675: 3671: 3670:Chisholm 1911 3666: 3664: 3662: 3658: 3653: 3647: 3643: 3636: 3633: 3627: 3624: 3620: 3615: 3613: 3611: 3607: 3603: 3599: 3594: 3591: 3587: 3586:Speaight 1980 3582: 3579: 3576: 3572: 3566: 3563: 3551: 3547: 3541: 3538: 3525: 3519: 3516: 3512: 3511: 3506: 3501: 3498: 3493: 3487: 3483: 3476: 3473: 3468: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3448: 3445: 3442:, p. 11. 3441: 3440:Speaight 1980 3436: 3433: 3429: 3428:Chisholm 1911 3424: 3422: 3420: 3416: 3411: 3407: 3403: 3401:0-8131-7179-2 3397: 3393: 3389: 3383: 3381: 3379: 3375: 3370: 3366: 3359: 3356: 3352: 3348: 3343: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3327: 3324: 3319: 3313: 3309: 3302: 3299: 3287: 3283: 3277: 3274: 3267: 3263: 3260: 3258: 3255: 3253: 3250: 3248: 3245: 3243: 3240: 3238: 3235: 3233: 3230: 3228: 3225: 3223: 3220: 3218: 3215: 3213: 3212:Circus skills 3210: 3208: 3205: 3203: 3200: 3197: 3194: 3192: 3189: 3188: 3184: 3182: 3180: 3176: 3171: 3169: 3168:Shahrukh Khan 3165: 3161: 3160: 3155: 3150: 3148: 3144: 3143:Elephant Song 3140: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3123: 3118: 3117:Gary Jennings 3114: 3113: 3108: 3104: 3103: 3098: 3094: 3093: 3088: 3084: 3079: 3077: 3073: 3072: 3067: 3066: 3061: 3057: 3056: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3038: 3033: 3032:Hanna-Barbera 3029: 3025: 3024: 3019: 3018:A Tiger Walks 3015: 3014: 3010: 3006: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2996: 2991: 2990: 2985: 2981: 2980: 2975: 2974: 2973:3 Ring Circus 2969: 2965: 2961: 2958:(released as 2957: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2944: 2939: 2935: 2931: 2929: 2925: 2924: 2919: 2915: 2914: 2909: 2905: 2901: 2897: 2893: 2892:Marx Brothers 2890:starring the 2889: 2888: 2887:At the Circus 2883: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2870: 2865: 2861: 2860: 2855: 2854: 2853:Salto Mortale 2849: 2845: 2844: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2830: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2816: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2802: 2796: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2781: 2777:in 1961, and 2776: 2772: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2735: 2730: 2729:Margaret Mayo 2726: 2725: 2720: 2716: 2711: 2709: 2705: 2700: 2696: 2695:George Martin 2692: 2688: 2687: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2657: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2644: 2639: 2634: 2630: 2627: 2622: 2617: 2616:Erich Kästner 2611: 2607: 2603: 2598: 2587: 2584: 2576: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2552: 2551: 2547: 2542:This section 2540: 2536: 2531: 2530: 2524: 2522: 2520: 2516: 2508: 2506: 2504: 2503:Carré Theatre 2500: 2496: 2489: 2485: 2483: 2479: 2477: 2473: 2470: 2468: 2464: 2461: 2459: 2455: 2452: 2449: 2446: 2443: 2440: 2437: 2434: 2432: 2428: 2426: 2422: 2420: 2417: 2415: 2411: 2408: 2406: 2403: 2400: 2397: 2396: 2395: 2390: 2385: 2378: 2373: 2365: 2358: 2356: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2341:Circus Royale 2339:from Munich, 2338: 2334: 2330: 2324: 2322: 2318: 2313: 2311: 2306: 2304: 2303:New York City 2300: 2296: 2295:San Francisco 2291: 2287: 2279: 2272: 2270: 2264: 2262: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2244: 2242: 2240: 2235: 2230: 2225: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2210: 2202: 2200: 2197: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2174: 2172: 2167: 2162: 2160: 2156: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2138: 2132: 2129: 2126: 2123: 2119: 2116: 2113: 2110: 2107: 2104: 2103: 2102: 2100: 2095: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2078:United States 2077: 2075: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2064:Animal rights 2057: 2053: 2049: 2044: 2036: 2025: 2020: 2018: 2013: 2011: 2006: 2005: 2003: 2002: 1997: 1992: 1987: 1986: 1985: 1984: 1977: 1974: 1972: 1969: 1967: 1964: 1960: 1957: 1956: 1955: 1952: 1950: 1949:Cultured meat 1947: 1946: 1940: 1939: 1932: 1929: 1927: 1924: 1922: 1919: 1917: 1914: 1912: 1909: 1907: 1904: 1903: 1897: 1896: 1887: 1884: 1882: 1879: 1878: 1877: 1874: 1870: 1867: 1865: 1862: 1860: 1857: 1856: 1855: 1852: 1848: 1845: 1844: 1843: 1840: 1836: 1833: 1831: 1828: 1826: 1823: 1822: 1821: 1818: 1814: 1811: 1809: 1806: 1804: 1801: 1799: 1796: 1795: 1794: 1791: 1789: 1786: 1784: 1781: 1779: 1776: 1774: 1771: 1770: 1764: 1763: 1756: 1753: 1749: 1746: 1744: 1741: 1740: 1739: 1736: 1735: 1732: 1727: 1726: 1717: 1714: 1713: 1712: 1709: 1707: 1706:Vegetarianism 1704: 1702: 1699: 1697: 1694: 1692: 1689: 1687: 1684: 1682: 1679: 1677: 1674: 1673: 1667: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1657: 1654: 1652:Animal rights 1648: 1644: 1640: 1639: 1630: 1625: 1621: 1620: 1615: 1610: 1601: 1600: 1594: 1592: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1577: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1479: 1474: 1467: 1463: 1456: 1451: 1444: 1442: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1395:chapeaugraphy 1392: 1388: 1387:sideshow acts 1384: 1380: 1375: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1352:circus clowns 1349: 1345: 1341: 1340:rolling globe 1337: 1333: 1329: 1328:stilt-walking 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1282: 1279: 1271: 1263: 1262: 1253: 1245: 1244: 1235: 1227: 1226: 1222: 1221: 1212: 1207: 1205: 1200: 1198: 1193: 1192: 1189: 1184: 1176: 1174: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1144: 1142: 1137: 1136:Social circus 1130:Social Circus 1129: 1127: 1122: 1114: 1112: 1110: 1106: 1101: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1078:Cirkus Cirkör 1075: 1074:Cirque Éloize 1071: 1067: 1063: 1060:, founded in 1059: 1055: 1052:in 1984 from 1051: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1038:San Francisco 1036:, founded in 1035: 1031: 1026: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1004: 1000: 999: 994: 990: 985: 977: 975: 973: 969: 961: 956: 952: 948: 946: 942: 938: 937:Soviet Russia 934: 926: 924: 921: 920:animal rights 912: 907: 903: 899: 896: 888: 884: 880: 878: 874: 870: 866: 862: 861:William Batty 858: 854: 846: 840: 836: 834: 830: 829:circus trains 826: 822: 818: 814: 810: 806: 802: 798: 794: 790: 781: 774: 768: 764: 762: 758: 753: 745: 740: 736: 732: 730: 726: 722: 718: 715:in 1781. The 714: 710: 706: 702: 698: 694: 693:Andrew Ducrow 685: 681: 679: 675: 671: 667: 666:Philip Astley 660: 656: 649: 645: 636: 627: 619: 616: 608: 597: 594: 590: 587: 583: 580: 576: 573: 569: 566: – 565: 561: 560:Find sources: 554: 550: 544: 543: 538:This section 536: 532: 527: 526: 521:Modern format 520: 518: 516: 512: 506: 504: 500: 499:fourth circus 496: 492: 488: 483: 481: 476: 472: 467: 466: 457: 455: 453: 452:Philip Astley 444: 440: 430: 425: 421: 420: 415: 410: 401: 400: 394: 392: 390: 386: 382: 377: 376: 369: 359: 358:Homeric Greek 355: 350: 340: 336: 331: 327: 324:derives from 323: 315: 313: 309: 305: 302: 298: 294: 289: 287: 286:Philip Astley 282: 278: 274: 270: 266: 262: 258: 254: 250: 246: 242: 238: 234: 230: 218: 213: 211: 206: 204: 199: 198: 196: 195: 190: 189:Ventriloquism 187: 185: 182: 180: 177: 175: 172: 170: 167: 165: 162: 160: 157: 155: 152: 150: 147: 145: 142: 140: 137: 135: 132: 130: 127: 125: 122: 120: 119:Circus skills 117: 115: 112: 110: 107: 106: 105: 104: 101: 97: 93: 89: 88: 80: 78:Ancestor arts 76: 72: 68: 63: 57: 52: 47: 44: 40: 33: 19: 5803:Circus clown 5660:manipulation 5643:Trick riding 5566:Hand to hand 5531:Chinese pole 5435: 5407: 5400: 5391: 5384: 5370: 5364: 5352: 5341:. 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Retrieved 3518: 3508: 3500: 3481: 3475: 3456: 3447: 3435: 3391: 3388:Nickell, Joe 3364: 3358: 3353:, on Perseus 3350: 3342: 3337:, on Perseus 3334: 3326: 3307: 3301: 3289:. Retrieved 3285: 3276: 3202:Circus clown 3172: 3157: 3151: 3147:Circus World 3120: 3119:. The novel 3110: 3100: 3096: 3090: 3082: 3080: 3076:P. T. Barnum 3069: 3063: 3053: 3052:rescue her. 3035: 3023:Circus World 3021: 3017: 3011: 3009:musical film 3002: 2998:(1960), the 2993: 2987: 2977: 2971: 2968:Ring of Fear 2967: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2947: 2941: 2933: 2932: 2927: 2921: 2917: 2911: 2899: 2895: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2867: 2857: 2851: 2847: 2841: 2837: 2827: 2826:in 1926 and 2823: 2819: 2813: 2809: 2799: 2797: 2792: 2789:Mark Bramble 2778: 2770: 2762: 2754: 2750: 2742: 2732: 2723: 2714: 2712: 2691:William Kite 2684: 2669:Pablo Fanque 2665:Julius Fučík 2658: 2649: 2636: 2632: 2619: 2614: 2605: 2597:Circus music 2579: 2570: 2555:Please help 2543: 2512: 2492: 2393: 2337:Circus Krone 2325: 2321:wild animals 2314: 2307: 2301:(2017), and 2292: 2288: 2284: 2268: 2248: 2226: 2206: 2198: 2175: 2163: 2150:Kenneth Feld 2139: 2136: 2096: 2081: 2062: 1966:Deep ecology 1906:Abolitionism 1825:Bullfighting 1788:Wild animals 1767:Animal abuse 1629:(March 2021) 1628: 1617: 1578: 1483: 1439:Fresnel lens 1376: 1364:Emmett Kelly 1356:Austin Miles 1293: 1281: 1219: 1217: 1167:glockenspiel 1148: 1139: 1124: 1108: 1102: 1066:Cirque Plume 1027: 1013: 1008: 996: 965: 930: 916: 900: 892: 865:Pablo Fanque 850: 823:, the first 813:P. T. 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