950:
1093:, a coalition denotes a group effort or a population of people coming together who believe strongly in their cause. The term also describes alliances between civil society organizations, such as labor unions, community organizations, and religious institutions. In France for example, workers from different sectors and unions band together to aid each other in communicating a point. This coalition of unions is often very effective as it can cause massive inconvenience to the country. The formation of coalitions such as the
931:
1961:
1153:. For coalitions to be effective in principle or in action, participating nations have tended to require a single overpowering threat – perhaps to freedom or a way of life or a crucial national interest – or the presence of a single despotic figure or regime whose continued existence is considered not only abhorrent to the generality of nations but also destabilizing to the region or world order.
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caveats, withdraw, and be replaced by new members as the situation changes or national agendas change. The expansion of assets accessible to member nations to perform military operations is a crucial attribute of coalitions. In many ways, coalition warfare serves to make the crafting of a peace more difficult than winning the war itself. An example of such a coalition happened after World War I during the 1919
1036:
existence of opportunity is what gives rise to the coalition and allows it to exist as all parties involved see the benefit in working together. Such collaborative processes allow the actors of the coalition to approach a common goal or accomplish the same task. The behavior and dynamics of coalitions in international relations are created by commonalities and differences within the groups joining together.
78:. Based on the strategy that each party has prepared, the parties come together to negotiate and reach an agreement on the coalition terms. Depending on the context and objectives of the coalition, these negotiations may be completely secret or partially public. While some issues may be agreed on with relative ease, others may be more contentious and require different approaches to reach compromise.
93:. Regardless of whether it plans to move forward alone or in another coalition, it is important for each party to review and document lessons learned from each coalition-building experience. This will make it possible to get a clearer picture of the positive and negative impacts of coalition-building on the party and to identify lessons learned that can inform any future coalition-building efforts.
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86:. As the coalition partners begin working to implement their agreement, they will need to maintain good relations by continuing efforts to increase or sustain trust and communication among the member parties. Each party will also need to find a balance between respecting its obligations to the coalition and maintaining its individual identity.
108:, since comparative political, economic, and military might, as well as the extent to which a nation is prepared to commit to the coalition, dictate influence. Coalitions can often occur as unplanned responses to situations of danger, uncertainty, or extraordinary events, directed at interim objectives.
124:
In contrast, external coalitions consist of people that are members of different organizations who collaborate their efforts to achieve an overall objective. For example, in order to prevent gun violence and advocate gun control, several groups, unions, and nonprofit organizations banded together to
1035:
grouping of nations united for specific purposes. Although persons and groups form coalitions for many and varied reasons, the most common purpose is to combat a common threat or to take advantage of a certain opportunity, resulting in the often temporary nature of coalitions. The common threat or
902:
in parliamentary regimes. In
Germany, every administration has been a multiparty coalition since the conclusion of the Second World War – an example of coalition government creation in a parliamentary system. When different winning coalitions can be formed in a parliament, the party
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1060:
Economic agents can form coalitions. When a coalition is formed around economic goals, the reasoning is financial. In economics, when two opposing sectors, such as a buyer and seller or two sellers, come together, it can be thought of as a coalition in the denotative sense, as the two groups come
96:
Coalitions manifest in a variety of forms, types, and terms of duration. Campaign coalitions are high intensity and involve long-term cooperation. Federations are characterized by a relatively lower degree of involvement, intensity, and participation, also involving long-term cooperation but with
81:
As negotiation concludes, the agreement between political parties needs to be formally sealed. This third step includes finalizing a written agreement, securing formal approval of the deal from the relevant structures of the coalition’s member parties and announcing the coalition details to the
1117:
Military coalitions can be built and united under a singular power by multiple states and governments. They are fluid in terms of membership – not only does a country not have to have been a traditional ally to join a coalition, but nations can join, vary their contributions and
120:
is a type of coalition formed to represent employees' wages, benefits, and working conditions. Without this unity between employees, workers may be subjugated to harsh working environments and low pay due to no practical regulations. Often, organizations prefer to meet with members of their
97:
members' primary commitment remaining with their own entities. Instrumental coalitions have low-intensity involvement without a foundation to mediate conflict. Finally, event-based coalitions are those that have a high level of involvement and the potential for future collaboration.
1069:. The deal consisted of Microsoft rescuing the then-struggling Apple with a cash infusion of $ 150 million. Unions can be viewed as coalitions of workers, usually of the same job sector. When the agents considered are countries, the formation of an international treaty (e.g.
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that will prepare for successful negotiation. The more effort parties place on this step, the more likely they are to identify strategic partners, negotiate a good deal and avoid some of the common mistakes associated with coalition building.
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45:
is formed when two or more people or groups temporarily work together to achieve a common goal. The term is most frequently used to denote a formation of power in political, military, or economical spaces.
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have proven to be an important strategy for social change in many contexts. In social groups, a coalition often forms from private citizens uniting behind a common goal or purpose, sometimes within a
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129:. External coalitions base their confidence in gaining credibility on inviting unlikely partners who wish to attain the same end goal, even if the reasons to achieve the goal differ.
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groups in civil society are also viewed as coalitions for their respective cause. These activists are joined together by their belief in what they want to achieve or accomplish.
1994:
1929:
1943:
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Coalitions can be classified as internal or external. Internal coalitions consist of people who are already in an organization, such as a workplace. For example, a
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1240:
Coalition
International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences. Ed. William A. Darity, Jr. Vol. 1, 2nd ed. Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA, 2008. p. 586–587.
817:
1696:"The Relationship between Organizational Culture Factors and Employees' Group Dynamics: Case Study of General Office of Education in Mazandaran Province"
1554:
Lopez, Anthony C.; McDermott, Rose; Petersen, Michael Bang (Fall 2011). "States in Mind: Evolution, Coalitional
Psychology, and International Politics".
1165:
is linked to an equation which uses the coalition model for exponential population growth. This analytical equation was first published by mathematician
1895:
Atkin, Maurice; Gartner, Lloyd; Geldman, Arden; Kenen, Isaiah; Rader Marcus, Jacob; Temkin, Sefton (2007). Berenbaum, Michael; Skolnik, Fred (eds.).
870:
1129:, when George H. W. Bush ended Saddam Hussein's aggression in the Middle East by enlisting and leading a military coalition in the 1991 Gulf War's
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electoral systems that favor clear distinctions between winners and losers. Not only can coalitions of legislative groups form governments in
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1411:"Why unions are good for workers—especially in a crisis like COVID-19: 12 policies that would boost worker rights, safety, and wages"
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in 1838 to allow for the approximation of the world's population at a given time by applying differential and integral techniques.
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898:, they can also form in divisions of power. Most typical analyses of coalitions in politics deal with the formation of multiparty
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The temporary collaboration of two or more separate parties with a set goal and common purpose can be viewed as a coalition in
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for Peace and Human Rights, there are five steps to coalition building. The first step in coalition building involves
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1077:) can also be seen as a coalition. In economics, a coalition's formation and its stability is mostly studied using
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composition of the government may depend on the bargaining power of each party and the presence or lack of a
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1029:. Coalition competitions are represented in international political dynamics. A coalition can be an
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respective internal coalitions before implementing changes in the workplace to ensure support.
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European
Parliament: Is the grand coalition really a thing of the past?, Awenig Marié, 2019
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COALITION OF THE ENDING: WHY STATES WITHDRAW FROM INTERNATIONAL MILITARY COALITIONS
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together temporarily to achieve a goal. One example would be the 1997 deal between
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1101:. Many of these private citizen groups form grassroots organizations, such as the
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This article is about the term "coalition" in general. For governments, see
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led by the US and its allies. A contemporary example is the United
Nations
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17:
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1495:(2011). Badie, Bertrand; Berg-Schlosser, Dirk; Morlino, Leonardo (eds.).
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Graham, Andrew (2012). Lindley-French, Julian; Boyer, Yves (eds.).
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1727:. Northhampton Massachusetts: Edward Elgar Publishing Limited.
1122:, when the Allied powers attempted to reach a peace agreement.
1399:. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc. pp. 126–129.
914:. Fluid coalitions, which change with each vote, exist in the
1105:, which is the largest grassroots political group in the US.
1048:
are all contributing factors of coalitional behaviors in an
1365:. Great Clarendon Street, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
27:
Group that agrees to work together to achieve a common goal
934:
Diagram of some international coalitions established by
1460:"coalition Meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary"
1694:
Kazemi, S.; Enayati
Hatkehlui, B.; Kazemi, A. (2014).
1592:
Essential
Concepts Of Global Environmental Governance
1499:. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. p. 287.
1137:, a phrase employed during the 2003 campaign for the
1848:
1133:as well as his son George W. Bush's efforts in the
1436:International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences
1331:. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp.
1899:. Detroit, Michigan, USA.: Macmillan Reference.
1533:"Coalition POLITICS AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS"
890:, the latter being prevalent in winner-take-all
1922:"World Population Growth - The Coalition Model"
1724:The Endogenous Formation of economic coalitions
1589:Morin, Jean-Frédéric; Orsini, Amandine (2015).
1497:International Encyclopedia of Political Science
1393:Gallicano, Tiffany; McComas, Katherine (2013).
1779:"August 6, 1997: Apple Rescued — by Microsoft"
1988:
1756:"What is a coalition? definition and meaning"
864:
8:
1942:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1214:List of countries with coalition governments
1125:Examples of military coalitions include the
1870:Hardy, Travis (2013). Piehler, Kurt (ed.).
1306:"Coalitions: A Guide for Political Parties"
1284:Theses and Dissertations--Political Science
2010:
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1700:Journal of Industrial Strategic Management
1637:Meyer, David; Whittier, Nancy (May 1994).
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82:general public. The next step involves
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1874:. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Reference.
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1531:Fogarty, Edward (February 7, 2013).
1470:from the original on 26 October 2017
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1926:Mathematical Association of America
1818:Pitcoff, Winton (September 1998).
1675:from the original on 26 April 2017
1595:. New York, NY, 10017: Routledge.
1537:www.britannica.com/topic/coalition
25:
1959:
1932:from the original on 2017-04-28.
1872:Encyclopedia of Military Science
1859:from the original on 2008-03-04.
1789:from the original on 2016-03-07.
1766:from the original on 2017-04-29.
1543:from the original on 2017-04-28.
1396:Encyclopedia of Public Relations
1265:from the original on 2017-04-27.
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1920:Smith, Moore, David, Lawrence.
1830:from the original on 2015-07-06
1777:ABELL, JOHN (August 6, 2009).
1327:The New Transnational Activism
1253:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
127:Coalition to Stop Gun Violence
1:
1964:The dictionary definition of
1276:Mehrabi, Weiss (2023-01-01).
886:is an alternative model to a
60:National Democratic Institute
56:A Guide for Political Parties
1820:"Community Labor Coalitions"
1438:. USA: Macmillan Reference.
1220:The Evolution of Cooperation
1706:(35): 35–48. Archived from
1639:"Social Movement Spillover"
1120:Versailles Peace Conference
823:Political parties by region
613:Party convention/conference
104:, coalitions may be termed
68:developing a party strategy
2344:
1363:The Oxford Handbook of War
1259:Merriam-Webster Dictionary
910:Coalitions are similar to
810:Lists of political parties
141:
36:Coalition (disambiguation)
29:
2059:National unity government
2008:
1415:Economic Policy Institute
1161:In mathematics, the term
1127:Coalition of the Gulf War
1095:Community-Labor Coalition
818:Ruling parties by country
791:National unity government
1805:CNN Newsource Sales, Inc
1801:"CNN Wire. June 2, 2016"
1622:: CS1 maint: location (
1464:dictionary.cambridge.org
1434:Darity, William (2008).
1189:Collaborative leadership
1167:Pierre François Verhulst
1135:Coalition of the Willing
1075:environmental agreements
828:Banned political parties
528:Leader of the Opposition
496:Leaders and organization
459:Parliamentary opposition
106:partnerships of unequals
91:identify lessons learned
1721:Carlo, Carraro (2003).
1323:Tarrow, Sidney (2005).
1145:that intervened in the
1027:international relations
926:International relations
138:Government and politics
76:negotiating a coalition
1556:International Security
1131:Operation Desert Storm
1050:international security
1022:
34:. For other uses, see
2034:Confidence and supply
1897:Encyclopaedia Judaica
1292:10.13023/etd.2023.134
1147:2011 Libyan Civil War
933:
922:to pass legislation.
896:parliamentary systems
761:Confidence and supply
618:Leadership convention
469:Official party status
425:Entrepreneurial party
89:The final step is to
2064:Consensus government
1568:10.1162/ISEC_a_00056
1099:coalitional identity
912:parliamentary groups
884:Coalition government
766:Consensus government
756:Coalition government
548:Parliamentary leader
355:Classical radicalism
144:Coalition government
84:working in coalition
32:Coalition government
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1853:www.cc.org/about_us
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916:European Parliament
892:first-past-the-post
888:majority government
847:Politics portal
796:Rotation government
786:Minority government
781:Majority government
746:Parliamentary group
603:Leadership election
285:Christian democracy
74:The second step is
2020:Opposition parties
2017:Government parties
2014:Type of government
2003:Coalition spectrum
1312:. 27 October 2015.
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1906:978-0-02-865928-2
1881:978-1-78402-464-2
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1223:by Robert Axelrod
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1734:1-84376265-X
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1649:
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518:Frontbencher
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449:Ruling party
430:Ethnic party
410:Cartel party
295:Conservatism
243:Centre-Right
223:Centre-Right
151:Part of the
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1310:www.ndi.org
1157:Mathematics
1139:war in Iraq
1079:game theory
1052:framework.
1038:Rationality
710:Multi-party
553:Party chair
503:Backbencher
439:Minor party
435:Major party
415:Competitive
405:Elite party
340:Nationalism
275:Agrarianism
213:Centre-Left
193:Centre-Left
118:trade union
64:Oslo Center
2323:Coalitions
2317:Categories
1849:"About Us"
1834:2017-04-26
1420:2021-08-16
1286:(Thesis).
1228:References
737:Coalitions
655:Party line
444:Mass party
400:Bloc party
375:Syncretism
335:Monarchism
325:Liberalism
267:Ideologies
233:Right-Wing
142:See also:
18:Coalitions
2328:Diplomacy
1967:coalition
1618:cite book
1204:Syndicate
1163:coalition
1143:coalition
1063:Microsoft
1056:Economics
705:Two-party
691:One-party
608:Open list
568:Secretary
380:Third Way
370:Socialism
290:Communism
280:Anarchism
248:Far-Right
178:Left-Wing
125:form the
102:alliances
50:Formation
43:coalition
2082:⇐
1938:cite web
1930:Archived
1857:Archived
1828:Archived
1787:Archived
1764:Archived
1740:26 April
1679:26 April
1670:Archived
1608:26 April
1576:57562816
1541:Archived
1468:Archived
1263:Archived
1173:See also
1149:against
1113:Military
1107:Activist
900:cabinets
345:Populism
320:Islamism
310:Feminism
188:Far-Left
112:Function
62:and the
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508:Caucus
265:Major
203:Centre
1783:Wired
1673:(PDF)
1662:JSTOR
1642:(PDF)
1572:S2CID
1474:5 May
1067:Apple
1012:BRICS
1008:BASIC
968:India
956:China
393:Types
1944:link
1901:ISBN
1876:ISBN
1742:2017
1729:ISBN
1681:2017
1624:link
1610:2017
1597:ISBN
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1476:2018
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