33:
63:
875:, which degrades animal tissue. Clostridium species excrete collagenase to eat through tissue and, thus, help the pathogen spread throughout the body. The medical profession uses collagenase for the same reason in the
497:
226:
published his finding of an endospore-forming organism he isolated from spoiled ham. Biologists classified van
Ermengem's discovery along with other known gram-positive spore formers in the genus
3344:
845:, which is carefully injected to nerves in the face, which prevents the movement of the expressive muscles of the forehead, to delay the wrinkling effect of aging. It is also used to treat
2316:
4301:
1182:
2586:
2008:
1974:
1940:
1906:
1872:
1814:
1541:
673:
The vegetative cells of clostridia are heat-labile and are killed by short heating at temperatures above 72–75 °C (162–167 °F). The thermal destruction of
4275:
3337:
321:
containing the type species and its close relatives. Over the years, this has resulted in many new genera being split out, with the ultimate goal of constraining
4314:
2309:
386:, are often described as Gram-variable, because they show an increasing number of gram-negative cells as the culture ages. The normal, reproducing cells of
3765:
3330:
3301:
2888:
2396:
4249:
402:
endospores have a distinct bowling pin or bottle shape, distinguishing them from other bacterial endospores, which are usually ovoid in shape. The
4288:
3621:
2406:
2302:
2681:
218:
In the late 1700s, Germany experienced several outbreaks of an illness connected to eating specific sausages. In 1817, the German neurologist
2620:
2276:
2190:
2093:
1856:
1798:
1620:
1525:
1501:
1065:
3755:
2799:
2361:
1695:"Clostridium perfringens strains and exploratory caecal microbiome investigation reveals key factors linked to poultry necrotic enteritis"
3249:
2594:
200:
2781:
2026:
1992:
1958:
1924:
1890:
1832:
1591:
1559:
3991:
3372:
3207:
2945:
2804:
2707:
1157:
689:
are quite radiation-resistant, requiring doses of about 30 kGy, which is a serious obstacle to the development of shelf-stable
1205:
Collins, MD; Lawson, PA; Willems, A; Cordoba, JJ; Fernandez-Garayzabal, J; Garcia, P; Cai, J; Hippe, H; Farrow, JA (October 1994).
4350:
2615:
2602:
859:
4403:
4383:
3596:
3576:
3544:
3525:
3113:
2689:
222:
detected rod-shaped cells in his investigations into this so-called sausage poisoning. In 1897, the
Belgian biology professor
2854:
2676:
2630:
2541:
2531:
4293:
681:) and longer cooking times (20 min, with a few exceptional cases of more than 50 min recorded in the literature).
3499:
2958:
2878:
2824:
4393:
4134:
3808:
3417:
3266:
2794:
2635:
2419:
4388:
3516:
3286:
2907:
2819:
289:
150:
3322:
403:
62:
186:
inhabit soils and the intestinal tracts of animals, including humans. This genus includes several significant human
3794:
3306:
3108:
805:
348:) efficiently ferment plant polysaccharide composing dietary fiber, making them important and abundant taxa in the
2834:
4319:
3549:
2610:
793:
can use lignocellulosic waste and generate ethanol, thus making it a possible candidate for use in production of
609:
474:
131:
4398:
4029:
4023:
3730:
3637:
3590:
3436:
3103:
2809:
2776:
2486:
2401:
2352:
1012:
960:
867:
789:
585:
232:. This classification presented problems, however, because the isolate grew only in anaerobic conditions, but
2267:
915:, recently discovered in commercial chicken wastes, can produce ethanol from single-carbon sources including
3980:
3691:
3486:
3234:
3034:
2771:
2746:
2666:
911:
540:
4163:
4086:
3879:
3538:
3493:
3442:
2814:
2766:
2756:
2751:
2640:
2325:
643:
377:
179:
1207:"The phylogeny of the genus Clostridium: proposal of five new genera and eleven new species combinations"
4107:
4100:
3939:
3749:
3685:
3460:
3261:
3239:
3152:
2465:
1082:"Novel therapies and preventative strategies for primary and recurrent Clostridium difficile infections"
1018:
943:
853:
846:
833:
748:
712:
597:
512:
252:
45:
1304:
313:
phylogeny from
Collins 1994, which split the traditional genus (now corresponding to a large slice of
4378:
4355:
4329:
4223:
4113:
4092:
3760:
3699:
3479:
3472:
3296:
2965:
2954:
2581:
2571:
2371:
1093:
2041:
Velickovic M, Benabou R, Brin MF (2001). "Cervical dystonia pathophysiology and treatment options".
3655:
3615:
3465:
3368:
3178:
3173:
3083:
3009:
2999:
2973:
2969:
2844:
2650:
2561:
2333:
1608:
1334:"Functional diversity of carbohydrate-active enzymes enabling a bacterium to ferment plant biomass"
1332:
Boutard M, Cerisy T, Nogue PY, Alberti A, Weissenbach J, Salanoubat M, Tolonen AC (November 2014).
632:
3953:
3836:
3229:
3140:
2551:
2536:
2526:
2155:
2066:
1565:
638:
564:
223:
57:
255:
were still not yet well elucidated at that time, so taxonomy of anaerobes was still developing.
4337:
4280:
4210:
4125:
3856:
3680:
3650:
3254:
2934:
2645:
2186:
2089:
2058:
2022:
1988:
1954:
1920:
1886:
1852:
1828:
1794:
1767:
1726:
1675:
1626:
1616:
1587:
1555:
1521:
1497:
1469:
1416:
1365:
1312:
1280:
1228:
1153:
1127:
1109:
1061:
884:
545:
369:
175:
4201:
2247:
4342:
4077:
3291:
3212:
3026:
2994:
2227:
2147:
2050:
2014:
1980:
1946:
1912:
1878:
1820:
1757:
1716:
1706:
1665:
1657:
1547:
1459:
1449:
1406:
1396:
1355:
1345:
1270:
1218:
1117:
1101:
677:
spores requires higher temperatures (above 121.1 °C (250.0 °F), for example in an
529:
434:
395:
391:
276:
352:
and the human large intestine. As mentioned before, these clusters are not part of current
3850:
3564:
3391:
3185:
3073:
2897:
2829:
2736:
2556:
2435:
952:
920:
756:
690:
667:
517:
407:
345:
337:
259:
219:
40:
32:
1097:
305:
The genus, as traditionally defined, contains many organisms not closely related to its
4008:
3311:
3190:
3093:
2923:
2789:
2731:
2716:
2576:
2507:
2179:
1721:
1694:
1670:
1645:
1464:
1440:
1435:
1411:
1384:
1360:
1333:
1122:
1081:
991:
can selectively target cancer cells. Some strains can enter and replicate within solid
876:
810:
761:
752:
706:
467:
274:
contained all of the anaerobic endospore-forming rod-shaped bacteria, except the genus
206:
114:
50:
1693:
Kiu R, Brown J, Bedwell H, Leclaire C, Caim S, Pickard D, et al. (October 2019).
755:
effect, selectively promoting the growth and metabolism of beneficial bacteria in the
4372:
3645:
3554:
3407:
3271:
3088:
2984:
2940:
2625:
2424:
2382:
2054:
969:
916:
880:
659:
104:
2262:
2070:
1569:
532:
to paralyze facial muscles to reduce the signs of aging; it also has numerous other
3986:
3671:
3276:
3202:
3098:
2870:
2761:
2741:
2546:
2460:
2231:
2159:
863:
prophylaxis due to its reported ability to interfere with the growth of the latter.
794:
770:
766:
647:
627:
557:
451:
447:
443:
356:, and use of these terms should be avoided due to ambiguous or inconsistent usage.
306:
244:
240:
4215:
1950:
1551:
999:
could, therefore, be used to deliver therapeutic proteins to tumours. This use of
617:, can cause a fatal infection in exceptionally rare cases after medical abortions.
438:
form similar endospores and can be distinguished by their requirement for sulfur.
1973:
Samel Ul, Kohler W, Gamer AO, Keuser U (2007), "Propionic Acid and
Derivatives",
1350:
4262:
4195:
4140:
3885:
3281:
2989:
2883:
2849:
2839:
2671:
2481:
2084:
Doherty GM, ed. (2005), "Inflammation, Infection, & Antimicrobial
Therapy",
1023:
973:
972:. The experiment was intended to learn more about how the digestive capacity of
932:
888:
872:
798:
775:
533:
463:
1905:
Burkhalter G, Steffen C, Puhan Z (2007), "Cheese, Processed Cheese, and Whey",
4068:
4053:
4042:
3905:
3786:
3714:
3559:
3533:
3359:
3169:
3164:
2492:
2442:
2415:
1711:
1661:
1223:
1206:
965:
928:
892:
838:
818:
663:
651:
549:
439:
314:
94:
4186:
2018:
1984:
1916:
1882:
1824:
1436:"Commensal Clostridia: leading players in the maintenance of gut homeostasis"
1385:"Commensal Clostridia: leading players in the maintenance of gut homeostasis"
1113:
247:
synthesis, a scientist surnamed
Prazmowski first assigned a binomial name to
4236:
4013:
3920:
3777:
3740:
3585:
3363:
3355:
3159:
3004:
2928:
2874:
2342:
1646:"An update on the human and animal enteric pathogen Clostridium perfringens"
904:
744:
740:
678:
553:
373:
84:
2062:
1771:
1730:
1679:
1630:
1473:
1454:
1420:
1401:
1369:
1284:
1275:
1250:
1152:. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: P. Blakiston's Son and Co. pp. 107–108.
1131:
1232:
428:
by its obligate anaerobic growth, the shape of endospores and the lack of
4306:
4180:
3945:
3869:
3826:
3719:
3426:
3396:
3244:
3195:
3058:
3053:
2902:
2391:
2366:
2294:
1762:
1745:
1178:
948:
924:
896:
694:
655:
521:
429:
382:
228:
191:
187:
74:
2173:
Mengesha A, Dubois L, Paesmans K, Wouters B, Lambin P, Theys J (2009). "
4254:
3959:
3842:
3382:
3224:
3135:
3063:
2979:
2566:
2151:
1105:
936:
826:
814:
724:
716:
702:
698:
569:
504:
459:
455:
195:
4267:
2289:
3219:
1813:
Actor P, Chow AW, Dutko FJ, McKinlay MA (2007), "Chemotherapeutics",
984:
900:
822:
728:
723:, occurring in relatively large amounts in a number of foods such as
720:
4157:
2131:
4241:
576:
Several more pathogenic species, that were previously described in
3078:
1540:
Willems H, Jäger C, Reiner G (2007), "Polymerase Chain
Reaction",
1383:
Lopetuso LR, Scaldaferri F, Petito V, Gasbarrini A (August 2013).
1027:
992:
842:
732:
525:
492:
species are readily found inhabiting soils and intestinal tracts.
349:
171:
2206:
Chou CH, Han CL, Chang JJ, Lay JJ (October 2011). "Co-culture of
1263:
International
Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology
3147:
3068:
1746:"Fatal Clostridium sordellii infections after medical abortions"
1179:"LPSN - List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature"
736:
626:
In general, the treatment of clostridial infection is high-dose
310:
4161:
3326:
2298:
298:
As of
October 2022, there are 164 validly published species in
4228:
2177:
in Anti-tumor
Therapy". In Brüggemann H, Gottschalk G (eds.).
1080:
Dieterle, Michael G.; Rao, Krishna; Young, Vincent B. (2019).
857:
MIYAIRI 588 strain is marketed in Japan, Korea, and China for
907:
are also produced by some clostridia that cause gas gangrene.
2257:
2130:
Saint-Amans S, Perlot P, Goma G, Soucaille P (August 1994).
2108:
424:
can be differentiated from the also endospore forming genus
198:. It also formerly included an important cause of diarrhea,
1586:(2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. p. 65.
1496:(10th ed.), Benjamin Cummings, pp. 87, 134, 433,
1022:, and species from other genera have been shown to produce
309:. The issue was originally illustrated in full detail by a
1434:
Lopetuso LR, Scaldaferri F, PetitoV, Gasbarrini A (2013).
1003:
has been demonstrated in a variety of preclinical models.
16:
Genus of bacteria, which includes several human pathogens
2253:
2007:
Zink R, Pfeifer A (2007), "Health Value Added Foods",
1183:
Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen
693:
for general use in the retail market. The addition of
2181:
Clostridia: Molecular Biology in the Post-genomic Era
769:, while inhibiting harmful ones, such as clostridia,
2132:"High production of 1,3-propanediol from gycerol by
500:
of the healthy lower reproductive tract of females.
4170:
4124:
4076:
4067:
4040:
4006:
3970:
3929:
3913:
3904:
3867:
3824:
3776:
3739:
3728:
3713:
3669:
3636:
3607:
3575:
3524:
3515:
3453:
3425:
3416:
3405:
3390:
3381:
3126:
3046:
3025:
2916:
2863:
2724:
2715:
2706:
2659:
2515:
2506:
2474:
2449:
2433:
2380:
2350:
2341:
2332:
410:in water) can be used to distinguish endospores of
2178:
630:, to which the organism has remained susceptible.
2136:VPI 3266 in a simply controlled fed-batch system"
1051:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1043:
262:separated van Ermengem's microorganisms from the
1211:International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology
477:(PCR) test kit (Bactotype) for the detection of
1615:(4th ed.). Univ. of Texas Medical Branch.
2218:B5 for converting yeast waste into hydrogen".
2010:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
1976:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
1942:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
1908:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
1874:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
1851:(5th ed.), Lippincott, pp. 389–404,
1849:Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews: Pharmacology
1816:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
1543:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
1305:"Taxonomy Of Clostridium Clusters XIVa And IV"
983:may help in the treatment of diseases such as
849:and provides relief for around 12 to 16 weeks.
3338:
2310:
2256:, a Bioinformatics Resource Center funded by
1939:Honikel KO (2007), "Meat and Meat Products",
1871:Jelen P (2007), "Foods, 2. Food Technology",
1200:
1198:
1143:
1141:
580:, have been found to belong to other genera.
8:
1744:Meites E, Zane S, Gould C (September 2010).
1609:"Clostridia: Sporeforming Anaerobic Bacilli"
1244:
1242:
709:salts inhibits clostridia in various foods.
2109:"Providing for a Sustainable Energy Future"
1793:(4th ed.), Informa, pp. 892–893,
797:. It also has no oxygen requirement and is
4158:
4073:
3926:
3910:
3736:
3725:
3521:
3422:
3413:
3402:
3387:
3345:
3331:
3323:
3302:Recurrent toxin-mediated perineal erythema
2721:
2712:
2588:Mycobacterium avium–intracellulare complex
2512:
2347:
2338:
2317:
2303:
2295:
2086:Current Diagnosis & Treatment: Surgery
1086:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
31:
20:
2397:Cutaneous group B streptococcal infection
1761:
1720:
1710:
1669:
1463:
1453:
1410:
1400:
1359:
1349:
1274:
1222:
1121:
927:, that can be generated from the partial
2220:International Journal of Hydrogen Energy
1249:Lawson, PA; Rainey, FA (February 2016).
871:has been used as a source of the enzyme
394:, which gives them their name, from the
3622:Cutaneous Streptococcus iniae infection
2263:Todar's Online Textbook of Bacteriology
1039:
270:. By Bengtson's classification scheme,
2013:(7th ed.), Wiley, pp. 1–12,
1979:(7th ed.), Wiley, pp. 1–18,
1945:(7th ed.), Wiley, pp. 1–17,
1911:(7th ed.), Wiley, pp. 1–11,
1877:(7th ed.), Wiley, pp. 1–38,
1819:(7th ed.), Wiley, pp. 1–61,
1785:Leikin JB, Paloucek FP, eds. (2008), "
1607:Wells CL, Wilkins TD, Baron S (1996).
1546:(7th ed.), Wiley, pp. 1–27,
1492:Tortora GJ, Funke BR, Case CL (2010),
1487:
1485:
1483:
544:causes a wide range of symptoms, from
239:Circa 1880, in the course of studying
2621:Rapid growing mycobacterium infection
1298:
1296:
1294:
646:. Clostridia are also susceptible to
450:by Clostridia yield the end products
317:) into twenty clusters, with cluster
266:group and assigned them to the genus
7:
4330:6e22e454-6c97-4185-bc7a-6eaef564b3a8
3756:Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome
2800:Human granulocytotropic anaplasmosis
2362:Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome
190:, including the causative agents of
3250:Chronic undermining burrowing ulcer
2252:genomes and related information at
1750:The New England Journal of Medicine
1520:, Facts on File, pp. 726–729,
1303:Oh, Hyunseok (September 18, 2018).
1060:, Facts on File, pp. 168–173,
841:used in a diluted form in the drug
1650:Emerging Microbes & Infections
1611:. In Baron S, et al. (eds.).
1150:Bacteriology and the Public Health
1056:Maczulak A (2011), "Clostridium",
473:There is a commercially available
390:, called the vegetative form, are
204:, which was reclassified into the
14:
3992:Clostridial necrotizing enteritis
3208:Superficial pustular folliculitis
2805:Human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis
1791:Poisoning and Toxicology Handbook
503:The main species responsible for
2616:Primary inoculation tuberculosis
2055:10.2165/00003495-200161130-00004
1251:"Proposal to restrict the genus
968:mice to allow the production of
520:in food or wounds and can cause
61:
3597:Group B streptococcal infection
3545:Group A streptococcal infection
3114:Gram-negative toe web infection
2690:Group JK corynebacterium sepsis
2111:. Bioengineering Resources, inc
481:and other pathogenic bacteria.
2855:Ehrlichiosis ewingii infection
2677:Cutaneous diphtheria infection
2631:Tuberculosis cutis orificialis
2542:Borderline tuberculoid leprosy
2532:Borderline lepromatous leprosy
2232:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2011.03.067
1644:Kiu R, Hall LJ (August 2018).
837:produces a potentially lethal
825:in 1916 for the production of
524:. This same toxin is known as
1:
2879:Primary gonococcal dermatitis
2825:Flinders Island spotted fever
1951:10.1002/14356007.e16_e02.pub2
1552:10.1002/14356007.c21_c01.pub2
1494:Microbiology: An Introduction
801:, which reduces cooling cost.
4135:Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae
3267:Blistering distal dactylitis
2795:Rocky Mountain spotted fever
2683:Arcanobacterium haemolyticum
2636:Tuberculosis verrucosa cutis
2420:Chronic recurrent erysipelas
1613:Baron's Medical Microbiology
1518:Encyclopedia of Microbiology
1516:Maczulak A (2011), "stain",
1351:10.1371/journal.pgen.1004773
1058:Encyclopedia of Microbiology
340:) and "Clostridium" cluster
3287:Blastomycosis-like pyoderma
2908:Chromobacteriosis infection
2820:Mediterranean spotted fever
1148:Newman, Sir George (1904).
976:animals could be improved.
418:from other microorganisms.
4422:
3307:Tick-borne lymphadenopathy
3109:Gram-negative folliculitis
2216:Bacillus thermoamylovorans
2185:. Caister Academic Press.
806:Clostridium acetobutylicum
496:species are also a normal
287:
3550:Streptococcal pharyngitis
2611:Papulonecrotic tuberculid
2596:Mycobacterium haemophilum
1712:10.1186/s42523-019-0015-1
1662:10.1038/s41426-018-0144-8
1224:10.1099/00207713-44-4-812
979:Nonpathogenic strains of
556:, necrotic enteritis and
475:polymerase chain reaction
372:and capable of producing
144:
139:
58:Scientific classification
56:
39:
30:
23:
4030:Pseudomembranous colitis
4024:Clostridioides difficile
3104:Lymphogranuloma venereum
2810:Flea-borne spotted fever
2783:Rickettsia aeschlimannii
2777:American tick bite fever
2487:Erysipeloid of Rosenbach
2402:Streptococcal intertrigo
2208:Clostridium beijerinckii
2019:10.1002/14356007.d12_d01
1985:10.1002/14356007.a22_223
1917:10.1002/14356007.a06_163
1883:10.1002/14356007.a11_523
1825:10.1002/14356007.a06_173
1013:Clostridium beijerinckii
964:have been inserted into
961:Clostridium thermocellum
868:Clostridium histolyticum
790:Clostridium thermocellum
598:Clostridium histolyticum
485:Biology and pathogenesis
201:Clostridioides difficile
3981:Clostridium perfringens
3692:Urinary tract infection
3235:Trichomycosis axillaris
2772:African tick bite fever
2747:North Asian tick typhus
2667:Cutaneous actinomycosis
1847:Harvey RA, ed. (2012),
1787:Clostridium perfringens
912:Clostridium ljungdahlii
541:Clostridium perfringens
376:. They generally stain
158:for complete taxonomy.
4404:Taxa described in 1880
4384:Gram-positive bacteria
4087:Ureaplasma urealyticum
3880:Listeria monocytogenes
3584:bacitracin resistant,
3443:Pneumococcal infection
2947:Haemophilus influenzae
2891:Pasteurella hemolytica
2815:Japanese spotted fever
2767:Bacillary angiomatosis
2757:Flying squirrel typhus
2752:Queensland tick typhus
2641:Tuberculous cellulitis
2604:Mycobacterium kansasii
2326:Bacterial skin disease
1455:10.1186/1757-4749-5-23
1402:10.1186/1757-4749-5-23
1276:10.1099/ijsem.0.000824
987:. Research shows that
829:(smokeless gunpowder).
713:Fructooligosaccharides
404:Schaeffer–Fulton stain
332:"Clostridium" cluster
180:Gram-positive bacteria
49:bacteria stained with
4108:Mycoplasma pneumoniae
4101:Mycoplasma genitalium
3940:Clostridium botulinum
3686:Enterococcus faecalis
3461:Viridans streptococci
3262:Elephantiasis nostras
3240:Necrotizing fasciitis
3153:Hospital furunculosis
2835:Brill–Zinsser disease
2466:Dermatitis gangrenosa
2270:Clostridium difficile
2212:Clostridium butyricum
2140:Biotechnology Letters
2134:clostridium butyricum
1257:Clostridium butyricum
1019:Clostridium butyricum
944:Clostridium butyricum
860:Clostridium difficile
854:Clostridium butyricum
847:spasmodic torticollis
834:Clostridium botulinum
610:Clostridium sordellii
586:Clostridium difficile
513:Clostridium botulinum
253:anaerobic respiration
249:Clostridium butyricum
236:grew well in oxygen.
46:Clostridium botulinum
4114:Mycoplasma pneumonia
4093:Ureaplasma infection
3803:novobiocin resistant
3761:Toxic shock syndrome
3700:Enterococcus faecium
3297:Chronic lymphangitis
2966:Hot tub folliculitis
2955:Pseudomonal pyoderma
2582:Miliary tuberculosis
2572:Lichen scrofulosorum
2372:Toxic shock syndrome
1763:10.1056/NEJMc1001014
1259:and related species"
879:of infected wounds.
398:κλωστήρ or spindle.
251:. The mechanisms of
4394:Pathogenic bacteria
4046:(non-spore forming)
3656:Streptococcus bovis
3616:Streptococcus iniae
3364:Infectious diseases
3186:Acute lymphadenitis
3179:Perianal cellulitis
3174:Pyogenic paronychia
3084:Chlamydia infection
3000:Granuloma inguinale
2974:Green nail syndrome
2970:Ecthyma gangrenosum
2845:Cat-scratch disease
2651:Tuberculoid leprosy
2562:Lepromatous leprosy
2409:Streptococcus iniae
2226:(21): 13972–13983.
1584:Williams gynecology
1098:2019NYASA1435..110D
633:Clostridium welchii
479:C. perfringens
4389:Gut flora bacteria
3954:Clostridium tetani
3837:Bacillus anthracis
3454:optochin resistant
3369:Bacterial diseases
3230:Pitted keratolysis
3141:Periapical abscess
2552:Erythema induratum
2537:Borderline leprosy
2527:Aquarium granuloma
2152:10.1007/BF00133962
1582:Hoffman B (2012).
1174:Genus: Clostridium
1106:10.1111/nyas.13958
809:was first used by
639:Clostridium tetani
565:Clostridium tetani
224:Emile van Ermengem
4366:
4365:
4338:Open Tree of Life
4164:Taxon identifiers
4155:
4154:
4151:
4150:
4126:Anaeroplasmatales
4063:
4062:
4002:
4001:
3900:
3899:
3896:
3895:
3820:
3819:
3709:
3708:
3665:
3664:
3632:
3631:
3511:
3510:
3320:
3319:
3255:Fournier gangrene
3122:
3121:
3021:
3020:
2962:hot-foot syndrome
2935:Vibrio vulnificus
2702:
2701:
2698:
2697:
2646:Tuberculous gumma
2502:
2501:
2192:978-1-904455-38-7
2095:978-0-07-159087-7
1858:978-1-4511-1314-3
1800:978-1-4200-4479-9
1699:Animal Microbiome
1622:978-0-9631172-1-2
1527:978-0-8160-7364-1
1503:978-0-321-55007-1
1067:978-0-8160-7364-1
1010:species, such as
885:deoxyribonuclease
380:, but as well as
370:obligate anaerobe
163:
162:
135:
4411:
4359:
4358:
4346:
4345:
4333:
4332:
4323:
4322:
4310:
4309:
4297:
4296:
4284:
4283:
4271:
4270:
4258:
4257:
4245:
4244:
4232:
4231:
4219:
4218:
4206:
4205:
4204:
4191:
4190:
4189:
4159:
4078:Mycoplasmataceae
4074:
4054:Finegoldia magna
3927:
3911:
3809:S. saprophyticus
3737:
3726:
3522:
3423:
3414:
3403:
3388:
3347:
3340:
3333:
3324:
3292:Bullous impetigo
3213:Sycosis vulgaris
3027:Campylobacterota
2976:
2722:
2713:
2513:
2348:
2339:
2319:
2312:
2305:
2296:
2285:Water analysis:
2236:
2235:
2203:
2197:
2196:
2184:
2170:
2164:
2163:
2127:
2121:
2120:
2118:
2116:
2105:
2099:
2098:
2081:
2075:
2074:
2038:
2032:
2031:
2004:
1998:
1997:
1970:
1964:
1963:
1936:
1930:
1929:
1902:
1896:
1895:
1868:
1862:
1861:
1844:
1838:
1837:
1810:
1804:
1803:
1782:
1776:
1775:
1765:
1741:
1735:
1734:
1724:
1714:
1690:
1684:
1683:
1673:
1641:
1635:
1634:
1604:
1598:
1597:
1579:
1573:
1572:
1537:
1531:
1530:
1513:
1507:
1506:
1489:
1478:
1477:
1467:
1457:
1431:
1425:
1424:
1414:
1404:
1380:
1374:
1373:
1363:
1353:
1344:(11): e1004773.
1329:
1323:
1322:
1320:
1319:
1300:
1289:
1288:
1278:
1269:(2): 1009–1016.
1246:
1237:
1236:
1226:
1202:
1193:
1192:
1190:
1189:
1170:
1164:
1163:
1145:
1136:
1135:
1125:
1077:
1071:
1070:
1053:
691:irradiated foods
613:, now placed in
601:, now placed in
589:, now placed in
530:cosmetic surgery
435:Desulfotomaculum
277:Desulfotomaculum
130:
66:
65:
35:
21:
4421:
4420:
4414:
4413:
4412:
4410:
4409:
4408:
4399:Bacteria genera
4369:
4368:
4367:
4362:
4354:
4349:
4341:
4336:
4328:
4326:
4318:
4313:
4305:
4300:
4292:
4287:
4279:
4274:
4266:
4261:
4253:
4248:
4240:
4235:
4227:
4222:
4214:
4209:
4200:
4199:
4194:
4185:
4184:
4179:
4166:
4156:
4147:
4120:
4059:
4036:
3998:
3966:
3892:
3863:
3851:Bacillus cereus
3816:
3772:
3717:
3705:
3661:
3628:
3603:
3571:
3565:Rheumatic fever
3507:
3449:
3394:
3392:Lactobacillales
3377:
3351:
3321:
3316:
3128:
3118:
3042:
3017:
2953:
2912:
2898:Meningococcemia
2859:
2830:Verruga peruana
2737:Epidemic typhus
2694:
2655:
2557:Histoid leprosy
2518:
2498:
2470:
2445:
2436:Corynebacterium
2429:
2376:
2328:
2323:
2244:
2239:
2205:
2204:
2200:
2193:
2172:
2171:
2167:
2129:
2128:
2124:
2114:
2112:
2107:
2106:
2102:
2096:
2088:, McGraw-Hill,
2083:
2082:
2078:
2049:(13): 1921–43.
2040:
2039:
2035:
2029:
2006:
2005:
2001:
1995:
1972:
1971:
1967:
1961:
1938:
1937:
1933:
1927:
1904:
1903:
1899:
1893:
1870:
1869:
1865:
1859:
1846:
1845:
1841:
1835:
1812:
1811:
1807:
1801:
1784:
1783:
1779:
1743:
1742:
1738:
1692:
1691:
1687:
1643:
1642:
1638:
1623:
1606:
1605:
1601:
1594:
1581:
1580:
1576:
1562:
1539:
1538:
1534:
1528:
1515:
1514:
1510:
1504:
1491:
1490:
1481:
1433:
1432:
1428:
1382:
1381:
1377:
1331:
1330:
1326:
1317:
1315:
1302:
1301:
1292:
1248:
1247:
1240:
1204:
1203:
1196:
1187:
1185:
1177:
1171:
1167:
1160:
1147:
1146:
1139:
1079:
1078:
1074:
1068:
1055:
1054:
1041:
1037:
953:1,3-propanediol
921:carbon monoxide
919:, a mixture of
785:
668:chloramphenicol
624:
615:Paraclostridium
528:and is used in
518:botulinum toxin
507:in humans are:
487:
408:malachite green
362:
346:Ruminococcaceae
338:Lachnospiraceae
296:
286:
260:Ida A. Bengtson
220:Justinus Kerner
216:
210:genus in 2016.
147:
129:
60:
41:Photomicrograph
17:
12:
11:
5:
4419:
4418:
4415:
4407:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4391:
4386:
4381:
4371:
4370:
4364:
4363:
4361:
4360:
4347:
4334:
4324:
4311:
4298:
4285:
4272:
4259:
4246:
4233:
4220:
4207:
4192:
4176:
4174:
4168:
4167:
4162:
4153:
4152:
4149:
4148:
4146:
4145:
4144:
4143:
4130:
4128:
4122:
4121:
4119:
4118:
4117:
4116:
4104:
4097:
4096:
4095:
4082:
4080:
4071:
4065:
4064:
4061:
4060:
4058:
4057:
4049:
4047:
4038:
4037:
4035:
4034:
4033:
4032:
4019:
4017:
4009:Clostridioides
4004:
4003:
4000:
3999:
3997:
3996:
3995:
3994:
3989:
3976:
3974:
3968:
3967:
3965:
3964:
3963:
3962:
3950:
3949:
3948:
3935:
3933:
3924:
3908:
3902:
3901:
3898:
3897:
3894:
3893:
3891:
3890:
3889:
3888:
3875:
3873:
3865:
3864:
3862:
3861:
3860:
3859:
3857:Food poisoning
3847:
3846:
3845:
3832:
3830:
3822:
3821:
3818:
3817:
3815:
3814:
3813:
3812:
3800:
3799:
3798:
3795:S. epidermidis
3782:
3780:
3774:
3773:
3771:
3770:
3769:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3745:
3743:
3734:
3731:Staphylococcus
3723:
3711:
3710:
3707:
3706:
3704:
3703:
3696:
3695:
3694:
3677:
3675:
3667:
3666:
3663:
3662:
3660:
3659:
3648:
3642:
3640:
3634:
3633:
3630:
3629:
3627:
3626:
3625:
3624:
3611:
3609:
3605:
3604:
3602:
3601:
3600:
3599:
3581:
3579:
3573:
3572:
3570:
3569:
3568:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3530:
3528:
3519:
3513:
3512:
3509:
3508:
3506:
3505:
3497:
3490:
3483:
3476:
3469:
3457:
3455:
3451:
3450:
3448:
3447:
3446:
3445:
3432:
3430:
3420:
3411:
3400:
3385:
3379:
3378:
3376:
3375:
3366:
3352:
3350:
3349:
3342:
3335:
3327:
3318:
3317:
3315:
3314:
3312:Tropical ulcer
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3258:
3257:
3252:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3216:
3215:
3210:
3199:
3198:
3193:
3191:Pilonidal cyst
3188:
3183:
3182:
3181:
3176:
3162:
3157:
3156:
3155:
3145:
3144:
3143:
3132:
3130:
3124:
3123:
3120:
3119:
3117:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3094:Rat-bite fever
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3050:
3048:
3044:
3043:
3041:
3040:
3031:
3029:
3023:
3022:
3019:
3018:
3016:
3015:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2951:
2943:
2938:
2931:
2926:
2924:Pasteurellosis
2920:
2918:
2914:
2913:
2911:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2886:
2881:
2867:
2865:
2861:
2860:
2858:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2790:Rickettsialpox
2787:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2732:Endemic typhus
2728:
2726:
2719:
2717:Pseudomonadota
2710:
2704:
2703:
2700:
2699:
2696:
2695:
2693:
2692:
2687:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2663:
2661:
2657:
2656:
2654:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2600:
2592:
2584:
2579:
2577:Lupus vulgaris
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2523:
2521:
2517:Mycobacterium-
2510:
2508:Actinomycetota
2504:
2503:
2500:
2499:
2497:
2496:
2489:
2484:
2478:
2476:
2472:
2471:
2469:
2468:
2463:
2457:
2455:
2447:
2446:
2441:
2439:
2431:
2430:
2428:
2427:
2422:
2413:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2388:
2386:
2378:
2377:
2375:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2358:
2356:
2353:Staphylococcus
2345:
2336:
2330:
2329:
2324:
2322:
2321:
2314:
2307:
2299:
2293:
2292:
2283:
2274:
2265:
2260:
2243:
2242:External links
2240:
2238:
2237:
2198:
2191:
2165:
2146:(8): 831–836.
2122:
2100:
2094:
2076:
2033:
2028:978-3527306732
2027:
1999:
1994:978-3527306732
1993:
1965:
1960:978-3527306732
1959:
1931:
1926:978-3527306732
1925:
1897:
1892:978-3527306732
1891:
1863:
1857:
1839:
1834:978-3527306732
1833:
1805:
1799:
1777:
1756:(14): 1382–3.
1736:
1685:
1636:
1621:
1599:
1593:978-0071716727
1592:
1574:
1561:978-3527306732
1560:
1532:
1526:
1508:
1502:
1479:
1426:
1375:
1324:
1290:
1255:Prazmowski to
1238:
1194:
1165:
1158:
1137:
1092:(1): 110–138.
1072:
1066:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1032:
1031:
1004:
977:
956:
940:
908:
864:
850:
830:
811:Chaim Weizmann
802:
784:
781:
762:Bifidobacteria
707:propionic acid
623:
620:
619:
618:
606:
594:
591:Clostridioides
574:
573:
561:
546:food poisoning
537:
486:
483:
468:carbon dioxide
361:
358:
288:Main article:
285:
282:
215:
212:
207:Clostridioides
161:
160:
142:
141:
137:
136:
122:
118:
117:
115:Clostridiaceae
112:
108:
107:
102:
98:
97:
92:
88:
87:
82:
78:
77:
72:
68:
67:
54:
53:
51:crystal violet
37:
36:
28:
27:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4417:
4416:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4376:
4374:
4357:
4352:
4348:
4344:
4339:
4335:
4331:
4325:
4321:
4316:
4312:
4308:
4303:
4299:
4295:
4290:
4286:
4282:
4277:
4273:
4269:
4264:
4260:
4256:
4251:
4247:
4243:
4238:
4234:
4230:
4225:
4221:
4217:
4212:
4208:
4203:
4197:
4193:
4188:
4182:
4178:
4177:
4175:
4173:
4169:
4165:
4160:
4142:
4139:
4138:
4137:
4136:
4132:
4131:
4129:
4127:
4123:
4115:
4112:
4111:
4110:
4109:
4105:
4103:
4102:
4098:
4094:
4091:
4090:
4089:
4088:
4084:
4083:
4081:
4079:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4066:
4056:
4055:
4051:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4044:
4039:
4031:
4028:
4027:
4026:
4025:
4021:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4011:
4010:
4005:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3984:
3983:
3982:
3978:
3977:
3975:
3973:
3969:
3961:
3958:
3957:
3956:
3955:
3951:
3947:
3944:
3943:
3942:
3941:
3937:
3936:
3934:
3932:
3928:
3925:
3922:
3918:
3917:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3903:
3887:
3884:
3883:
3882:
3881:
3877:
3876:
3874:
3872:
3871:
3866:
3858:
3855:
3854:
3853:
3852:
3848:
3844:
3841:
3840:
3839:
3838:
3834:
3833:
3831:
3829:
3828:
3823:
3811:
3810:
3806:
3805:
3804:
3801:
3797:
3796:
3792:
3791:
3790:
3788:
3784:
3783:
3781:
3779:
3775:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3753:
3752:
3751:
3747:
3746:
3744:
3742:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3732:
3727:
3724:
3721:
3716:
3712:
3702:
3701:
3697:
3693:
3690:
3689:
3688:
3687:
3682:
3679:
3678:
3676:
3674:
3673:
3668:
3658:
3657:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3643:
3641:
3639:
3635:
3623:
3620:
3619:
3618:
3617:
3613:
3612:
3610:
3606:
3598:
3595:
3594:
3593:
3592:
3591:S. agalactiae
3587:
3583:
3582:
3580:
3578:
3574:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3555:Scarlet fever
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3542:
3541:
3540:
3536:susceptible:
3535:
3532:
3531:
3529:
3527:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3514:
3504:
3502:
3498:
3496:
3495:
3491:
3489:
3488:
3484:
3482:
3481:
3477:
3475:
3474:
3470:
3468:
3467:
3462:
3459:
3458:
3456:
3452:
3444:
3441:
3440:
3439:
3438:
3437:S. pneumoniae
3434:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3409:
3408:Streptococcus
3404:
3401:
3398:
3393:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3380:
3374:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3361:
3357:
3354:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3341:
3336:
3334:
3329:
3328:
3325:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3272:Botryomycosis
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3247:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3205:
3204:
3201:
3200:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3171:
3168:
3167:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3154:
3151:
3150:
3149:
3148:Boil/furuncle
3146:
3142:
3139:
3138:
3137:
3134:
3133:
3131:
3125:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3089:Leptospirosis
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3051:
3049:
3045:
3039:
3037:
3033:
3032:
3030:
3028:
3024:
3014:
3012:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2985:Salmonellosis
2983:
2981:
2978:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2961:
2956:
2952:
2950:
2948:
2944:
2942:
2941:Rhinoscleroma
2939:
2937:
2936:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2921:
2919:
2915:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2892:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2869:
2868:
2866:
2862:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2784:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2729:
2727:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2705:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2684:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2664:
2662:
2658:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2626:Scrofuloderma
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2605:
2601:
2599:
2597:
2593:
2591:
2589:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2524:
2522:
2520:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2505:
2495:
2494:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2479:
2477:
2473:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2458:
2456:
2454:
2453:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2438:
2437:
2432:
2426:
2425:Scarlet fever
2423:
2421:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2410:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2389:
2387:
2385:
2384:
2383:Streptococcus
2379:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2359:
2357:
2355:
2354:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2320:
2315:
2313:
2308:
2306:
2301:
2300:
2297:
2291:
2288:
2284:
2282:
2280:
2275:
2273:
2272:Support Group
2271:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2250:
2246:
2245:
2241:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2202:
2199:
2194:
2188:
2183:
2182:
2176:
2169:
2166:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2135:
2126:
2123:
2110:
2104:
2101:
2097:
2091:
2087:
2080:
2077:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2037:
2034:
2030:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2011:
2003:
2000:
1996:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1977:
1969:
1966:
1962:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1943:
1935:
1932:
1928:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1909:
1901:
1898:
1894:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1875:
1867:
1864:
1860:
1854:
1850:
1843:
1840:
1836:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1817:
1809:
1806:
1802:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1781:
1778:
1773:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1740:
1737:
1732:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1689:
1686:
1681:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1640:
1637:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1603:
1600:
1595:
1589:
1585:
1578:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1544:
1536:
1533:
1529:
1523:
1519:
1512:
1509:
1505:
1499:
1495:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1480:
1475:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1442:
1441:Gut Pathogens
1437:
1430:
1427:
1422:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1389:Gut Pathogens
1386:
1379:
1376:
1371:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1338:PLOS Genetics
1335:
1328:
1325:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1299:
1297:
1295:
1291:
1286:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1258:
1254:
1245:
1243:
1239:
1234:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1217:(4): 812–26.
1216:
1212:
1208:
1201:
1199:
1195:
1184:
1180:
1175:
1169:
1166:
1161:
1159:9781345750270
1155:
1151:
1144:
1142:
1138:
1133:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1076:
1073:
1069:
1063:
1059:
1052:
1050:
1048:
1046:
1044:
1040:
1034:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1020:
1015:
1014:
1009:
1005:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
975:
971:
970:endoglucanase
967:
963:
962:
957:
954:
950:
946:
945:
941:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
917:synthesis gas
914:
913:
909:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
881:Hyaluronidase
878:
874:
870:
869:
865:
862:
861:
856:
855:
851:
848:
844:
840:
836:
835:
831:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
807:
803:
800:
796:
792:
791:
787:
786:
782:
780:
778:
777:
772:
768:
764:
763:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
671:
669:
665:
661:
660:metronidazole
657:
653:
649:
648:tetracyclines
645:
641:
640:
635:
634:
629:
621:
616:
612:
611:
607:
604:
600:
599:
595:
592:
588:
587:
583:
582:
581:
579:
571:
567:
566:
562:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
542:
538:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
514:
510:
509:
508:
506:
501:
499:
495:
491:
484:
482:
480:
476:
471:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
436:
432:. Species of
431:
427:
423:
419:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
384:
379:
378:gram-positive
375:
371:
367:
359:
357:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
330:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
303:
301:
295:
293:
283:
281:
279:
278:
273:
269:
265:
261:
256:
254:
250:
246:
242:
237:
235:
231:
230:
225:
221:
213:
211:
209:
208:
203:
202:
197:
193:
189:
185:
182:. Species of
181:
177:
173:
169:
168:
159:
157:
156:
154:
143:
138:
133:
128:
127:
123:
120:
119:
116:
113:
110:
109:
106:
105:Eubacteriales
103:
100:
99:
96:
93:
90:
89:
86:
83:
80:
79:
76:
73:
70:
69:
64:
59:
55:
52:
48:
47:
42:
38:
34:
29:
26:
22:
19:
4171:
4133:
4106:
4099:
4085:
4052:
4041:
4022:
4007:
3987:Gas gangrene
3979:
3971:
3952:
3938:
3930:
3915:
3914:
3878:
3868:
3849:
3835:
3825:
3807:
3802:
3793:
3785:
3748:
3729:
3698:
3684:
3672:Enterococcus
3670:
3654:
3614:
3589:
3537:
3501:S. anginosus
3500:
3492:
3487:S. sanguinis
3485:
3478:
3471:
3464:
3435:
3406:
3277:Malakoplakia
3203:Folliculitis
3127:Unspecified
3099:Lyme disease
3036:Helicobacter
3035:
3010:
2959:
2946:
2933:
2890:
2871:Gonococcemia
2782:
2762:Trench fever
2742:Scrub typhus
2682:
2603:
2595:
2587:
2547:Buruli ulcer
2516:
2491:
2461:Gas gangrene
2451:
2450:
2434:
2408:
2381:
2351:
2286:
2278:
2269:
2248:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2201:
2180:
2174:
2168:
2143:
2139:
2133:
2125:
2113:. Retrieved
2103:
2085:
2079:
2046:
2042:
2036:
2009:
2002:
1975:
1968:
1941:
1934:
1907:
1900:
1873:
1866:
1848:
1842:
1815:
1808:
1790:
1789:Poisoning",
1786:
1780:
1753:
1749:
1739:
1702:
1698:
1688:
1653:
1649:
1639:
1612:
1602:
1583:
1577:
1542:
1535:
1517:
1511:
1493:
1445:
1439:
1429:
1392:
1388:
1378:
1341:
1337:
1327:
1316:. Retrieved
1308:
1266:
1262:
1256:
1252:
1214:
1210:
1186:. Retrieved
1173:
1168:
1149:
1089:
1085:
1075:
1057:
1017:
1011:
1007:
1006:Mixtures of
1000:
996:
988:
980:
959:
942:
933:fossil fuels
910:
866:
858:
852:
832:
804:
799:thermophilic
795:ethanol fuel
788:
774:
771:fusobacteria
767:Lactobacilli
760:
711:
686:
682:
674:
672:
644:sulfonamides
637:
631:
628:penicillin G
625:
614:
608:
602:
596:
590:
584:
577:
575:
563:
558:gas gangrene
539:
516:can produce
511:
502:
493:
489:
488:
478:
472:
452:butyric acid
448:pyruvic acid
444:fermentation
433:
425:
421:
420:
415:
411:
399:
387:
381:
365:
363:
360:Biochemistry
353:
341:
333:
331:
326:
322:
318:
307:type species
304:
299:
297:
291:
275:
271:
267:
263:
257:
248:
245:butyric acid
241:fermentation
238:
233:
227:
217:
205:
199:
183:
166:
165:
164:
152:
149:
145:
125:
124:
44:
24:
18:
4379:Clostridium
4307:clostridium
4263:iNaturalist
4202:Clostridium
4196:Wikispecies
4172:Clostridium
4141:Erysipeloid
3916:Clostridium
3886:Listeriosis
3789:susceptible
3539:S. pyogenes
3494:S. sobrinus
3429:susceptible
3282:Pyomyositis
2990:Shigellosis
2960:Pseudomonas
2884:Melioidosis
2850:Oroya fever
2840:Brucellosis
2672:Nocardiosis
2482:Listeriosis
2452:Clostridium
2287:Clostridium
2279:Clostridium
2249:Clostridium
1253:Clostridium
1024:biohydrogen
1008:Clostridium
1001:Clostridium
997:Clostridium
989:Clostridium
981:Clostridium
974:monogastric
958:Genes from
889:lecithinase
877:débridement
873:collagenase
813:to produce
776:Bacteroides
753:bifidogenic
675:Clostridium
652:carbapenems
642:respond to
578:Clostridium
534:therapeutic
494:Clostridium
490:Clostridium
464:isopropanol
422:Clostridium
416:Clostridium
400:Clostridium
388:Clostridium
366:Clostridium
364:Species of
354:Clostridium
325:to cluster
323:Clostridium
300:Clostridium
292:Clostridium
272:Clostridium
268:Clostridium
184:Clostridium
167:Clostridium
153:Clostridium
146:164 Species
126:Clostridium
25:Clostridium
4373:Categories
4069:Mollicutes
4043:Finegoldia
3972:nonmotile:
3906:Clostridia
3787:novobiocin
3715:Bacillales
3560:Erysipelas
3534:bacitracin
3170:Paronychia
3165:Cellulitis
3038:cellulitis
2949:cellulitis
2889:Cutaneous
2493:Mycoplasma
2443:Erythrasma
2416:Erysipelas
2407:Cutaneous
2175:Clostridia
1656:(1): 141.
1318:2021-06-04
1313:EzBioCloud
1188:2022-10-03
1035:References
966:transgenic
931:of either
929:combustion
893:leukocidin
839:neurotoxin
819:biobutanol
759:, such as
719:) such as
683:Clostridia
664:vancomycin
550:cellulitis
498:inhabitant
440:Glycolysis
392:rod-shaped
374:endospores
315:Clostridia
132:Prazmowski
95:Clostridia
4016:-forming)
3923:-forming)
3750:S. aureus
3608:ungrouped
3586:CAMP test
3480:S. oralis
3473:S. mutans
3356:Bacillota
3160:Carbuncle
3013:infection
3011:Aeromonas
3005:Chancroid
2929:Tularemia
2893:infection
2875:Gonorrhea
2785:infection
2685:infection
2606:infection
2598:infection
2590:infection
2411:infection
2343:Bacillota
1705:(1): 12.
1448:(1): 23.
1395:(1): 23.
1309:eMedicine
1114:1749-6632
947:converts
905:hemolysin
749:prebiotic
747:, have a
745:asparagus
741:artichoke
679:autoclave
622:Treatment
603:Hathewaya
554:fasciitis
258:In 1924,
188:pathogens
176:anaerobic
85:Bacillota
4181:Wikidata
3946:Botulism
3870:Listeria
3827:Bacillus
3466:S. mitis
3427:optochin
3245:Gangrene
3196:Pyoderma
3129:pathogen
3059:Syphilis
3054:Syphilid
2903:Glanders
2708:Gram -ve
2392:Impetigo
2367:Impetigo
2334:Gram +ve
2281:Resource
2277:Pathema-
2071:46954613
2063:11708764
1772:20879895
1731:32021965
1680:30082713
1631:21413315
1570:86159965
1474:23941657
1421:23941657
1370:25393313
1285:26643615
1132:30238983
949:glycerol
925:hydrogen
897:protease
717:fructans
695:lysozyme
656:imipenem
522:botulism
430:catalase
426:Bacillus
412:Bacillus
383:Bacillus
290:List of
284:Taxonomy
264:Bacillus
234:Bacillus
229:Bacillus
192:botulism
151:List of
140:Species
111:Family:
81:Phylum:
75:Bacteria
71:Domain:
4281:1282356
4255:3226206
4187:Q327663
3960:Tetanus
3931:motile:
3843:Anthrax
3383:Bacilli
3225:Ecthyma
3136:Abscess
3064:Chancre
2980:Q fever
2567:Leprosy
2519:related
2214:M1 and
2160:2896050
1722:7000242
1671:6079034
1465:3751348
1412:3751348
1361:4230839
1233:7981107
1123:6312459
1094:Bibcode
937:biomass
827:cordite
815:acetone
725:chicory
703:nitrite
699:nitrate
687:Bacilli
570:tetanus
568:causes
505:disease
460:acetone
456:butanol
294:species
214:History
196:tetanus
155:species
121:Genus:
101:Order:
91:Class:
4356:393096
4343:933512
4327:NZOR:
4294:555645
4268:356934
4242:1CLTRG
3220:Pimple
2995:Plague
2660:Others
2475:Others
2254:PATRIC
2189:
2158:
2115:21 May
2092:
2069:
2061:
2025:
1991:
1957:
1923:
1889:
1855:
1831:
1797:
1770:
1729:
1719:
1678:
1668:
1629:
1619:
1590:
1568:
1558:
1524:
1500:
1472:
1462:
1419:
1409:
1368:
1358:
1283:
1231:
1156:
1130:
1120:
1112:
1064:
1030:waste.
993:tumors
985:cancer
903:, and
901:lipase
823:starch
773:, and
743:, and
729:garlic
721:inulin
666:, and
466:, and
406:(0.5%
4351:WoRMS
4276:IRMNG
4229:83389
4014:spore
3921:spore
3503:group
3358:(low-
3079:Bejel
3074:Pinta
3047:Other
2917:Gamma
2725:Alpha
2290:video
2258:NIAID
2156:S2CID
2067:S2CID
2043:Drugs
1566:S2CID
1172:Page
1028:yeast
1026:from
843:Botox
821:from
757:colon
733:onion
536:uses.
526:Botox
396:Greek
350:rumen
344:(now
336:(now
172:genus
170:is a
4320:1485
4315:NCBI
4302:LPSN
4289:ITIS
4250:GBIF
4237:EPPO
4216:3R7V
3766:MRSA
3720:Cat+
3397:Cat-
3069:Yaws
2864:Beta
2210:L9,
2187:ISBN
2117:2007
2090:ISBN
2059:PMID
2023:ISBN
1989:ISBN
1955:ISBN
1921:ISBN
1887:ISBN
1853:ISBN
1829:ISBN
1795:ISBN
1768:PMID
1727:PMID
1676:PMID
1627:PMID
1617:ISBN
1588:ISBN
1556:ISBN
1522:ISBN
1498:ISBN
1470:PMID
1417:PMID
1366:PMID
1281:PMID
1229:PMID
1154:ISBN
1128:PMID
1110:ISSN
1090:1435
1062:ISBN
923:and
817:and
765:and
737:leek
705:and
685:and
636:and
442:and
414:and
368:are
334:XIVa
311:rRNA
243:and
194:and
148:See
134:1880
4224:EoL
4211:CoL
3778:Cg-
3741:Cg+
3683:+:
3681:BEA
3653:+:
3651:BEA
3588:+:
3360:G+C
2268:UK
2228:doi
2148:doi
2051:doi
2015:doi
1981:doi
1947:doi
1913:doi
1879:doi
1821:doi
1758:doi
1754:363
1717:PMC
1707:doi
1666:PMC
1658:doi
1548:doi
1460:PMC
1450:doi
1407:PMC
1397:doi
1356:PMC
1346:doi
1271:doi
1219:doi
1176:on
1118:PMC
1102:doi
951:to
935:or
783:Use
751:or
658:),
548:to
446:of
174:of
43:of
4375::
4353::
4340::
4317::
4304::
4291::
4278::
4265::
4252::
4239::
4226::
4213::
4198::
4183::
3463::
3373:G+
3371::
3362:)
3172:/
2972:/
2968:/
2964:/
2957:/
2418:/
2224:36
2222:.
2154:.
2144:16
2142:.
2138:.
2065:.
2057:.
2047:61
2045:.
2021:,
1987:,
1953:,
1919:,
1885:,
1827:,
1766:.
1752:.
1748:.
1725:.
1715:.
1701:.
1697:.
1674:.
1664:.
1652:.
1648:.
1625:.
1564:,
1554:,
1482:^
1468:.
1458:.
1444:.
1438:.
1415:.
1405:.
1391:.
1387:.
1364:.
1354:.
1342:10
1340:.
1336:.
1311:.
1307:.
1293:^
1279:.
1267:66
1265:.
1261:.
1241:^
1227:.
1215:44
1213:.
1209:.
1197:^
1181:.
1140:^
1126:.
1116:.
1108:.
1100:.
1088:.
1084:.
1042:^
1016:,
995:.
899:,
895:,
891:,
887:,
883:,
779:.
739:,
735:,
731:,
727:,
701:,
697:,
670:.
662:,
650:,
552:,
470:.
462:,
458:,
454:,
342:IV
329:.
302:.
280:.
178:,
4012:(
3919:(
3722:)
3718:(
3646:D
3638:γ
3577:B
3526:A
3517:β
3418:α
3399:)
3395:(
3346:e
3339:t
3332:v
2877:/
2873:/
2318:e
2311:t
2304:v
2234:.
2230::
2195:.
2162:.
2150::
2119:.
2073:.
2053::
2017::
1983::
1949::
1915::
1881::
1823::
1774:.
1760::
1733:.
1709::
1703:1
1682:.
1660::
1654:7
1633:.
1596:.
1550::
1476:.
1452::
1446:5
1423:.
1399::
1393:5
1372:.
1348::
1321:.
1287:.
1273::
1235:.
1221::
1191:.
1162:.
1134:.
1104::
1096::
955:.
939:.
715:(
654:(
605:.
593:.
572:.
560:.
327:I
319:I
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
