606:
81:
857:
849:
514:"Climate in a narrow sense is usually defined as the "average weather", or more rigorously, as the statistical description in terms of the mean and variability of relevant quantities over a period ranging from months to thousands or millions of years. The classical period is 30 years, as defined by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO). These quantities are most often surface variables such as temperature, precipitation, and wind. Climate in a wider sense is the state, including a statistical description, of the climate system."
965:, land surface and ice through a series of physics equations. They are used for a variety of purposes, from the study of the dynamics of the weather and climate system to projections of future climate. All climate models balance, or very nearly balance, incoming energy as short wave (including visible) electromagnetic radiation to the Earth with outgoing energy as long wave (infrared) electromagnetic radiation from the Earth. Any imbalance results in a change in the average temperature of the Earth.
547:
December 1990. The 1961–1990 climate normals serve as the baseline reference period. The next set of climate normals to be published by WMO is from 1991 to 2010. Aside from collecting from the most common atmospheric variables (air temperature, pressure, precipitation and wind), other variables such as humidity, visibility, cloud amount, solar radiation, soil temperature, pan evaporation rate, days with thunder and days with hail are also collected to measure change in climate conditions.
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702:'s history. It uses evidence with different time scales (from decades to millennia) from ice sheets, tree rings, sediments, pollen, coral, and rocks to determine the past state of the climate. It demonstrates periods of stability and periods of change and can indicate whether changes follow patterns such as regular cycles.
502: 'inclination') is commonly defined as the weather averaged over a long period. The standard averaging period is 30 years, but other periods may be used depending on the purpose. Climate also includes statistics other than the average, such as the magnitudes of day-to-day or year-to-year variations. The
732:
during the past few centuries. The instruments used to study weather over the modern time scale, their observation frequency, their known error, their immediate environment, and their exposure have changed over the years, which must be considered when studying the climate of centuries past. Long-term
972:
require significant computational resources, and so only a few global datasets exist. Global climate models can be dynamically or statistically downscaled to regional climate models to analyze impacts of climate change on a local scale. Examples are ICON or mechanistically downscaled data such as
530:
to compare current climatological trends to that of the past or what is considered typical. A climate normal is defined as the arithmetic average of a climate element (e.g. temperature) over a 30-year period. A 30-year period is used as it is long enough to filter out any interannual variation or
546:
meeting, the technical commission designated the thirty-year period from 1901 to 1930 as the reference time frame for climatological standard normals. In 1982, the WMO agreed to update climate normals, and these were subsequently completed on the basis of climate data from 1 January 1961 to 31
481:
has written: "a 3 °C change in mean annual temperature corresponds to a shift in isotherms of approximately 300–400 km in latitude (in the temperate zone) or 500 m in elevation. Therefore, species are expected to move upwards in elevation or towards the poles in
991:
Models can range from relatively simple to quite complex. Simple radiant heat transfer models treat the Earth as a single point and average outgoing energy. This can be expanded vertically (as in radiative-convective models), or horizontally. Finally, more complex (coupled)
943:, variations in the Earth's orbit, changes in the solar output, and volcanism. However, these naturally caused changes in climate occur on a much slower time scale than the present rate of change which is caused by the emission of greenhouse gases by human activities.
885:
Climate change is the variation in global or regional climates over time. It reflects changes in the variability or average state of the atmosphere over time scales ranging from decades to millions of years. These changes can be caused by processes internal to the
733:
modern climate records skew towards population centres and affluent countries. Since the 1960s, the launch of satellites allow records to be gathered on a global scale, including areas with little to no human presence, such as the Arctic region and oceans.
2224:
von
Schuckman, K.; Palmer, M. D.; Trenberth, K. E.; Cazenave, A.; Chambers, D.; Champollion, N.; Hansen, J.; Josey, S. A.; Loeb, N; Mathieu, P. P.; Meyssignac, B.; Wild, N. (27 January 2016). "An imperative to monitor Earth's energy imbalance".
570:
redistribute heat between land and water on a more regional scale. The density and type of vegetation coverage affects solar heat absorption, water retention, and rainfall on a regional level. Alterations in the quantity of atmospheric
591:. The variables which determine climate are numerous and the interactions complex, but there is general agreement that the broad outlines are understood, at least insofar as the determinants of historical climate change are concerned.
860:
Observed temperature from NASA vs the 1850–1900 average used by the IPCC as a pre-industrial baseline. The primary driver for increased global temperatures in the industrial era is human activity, with natural forces adding
839:
now implies change that is both long-term and of human causation, in the 1960s the word climate change was used for what we now describe as climate variability, that is, climatic inconsistencies and anomalies.
751:, etc.) "on all spatial and temporal scales beyond that of individual weather events." Some of the variability does not appear to be caused systematically and occurs at random times. Such variability is called
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are mathematical models of past, present, and future climates. Climate change may occur over long and short timescales due to various factors. Recent warming is discussed in terms of
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5400:
558:, altitude, proportion of land to water, and proximity to oceans and mountains. All of these variables change only over periods of millions of years due to processes such as
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The most talked-about applications of these models in recent years have been their use to infer the consequences of increasing greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, primarily
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Matthews, J.B. Robin; Möller, Vincent; van Diemen, Renée; Fuglestvedt, Jan S.; Masson-Delmotte, Valérie; Méndez, Carlos; Semenov, Sergey; Reisinger, Andy (2021).
946:
According to the EU's
Copernicus Climate Change Service, average global air temperature has passed 1.5C of warming the period from February 2023 to January 2024.
280:
2758:
Knutson, T.; Kossin, J.P.; Mears, C.; Perlwitz, J.; Wehner, M.F (2017). Wuebbles, D.J; Fahey, D.W; Hibbard, K.A; Dokken, D.J; Stewart, B.C; Maycock, T.K (eds.).
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Climate Change 2001: The
Scientific Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
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419:
affects it. The major classifications in
Thornthwaite's climate classification are microthermal, mesothermal, and megathermal. Finally, the Bergeron and
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is that they produce distinct boundaries between the zones they define, rather than the gradual transition of climate properties more common in nature.
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The difference between climate and weather is usefully summarized by the popular phrase "Climate is what you expect, weather is what you get." Over
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6025:
5814:
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2612:
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Climate variability is the term to describe variations in the mean state and other characteristics of climate (such as chances or possibility of
437:
period, beginning with the time of the Earth's formation. Since very few direct observations of climate were available before the 19th century,
5674:
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5491:
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5044:
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3178:
2150:
420:
80:
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1569:
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6355:
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939:, can increase the global temperature and produce an interglacial period. Suggested causes of ice age periods include the positions of the
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Karger, D.N.; Lange, S.; Hari, C.; Reyer, C.P.O.; Zimmermann, N.E. (2021). "CHELSA-W5E5 v1.0: W5E5 v1.0 downscaled with CHELSA v2.0".
1971:
1909:
The Global
Historical Climatology Network: Long-term monthly temperature, precipitation, sea level pressure, and station pressure data
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1806:
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1293:
668:
621:
610:
396:
761:. On the other hand, periodic variability occurs relatively regularly and in distinct modes of variability or climate patterns.
635:
to describe the weather depending upon a location's latitude. Modern climate classification methods can be broadly divided into
616:
Climate classifications are systems that categorize the world's climates. A climate classification may correlate closely with a
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Karger, D.; Conrad, O.; Böhner, J.; Kawohl, T.; Kreft, H.; Soria-Auza, R.W.; Zimmermann, N.E.; Linder, P.; Kessler, M. (2017).
2405:
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1335:
812:
711:
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890:, external forces (e.g. variations in sunlight intensity) or human activities, as found recently. Scientists have identified
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of the ocean leads to a 5 °C (41 °F) warming of the northern
Atlantic Ocean compared to other ocean basins. Other
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38:
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Climate models are available on different resolutions ranging from >100 km to 1 km. High resolutions in
891:
1907:
Vose, R. S.; Schmoyer, R. L.; Steurer, P. M.; Peterson, T. C.; Heim, R.; Karl, T. R.; Eischeid, J. K. (1992-07-01).
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988:, with the most rapid increase in temperature being projected for the higher latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere.
985:
720:
Details of the modern climate record are known through the taking of measurements from such weather instruments as
652:
254:
154:
95:
2725:
901:, the term "climate change" often refers only to changes in modern climate, including the rise in average surface
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5784:
5602:
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3729:
3517:
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1014:
880:
872:
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249:
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The Study of
Climate on Alien Worlds; Characterizing atmospheres beyond our Solar System is now within our reach
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1094:
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methods, which focus on the effects of climate. Examples of genetic classification include methods based on the
6971:
6826:
6292:
6287:
6218:
6058:
5564:
5529:
5422:
5349:
5190:
5019:
4955:
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931:, reflecting more of the Sun's energy into space and maintaining a lower atmospheric temperature. Increases in
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of the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge, UK & New York: Cambridge University Press.
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495:
384:
301:
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Dipankar, A.; Heinze, Rieke; Moseley, Christopher; Stevens, Bjorn; Zängl, Günther; Brdar, Slavko (2015).
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5103:
4001:
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3379:
3369:
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3017:
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2840:
2423:"A Large Eddy Simulation Version of ICON (ICOsahedral Nonhydrostatic): Model Description and Validation"
1650:
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201:
107:
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1996:
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1700:
1685:
Ledley, T.S.; Sundquist, E. T.; Schwartz, S. E.; Hall, D. K.; Fellows, J. D.; Killeen, T. L. (1999).
996:
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use quantitative methods to simulate the interactions and transfer of radiative energy between the
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2012:
1986:
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classification, as climate is a major influence on life in a region. One of the most used is the
404:
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2344:
1922:
1789:
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796:
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time spans, there are a number of nearly constant variables that determine climate, including
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2004:
1912:
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There are close correlations between Earth's climate oscillations and astronomical factors (
693:
462:
458:
426:
179:
149:
137:
2560:
2315:"Rates of change in natural and anthropogenic radiative forcing over the past 20,000 years"
2020:
999:
discretise and solve the full equations for mass and energy transfer and radiant exchange.
300:
pattern in a region, typically averaged over 30 years. More rigorously, it is the mean and
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1967:
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Beck, Hylke E.; Zimmermann, Niklaus E.; McVicar, Tim R.; Vergopolan, Noemi; Berg, Alexis;
1603:
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923:. These consist of glacial periods where conditions are colder than normal, separated by
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2238:
2045:
2000:
1759:
1704:
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periods. The accumulation of snow and ice during a glacial period increases the surface
909:. In some cases, the term is also used with a presumption of human causation, as in the
7502:
6255:
6111:
6053:
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5890:
5779:
5511:
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804:
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392:
377:
329:
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2401:
1501:. World Meteorological Organization. 2011. pp. 6, 8, 10, 21, 26. Archived from
791:
between the ocean-atmosphere climate system. In some cases, current, historical and
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5644:
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5185:
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2016:
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924:
800:
792:
777:
660:
438:
2588:(2013). Stocker, T. F.; Qin, D.; Plattner, G.-K.; Tignor, M.; et al. (eds.).
1886:
1810:
1419:
7525:
1744:"Present and future Köppen-Geiger climate classification maps at 1-km resolution"
916:(UNFCCC). The UNFCCC uses "climate variability" for non-human caused variations.
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5757:
5749:
5009:
4719:
4594:
4157:
3963:
3900:
3570:
3409:
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3147:
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2008:
1131:
Shepherd, J. Marshall; Shindell, Drew; O'Carroll, Cynthia M. (1 February 2005).
902:
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and the interactions between them. The climate of a location is affected by its
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313:
309:
305:
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123:
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which was originally designed to identify the climates associated with certain
433:
seek to explain climate variations for all parts of the Earth during any given
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3221:
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1024:
973:
CHELSA (Climatologies at high resolution for the earth's land surface areas).
919:
Earth has undergone periodic climate shifts in the past, including four major
773:
765:
729:
627:
There are several ways to classify climates into similar regimes. Originally,
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1911:. U.S. Department of Energy. Office of Scientific and Technical Information.
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308:
variables over a time spanning from months to millions of years. Some of the
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1723:
1331:"Biological consequences of global warming: is the signal already apparent?"
1029:
940:
725:
656:
543:
450:
361:
353:
2934:– Webapplication to generate climate charts for recent and historical data.
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Paleoclimatology is the study of past climate over a great period of the
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determines the amount of solar energy retained by the planet, leading to
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which set up a technical commission for climatology in 1929. At its 1934
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373:
369:
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317:
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212:
2825:
1644:"Heat Absorption Cooling For Sustainable Air Conditioning of Households"
17:
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was created from a revision of this article dated 18 May 2023
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1972:"Empirical evidence for a celestial origin of the climate oscillations"
1926:
1095:"Annex VII. Glossary: IPCC – Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change"
993:
920:
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434:
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focus on the origin of air masses that define the climate of a region.
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2681:(2014). The Core Writing Team; Pachauri, R. K.; Meyer, L. A. (eds.).
1917:
928:
913:
535:, but also short enough to be able to show longer climatic trends."
332:. In a broader sense, climate is the state of the components of the
59:
Statistics of weather conditions in a given region over long periods
2919:
2474:"Climatologies at high resolution for the Earth land surface areas"
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5215:
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1991:
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894:(EEI) to be a fundamental metric of the status of global change.
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1316:
Biological consequences of globalwarming: is the signal already
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387:
according to the average and typical variables, most commonly
6122:
Cooperative
Mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement
2942:
2931:
2841:
Reumert, Johannes: "Vahls climatic divisions. An explanation"
7523:
2878:
2906:
1950:
1948:
2629:
AR5 Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis – IPCC
2381:"World's first year-long breach of key 1.5C warming limit"
1496:"Commission For Climatology: Over Eighty Years of Service"
6298:
Illustrative model of greenhouse effect on climate change
2868:
1207:"An Approach Toward a Rational Classification of Climate"
3825:
1618:"The Thermohaline Ocean Circulation: A Brief Fact Sheet"
2937:
42:
2687:. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the
2193:"Short Answers to Hard Questions About Climate Change"
852:
Surface air temperature change over the past 50 years.
7474:
6139:
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
2096:
1939:
1979:
Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics
1558:
WMO Guidelines on the Calculation of Climate Normals
1133:"What's the Difference Between Weather and Climate?"
395:. The most widely used classification scheme is the
6316:
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2902:
Climate: Data and charts for world and US locations
2071:"Global Annual Mean Surface Air Temperature Change"
1649:. Sustainable Urban Areas Rotterdam. Archived from
639:methods, which focus on the causes of climate, and
562:. Other climate determinants are more dynamic: the
2761:Ch. 3: Detection and Attribution of Climate Change
795:natural oscillations may be masked by significant
1620:. Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research.
1595:National Weather Service Office Tucson, Arizona.
6339:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
2108:
2879:NASA's Climate change and global warming portal
2798:(4th ed.). Jones & Bartlett Learning.
2591:Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis
2319:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1885:. American Institute of Physics. Archived from
1858:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
1164:Gough, William A.; Leung, Andrew C. W. (2022).
984:). These models predict an upward trend in the
512:
7536:
2143:"Climate Change | National Geographic Society"
897:In recent usage, especially in the context of
6453:
5084:History of climate change policy and politics
4879:
4454:
3841:
3630:
3179:
3128:Pacific–North American teleconnection pattern
2976:
2427:Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems
2313:Joos, Fortunat; Spahni, Renato (2008-02-05).
274:
8:
3328:Convective available potential energy (CAPE)
2836:. Vol. VI (9th ed.). pp. 1–7.
2794:Rohli, Robert. V.; Vega, Anthony J. (2018).
2733:
2653:
667:, evapotranspiration, or more generally the
71:
5201:Atlantic meridional overturning circulation
2922:– Past, present and future climates – 2013.
2712:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1564:. World Meteorological Organization. 2017.
1088:
1086:
445:. They include non-biotic evidence—such as
26:
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3186:
3172:
3164:
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2969:
2961:
2948:
2928:– Contains climatic information from 1901.
281:
267:
70:
5966:Adaptation strategies on the German coast
5109:United Nations Climate Change conferences
2597:. Contribution of Working Group I to the
2505:
2448:
2438:
2356:
2338:
2269:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
1990:
1954:
1916:
1783:
1722:
1712:
1440:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
1181:
540:International Meteorological Organization
504:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
312:variables that are commonly measured are
7553:, and does not reflect subsequent edits.
5670:Co-benefits of climate change mitigation
2046:"GISS Surface Temperature Analysis (v4)"
1642:de Werk, Gertjan; Mulder, Karel (2007).
1464:"Climate Data and Data Related Products"
486:in response to shifting climate zones."
32:This is an accepted version of this page
7481:
6026:National Adaptation Programme of Action
5815:Land use, land-use change, and forestry
2147:Education | National Geographic Society
1266:Education | National Geographic Society
1082:
421:Spatial Synoptic Classification systems
229:
211:
164:
122:
28:
5675:Economics of climate change mitigation
5638:Gold Standard (carbon offset standard)
4989:Scientific consensus on climate change
2705:
2205:from the original on 22 September 2020
1145:from the original on 22 September 2020
914:Framework Convention on Climate Change
473:, which results in redistributions of
6334:Coupled Model Intercomparison Project
2684:Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report
1687:"Climate change and greenhouse gases"
1166:"Do Airports Have Their Own Climate?"
7:
6356:Representative Concentration Pathway
5307:Tipping points in the climate system
4983:Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere
4400:Geology of solar terrestrial planets
2170:Arctic Climatology and Meteorology.
1363:from the original on 12 October 2013
477:. For example, as climate scientist
411:information and is used in studying
6127:Nationally determined contributions
5837:Individual action on climate change
5052:World energy supply and consumption
3290:Convective condensation level (CCL)
3073:Equatorial Indian Ocean oscillation
2916:– Climate data and guidance on use.
2191:Gillis, Justin (28 November 2015).
825:Over the years, the definitions of
510:glossary definition is as follows:
6266:Fixed anvil temperature hypothesis
3496:Equivalent potential temperature (
2889:Climate index and mode information
2077:from the original on 16 April 2020
1329:Hughes, Leslie (1 February 2000).
716:Satellite temperature measurements
655:weather disturbances. Examples of
429:is the study of ancient climates.
403:, in use since 1948, incorporates
245:Glossary of tropical cyclone terms
57:
6193:Satellite temperature measurement
5798:forestry for carbon sequestration
5089:History of climate change science
3348:Conditional symmetric instability
3194:Meteorological data and variables
3063:Diurnal air temperature variation
3048:Cataclysmic pole shift hypothesis
3033:Atlantic multidecadal oscillation
1532:World Meteorological Organization
1469:World Meteorological Organization
520:World Meteorological Organization
7535:
7496:
7484:
7217:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
6692:Democratic Republic of the Congo
6419:
6407:
6396:
6395:
6383:
6044:Climate Change Performance Index
4848:
4847:
4423:
4422:
3295:Lifting condensation level (LCL)
1807:United States National Arboretum
675:. A common shortcoming of these
624:scheme first developed in 1899.
79:
6183:Instrumental temperature record
6134:Sustainable Development Goal 13
4130:Human impact on the environment
3280:Cloud condensation nuclei (CCN)
2938:International Disaster Database
2782:from the original on 2022-09-20
2744:from the original on 2022-07-18
2695:from the original on 2020-01-09
2664:from the original on 2019-03-13
2618:from the original on 2019-09-25
2153:from the original on 2022-07-30
1839:American Meteorological Society
1624:from the original on 2013-03-27
1578:from the original on 2022-08-08
1538:from the original on 2022-08-21
1397:from the original on 2011-07-07
1391:American Meteorological Society
1336:Trends in Ecology and Evolution
1296:from the original on 2022-09-01
1113:from the original on 2022-06-05
986:global mean surface temperature
712:Instrumental temperature record
526:" as "reference points used by
6762:Federated States of Micronesia
6251:Climate variability and change
5292:Retreat of glaciers since 1850
3959:Climate variability and change
3777:(Dfc, Dwc, Dsc, Dfd, Dwd, Dsd)
3769:(Dfa, Dwa, Dsa, Dfb, Dwb, Dsb)
3543:Wet-bulb potential temperature
3385:Level of free convection (LFC)
2450:11858/00-001M-0000-0024-9A35-F
2292:Illinois State Museum (2002).
1883:"The Modern Temperature Trend"
1811:USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map.
1035:Effect of Sun angle on climate
743:Climate variability and change
611:Köppen climate classifications
187:Climate variability and change
1:
6361:Shared Socioeconomic Pathways
5896:Climate emergency declaration
4395:Evolution of the Solar System
3650:Köppen climate classification
3586:Pressure-gradient force (PGF)
3508:Sea surface temperature (SST)
3343:Convective momentum transport
2907:IPCC Data Distribution Centre
1831:"Thornthwaite Moisture Index"
1349:10.1016/S0169-5347(99)01764-4
1070:Tectonic–climatic interaction
1060:National Climatic Data Center
835:have shifted. While the term
669:Köppen climate classification
622:Köppen climate classification
397:Köppen climate classification
6344:IPCC Sixth Assessment Report
5570:Middle East and North Africa
4135:Evolutionary history of life
3400:Bulk Richardson number (BRN)
3068:El Niño–Southern Oscillation
2869:NOAA Climate Services Portal
2855:Kevin Heng July–August 2012
2271:. 2001-01-20. Archived from
1528:"WMO Climatological Normals"
1418:. Met Office. Archived from
1286:"paleoclimatology | science"
1205:Thornthwaite, C. W. (1948).
1103:IPCC Sixth Assessment Report
538:The WMO originated from the
533:El Niño–Southern Oscillation
3604:Maximum potential intensity
3370:Free convective layer (FCL)
3333:Convective inhibition (CIN)
3118:Pacific decadal oscillation
2009:10.1016/j.jastp.2010.04.015
407:along with temperature and
7604:
6178:Global surface temperature
6069:Popular culture depictions
5981:Ecosystem-based adaptation
5711:Carbon capture and storage
5633:Carbon offsets and credits
3538:Wet-bulb globe temperature
3395:Maximum parcel level (MPL)
3133:Quasi-biennial oscillation
3103:North Atlantic oscillation
3008:Antarctic Circumpolar Wave
2884:Climate Prediction Project
2097:IPCC AR5 SYR Glossary 2014
1940:IPCC AR5 WG1 Glossary 2013
1183:10.3390/meteorology1020012
1045:List of climate scientists
870:
864:
740:
709:
691:
651:types or locations within
598:
255:Glossary of climate change
61:
6473:
6390:Climate change portal
6377:
6283:Extreme event attribution
6166:
6155:
5906:School Strike for Climate
5874:
5860:
5785:Climate-smart agriculture
5609:
5596:
5169:
5156:
5079:
5068:
4962:
4949:
4932:Climate change adaptation
4927:Climate change mitigation
4922:Effects of climate change
4912:
4901:
4843:
4756:
4715:
4418:
3863:
3518:Thermodynamic temperature
3452:Forest fire weather index
3108:North Pacific Oscillation
3088:Madden–Julian oscillation
2958:
2953:Links to related articles
2920:HistoricalClimatology.com
2874:NOAA State of the Climate
2404:Retrieved on 2008-05-02.
1015:Climate Prediction Center
881:Extreme event attribution
873:Global temperature record
250:Glossary of tornado terms
6637:Central African Republic
6293:Global warming potential
6100:International agreements
5747:Preserving and enhancing
5191:Arctic methane emissions
5113:Years in climate change
5020:Greenhouse gas emissions
4917:Causes of climate change
4405:Location in the Universe
4336:Antarctic/Southern Ocean
4035:List of sovereign states
3440:Equivalent temperature (
3353:Convective temperature (
3237:Surface weather analysis
3053:Dansgaard–Oeschger event
3028:Atlantic Equatorial mode
2943:Paris Climate Conference
2570:Retrieved on 2008-05-02.
2303:Retrieved on 2007-05-15.
2181:Retrieved on 2008-05-19.
1871:Retrieved on 2007-06-01.
1606:Retrieved on 2007-06-01.
1453:Retrieved on 2007-06-01.
892:Earth's Energy Imbalance
659:classifications include
564:thermohaline circulation
64:Climate (disambiguation)
39:latest accepted revision
7583:Meteorological concepts
6324:Climate change scenario
5976:Disaster risk reduction
5628:Carbon emission trading
5438:U.S. insurance industry
5418:Civilizational collapse
5265:sea surface temperature
3487:Potential temperature (
3232:Surface solar radiation
3123:Pacific Meridional Mode
2833:Encyclopædia Britannica
2689:Fifth Assessment Report
2599:Fifth Assessment Report
2559:Climateprediction.net.
2340:10.1073/pnas.0707386105
1835:Glossary of Meteorology
1820:Retrieved on 2008-03-09
1674:What Is Climate Change?
1387:Glossary of Meteorology
1314:Hughes, Lesley (2000).
1050:List of weather records
877:List of weather records
240:Glossary of meteorology
7531:
7511:Listen to this article
6582:Bosnia and Herzegovina
6317:Research and modelling
6001:Nature-based solutions
5821:Nature-based solutions
5763:Carbon dioxide removal
5680:Fossil fuel divestment
5665:Climate risk insurance
5575:Small island countries
5196:Arctic sea ice decline
3477:Relative humidity (RH)
3365:Equilibrium level (EL)
3338:Convective instability
2561:Modelling the climate.
2547:10.48364/ISIMIP.836809
2498:10.1038/sdata.2017.122
2408:June 10, 2008, at the
1862:NOAA Paleoclimatology.
1768:10.1038/sdata.2018.214
1065:Outline of meteorology
862:
853:
818:of substances such as
677:classification schemes
613:
601:Climate classification
595:Climate classification
516:
7530:
7327:SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
7207:Saint Kitts and Nevis
7187:Republic of the Congo
6278:Earth's energy budget
6161:Background and theory
6049:Climate crisis (term)
5721:Fossil fuel phase-out
5615:Economics and finance
5580:by individual country
5522:By country and region
5497:Security and conflict
5492:Psychological impacts
5181:Abrupt climate change
5104:Charles David Keeling
4937:By country and region
4115:Biogeochemical cycles
4040:dependent territories
3018:Arctic dipole anomaly
3013:Antarctic oscillation
2846:Geografisk Tidsskrift
2646:"Annex III: Glossary"
2227:Nature Climate Change
2109:USGCRP Chapter 3 2017
1955:Rohli & Vega 2018
1444:Appendix I: Glossary.
997:global climate models
970:global climate models
859:
851:
829:and the related term
608:
108:Atmospheric chemistry
7562:More spoken articles
7397:United Arab Emirates
6468:Climate of the World
6107:Glasgow Climate Pact
5768:Carbon sequestration
5343:Mass mortality event
4728:Evolutionary history
4163:Computer cartography
3896:Prebiotic atmosphere
3740:(Cfb, Cwb, Cfc, Cwc)
3666:Tropical rainforest
3566:Atmospheric pressure
3533:Wet-bulb temperature
3435:Dry-bulb temperature
3430:Dew point depression
2992:Climate oscillations
2926:Globalclimatemonitor
2726:"Annex II: Glossary"
2484:(4 170122): 170122.
2440:10.1002/2015MS000431
2402:Climate Variability.
2247:10.1038/NCLIMATE2876
1508:on 13 September 2015
899:environmental policy
803:, irregularities in
413:biological diversity
380:and their currents.
322:atmospheric pressure
96:Atmospheric dynamics
73:Atmospheric sciences
62:For other uses, see
7362:Trinidad and Tobago
6502:Antigua and Barbuda
6246:Climate sensitivity
6021:The Adaptation Fund
5477:Infectious diseases
5384:Social and economic
4665:Natural environment
4306:Geologic time scale
4027:Culture and society
3891:Atmosphere of Earth
3528:Virtual temperature
3513:Temperature anomaly
3207:Adiabatic processes
3093:Milankovitch cycles
3083:Indian Ocean Dipole
2490:2017NatSD...470122K
2331:2008PNAS..105.1425J
2239:2016NatCC...6..138V
2001:2010JASTP..72..951S
1760:2018NatSD...580214B
1742:(30 October 2018).
1705:1999EOSTr..80Q.453L
1616:Rahmstorf, Stefan.
1262:"All About Climate"
1214:Geographical Review
827:climate variability
793:paleoclimatological
737:Climate variability
431:Paleoclimatologists
401:Thornthwaite system
91:Atmospheric physics
75:
29:Page version status
7532:
6712:Dominican Republic
5817:(LULUCF and AFOLU)
5789:Forest management
5773:Direct air capture
5738:Sustainable energy
5695:Net zero emissions
5690:Low-carbon economy
5685:Green Climate Fund
5472:Indigenous peoples
5375:Plant biodiversity
5163:Effects and issues
4301:Geological history
4175:Geodetic astronomy
3767:Humid continental
3730:Humid subtropical
3300:Precipitable water
3038:Earth's axial tilt
3023:Arctic oscillation
2912:2016-05-19 at the
2894:2016-11-19 at the
2857:American Scientist
2634:2017-02-02 at the
2566:2009-02-04 at the
2299:2010-03-26 at the
2198:The New York Times
2177:2010-01-18 at the
2128:2018-04-09 at the
2123:Figure 3.3 panel 5
2117:2018-04-09 at the
2112:Figure 3.1 panel 2
1867:2020-09-22 at the
1816:2012-07-04 at the
1602:2017-03-12 at the
1449:2017-01-26 at the
1416:"Climate averages"
863:
854:
797:volcanic eruptions
753:random variability
645:relative frequency
614:
531:anomalies such as
494:Climate (from
441:are inferred from
405:evapotranspiration
35:
7528:
7470:
7469:
7464:
7463:
6737:Equatorial Guinea
6435:
6434:
6373:
6372:
6369:
6368:
6308:Radiative forcing
6151:
6150:
6147:
6146:
5971:Adaptive capacity
5856:
5855:
5852:
5851:
5716:Energy transition
5592:
5591:
5588:
5587:
5312:Tropical cyclones
5238:Urban heat island
5152:
5151:
5064:
5063:
5060:
5059:
5025:Carbon accounting
4979:Greenhouse effect
4945:
4944:
4861:
4860:
4839:
4838:
4512:chemical elements
4436:
4435:
4387:Planetary science
4370:Natural satellite
4291:Extremes on Earth
4258:Signal processing
3823:
3822:
3682:Tropical savanna
3674:Tropical monsoon
3612:
3611:
3581:Pressure gradient
3390:Lifted index (LI)
3161:
3160:
3153:True polar wander
3148:Solar variability
2822:Buchan, Alexander
2734:IPCC AR5 SYR 2014
2654:IPCC AR5 WG1 2013
2608:978-1-107-05799-9
2539:ISIMIP Repository
2400:Eric Maisonnave.
1714:10.1029/99EO00325
1571:978-92-63-11203-3
1476:on 1 October 2014
1040:Greenhouse effect
992:atmosphere–ocean–
937:volcanic activity
809:positive feedback
789:heat distribution
785:Milankovic cycles
522:(WMO) describes "
479:Lesley Ann Hughes
461:evidence—such as
296:is the long-term
291:
290:
16:(Redirected from
7595:
7552:
7550:
7539:
7538:
7529:
7519:
7517:
7512:
7501:
7500:
7489:
7488:
7487:
7480:
7152:Papua New Guinea
7017:Marshall Islands
6462:
6455:
6448:
6439:
6423:
6422:
6411:
6410:
6399:
6398:
6388:
6387:
6386:
6351:Paleoclimatology
6168:
6157:
5918:Ecological grief
5901:Climate movement
5876:
5862:
5842:Plant-based diet
5733:Renewable energy
5611:
5598:
5433:Economic impacts
5365:Invasive species
5221:Coastal flooding
5171:
5158:
5094:Svante Arrhenius
5070:
5040:from agriculture
5030:Carbon footprint
5015:Greenhouse gases
4964:
4951:
4903:
4888:
4881:
4874:
4865:
4851:
4850:
4723:
4713:
4653:tropical cyclone
4603:
4463:
4456:
4449:
4440:
4426:
4425:
4318:History of Earth
3969:Paleoclimatology
3850:
3843:
3836:
3827:
3648:types under the
3639:
3632:
3625:
3616:
3188:
3181:
3174:
3165:
2985:
2978:
2971:
2962:
2949:
2849:, Band 48; 1946)
2837:
2829:
2809:
2790:
2788:
2787:
2781:
2773:10.7930/J01834ND
2766:
2752:
2750:
2749:
2743:
2730:
2717:
2711:
2703:
2701:
2700:
2672:
2670:
2669:
2663:
2650:
2626:
2624:
2623:
2617:
2596:
2571:
2557:
2551:
2550:
2534:
2528:
2527:
2509:
2469:
2463:
2462:
2452:
2442:
2418:
2412:
2398:
2392:
2391:
2389:
2388:
2377:
2371:
2370:
2360:
2342:
2325:(5): 1425–1430.
2310:
2304:
2290:
2284:
2283:
2281:
2280:
2257:
2251:
2250:
2221:
2215:
2214:
2212:
2210:
2188:
2182:
2168:
2162:
2161:
2159:
2158:
2139:
2133:
2106:
2100:
2094:
2088:
2086:
2084:
2082:
2067:
2061:
2060:
2058:
2056:
2042:
2036:
2035:
2033:
2031:
2025:
2019:. Archived from
1994:
1976:
1970:(May 15, 2010).
1968:Scafetta, Nicola
1964:
1958:
1952:
1943:
1937:
1931:
1930:
1920:
1918:10.2172/10178730
1904:
1898:
1897:
1895:
1894:
1881:Weart, Spencer.
1878:
1872:
1855:
1849:
1848:
1846:
1845:
1827:
1821:
1804:
1798:
1797:
1787:
1735:
1729:
1728:
1726:
1724:2060/19990109667
1716:
1682:
1676:
1671:
1665:
1664:
1662:
1661:
1655:
1648:
1639:
1633:
1632:
1630:
1629:
1613:
1607:
1593:
1587:
1586:
1584:
1583:
1563:
1553:
1547:
1546:
1544:
1543:
1524:
1518:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1507:
1500:
1492:
1486:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1472:. Archived from
1460:
1454:
1437:
1431:
1430:
1428:
1427:
1412:
1406:
1405:
1403:
1402:
1379:
1373:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1326:
1320:
1319:
1311:
1305:
1304:
1302:
1301:
1282:
1276:
1275:
1273:
1272:
1258:
1252:
1251:
1249:
1248:
1242:
1236:. Archived from
1211:
1202:
1196:
1195:
1185:
1161:
1155:
1154:
1152:
1150:
1128:
1122:
1121:
1119:
1118:
1112:
1106:. p. 2222.
1099:
1090:
933:greenhouse gases
820:greenhouse gases
787:), and modes of
694:Paleoclimatology
688:Paleoclimatology
631:were defined in
573:greenhouse gases
427:Paleoclimatology
383:Climates can be
336:, including the
283:
276:
269:
150:Tropical cyclone
83:
76:
47:8 September 2024
21:
7603:
7602:
7598:
7597:
7596:
7594:
7593:
7592:
7568:
7567:
7566:
7565:
7554:
7548:
7546:
7543:This audio file
7540:
7533:
7524:
7521:
7515:
7514:
7510:
7507:
7495:
7485:
7483:
7475:
7471:
7466:
7465:
7460:
7117:North Macedonia
6469:
6466:
6436:
6431:
6384:
6382:
6365:
6312:
6303:Orbital forcing
6197:
6162:
6143:
6117:Paris Agreement
6095:
6091:Warming stripes
6030:
5996:Managed retreat
5991:Loss and damage
5952:
5886:Business action
5870:
5848:
5825:
5748:
5742:
5699:
5660:Climate finance
5605:
5584:
5516:
5379:
5355:Extinction risk
5331:Flora and fauna
5326:
5287:Permafrost thaw
5282:Ozone depletion
5211:Extreme weather
5165:
5148:
5075:
5056:
4993:
4958:
4941:
4908:
4897:
4892:
4862:
4857:
4835:
4752:
4721:
4702:
4659:
4601:
4581:
4572:Gaia hypothesis
4562:Plate tectonics
4523:
4473:
4467:
4437:
4432:
4414:
4381:
4365:
4322:
4313:Geologic record
4267:
4253:Plate tectonics
4243:Mineral physics
4223:Earth structure
4209:
4144:
4091:
4021:
3973:
3930:
3877:
3859:
3854:
3824:
3819:
3782:
3753:
3748:(Csa, Csb, Csc)
3716:
3689:
3652:
3643:
3613:
3608:
3590:
3552:
3502:
3446:
3424:
3404:
3359:
3314:
3261:
3195:
3192:
3162:
3157:
3113:Orbital forcing
3000:
2994:
2989:
2954:
2914:Wayback Machine
2896:Wayback Machine
2865:
2827:"Climate"
2820:
2817:
2815:Further reading
2812:
2806:
2793:
2785:
2783:
2779:
2764:
2757:
2747:
2745:
2741:
2728:
2720:
2704:
2698:
2696:
2677:
2667:
2665:
2661:
2648:
2640:
2636:Wayback Machine
2621:
2619:
2615:
2609:
2594:
2584:
2580:
2575:
2574:
2568:Wayback Machine
2558:
2554:
2536:
2535:
2531:
2478:Scientific Data
2471:
2470:
2466:
2420:
2419:
2415:
2410:Wayback Machine
2399:
2395:
2386:
2384:
2379:
2378:
2374:
2312:
2311:
2307:
2301:Wayback Machine
2291:
2287:
2278:
2276:
2259:
2258:
2254:
2223:
2222:
2218:
2208:
2206:
2190:
2189:
2185:
2179:Wayback Machine
2172:Climate change.
2169:
2165:
2156:
2154:
2141:
2140:
2136:
2130:Wayback Machine
2119:Wayback Machine
2107:
2103:
2095:
2091:
2080:
2078:
2069:
2068:
2064:
2054:
2052:
2044:
2043:
2039:
2029:
2027:
2026:on 10 June 2010
2023:
1985:(13): 951–970.
1974:
1966:
1965:
1961:
1953:
1946:
1942:, p. 1451.
1938:
1934:
1906:
1905:
1901:
1892:
1890:
1880:
1879:
1875:
1869:Wayback Machine
1856:
1852:
1843:
1841:
1829:
1828:
1824:
1818:Wayback Machine
1805:
1801:
1748:Scientific Data
1737:
1736:
1732:
1684:
1683:
1679:
1672:
1668:
1659:
1657:
1653:
1646:
1641:
1640:
1636:
1627:
1625:
1615:
1614:
1610:
1604:Wayback Machine
1594:
1590:
1581:
1579:
1572:
1561:
1555:
1554:
1550:
1541:
1539:
1526:
1525:
1521:
1511:
1509:
1505:
1498:
1494:
1493:
1489:
1479:
1477:
1462:
1461:
1457:
1451:Wayback Machine
1438:
1434:
1425:
1423:
1414:
1413:
1409:
1400:
1398:
1381:
1380:
1376:
1366:
1364:
1328:
1327:
1323:
1313:
1312:
1308:
1299:
1297:
1284:
1283:
1279:
1270:
1268:
1260:
1259:
1255:
1246:
1244:
1243:on Jan 24, 2012
1240:
1209:
1204:
1203:
1199:
1163:
1162:
1158:
1148:
1146:
1130:
1129:
1125:
1116:
1114:
1110:
1097:
1092:
1091:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1010:Climate inertia
1005:
952:
883:
869:
846:
770:solar variation
749:extreme weather
745:
739:
718:
708:
696:
690:
685:
665:plant hardiness
603:
597:
560:plate tectonics
524:climate normals
492:
443:proxy variables
287:
67:
60:
55:
54:
53:
52:
51:
50:
34:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7601:
7599:
7591:
7590:
7585:
7580:
7570:
7569:
7555:
7541:
7534:
7522:
7509:
7508:
7506:
7505:
7493:
7491:Climate change
7468:
7467:
7462:
7461:
7459:
7454:
7449:
7444:
7442:Western Sahara
7439:
7434:
7429:
7424:
7419:
7414:
7409:
7404:
7402:United Kingdom
7399:
7394:
7389:
7384:
7379:
7374:
7369:
7364:
7359:
7354:
7349:
7344:
7339:
7334:
7329:
7324:
7319:
7314:
7309:
7304:
7299:
7294:
7289:
7284:
7279:
7274:
7269:
7264:
7259:
7254:
7249:
7244:
7239:
7234:
7229:
7224:
7219:
7214:
7209:
7204:
7199:
7194:
7189:
7184:
7179:
7174:
7169:
7164:
7159:
7154:
7149:
7144:
7139:
7134:
7129:
7124:
7119:
7114:
7109:
7104:
7099:
7094:
7089:
7084:
7079:
7074:
7069:
7064:
7059:
7054:
7049:
7044:
7039:
7034:
7029:
7024:
7019:
7014:
7009:
7004:
6999:
6994:
6989:
6984:
6979:
6974:
6969:
6964:
6959:
6954:
6949:
6944:
6939:
6934:
6929:
6924:
6919:
6914:
6909:
6904:
6899:
6894:
6889:
6884:
6879:
6874:
6869:
6864:
6859:
6854:
6849:
6844:
6839:
6834:
6829:
6824:
6819:
6814:
6809:
6804:
6799:
6794:
6789:
6784:
6779:
6774:
6769:
6764:
6759:
6754:
6749:
6744:
6739:
6734:
6729:
6724:
6719:
6714:
6709:
6704:
6699:
6694:
6689:
6687:Czech Republic
6684:
6679:
6674:
6669:
6664:
6659:
6654:
6649:
6644:
6639:
6634:
6629:
6624:
6619:
6614:
6609:
6604:
6599:
6594:
6589:
6584:
6579:
6574:
6569:
6564:
6559:
6554:
6549:
6544:
6539:
6534:
6529:
6524:
6519:
6514:
6509:
6504:
6499:
6494:
6489:
6484:
6479:
6474:
6471:
6470:
6467:
6465:
6464:
6457:
6450:
6442:
6433:
6432:
6430:
6429:
6417:
6405:
6393:
6378:
6375:
6374:
6371:
6370:
6367:
6366:
6364:
6363:
6358:
6353:
6348:
6347:
6346:
6336:
6331:
6326:
6320:
6318:
6314:
6313:
6311:
6310:
6305:
6300:
6295:
6290:
6285:
6280:
6275:
6270:
6269:
6268:
6258:
6256:Cloud feedback
6253:
6248:
6243:
6238:
6237:
6236:
6231:
6226:
6221:
6211:
6205:
6203:
6199:
6198:
6196:
6195:
6190:
6185:
6180:
6174:
6172:
6164:
6163:
6160:
6153:
6152:
6149:
6148:
6145:
6144:
6142:
6141:
6136:
6131:
6130:
6129:
6124:
6114:
6112:Kyoto Protocol
6109:
6103:
6101:
6097:
6096:
6094:
6093:
6088:
6087:
6086:
6081:
6076:
6066:
6064:Media coverage
6061:
6056:
6054:Climate spiral
6051:
6046:
6040:
6038:
6032:
6031:
6029:
6028:
6023:
6018:
6013:
6008:
6003:
5998:
5993:
5988:
5983:
5978:
5973:
5968:
5962:
5960:
5954:
5953:
5951:
5950:
5945:
5943:Public opinion
5940:
5935:
5930:
5925:
5920:
5915:
5910:
5909:
5908:
5898:
5893:
5891:Climate action
5888:
5882:
5880:
5872:
5871:
5865:
5858:
5857:
5854:
5853:
5850:
5849:
5847:
5846:
5845:
5844:
5833:
5831:
5827:
5826:
5824:
5823:
5818:
5812:
5811:
5810:
5805:
5803:REDD and REDD+
5800:
5795:
5787:
5782:
5780:Carbon farming
5777:
5776:
5775:
5770:
5760:
5754:
5752:
5744:
5743:
5741:
5740:
5735:
5730:
5725:
5724:
5723:
5713:
5707:
5705:
5701:
5700:
5698:
5697:
5692:
5687:
5682:
5677:
5672:
5667:
5662:
5657:
5652:
5647:
5642:
5641:
5640:
5630:
5625:
5619:
5617:
5607:
5606:
5601:
5594:
5593:
5590:
5589:
5586:
5585:
5583:
5582:
5577:
5572:
5567:
5562:
5557:
5552:
5547:
5542:
5537:
5532:
5526:
5524:
5518:
5517:
5515:
5514:
5512:Water security
5509:
5507:Water scarcity
5504:
5502:Urban flooding
5499:
5494:
5489:
5484:
5479:
5474:
5469:
5464:
5463:
5462:
5452:
5447:
5442:
5441:
5440:
5430:
5425:
5420:
5415:
5410:
5405:
5404:
5403:
5398:
5387:
5385:
5381:
5380:
5378:
5377:
5372:
5367:
5362:
5360:Forest dieback
5357:
5352:
5347:
5346:
5345:
5334:
5332:
5328:
5327:
5325:
5324:
5319:
5314:
5309:
5304:
5299:
5297:Sea level rise
5294:
5289:
5284:
5279:
5278:
5277:
5272:
5270:stratification
5267:
5262:
5257:
5252:
5242:
5241:
5240:
5235:
5225:
5224:
5223:
5213:
5208:
5203:
5198:
5193:
5188:
5183:
5177:
5175:
5167:
5166:
5161:
5154:
5153:
5150:
5149:
5147:
5146:
5145:
5144:
5139:
5134:
5129:
5124:
5119:
5111:
5106:
5101:
5096:
5091:
5086:
5080:
5077:
5076:
5073:
5066:
5065:
5062:
5061:
5058:
5057:
5055:
5054:
5049:
5048:
5047:
5042:
5037:
5035:Carbon leakage
5032:
5027:
5017:
5012:
5007:
5001:
4999:
4995:
4994:
4992:
4991:
4986:
4976:
4974:Climate system
4970:
4968:
4960:
4959:
4954:
4947:
4946:
4943:
4942:
4940:
4939:
4934:
4929:
4924:
4919:
4913:
4910:
4909:
4906:
4899:
4898:
4895:Climate change
4893:
4891:
4890:
4883:
4876:
4868:
4859:
4858:
4856:
4855:
4844:
4841:
4840:
4837:
4836:
4834:
4833:
4826:
4825:
4824:
4819:
4809:
4808:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4796:
4795:
4785:
4784:
4783:
4768:
4763:
4757:
4754:
4753:
4751:
4750:
4740:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4716:
4710:
4704:
4703:
4701:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4669:
4667:
4661:
4660:
4658:
4657:
4656:
4655:
4650:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4625:
4620:
4615:
4610:
4605:
4597:
4591:
4589:
4583:
4582:
4580:
4579:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4539:
4533:
4531:
4525:
4524:
4522:
4521:
4516:
4515:
4514:
4509:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4483:
4481:
4475:
4474:
4468:
4466:
4465:
4458:
4451:
4443:
4434:
4433:
4431:
4430:
4419:
4416:
4415:
4413:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4391:
4389:
4383:
4382:
4380:
4379:
4373:
4371:
4367:
4366:
4364:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4346:Atlantic Ocean
4343:
4338:
4332:
4330:
4324:
4323:
4321:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4309:
4308:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4277:
4275:
4269:
4268:
4266:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4228:Fluid dynamics
4225:
4219:
4217:
4211:
4210:
4208:
4207:
4202:
4200:Geopositioning
4197:
4195:Remote Sensing
4192:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4166:
4165:
4154:
4152:
4146:
4145:
4143:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4107:
4101:
4099:
4093:
4092:
4090:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4043:
4042:
4031:
4029:
4023:
4022:
4020:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3983:
3981:
3975:
3974:
3972:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3954:Climate change
3951:
3949:Energy balance
3946:
3944:Climate system
3940:
3938:
3932:
3931:
3929:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3887:
3885:
3879:
3878:
3876:
3875:
3870:
3864:
3861:
3860:
3855:
3853:
3852:
3845:
3838:
3830:
3821:
3820:
3818:
3817:
3809:
3801:
3792:
3790:
3784:
3783:
3781:
3780:
3772:
3763:
3761:
3755:
3754:
3752:
3751:
3746:Mediterranean
3743:
3735:
3726:
3724:
3718:
3717:
3715:
3714:
3706:
3697:
3695:
3691:
3690:
3688:
3687:
3679:
3671:
3662:
3660:
3654:
3653:
3644:
3642:
3641:
3634:
3627:
3619:
3610:
3609:
3607:
3606:
3600:
3598:
3592:
3591:
3589:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3562:
3560:
3554:
3553:
3551:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3523:Vapor pressure
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3493:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3414:
3412:
3406:
3405:
3403:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3324:
3322:
3316:
3315:
3313:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3271:
3269:
3263:
3262:
3260:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3203:
3201:
3197:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3190:
3183:
3176:
3168:
3159:
3158:
3156:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3078:Glacial cycles
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3004:
3002:
2996:
2995:
2990:
2988:
2987:
2980:
2973:
2965:
2959:
2956:
2955:
2952:
2946:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2929:
2923:
2917:
2904:
2899:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2864:
2863:External links
2861:
2860:
2859:
2850:
2838:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2810:
2805:978-1284126563
2804:
2791:
2755:
2754:
2753:
2675:
2674:
2673:
2607:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2573:
2572:
2552:
2529:
2464:
2413:
2393:
2372:
2305:
2285:
2252:
2233:(2): 138–144.
2216:
2183:
2163:
2134:
2101:
2099:, p. 124.
2089:
2062:
2037:
1959:
1957:, p. 274.
1944:
1932:
1899:
1873:
1850:
1822:
1799:
1730:
1677:
1666:
1634:
1608:
1588:
1570:
1548:
1519:
1487:
1455:
1432:
1407:
1374:
1321:
1306:
1277:
1253:
1226:10.2307/210739
1197:
1176:(2): 171–182.
1156:
1123:
1081:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1006:
1004:
1001:
982:greenhouse gas
978:carbon dioxide
955:Climate models
951:
950:Climate models
948:
911:United Nations
907:global warming
867:Climate change
865:Main article:
845:
844:Climate change
842:
837:climate change
832:climate change
741:Main article:
738:
735:
707:
704:
692:Main article:
689:
686:
684:
681:
633:Ancient Greece
599:Main article:
596:
593:
589:global cooling
585:global warming
577:carbon dioxide
575:(particularly
568:ocean currents
528:climatologists
491:
488:
471:global warming
467:Climate models
417:climate change
334:climate system
310:meteorological
306:meteorological
289:
288:
286:
285:
278:
271:
263:
260:
259:
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234:
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227:
226:
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208:
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204:
199:
192:Climate change
189:
184:
183:
182:
169:
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162:
161:
160:
159:
158:
157:
147:
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145:
140:
127:
126:
120:
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118:
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105:
104:
103:
93:
85:
84:
58:
56:
36:
30:
27:
25:
24:
23:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7600:
7589:
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7584:
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7563:
7559:
7544:
7504:
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7494:
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7410:
7408:
7407:United States
7405:
7403:
7400:
7398:
7395:
7393:
7390:
7388:
7385:
7383:
7380:
7378:
7375:
7373:
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7360:
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7345:
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7340:
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7328:
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7308:
7305:
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7300:
7298:
7295:
7293:
7290:
7288:
7285:
7283:
7280:
7278:
7275:
7273:
7270:
7268:
7265:
7263:
7260:
7258:
7255:
7253:
7250:
7248:
7245:
7243:
7240:
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7235:
7233:
7230:
7228:
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7208:
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7023:
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7018:
7015:
7013:
7010:
7008:
7005:
7003:
7000:
6998:
6995:
6993:
6990:
6988:
6985:
6983:
6980:
6978:
6975:
6973:
6972:Liechtenstein
6970:
6968:
6965:
6963:
6960:
6958:
6955:
6953:
6950:
6948:
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6943:
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6928:
6925:
6923:
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6915:
6913:
6910:
6908:
6905:
6903:
6900:
6898:
6895:
6893:
6890:
6888:
6885:
6883:
6880:
6878:
6875:
6873:
6870:
6868:
6865:
6863:
6860:
6858:
6855:
6853:
6850:
6848:
6845:
6843:
6840:
6838:
6835:
6833:
6830:
6828:
6827:Guinea-Bissau
6825:
6823:
6820:
6818:
6815:
6813:
6810:
6808:
6805:
6803:
6800:
6798:
6795:
6793:
6790:
6788:
6785:
6783:
6780:
6778:
6775:
6773:
6770:
6768:
6765:
6763:
6760:
6758:
6755:
6753:
6750:
6748:
6745:
6743:
6740:
6738:
6735:
6733:
6730:
6728:
6725:
6723:
6720:
6718:
6715:
6713:
6710:
6708:
6705:
6703:
6700:
6698:
6695:
6693:
6690:
6688:
6685:
6683:
6680:
6678:
6675:
6673:
6670:
6668:
6665:
6663:
6660:
6658:
6655:
6653:
6650:
6648:
6645:
6643:
6640:
6638:
6635:
6633:
6630:
6628:
6625:
6623:
6620:
6618:
6615:
6613:
6610:
6608:
6605:
6603:
6600:
6598:
6595:
6593:
6590:
6588:
6585:
6583:
6580:
6578:
6575:
6573:
6570:
6568:
6565:
6563:
6560:
6558:
6555:
6553:
6550:
6548:
6545:
6543:
6540:
6538:
6535:
6533:
6530:
6528:
6525:
6523:
6520:
6518:
6515:
6513:
6510:
6508:
6505:
6503:
6500:
6498:
6495:
6493:
6490:
6488:
6485:
6483:
6480:
6478:
6475:
6472:
6463:
6458:
6456:
6451:
6449:
6444:
6443:
6440:
6428:
6427:
6418:
6416:
6415:
6406:
6404:
6403:
6394:
6392:
6391:
6380:
6379:
6376:
6362:
6359:
6357:
6354:
6352:
6349:
6345:
6342:
6341:
6340:
6337:
6335:
6332:
6330:
6329:Climate model
6327:
6325:
6322:
6321:
6319:
6315:
6309:
6306:
6304:
6301:
6299:
6296:
6294:
6291:
6289:
6286:
6284:
6281:
6279:
6276:
6274:
6271:
6267:
6264:
6263:
6262:
6261:Cloud forcing
6259:
6257:
6254:
6252:
6249:
6247:
6244:
6242:
6239:
6235:
6232:
6230:
6227:
6225:
6222:
6220:
6217:
6216:
6215:
6212:
6210:
6207:
6206:
6204:
6200:
6194:
6191:
6189:
6186:
6184:
6181:
6179:
6176:
6175:
6173:
6169:
6165:
6158:
6154:
6140:
6137:
6135:
6132:
6128:
6125:
6123:
6120:
6119:
6118:
6115:
6113:
6110:
6108:
6105:
6104:
6102:
6098:
6092:
6089:
6085:
6082:
6080:
6077:
6075:
6072:
6071:
6070:
6067:
6065:
6062:
6060:
6057:
6055:
6052:
6050:
6047:
6045:
6042:
6041:
6039:
6037:
6036:Communication
6033:
6027:
6024:
6022:
6019:
6017:
6016:Vulnerability
6014:
6012:
6009:
6007:
6004:
6002:
5999:
5997:
5994:
5992:
5989:
5987:
5986:Flood control
5984:
5982:
5979:
5977:
5974:
5972:
5969:
5967:
5964:
5963:
5961:
5959:
5955:
5949:
5946:
5944:
5941:
5939:
5936:
5934:
5931:
5929:
5926:
5924:
5921:
5919:
5916:
5914:
5911:
5907:
5904:
5903:
5902:
5899:
5897:
5894:
5892:
5889:
5887:
5884:
5883:
5881:
5877:
5873:
5869:
5863:
5859:
5843:
5840:
5839:
5838:
5835:
5834:
5832:
5828:
5822:
5819:
5816:
5813:
5809:
5808:reforestation
5806:
5804:
5801:
5799:
5796:
5794:
5793:afforestation
5791:
5790:
5788:
5786:
5783:
5781:
5778:
5774:
5771:
5769:
5766:
5765:
5764:
5761:
5759:
5756:
5755:
5753:
5751:
5745:
5739:
5736:
5734:
5731:
5729:
5728:Nuclear power
5726:
5722:
5719:
5718:
5717:
5714:
5712:
5709:
5708:
5706:
5702:
5696:
5693:
5691:
5688:
5686:
5683:
5681:
5678:
5676:
5673:
5671:
5668:
5666:
5663:
5661:
5658:
5656:
5653:
5651:
5648:
5646:
5643:
5639:
5636:
5635:
5634:
5631:
5629:
5626:
5624:
5623:Carbon budget
5621:
5620:
5618:
5616:
5612:
5608:
5604:
5599:
5595:
5581:
5578:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5568:
5566:
5563:
5561:
5558:
5556:
5553:
5551:
5548:
5546:
5543:
5541:
5538:
5536:
5533:
5531:
5528:
5527:
5525:
5523:
5519:
5513:
5510:
5508:
5505:
5503:
5500:
5498:
5495:
5493:
5490:
5488:
5485:
5483:
5480:
5478:
5475:
5473:
5470:
5468:
5465:
5461:
5460:Mental health
5458:
5457:
5456:
5453:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5439:
5436:
5435:
5434:
5431:
5429:
5426:
5424:
5421:
5419:
5416:
5414:
5411:
5409:
5406:
5402:
5401:United States
5399:
5397:
5394:
5393:
5392:
5389:
5388:
5386:
5382:
5376:
5373:
5371:
5368:
5366:
5363:
5361:
5358:
5356:
5353:
5351:
5348:
5344:
5341:
5340:
5339:
5336:
5335:
5333:
5329:
5323:
5320:
5318:
5315:
5313:
5310:
5308:
5305:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5295:
5293:
5290:
5288:
5285:
5283:
5280:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5268:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5255:deoxygenation
5253:
5251:
5250:acidification
5248:
5247:
5246:
5243:
5239:
5236:
5234:
5231:
5230:
5229:
5226:
5222:
5219:
5218:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5194:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5184:
5182:
5179:
5178:
5176:
5172:
5168:
5164:
5159:
5155:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5135:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5114:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5081:
5078:
5071:
5067:
5053:
5050:
5046:
5045:from wetlands
5043:
5041:
5038:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5028:
5026:
5023:
5022:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5005:Deforestation
5003:
5002:
5000:
4996:
4990:
4987:
4984:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4972:
4971:
4969:
4965:
4961:
4957:
4952:
4948:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4914:
4911:
4904:
4900:
4896:
4889:
4884:
4882:
4877:
4875:
4870:
4869:
4866:
4854:
4846:
4845:
4842:
4832:
4831:
4827:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4814:
4813:
4810:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4794:
4791:
4790:
4789:
4786:
4782:
4779:
4778:
4777:
4774:
4773:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4758:
4755:
4748:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4722:(abiogenesis)
4718:
4717:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4705:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4670:
4668:
4666:
4662:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4645:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4592:
4590:
4588:
4584:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4547:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4537:Earth science
4535:
4534:
4532:
4530:
4526:
4520:
4517:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4504:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4484:
4482:
4480:
4476:
4472:
4464:
4459:
4457:
4452:
4450:
4445:
4444:
4441:
4429:
4421:
4420:
4417:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4392:
4390:
4388:
4384:
4378:
4375:
4374:
4372:
4368:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4356:Pacific Ocean
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4333:
4331:
4329:
4325:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4307:
4304:
4303:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4286:Earth science
4284:
4282:
4279:
4278:
4276:
4274:
4270:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4238:Magnetosphere
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
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3576:Barotropicity
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3305:Precipitation
3303:
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3058:Diurnal cycle
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2932:ClimateCharts
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2286:
2275:on 2017-01-26
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2152:
2148:
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2127:
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2120:
2116:
2113:
2110:
2105:
2102:
2098:
2093:
2090:
2076:
2072:
2066:
2063:
2051:
2047:
2041:
2038:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1973:
1969:
1963:
1960:
1956:
1951:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1936:
1933:
1928:
1924:
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1910:
1903:
1900:
1889:on 2020-09-22
1888:
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1749:
1745:
1741:
1740:Wood, Eric F.
1734:
1731:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1693:
1688:
1681:
1678:
1675:
1670:
1667:
1656:on 2008-05-27
1652:
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1448:
1445:
1441:
1436:
1433:
1422:on 2008-07-06
1421:
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1408:
1396:
1392:
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1384:
1378:
1375:
1362:
1358:
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1338:
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1332:
1325:
1322:
1318:. p. 56.
1317:
1310:
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935:, such as by
934:
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882:
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868:
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850:
843:
841:
838:
834:
833:
828:
823:
821:
817:
814:
813:anthropogenic
811:processes or
810:
806:
805:climate proxy
802:
801:impact events
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
779:
775:
771:
767:
762:
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736:
734:
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723:
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713:
705:
703:
701:
695:
687:
682:
680:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
661:climate zones
658:
654:
650:
647:of different
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
625:
623:
619:
612:
607:
602:
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496:Ancient Greek
489:
487:
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468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
439:paleoclimates
436:
432:
428:
424:
422:
418:
414:
410:
409:precipitation
406:
402:
398:
394:
393:precipitation
390:
386:
381:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
330:precipitation
327:
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311:
307:
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114:
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110:
109:
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86:
82:
78:
77:
74:
69:
65:
48:
44:
40:
33:
19:
7472:
7427:Vatican City
7377:Turkmenistan
7277:South Africa
7252:Sierra Leone
7232:Saudi Arabia
6607:Burkina Faso
6424:
6412:
6400:
6381:
6214:Carbon cycle
6171:Measurements
5866:Society and
5750:carbon sinks
5655:Climate debt
5645:Carbon price
5467:Human rights
5302:Season creep
5260:heat content
5186:Anoxic event
5099:James Hansen
4828:
4761:Biodiversity
4747:astrobiology
4607:
4469:Elements of
4410:Solar System
4361:Oceanography
4351:Indian Ocean
4341:Arctic Ocean
4281:Age of Earth
4233:Geomagnetism
3935:
3916:Thermosphere
3906:Stratosphere
3813:
3805:
3797:
3776:
3768:
3747:
3739:
3731:
3710:
3702:
3683:
3675:
3667:
3645:
3497:
3488:
3482:Mixing ratio
3457:Haines Index
3441:
3419:
3354:
3267:Condensation
3138:Seasonal lag
3001:oscillations
2844:
2831:
2795:
2784:. Retrieved
2760:
2746:. Retrieved
2732:
2697:. Retrieved
2683:
2679:IPCC AR5 SYR
2666:. Retrieved
2652:
2620:. Retrieved
2590:
2555:
2538:
2532:
2481:
2477:
2467:
2430:
2426:
2416:
2396:
2385:. Retrieved
2383:. 2024-02-08
2375:
2322:
2318:
2308:
2288:
2277:. Retrieved
2273:the original
2264:
2255:
2230:
2226:
2219:
2207:. Retrieved
2196:
2186:
2166:
2155:. Retrieved
2146:
2137:
2104:
2092:
2079:. Retrieved
2065:
2053:. Retrieved
2049:
2040:
2028:. Retrieved
2021:the original
1982:
1978:
1962:
1935:
1908:
1902:
1891:. Retrieved
1887:the original
1876:
1853:
1842:. Retrieved
1834:
1825:
1802:
1751:
1747:
1733:
1696:
1690:
1680:
1669:
1658:. Retrieved
1651:the original
1637:
1626:. Retrieved
1611:
1591:
1580:. Retrieved
1557:
1551:
1540:. Retrieved
1522:
1510:. Retrieved
1503:the original
1490:
1478:. Retrieved
1474:the original
1467:
1458:
1435:
1424:. Retrieved
1420:the original
1410:
1399:. Retrieved
1386:
1377:
1367:November 17,
1365:. Retrieved
1343:(2): 56–61.
1340:
1334:
1324:
1315:
1309:
1298:. Retrieved
1289:
1280:
1269:. Retrieved
1265:
1256:
1245:. Retrieved
1238:the original
1220:(1): 55–94.
1217:
1213:
1200:
1173:
1169:
1159:
1147:. Retrieved
1136:
1126:
1115:. Retrieved
1101:
1055:Microclimate
1020:Climatic map
990:
975:
967:
953:
945:
925:interglacial
918:
896:
884:
861:variability.
836:
830:
826:
824:
778:cloud albedo
763:
756:
752:
746:
722:thermometers
719:
697:
640:
636:
626:
615:
549:
537:
517:
513:
499:
493:
425:
382:
378:water bodies
293:
292:
230:
174:
68:
46:
37:This is the
31:
7588:Climatology
7317:Switzerland
7287:South Sudan
7282:South Korea
7212:Saint Lucia
7167:Philippines
7112:North Korea
7092:New Zealand
7087:Netherlands
6892:Ivory Coast
6732:El Salvador
6477:Afghanistan
6241:Carbon sink
6219:atmospheric
6084:video games
5758:Blue carbon
5391:Agriculture
5370:Marine life
5317:Water cycle
5275:temperature
5010:Fossil fuel
4812:Prokaryotes
4600:Atmosphere
4595:Meteorology
4158:Cartography
4097:Environment
3964:Climatology
3901:Troposphere
3571:Baroclinity
3418:Dew point (
3410:Temperature
3310:Water vapor
2796:Climatology
2209:29 November
2081:23 February
1699:(39): 453.
1512:1 September
1480:1 September
1170:Meteorology
1149:13 November
903:temperature
730:anemometers
663:defined by
465:and coral.
389:temperature
376:and nearby
350:lithosphere
342:hydrosphere
314:temperature
302:variability
166:Climatology
124:Meteorology
7572:Categories
7558:Audio help
7549:2023-05-18
7417:Uzbekistan
7337:Tajikistan
7247:Seychelles
7227:San Marino
7062:Mozambique
7052:Montenegro
7022:Mauritania
6987:Madagascar
6982:Luxembourg
6937:Kyrgyzstan
6912:Kazakhstan
6717:East Timor
6667:Costa Rica
6632:Cape Verde
6542:Bangladesh
6527:Azerbaijan
6273:Cryosphere
6234:permafrost
6006:Resilience
5958:Adaptation
5933:Litigation
5923:Governance
5868:adaptation
5650:Carbon tax
5603:Mitigation
5540:Antarctica
5428:Disability
4693:Wilderness
4546:geological
4263:Tomography
4248:Seismology
4215:Geophysics
4190:Navigation
4082:Time zones
4047:In culture
3992:Antarctica
3979:Continents
3911:Mesosphere
3883:Atmosphere
3775:Subarctic
3732:(Cfa, Cwa)
3711:(BSh, BSk)
3709:Semi-arid
3703:(BWh, BWk)
3548:Wind chill
3462:Heat index
3320:Convection
3257:Wind shear
3242:Visibility
3222:Lapse rate
3043:Bond event
2786:2022-09-05
2748:2022-09-05
2699:2022-09-05
2668:2022-09-05
2622:2022-09-05
2387:2024-02-10
2279:2008-05-22
2261:"Glossary"
2157:2022-06-28
2055:12 January
1893:2007-06-01
1844:2008-05-21
1754:: 180214.
1660:2008-05-02
1628:2008-05-02
1597:Main page.
1582:2022-08-20
1542:2022-08-21
1426:2008-05-17
1401:2008-05-14
1300:2022-09-01
1290:Britannica
1271:2023-09-25
1247:2010-12-13
1117:2022-05-18
1077:References
1025:Climograph
959:atmosphere
941:continents
871:See also:
774:cosmic ray
766:barycenter
726:barometers
710:See also:
609:Worldwide
552:historical
490:Definition
463:tree rings
385:classified
346:cryosphere
338:atmosphere
231:Glossaries
7432:Venezuela
7297:Sri Lanka
7257:Singapore
7142:Palestine
7097:Nicaragua
7027:Mauritius
6977:Lithuania
6862:Indonesia
6817:Guatemala
6517:Australia
6507:Argentina
6288:Feedbacks
6059:Education
5560:Caribbean
5555:Australia
5482:Migration
5445:Fisheries
5396:Livestock
5322:Wildfires
5228:Heat wave
4771:Eukaryota
4738:Hierarchy
4733:Biosphere
4698:Wildfires
4688:Radiation
4678:Ecosystem
4618:Moonlight
4552:Structure
4507:particles
4180:Geomatics
4125:Ecosystem
4110:Biosphere
4072:Etymology
4052:Earth Day
4002:Australia
3921:Exosphere
3247:Vorticity
3227:Lightning
3212:Advection
2708:cite book
2349:0027-8424
2294:Ice Ages.
1992:1005.4639
1776:2052-4463
1383:"Climate"
1192:2674-0494
1030:Ecosystem
905:known as
816:emissions
768:changes,
544:Wiesbaden
455:ice cores
451:lake beds
449:found in
447:sediments
362:longitude
354:biosphere
7560: ·
7457:Zimbabwe
7347:Thailand
7342:Tanzania
7307:Suriname
7267:Slovenia
7262:Slovakia
7177:Portugal
7157:Paraguay
7132:Pakistan
7047:Mongolia
7002:Maldives
6997:Malaysia
6922:Kiribati
6842:Honduras
6757:Ethiopia
6752:Eswatini
6707:Dominica
6702:Djibouti
6657:Colombia
6622:Cameroon
6617:Cambodia
6602:Bulgaria
6587:Botswana
6547:Barbados
6414:Glossary
6402:Category
6224:biologic
5938:Politics
5830:Personal
5535:Americas
5408:Children
5174:Physical
4967:Overview
4907:Overview
4853:Category
4822:bacteria
4805:protista
4766:Organism
4633:Sunlight
4479:Universe
4428:Category
3814:(ET, EF)
3804:Ice cap
3738:Oceanic
3684:(Aw, As)
3596:Velocity
3558:Pressure
3472:Humidity
3375:Helicity
3217:Buoyancy
2910:Archived
2898:– Arctic
2892:Archived
2824:(1878).
2777:Archived
2739:Archived
2724:(2014).
2693:Archived
2659:Archived
2644:(2013).
2632:Archived
2613:Archived
2564:Archived
2516:28872642
2459:56394756
2406:Archived
2367:18252830
2297:Archived
2203:Archived
2175:Archived
2151:Archived
2126:Archived
2115:Archived
2075:Archived
2073:. NASA.
1927:10178730
1865:Archived
1814:Archived
1794:30375988
1622:Archived
1600:Archived
1576:Archived
1536:Archived
1447:Archived
1395:Archived
1361:Archived
1357:10652556
1294:Archived
1143:Archived
1108:Archived
1003:See also
921:ice ages
781:feedback
653:synoptic
649:air mass
556:latitude
484:latitude
435:geologic
415:and how
374:land use
370:altitude
358:latitude
318:humidity
222:Aeronomy
213:Aeronomy
197:category
180:category
155:category
138:category
113:category
101:category
43:reviewed
18:Climates
7578:Climate
7547: (
7518:minutes
7503:Weather
7477:Portals
7437:Vietnam
7422:Vanuatu
7412:Uruguay
7392:Ukraine
7367:Tunisia
7272:Somalia
7237:Senegal
7192:Romania
7107:Nigeria
7072:Namibia
7067:Myanmar
7057:Morocco
7037:Moldova
6962:Liberia
6957:Lesotho
6952:Lebanon
6897:Jamaica
6877:Ireland
6852:Iceland
6847:Hungary
6812:Grenada
6797:Germany
6792:Georgia
6772:Finland
6747:Estonia
6742:Eritrea
6722:Ecuador
6697:Denmark
6672:Croatia
6662:Comoros
6612:Burundi
6577:Bolivia
6557:Belgium
6552:Belarus
6537:Bahrain
6532:Bahamas
6522:Austria
6512:Armenia
6492:Andorra
6487:Algeria
6482:Albania
6229:oceanic
6079:fiction
5928:Justice
5879:Society
5487:Poverty
5206:Drought
5074:History
4998:Sources
4830:Viruses
4817:archaea
4793:animals
4745: (
4743:Biology
4720:Origin
4673:Ecology
4648:tornado
4608:Climate
4602:(Earth)
4587:Weather
4557:Geology
4544: (
4542:History
4273:Geology
4185:Gravity
4150:Geodesy
4120:Ecology
3936:Climate
3926:Weather
3873:History
3868:Outline
3812:Alpine
3796:Tundra
3788:Class E
3759:Class D
3722:Class C
3694:Class B
3658:Class A
3646:Climate
3467:Humidex
3380:K Index
3200:General
3143:Seasons
3098:Monsoon
2999:Climate
2578:Sources
2524:3750792
2507:5584396
2486:Bibcode
2358:2234160
2327:Bibcode
2235:Bibcode
2030:20 July
2017:1626621
1997:Bibcode
1785:6207062
1756:Bibcode
1701:Bibcode
994:sea ice
657:empiric
641:empiric
637:genetic
581:methane
506:(IPCC)
366:terrain
298:weather
294:Climate
175:Climate
133:Weather
7452:Zambia
7387:Uganda
7382:Tuvalu
7372:Turkey
7332:Taiwan
7312:Sweden
7242:Serbia
7202:Rwanda
7197:Russia
7172:Poland
7147:Panama
7122:Norway
7042:Monaco
7032:Mexico
6992:Malawi
6947:Latvia
6932:Kuwait
6927:Kosovo
6907:Jordan
6882:Israel
6832:Guyana
6822:Guinea
6807:Greece
6787:Gambia
6777:France
6682:Cyprus
6627:Canada
6597:Brunei
6592:Brazil
6572:Bhutan
6562:Belize
6497:Angola
6209:Albedo
6202:Theory
5913:Denial
5704:Energy
5565:Europe
5545:Arctic
5530:Africa
5455:Health
5450:Gender
5413:Cities
5338:Biomes
5245:Oceans
5233:Marine
4956:Causes
4781:plants
4613:Clouds
4577:Future
4567:Oceans
4519:Change
4502:Matter
4497:Energy
4471:nature
4328:Oceans
4296:Future
4140:Nature
4062:Symbol
4007:Europe
3987:Africa
3701:Desert
2802:
2605:
2522:
2514:
2504:
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2365:
2355:
2347:
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1925:
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1234:210739
1232:
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963:oceans
929:albedo
879:, and
807:data,
776:flux,
728:, and
706:Modern
683:Record
673:biomes
629:climes
459:biotic
399:. The
328:, and
202:portal
143:portal
7447:Yemen
7357:Tonga
7322:Syria
7302:Sudan
7292:Spain
7222:Samoa
7182:Qatar
7137:Palau
7102:Niger
7082:Nepal
7077:Nauru
7012:Malta
6967:Libya
6917:Kenya
6902:Japan
6887:Italy
6857:India
6837:Haiti
6802:Ghana
6782:Gabon
6727:Egypt
6652:China
6647:Chile
6567:Benin
6426:Index
6188:Proxy
5948:Women
5423:Crime
5350:Birds
5216:Flood
4800:fungi
4788:fauna
4776:flora
4683:Field
4638:Tides
4529:Earth
4487:Space
4105:Biome
4087:World
3857:Earth
3275:Cloud
2780:(PDF)
2765:(PDF)
2742:(PDF)
2729:(PDF)
2662:(PDF)
2649:(PDF)
2616:(PDF)
2595:(PDF)
2520:S2CID
2455:S2CID
2024:(PDF)
2013:S2CID
1987:arXiv
1975:(PDF)
1654:(PDF)
1647:(PDF)
1562:(PDF)
1506:(PDF)
1499:(PDF)
1241:(PDF)
1230:JSTOR
1210:(PDF)
1111:(PDF)
1098:(PDF)
980:(see
888:Earth
758:noise
700:Earth
618:biome
500:κλίμα
498:
475:biota
457:—and
7352:Togo
7162:Peru
7127:Oman
7007:Mali
6942:Laos
6872:Iraq
6867:Iran
6767:Fiji
6677:Cuba
6642:Chad
6011:Risk
5550:Asia
5142:2024
5137:2023
5132:2022
5127:2021
5122:2020
5117:2019
4708:Life
4643:Wind
4628:Snow
4623:Rain
4492:Time
4377:Moon
4057:Flag
3997:Asia
3806:(EF)
3798:(ET)
3676:(Am)
3668:(Af)
3252:Wind
2800:ISBN
2722:IPCC
2714:link
2642:IPCC
2603:ISBN
2586:IPCC
2512:PMID
2363:PMID
2345:ISSN
2211:2015
2083:2020
2057:2024
2050:NASA
2032:2011
1923:OSTI
1790:PMID
1772:ISSN
1566:ISBN
1514:2015
1482:2015
1369:2016
1353:PMID
1188:ISSN
1151:2015
1138:NASA
714:and
579:and
518:The
508:2001
453:and
391:and
352:and
326:wind
6074:art
3285:Fog
2769:doi
2543:doi
2502:PMC
2494:doi
2445:hdl
2435:doi
2353:PMC
2335:doi
2323:105
2243:doi
2005:doi
1913:doi
1780:PMC
1764:doi
1719:hdl
1709:doi
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