442:
520:
680:
2319:
650:
710:
2417:
635:
2296:
905:
725:
877:
394:
2478:
2281:
488:
2358:
837:
1322:
applied between the two ends of the column, produces a small lateral deflection which disappears and the column returns to its straight form when the lateral force is removed. If the column load is gradually increased, a condition is reached in which the straight form of equilibrium becomes so-called neutral equilibrium, and a small lateral force will produce a deflection that does not disappear and the column remains in this slightly bent form when the lateral force is removed. The load at which neutral equilibrium of a column is reached is called the critical or
695:
45:
857:
2373:
411:
2249:
63:
889:
2397:
932:
291:
2457:
2261:
2437:
750:
476:
426:
1314:
620:
3809:
2343:
82:
1811:
994:
194:
665:
2318:
2763:
1099:
the shaft and stays the same on all non tapered columns. This was done to the columns to add visual interest to them. The Ionic and the
Corinthian are the only orders that have fillets and flutes. The Doric style has flutes but not fillets. Doric flutes are connected at a sharp point where the fillets are located on Ionic and Corinthian order columns.
1095:(the inclusion of a slight outward curve in the sides) plus a reduction in diameter along the height of the column, so that the top is as little as 83% of the bottom diameter. This reduction mimics the parallax effects which the eye expects to see, and tends to make columns look taller and straighter than they are while entasis adds to that effect.
2092:", begins on a base and ends in a capital, which may be of any order, but the shaft twists in a tight spiral, producing a dramatic, serpentine effect of movement. Solomonic columns were developed in the ancient world, but remained rare there. A famous marble set, probably 2nd century, was brought to
1790:
A column that carries the load down to a foundation must have means to transfer the load without overstressing the foundation material. Reinforced concrete and masonry columns are generally built directly on top of concrete foundations. When seated on a concrete foundation, a steel column must have a
1781:
is extended by having the steel reinforcing bars protrude a few inches or feet above the top of the concrete, then placing the next level of reinforcing bars to overlap, and pouring the concrete of the next level. A steel column is extended by welding or bolting splice plates on the flanges and webs
1098:
There are flutes and fillets that run up the shaft of columns. The flute is the part of the column that is indented in with a semi circular shape. The fillet of the column is the part between each of the flutes on the Ionic order columns. The flute width changes on all tapered columns as it goes up
792:
are standing, some being more than 30 metres tall. Tall columns with bull's head capitals were used for porticoes and to support the roofs of the hypostylehall, partly inspired by the ancient
Egyptian precedent. Since the columns carried timber beams rather than stone, they could be taller, slimmer
2186:
In architecture, an engaged column is a column embedded in a wall and partly projecting from the surface of the wall, sometimes defined as semi or three-quarter detached. Engaged columns are rarely found in classical Greek architecture, and then only in exceptional cases, but in Roman architecture
1764:
Eccentricity of the load, or imperfections such as initial crookedness, decreases column strength. If the axial load on the column is not concentric, that is, its line of action is not precisely coincident with the centroidal axis of the column, the column is characterized as eccentrically loaded.
1329:
For an axially loaded straight column with any end support conditions, the equation of static equilibrium, in the form of a differential equation, can be solved for the deflected shape and critical load of the column. With hinged, fixed or free end support conditions the deflected shape in neutral
164:
on which the upper parts of walls or ceilings rest. In architecture, "column" refers to such a structural element that also has certain proportional and decorative features. These beautiful columns are available in a broad selection of styles and designs in round tapered, round straight, or square
1972:
without any base; it is from four to six times as tall as its diameter; it has twenty broad flutes; the capital consists simply of a banded necking swelling out into a smooth echinus, which carries a flat square abacus; the Doric entablature is also the heaviest, being about one-fourth the height
1321:
As the axial load on a perfectly straight slender column with elastic material properties is increased in magnitude, this ideal column passes through three states: stable equilibrium, neutral equilibrium, and instability. The straight column under load is in stable equilibrium if a lateral force,
2071:
draws its name from the capital being a composite of the Ionic and
Corinthian capitals. The acanthus of the Corinthian column already has a scroll-like element, so the distinction is sometimes subtle. Generally the Composite is similar to the Corinthian in proportion and employment, often in the
1768:
Column elements are considered to be massive if their smallest side dimension is equal to or more than 400 mm. Massive columns have the ability to increase in carrying strength over long time periods (even during periods of heavy load). Taking into account the fact, that possible structural
1090:
Early columns were constructed of stone, some out of a single piece of stone. Monolithic columns are among the heaviest stones used in architecture. Other stone columns are created out of multiple sections of stone, mortared or dry-fit together. In many classical sites, sectioned columns were
1991:, also known as Roman Doric, is also a simple design, the base and capital both being series of cylindrical disks of alternating diameter. The shaft is almost never fluted. The proportions vary, but are generally similar to Doric columns. Height to width ratio is about 7:1.
584:
or painting, but the
Ancient Greeks, followed by the Romans, loved to use them on the outside as well, and the extensive use of columns on the interior and exterior of buildings is one of the most characteristic features of classical architecture, in buildings like the
1782:
or walls of the columns to provide a few inches or feet of load transfer from the upper to the lower column section. A timber column is usually extended by the use of a steel tube or wrapped-around sheet-metal plate bolted onto the two connecting timber sections.
1760:
A column with a cross section that lacks symmetry may suffer torsional buckling (sudden twisting) before, or in combination with, lateral buckling. The presence of the twisting deformations renders both theoretical analyses and practical designs rather complex.
2017:, at the four corners. The height-to-thickness ratio is around 9:1. Due to the more refined proportions and scroll capitals, the Ionic column is sometimes associated with academic buildings. Ionic style columns were used on the second level of the Colosseum.
1631:), is smaller than that below the proportional limit, the critical load at inelastic buckling is reduced. More complex formulas and procedures apply for such cases, but in its simplest form the critical buckling load formula is given as Equation (3),
441:
1756:
2416:
634:
826:
During the
Romanesque period, builders continued to reuse and imitate ancient Roman columns wherever possible; where new, the emphasis was on elegance and beauty, as illustrated by twisted columns. Often they were decorated with mosaics.
2059:, dated at 427 BC. It is sometimes called the feminine order because it is on the top level of the Colosseum and holding up the least weight, and also has the slenderest ratio of thickness to height. Height to width ratio is about 10:1.
1158:
are decorated with reliefs in the form of acanthus leaves. Either type of capital could be accompanied by the same moldings as the base. In the case of free-standing columns, the decorative elements atop the shaft are known as a
1424:
1546:
572:, particularly in the megaron or hall at the heart of their palaces. The importance of columns and their reference to palaces and therefore authority is evidenced in their use in heraldic motifs such as the famous lion-gate of
904:
679:
2295:
1618: = cross-sectional area of the column), is greater than the proportional limit of the material, the column is experiencing inelastic buckling. Since at this stress the slope of the material's stress-strain curve,
2477:
556:
used whole tree-trunks, usually turned upside down in order to prevent re-growth, stood on a base set in the stylobate (floor base) and topped by a simple round capital. These were then painted as in the most famous
649:
1765:
The eccentricity of the load, or an initial curvature, subjects the column to immediate bending. The increased stresses due to the combined axial-plus-flexural stresses result in a reduced load-carrying ability.
724:
576:
where two lions stand each side of a column. Being made of wood these early columns have not survived, but their stone bases have and through these we may see their use and arrangement in these palace buildings.
358:. In later Egyptian architecture faceted cylinders were also common. Their form is thought to derive from archaic reed-built shrines. Carved from stone, the columns were highly decorated with carved and painted
1142:, upon which the roof or other architectural elements rest. In the case of Doric columns, the capital usually consists of a round, tapering cushion, or echinus, supporting a square slab, known as an abax or
519:
1586:= effective length (length of an equivalent hinged-hinged column). From Equation (2) it can be noted that the buckling strength of a column is inversely proportional to the square of its length.
384:, swells out and then narrows again like a flower in bud. The base, which tapers to take the shape of a half-sphere like the stem of the lotus, has a continuously recurring decoration of stipules.
709:
1127:. More elaborate bases include two toruses, separated by a concave section or channel known as a scotia or trochilus. Scotiae could also occur in pairs, separated by a convex section called an
836:
1317:
Table showing values of K for structural columns of various end conditions (adapted from Manual of Steel
Construction, 8th edition, American Institute of Steel Construction, Table C1.8.1)
1791:
base plate to spread the load over a larger area, and thereby reduce the bearing pressure. The base plate is a thick, rectangular steel plate usually welded to the bottom end of the column.
410:
1330:
equilibrium of an initially straight column with uniform cross section throughout its length always follows a partial or composite sinusoidal curve shape, and the critical load is given by
2396:
931:
393:
156:, columns may be designed to resist lateral forces. Other compression members are often termed "columns" because of the similar stress conditions. Columns are frequently used to support
2206:
are monumental graves, which typically feature a single, prominent pillar or column, often made of stone. A number of world cultures incorporated pillars into tomb structures. In the
580:
The
Egyptians, Persians and other civilizations mostly used columns for the practical purpose of holding up the roof inside a building, preferring outside walls to be decorated with
2280:
1636:
876:
2009:
column is considerably more complex than the Doric or Tuscan. It usually has a base and the shaft is often fluted (it has grooves carved up its length). The capital features a
962:
was keen to revive the classical vocabulary and styles, and the informed use and variation of the classical orders remained fundamental to the training of architects throughout
2357:
1166:
Modern columns may be constructed out of steel, poured or precast concrete, or brick, left bare or clad in an architectural covering, or veneer. Used to support an arch, an
1300:
856:
888:
1326:
load. The state of instability is reached when a slight increase of the column load causes uncontrollably growing lateral deflections leading to complete collapse.
380:. They are composed of lotus (papyrus) stems which are drawn together into a bundle decorated with bands: the capital, instead of opening out into the shape of a
2456:
2372:
1091:
carved with a centre hole or depression so that they could be pegged together, using stone or metal pins. The design of most classical columns incorporates
1335:
1452:
1953:
of a shallow cone or a cylindrical band of carvings. It is often referred to as the masculine order because it is represented in the bottom level of the
1961:, and was therefore considered to be able to hold more weight. The height-to-thickness ratio is about 8:1. The shaft of a Doric Column is almost always
694:
2100:, and placed round the saint's shrine, and was thus familiar throughout the Middle Ages, by which time they were thought to have been removed from the
2599:
1769:
loads may increase over time as well (and also the threat of progressive failure), massive columns have an advantage compared to non-massive ones.
2248:
1923:
believed that their Doric order developed from techniques for building in wood. The earlier smoothed tree-trunk was replaced by a stone cylinder.
2436:
1293:
819:
in favour of more flexible forms, with capitals often using various types of foliage decoration, and in the West scenes with figures carved in
619:
1119:, which usually rest directly on the stylobate. The basis may consist of several elements, beginning with a wide, square slab known as a
843:
2260:
2660:
1968:
The Greek Doric, developed in the western Dorian region of Greece, is the heaviest and most massive of the orders. It rises from the
1894:
1286:
1077:
277:
2574:
Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Engaged Column". Encyclopædia
Britannica. 9 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 404–405.
2150:
A Caryatid is a sculpted female figure serving as an architectural support taking the place of a column or a pillar supporting an
3834:
52:
1777:
When a column is too long to be built or transported in one piece, it has to be extended or spliced at the construction site. A
3849:
3839:
2537:
1123:. The simplest bases consist of the plinth alone, sometimes separated from the column by a convex circular cushion known as a
30:
This article is about the structural construction elements that bear and transmit vertical loads (weight). For other uses, see
2795:
1832:
1015:
215:
487:
1170:, or pier, is the topmost member of a column. The bottom-most part of the arch, called the springing, rests on the impost.
339:
333:
290:
2583:
Stokstad, Marilyn; Cothren, Michael (2014). Art
History (Volume 1 ed.). New Jersey: Pearson Education, Inc. p. 110.
1131:, or bead, narrower than a torus. Sometimes these sections were accompanied by still narrower convex sections, known as
565:. The Minoans employed columns to create large open-plan spaces, light-wells and as a focal point for religious rituals.
3706:
2305:
3536:
1249:
2093:
1875:
1058:
425:
258:
1973:
column. The Greek Doric order was not used after c. 100 B.C. until its “rediscovery” in the mid-eighteenth century.
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230:
67:
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Melton
Classics Incorporated | Hand Crafted, Classically Inspired Architectural Columns, Balustrades & Details
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of architecture, which are most easily distinguished by the form of the column and its various elements. Their
3718:
3644:
3516:
3158:
2469:
1112:
959:
165:
shaft styles. A column might also be a decorative element not needed for structural purposes; many columns are
48:
2333:
2109:
1854:
1751:{\displaystyle f_{cr}\equiv {F_{y}}-{\frac {F_{y}^{2}}{4\pi ^{2}E}}\left({\frac {KL}{r^{2}}}\right)\qquad (3)}
1037:
895:
237:
911:
807:
Columns, or at least large structural exterior ones, became much less significant in the architecture of the
3102:
2113:
1828:
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816:
401:
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38:
31:
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916:
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2364:
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1962:
1946:
1229:
1139:
1132:
983:
812:
773:
569:
153:
126:
114:
110:
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3463:
3004:
2898:
1920:
1861:
1167:
1143:
1044:
802:
376:
One of the most important type are the papyriform columns. The origin of these columns goes back to the
244:
62:
3438:
2580:
Alderman, Liz (7 July 2014). "Acropolis Maidens Glow Anew". The New York Times. Retrieved 9 July 2014.
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Stierlin, Henri The Roman Empire: From the Etruscans to the Decline of the Roman Empire, TASCHEN, 2002
2403:
2128:, where they were very often used, especially on a small scale, as they are easy to produce in wood by
133:, which is made of stone, or appearing to be so. A small wooden or metal support is typically called a
346:
made use of stone columns whose surface was carved to reflect the organic form of bundled reeds, like
117:, the weight of the structure above to other structural elements below. In other words, a column is a
3728:
3504:
3234:
3087:
2552:
2342:
2267:
1124:
963:
938:
417:
363:
359:
373:), where 134 columns are lined up in sixteen rows, with some columns reaching heights of 24 metres.
3701:
3509:
2557:
2512:
2443:
2329:
2133:
2101:
1942:
1843:
1274:
1244:
1209:
1026:
465:
226:
141:
3634:
3489:
3148:
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2055:
leaves growing around a votive basket. In fact, the oldest known Corinthian capital was found in
2014:
1234:
1214:
118:
3347:
2652:
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3526:
3433:
3239:
2656:
2547:
2532:
2507:
2039:, to which it was connected in the period. However, according to the architectural historian
1204:
942:
641:
135:
90:
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3019:
2740:
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2423:
2325:
2192:
2085:
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2026:
1155:
749:
701:
602:
538:
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157:
149:
56:
481:
Illustration of Doric (left three), Ionic (middle three) and Corinthian (right two) columns
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3215:
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2036:
1800:
1628:
1433:
716:
610:
542:
510:
461:
86:
2731:
Sanseverino, Hilary Costa (1983). "Archaeological Remains on the Southern Somali Coast".
1447:= actual length of the column between its two end supports. A variant of (1) is given by
362:, texts, ritual imagery and natural motifs. Egyptian columns are famously present in the
475:
3813:
3671:
3531:
3352:
3220:
3168:
3134:
3122:
3117:
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2181:
2155:
1916:
789:
744:
166:
1419:{\displaystyle f_{cr}\equiv {\frac {\pi ^{2}{\textit {E}}I_{min}}{{L}^{2}}}\qquad (1)}
1313:
3828:
3541:
3458:
3398:
3310:
3281:
2953:
2915:
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2234:
have also been found along with other pillar tombs, including a rare octagonal tomb.
2125:
2097:
1541:{\displaystyle f_{cr}\equiv {\frac {\pi ^{2}E_{T}}{({\frac {KL}{r}})^{2}}}\qquad (2)}
1264:
558:
321:
296:
1868:
1051:
251:
3691:
3561:
3448:
3443:
3413:
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3257:
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1988:
1982:
1908:
863:
656:
606:
530:
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448:
301:
106:
81:
2116:(which displaced Constantine's columns), and thereafter became very popular with
1941:
is the oldest and simplest of the classical orders. It is composed of a vertical
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2129:
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of gyration of column cross-section which is equal to the square root of (I/A),
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993:
808:
686:
671:
598:
594:
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526:
502:
498:
377:
193:
170:
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3039:
3024:
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2032:
922:
781:
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754:
169:, that is to say form part of a wall. A long sequence of columns joined by an
1945:
that is wider at the bottom. It generally has neither a base nor a detailed
125:
applies especially to a large round support (the shaft of the column) with a
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3200:
3143:
3082:
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3014:
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2231:
2073:
2040:
1969:
1958:
1954:
1912:
1199:
1108:
586:
381:
355:
317:
174:
139:. Supports with a rectangular or other non-round section are usually called
2714:
J. Ward-Perkins, "The shrine of St. Peter's and its twelve spiral columns"
2328:
brought to Rome by Constantine, in their present-day location on a pier in
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764:
Some of the most elaborate columns in the ancient world were those of the
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2596:"Column - Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary"
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1950:
1835: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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1018: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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218: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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Most classical columns arise from a basis, or base, that rests on the
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Praying Woman between two ionic columns, 2nd century, marble, in the
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Illustration of various types of capitals, drawn by the egyptologist
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at Persepolis, measuring 70 Ă— 70 metres, was built by the
2621:"Architectural Columns by Melton Classics | Call 800-963-3060"
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Structural element that transmits weight from above to below
2422:
These are composed of stacked segments and finished in the
1443:= the minimal moment of inertia of the cross section, and
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640:
Illustration of the end of a Mycenaean column, from the
2187:
they exist in abundance, most commonly embedded in the
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Minoan columns at the West Bastion of the Palace of
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2705:, Francis Benjamin Thompson, Ed., vol. III (1859).
2483:Engaged columns embedded in the side walls of the
2218:, one of these edifices is located at the tomb of
1750:
1540:
1418:
768:, especially the massive stone columns erected in
605:orders were expanded by the Romans to include the
772:. They included double-bull structures in their
113:is a structural element that transmits, through
2076:. Height to width ratio is about 11:1 or 12:1.
1949:. It is instead often topped with an inverted
2789:
2689:, T. Kinnersley, London (1817), pp. 271, 272.
2332:(Rome). In the foreground at left is part of
1294:
811:. The classical forms were abandoned in both
568:These traditions were continued by the later
37:"Pillar" redirects here. For other uses, see
8:
2031:The Corinthian order is named for the Greek
753:Plan, front view and side view of a typical
334:Ancient Egyptian architecture § Columns
793:and more widely spaced than Egyptian ones.
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2782:
2774:
1301:
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1183:
2733:Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa
2648:Ancient Egyptians: People of the Pyramids
2043:, the column was created by the sculptor
1895:Learn how and when to remove this message
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278:Learn how and when to remove this message
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1915:, relying on the writings (now lost) of
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882:Romanesque columns from the 12th century
399:Illustration of papyriform capitals, in
2645:Baker, Rosalie; Baker, Charles (2001).
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2132:(hence also the style's popularity for
1186:
862:The capital of a Byzantine column from
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910:Slender Gothic columns at a portal of
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7:
2230:, ruins of houses with archways and
1833:adding citations to reliable sources
1016:adding citations to reliable sources
216:adding citations to reliable sources
2651:. Oxford University Press. p.
2598:. Merriam-webster.com. 2012-08-31.
2336:, inspired by the original columns.
2104:. The style was used in bronze by
1919:authors, tells us that the ancient
1174:Equilibrium, instability, and loads
493:Very detailed illustrations of the
342:as early as 2600 BC, the architect
2363:Tuscan columns can be seen at the
2254:Decorated pillars. Mosque. Kashgar
1566:wave to the actual column length,
788:(524–486 BC). Many of the ancient
466:Minoan civilization § columns
25:
844:Basilica of Sant'Apollinare Nuovo
3808:
3807:
2761:
2476:
2455:
2435:
2415:
2395:
2371:
2356:
2341:
2317:
2294:
2279:
2259:
2247:
2124:church architects, above all in
1809:
1575:= tangent modulus at the stress
992:
930:
903:
894:Gothic columns of a church from
887:
875:
855:
835:
723:
708:
693:
678:
663:
648:
633:
618:
518:
486:
474:
440:
424:
409:
392:
192:
53:United States National Arboretum
2602:from the original on 2013-10-04
2538:Marian and Holy Trinity columns
2410:, detail of the 1646 engraving.
1820:needs additional citations for
1738:
1528:
1406:
1003:needs additional citations for
203:needs additional citations for
1745:
1739:
1535:
1529:
1516:
1497:
1413:
1407:
1:
2701:"Architectural Glossary", in
1138:At the top of the shaft is a
367:
340:ancient Egyptian architecture
2468:columns and capitals in the
2164:literally means "maidens of
2013:, an ornament shaped like a
1562:= ratio of the longest half
955:Renaissance and later styles
589:. The Greeks developed the
525:Very simple detailed of the
388:Examples of Egyptian columns
2508:Columnar jointing (geology)
1250:Metal-induced embrittlement
778:The Hall of Hundred Columns
3866:
2288:Temple of Apollo in Delphi
2179:
2143:
2136:on furniture and stairs).
2024:
1998:
1980:
1930:
1798:
1779:reinforced concrete column
1589:When the critical stress,
1240:Liquid metal embrittlement
1177:
1115:, except for those of the
981:
972:Neo-classical architecture
800:
742:
459:
447:Papyriform columns of the
331:
324:made some use of columns.
36:
29:
3803:
2745:10.1080/00672708309511319
1255:Stress corrosion cracking
3517:Multi-family residential
2716:Journal of Roman Studies
2470:Great Mosque of Kairouan
2304:detail of a column from
2094:Old St. Peter's Basilica
1187:Mechanical failure modes
960:Renaissance architecture
937:Column use is common in
49:National Capitol Columns
3835:Columns and entablature
2703:The Universal Decorator
2160:
1260:Sulfide stress cracking
1180:Buckling § columns
912:Marienkirche Gelnhausen
842:Byzantine columns from
817:Romanesque architecture
402:The Grammar of Ornament
294:Dragon pillar from the
39:Pillar (disambiguation)
32:Column (disambiguation)
3850:Earthquake engineering
3840:Architectural elements
2563:Structural engineering
2543:Our Lady of the Pillar
2365:University of Virginia
2168:", an ancient town of
1752:
1542:
1420:
1318:
1230:Hydrogen embrittlement
984:Fluting (architecture)
761:
570:Mycenaean civilization
304:
154:earthquake engineering
111:structural engineering
94:
78:
59:
2324:At right, two of the
2286:Columns found at the
2110:St. Peter's baldachin
1753:
1543:
1421:
1316:
982:Further information:
896:Neuwiller-lès-Saverne
803:Medieval architecture
752:
316:civilizations of the
293:
84:
65:
47:
2770:at Wikimedia Commons
2553:Pylon (architecture)
2330:St. Peter's Basilica
2268:Great Hypostyle Hall
2108:for his spectacular
2088:, sometimes called "
1829:improve this article
1637:
1453:
1336:
1154:, or scrolls, while
1012:improve this article
939:Ottoman architecture
715:Illustration of the
685:Illustration of the
670:Illustration of the
655:Illustration of the
418:Karl Richard Lepsius
364:Great Hypostyle Hall
212:improve this article
2963: / Guest room
2687:The Cabinet of Arts
2558:Spur (architecture)
2513:Core (architecture)
2444:Bankstown Reservoir
2334:Bernini's Baldachin
2102:Temple of Jerusalem
1687:
1245:Mechanical overload
1156:Corinthian capitals
831:Examples of columns
148:For the purpose of
3439:Servants' quarters
2404:Sigismund's Column
2306:St. Peter's Church
2130:turning on a lathe
1748:
1673:
1538:
1416:
1319:
1150:feature a pair of
762:
305:
119:compression member
95:
79:
60:
3845:Structural system
3822:
3821:
3240:Janitorial closet
2974:Bedsit / Miniflat
2766:Media related to
2548:Post (structural)
2533:Load-bearing wall
2326:Solomonic columns
2243:Different columns
2222:. In the town of
2154:on her head. The
1905:
1904:
1897:
1879:
1732:
1706:
1526:
1513:
1436:of the material,
1404:
1372:
1311:
1310:
1205:Corrosion fatigue
1088:
1087:
1080:
1062:
700:Evolution of the
642:Tomb of Agamemnon
288:
287:
280:
262:
16:(Redirected from
3857:
3811:
3810:
3780:Home improvement
3552:Studio apartment
3344:Kitchen-related
3020:Conversation pit
2807:and spaces of a
2798:
2791:
2784:
2775:
2765:
2749:
2748:
2728:
2722:
2712:
2706:
2699:
2690:
2676:
2667:
2666:
2642:
2636:
2635:
2633:
2632:
2617:
2611:
2610:
2608:
2607:
2592:
2480:
2459:
2439:
2419:
2402:Construction of
2399:
2375:
2360:
2345:
2321:
2298:
2283:
2263:
2251:
2193:pseudoperipteral
2163:
2086:Solomonic column
2027:Corinthian order
2021:Corinthian order
1900:
1893:
1889:
1886:
1880:
1878:
1837:
1813:
1805:
1757:
1755:
1754:
1749:
1737:
1733:
1731:
1730:
1721:
1713:
1707:
1705:
1701:
1700:
1686:
1681:
1672:
1667:
1666:
1665:
1652:
1651:
1547:
1545:
1544:
1539:
1527:
1525:
1524:
1523:
1514:
1509:
1501:
1495:
1494:
1493:
1484:
1483:
1473:
1468:
1467:
1425:
1423:
1422:
1417:
1405:
1403:
1402:
1397:
1391:
1390:
1389:
1374:
1373:
1367:
1366:
1356:
1351:
1350:
1303:
1296:
1289:
1184:
1083:
1076:
1072:
1069:
1063:
1061:
1020:
996:
988:
941:, an example in
934:
920:
907:
891:
879:
859:
839:
727:
712:
702:Corinthian order
697:
682:
667:
652:
637:
622:
591:classical orders
522:
490:
478:
444:
428:
413:
396:
372:
369:
312:All significant
283:
276:
272:
269:
263:
261:
220:
196:
188:
68:Parliament House
57:Washington, D.C.
21:
3865:
3864:
3860:
3859:
3858:
3856:
3855:
3854:
3825:
3824:
3823:
3818:
3814:Category: Rooms
3799:
3743:
3564:
3556:
3522:Secondary suite
3473:
3348:butler's pantry
3320:
3263:Mechanical room
3216:Electrical room
3175:
3163:
2993:
2937:
2911:Recreation room
2811:
2802:
2758:
2753:
2752:
2730:
2729:
2725:
2713:
2709:
2700:
2693:
2677:
2670:
2663:
2644:
2643:
2639:
2630:
2628:
2619:
2618:
2614:
2605:
2603:
2594:
2593:
2589:
2572:
2567:
2503:
2496:
2481:
2472:
2460:
2451:
2442:The pillars of
2440:
2431:
2420:
2411:
2400:
2391:
2376:
2367:
2361:
2352:
2346:
2337:
2322:
2313:
2299:
2290:
2284:
2275:
2264:
2255:
2252:
2240:
2201:
2184:
2178:
2176:Engaged columns
2148:
2142:
2082:
2072:upper tiers of
2069:Composite order
2065:
2063:Composite order
2029:
2023:
2003:
1997:
1985:
1979:
1935:
1929:
1901:
1890:
1884:
1881:
1838:
1836:
1826:
1814:
1803:
1801:Classical order
1797:
1788:
1775:
1722:
1714:
1708:
1692:
1688:
1657:
1640:
1635:
1634:
1629:tangent modulus
1626:
1609:
1602:
1595:
1581:
1574:
1515:
1502:
1496:
1485:
1475:
1474:
1456:
1451:
1450:
1441:
1434:elastic modulus
1392:
1375:
1358:
1357:
1339:
1334:
1333:
1307:
1182:
1176:
1105:
1084:
1073:
1067:
1064:
1021:
1019:
1009:
997:
986:
980:
957:
950:
935:
926:
914:
908:
899:
892:
883:
880:
871:
860:
851:
840:
805:
799:
790:Persian columns
747:
741:
734:
728:
719:
717:Composite order
713:
704:
698:
689:
683:
674:
668:
659:
653:
644:
638:
629:
623:
550:
549:
548:
547:
546:
523:
515:
514:
491:
483:
482:
479:
468:
462:Classical order
458:
456:Greek and Roman
451:
445:
436:
429:
420:
414:
405:
397:
370:
336:
330:
310:
284:
273:
267:
264:
221:
219:
209:
197:
186:
180:
87:Gordon Monument
66:Columns of the
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3863:
3861:
3853:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3827:
3826:
3820:
3819:
3817:
3816:
3804:
3801:
3800:
3798:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3751:
3749:
3745:
3744:
3742:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3710:
3709:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3663:
3662:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3613:
3608:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3568:
3566:
3558:
3557:
3555:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3513:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3492:
3487:
3481:
3479:
3475:
3474:
3472:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3434:Servants' hall
3431:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3377:
3376:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3342:
3337:
3331:
3329:
3322:
3321:
3319:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3260:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3223:
3221:Equipment room
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3182:
3180:
3165:
3164:
3162:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3137:
3135:Secret passage
3132:
3127:
3126:
3125:
3120:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3064:
3063:
3053:
3044:
3043:
3042:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3001:
2999:
2995:
2994:
2992:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2970:
2969:
2958:
2957:
2956:
2945:
2943:
2939:
2938:
2936:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2919:
2918:
2908:
2907:
2906:
2896:
2895:
2894:
2884:
2879:
2878:
2877:
2872:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2821:
2819:
2813:
2812:
2803:
2801:
2800:
2793:
2786:
2778:
2772:
2771:
2757:
2756:External links
2754:
2751:
2750:
2739:(1): 151–164.
2723:
2721:(1952) p 21ff.
2707:
2691:
2668:
2662:978-0195122213
2661:
2637:
2612:
2586:
2585:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2498:
2497:
2482:
2475:
2473:
2461:
2454:
2452:
2441:
2434:
2432:
2426:style, at the
2421:
2414:
2412:
2401:
2394:
2392:
2377:
2370:
2368:
2362:
2355:
2353:
2347:
2340:
2338:
2323:
2316:
2314:
2300:
2293:
2291:
2285:
2278:
2276:
2265:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2246:
2244:
2239:
2236:
2200:
2197:
2182:Engaged column
2180:Main article:
2177:
2174:
2144:Main article:
2141:
2138:
2081:
2078:
2064:
2061:
2047:, probably an
2025:Main article:
2022:
2019:
1999:Main article:
1996:
1993:
1981:Main article:
1978:
1975:
1931:Main article:
1928:
1925:
1903:
1902:
1817:
1815:
1808:
1799:Main article:
1796:
1793:
1787:
1784:
1774:
1771:
1747:
1744:
1741:
1736:
1729:
1725:
1720:
1717:
1711:
1704:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1685:
1680:
1676:
1670:
1664:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1647:
1643:
1622:
1607:
1600:
1593:
1579:
1570:
1537:
1534:
1531:
1522:
1518:
1512:
1508:
1505:
1499:
1492:
1488:
1482:
1478:
1471:
1466:
1463:
1459:
1439:
1415:
1412:
1409:
1401:
1396:
1388:
1385:
1382:
1378:
1365:
1361:
1354:
1349:
1346:
1342:
1309:
1308:
1306:
1305:
1298:
1291:
1283:
1280:
1279:
1278:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1189:
1188:
1178:Main article:
1175:
1172:
1148:Ionic capitals
1104:
1101:
1086:
1085:
1000:
998:
991:
979:
976:
956:
953:
952:
951:
943:Topkapı Palace
936:
929:
927:
909:
902:
900:
893:
886:
884:
881:
874:
872:
861:
854:
852:
841:
834:
832:
801:Main article:
798:
795:
745:Persian column
743:Main article:
740:
737:
736:
735:
729:
722:
720:
714:
707:
705:
699:
692:
690:
684:
677:
675:
669:
662:
660:
654:
647:
645:
639:
632:
630:
624:
617:
524:
517:
516:
492:
485:
484:
480:
473:
472:
471:
470:
469:
457:
454:
453:
452:
446:
439:
437:
430:
423:
421:
415:
408:
406:
398:
391:
389:
371: 1224 BC
332:Main article:
329:
326:
309:
306:
286:
285:
200:
198:
191:
185:
182:
173:is known as a
129:and a base or
85:Column of the
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3862:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3832:
3830:
3815:
3806:
3805:
3802:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3752:
3750:
3746:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3708:
3705:
3704:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3661:
3658:
3657:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3569:
3567:
3563:
3562:Architectural
3559:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3542:Semi-detached
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3497:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3482:
3480:
3476:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3459:Swimming pool
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3399:Great chamber
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3381:
3378:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3345:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3323:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3311:Wiring closet
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3282:Semi-basement
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3183:
3181:
3179:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3115:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
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3066:
3062:
3059:
3058:
3057:
3054:
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3048:
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3041:
3038:
3037:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3002:
3000:
2996:
2990:
2987:
2985:
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2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2968:
2965:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2955:
2952:
2951:
2950:
2947:
2946:
2944:
2942:Private rooms
2940:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2917:
2916:billiard room
2914:
2913:
2912:
2909:
2905:
2902:
2901:
2900:
2897:
2893:
2890:
2889:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2870:dirty kitchen
2868:
2867:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2822:
2820:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2799:
2794:
2792:
2787:
2785:
2780:
2779:
2776:
2769:
2764:
2760:
2759:
2755:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2727:
2724:
2720:
2717:
2711:
2708:
2704:
2698:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2679:Hewson Clarke
2675:
2673:
2669:
2664:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2649:
2641:
2638:
2626:
2622:
2616:
2613:
2601:
2597:
2591:
2588:
2584:
2581:
2578:
2575:
2569:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
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2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2505:
2500:
2494:
2490:
2489:Maison Carrée
2486:
2479:
2474:
2471:
2467:
2464:
2458:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2438:
2433:
2429:
2428:Temple of Bel
2425:
2418:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2398:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2384:Reggio Emilia
2381:
2374:
2369:
2366:
2359:
2354:
2351:
2344:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2320:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2297:
2292:
2289:
2282:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2262:
2257:
2250:
2245:
2242:
2237:
2235:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2208:ancient Greek
2205:
2198:
2196:
2194:
2190:
2183:
2175:
2173:
2171:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2153:
2147:
2139:
2137:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2126:Latin America
2123:
2119:
2115:
2112:, actually a
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2098:Constantine I
2095:
2091:
2087:
2079:
2077:
2075:
2070:
2062:
2060:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2028:
2020:
2018:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2002:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1984:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1966:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1934:
1926:
1924:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1899:
1896:
1888:
1877:
1874:
1870:
1867:
1863:
1860:
1856:
1853:
1849:
1846: –
1845:
1841:
1840:Find sources:
1834:
1830:
1824:
1823:
1818:This section
1816:
1812:
1807:
1806:
1802:
1794:
1792:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1772:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1742:
1734:
1727:
1723:
1718:
1715:
1709:
1702:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1683:
1678:
1674:
1668:
1662:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1645:
1641:
1632:
1630:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1606:
1599:
1592:
1587:
1585:
1578:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1548:
1532:
1520:
1510:
1506:
1503:
1490:
1486:
1480:
1476:
1469:
1464:
1461:
1457:
1448:
1446:
1442:
1435:
1431:
1426:
1410:
1399:
1394:
1386:
1383:
1380:
1376:
1363:
1359:
1352:
1347:
1344:
1340:
1331:
1327:
1325:
1315:
1304:
1299:
1297:
1292:
1290:
1285:
1284:
1282:
1281:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1265:Thermal shock
1263:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1192:
1191:
1190:
1185:
1181:
1173:
1171:
1169:
1164:
1162:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1136:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1102:
1100:
1096:
1094:
1082:
1079:
1071:
1060:
1057:
1053:
1050:
1046:
1043:
1039:
1036:
1032:
1029: –
1028:
1024:
1023:Find sources:
1017:
1013:
1007:
1006:
1001:This section
999:
995:
990:
989:
985:
977:
975:
973:
969:
965:
961:
954:
948:
944:
940:
933:
928:
924:
918:
913:
906:
901:
897:
890:
885:
878:
873:
869:
865:
858:
853:
849:
845:
838:
833:
830:
828:
824:
822:
818:
814:
810:
804:
796:
794:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
760:
759:Persia (Iran)
756:
751:
746:
738:
733:
726:
721:
718:
711:
706:
703:
696:
691:
688:
681:
676:
673:
666:
661:
658:
651:
646:
643:
636:
631:
628:
621:
616:
614:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
583:
578:
575:
571:
566:
564:
560:
559:Minoan palace
555:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
521:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
489:
477:
467:
463:
455:
450:
443:
438:
434:
431:Columns with
427:
422:
419:
412:
407:
404:
403:
395:
390:
387:
385:
383:
379:
374:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
335:
327:
325:
323:
322:Mediterranean
319:
315:
307:
303:
299:
298:
297:Yingzao Fashi
292:
282:
279:
271:
260:
257:
253:
250:
246:
243:
239:
236:
232:
229: –
228:
224:
223:Find sources:
217:
213:
207:
206:
201:This section
199:
195:
190:
189:
183:
181:
178:
176:
172:
168:
163:
159:
155:
151:
146:
144:
143:
138:
137:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
92:
88:
83:
77:
73:
69:
64:
58:
54:
50:
46:
40:
33:
19:
3692:Roof lantern
3610:
3444:Smoking room
3414:Long gallery
3394:Drawing room
3380:Conservatory
3287:Storm cellar
3258:Storage room
3254:Utility room
3250:Laundry room
3226:Furnace room
2817:Shared rooms
2736:
2732:
2726:
2718:
2715:
2710:
2702:
2686:
2683:John Dougall
2647:
2640:
2629:. Retrieved
2627:. 2021-01-19
2624:
2615:
2604:. Retrieved
2590:
2582:
2579:
2576:
2573:
2450:, Australia)
2380:San Prospero
2226:in southern
2204:Pillar tombs
2202:
2199:Pillar tombs
2185:
2149:
2090:barley sugar
2083:
2066:
2030:
2004:
1989:Tuscan order
1986:
1983:Tuscan order
1977:Tuscan order
1967:
1936:
1906:
1891:
1882:
1872:
1865:
1858:
1851:
1839:
1827:Please help
1822:verification
1819:
1789:
1776:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1633:
1627:(called the
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1604:
1597:
1590:
1588:
1583:
1576:
1571:
1567:
1559:
1551:
1549:
1449:
1444:
1437:
1429:
1427:
1332:
1328:
1320:
1165:
1137:
1135:or fillets.
1106:
1103:Nomenclature
1097:
1089:
1074:
1065:
1055:
1048:
1041:
1034:
1022:
1010:Please help
1005:verification
1002:
958:
864:Hagia Sophia
825:
806:
763:
657:Tuscan order
579:
567:
551:
449:Luxor Temple
400:
375:
337:
311:
302:Song dynasty
295:
274:
265:
255:
248:
241:
234:
222:
210:Please help
205:verification
202:
179:
147:
140:
134:
122:
107:architecture
102:
98:
96:
3785:Home repair
3582:Belt course
3490:Hidden room
3419:Lumber room
3335:Antechamber
3326:Great house
3306:Wine cellar
3277:Root cellar
3230:Boiler room
3211:Crawl space
2882:Living room
2875:kitchenette
2860:Home cinema
2845:Family room
2840:Dining room
2830:Common room
2528:Lingodbhava
2195:buildings.
2170:Peloponnese
2152:entablature
2051:, who drew
2045:Callimachus
2001:Ionic order
1995:Ionic order
1939:Doric order
1933:Doric order
1927:Doric order
1786:Foundations
1117:Doric order
915: [
809:Middle Ages
797:Middle Ages
757:column, of
687:Ionic order
672:Doric order
378:5th Dynasty
366:of Karnak (
360:hieroglyphs
171:entablature
121:. The term
115:compression
3829:Categories
3795:Tree house
3765:Front yard
3697:Sill plate
3645:Foundation
3587:Bressummer
3500:house plan
3469:Undercroft
3454:State room
3404:Great hall
3373:still room
3040:dumbwaiter
3025:Cubby-hole
2855:Great room
2825:Bonus room
2631:2024-06-11
2606:2013-07-04
2570:References
2424:Corinthian
2378:Church of
2312:, Germany)
2232:courtyards
2210:colony of
2161:karyatides
2074:colonnades
2033:city-state
1855:newspapers
1773:Extensions
1113:foundation
1038:newspapers
925:, Germany)
923:Gelnhausen
782:Achaemenid
770:Persepolis
755:Persepolis
603:Corinthian
539:Corinthian
507:Corinthian
460:See also:
382:bellflower
238:newspapers
3719:Threshold
3602:Colonnade
3547:Townhouse
3485:Furniture
3389:Courtyard
3291:Safe room
3201:Cloakroom
3169:Technical
3159:Vestibule
3144:Staircase
3083:Inglenook
3056:Fireplace
3015:Breezeway
2887:Gynaeceum
2191:walls of
2080:Solomonic
2041:Vitruvius
1970:stylobate
1959:Parthenon
1955:Colosseum
1913:Vitruvius
1885:July 2021
1694:π
1669:−
1654:≡
1477:π
1470:≡
1360:π
1353:≡
1200:Corrosion
1109:stylobate
1068:July 2021
978:Structure
949:, Turkey)
870:, Turkey)
813:Byzantine
611:Composite
587:Parthenon
543:Composite
511:Composite
318:Near East
308:Antiquity
268:July 2021
175:colonnade
3760:Driveway
3755:Backyard
3714:Skylight
3677:Plumbing
3672:Ornament
3667:Lighting
3577:Baluster
3565:elements
3537:Detached
3532:Terraced
3384:Orangery
3363:scullery
3340:Ballroom
3316:Workshop
3301:Wardrobe
3289: /
3256: /
3252: /
3228: /
3191:Basement
3123:sleeping
3118:screened
3103:Overhang
3047:Entryway
3035:Elevator
2949:Bathroom
2904:man cave
2600:Archived
2501:See also
2495:(France)
2224:Hannassa
2216:Anatolia
2146:Caryatid
2140:Caryatid
2134:spindles
2114:ciborium
2053:acanthus
2049:Athenian
1957:and the
1943:cylinder
1844:"Column"
1614:, where
1324:buckling
1275:Yielding
1225:Fracture
1195:Buckling
1133:annulets
1129:astragal
1027:"Column"
947:Istanbul
898:(France)
868:Istanbul
850:, Italy)
786:Darius I
774:capitals
766:Persians
613:orders.
435:capitals
433:Hathoric
328:Egyptian
314:Iron Age
227:"Column"
131:pedestal
91:Waterloo
72:Helsinki
3748:Related
3724:Transom
3616:Cornice
3606:Portico
3597:Chimney
3592:Ceiling
3424:Parlour
3409:Library
3368:spicery
3358:saucery
3353:buttery
3196:Carport
3178:storage
3173:utility
3154:Veranda
3149:Terrace
3078:Hallway
3010:Balcony
2989:Nursery
2984:Cabinet
2979:Boudoir
2961:Bedroom
2933:Sunroom
2865:Kitchen
2518:Huabiao
2487:of the
2430:(Syria)
2350:capital
2274:(Egypt)
2238:Gallery
2228:Somalia
2220:Xanthos
2118:Baroque
2106:Bernini
2037:Corinth
1951:frustum
1947:capital
1911:author
1869:scholar
1220:Fouling
1215:Fatigue
1152:volutes
1140:capital
1093:entasis
1052:scholar
964:Baroque
848:Ravenna
739:Persian
627:Knossos
582:reliefs
574:Mycenae
563:Knossos
554:Minoans
348:papyrus
344:Imhotep
252:scholar
184:History
167:engaged
127:capital
76:Finland
51:at the
18:Columns
3812:
3770:Garden
3739:Window
3682:Quoins
3660:Portal
3611:Column
3527:Duplex
3505:styles
3464:Turret
3296:Studio
3272:Pantry
3245:Larder
3235:Garage
3206:Closet
3140:Stairs
3098:Loggia
3061:hearth
3051:Genkan
3005:Atrium
2998:Spaces
2967:closet
2954:toilet
2923:Shrine
2899:Andron
2850:Garret
2768:Column
2659:
2463:Reused
2448:Sydney
2408:Warsaw
2348:Ionic
2302:Rococo
2272:Karnak
2166:Karyai
2122:Rococo
2057:Bassae
2015:scroll
2011:volute
1963:fluted
1921:Greeks
1871:
1864:
1857:
1850:
1842:
1795:Orders
1582:, and
1556:radius
1550:where
1428:where
1235:Impact
1168:impost
1161:finial
1144:abacus
1121:plinth
1054:
1047:
1040:
1033:
1025:
968:Rococo
821:relief
732:Louvre
607:Tuscan
601:, and
545:orders
531:Tuscan
513:orders
495:Tuscan
254:
247:
240:
233:
225:
162:arches
123:column
103:pillar
99:column
3729:Vault
3702:Style
3650:Gable
3640:Floor
3620:Eaves
3510:types
3495:House
3478:Other
3449:Solar
3429:Sauna
3328:areas
3267:floor
3186:Attic
3113:Porch
3108:Patio
3088:Lanai
3068:Foyer
2928:Study
2892:harem
2809:house
2805:Rooms
2523:Linga
2493:Nîmes
2485:cella
2466:Roman
2388:Italy
2310:Mainz
2270:from
2212:Lycia
2189:cella
2158:term
2156:Greek
2007:Ionic
1917:Greek
1909:Roman
1876:JSTOR
1862:books
1210:Creep
1125:torus
1111:, or
1059:JSTOR
1045:books
919:]
784:king
599:Ionic
595:Doric
535:Ionic
527:Doric
503:Ionic
499:Doric
352:lotus
259:JSTOR
245:books
158:beams
142:piers
3790:Shed
3775:Home
3734:Wall
3707:list
3687:Roof
3655:Gate
3630:Door
3625:Dome
3572:Arch
3176:and
3130:Ramp
3093:Loft
3073:Hall
3030:Deck
2681:and
2657:ISBN
2266:The
2120:and
2067:The
2005:The
1987:The
1937:The
1907:The
1848:news
1564:sine
1270:Wear
1031:news
970:and
815:and
609:and
552:The
541:and
509:and
464:and
356:palm
354:and
320:and
231:news
150:wind
136:post
109:and
3635:Ell
2835:Den
2741:doi
2491:in
2406:in
2214:in
2096:by
2035:of
1831:by
1440:min
1014:by
561:of
338:In
214:by
160:or
152:or
105:in
101:or
89:in
70:in
55:in
3831::
3618:/
3604:/
3382:/
3265:/
3171:,
2737:18
2735:.
2719:42
2694:^
2685:,
2671:^
2655:.
2653:23
2623:.
2386:,
2172:.
2084:A
1965:.
1608:cr
1601:cr
1594:cr
1584:KL
1580:cr
1554:=
1432:=
1163:.
1146:.
974:.
966:,
917:de
823:.
776:.
597:,
537:,
533:,
529:,
505:,
501:,
497:,
368:c.
350:,
300:,
177:.
145:.
97:A
74:,
3142:/
3049:/
2797:e
2790:t
2783:v
2747:.
2743::
2665:.
2634:.
2609:.
2446:(
2390:)
2382:(
2308:(
1898:)
1892:(
1887:)
1883:(
1873:·
1866:·
1859:·
1852:·
1825:.
1746:)
1743:3
1740:(
1735:)
1728:2
1724:r
1719:L
1716:K
1710:(
1703:E
1698:2
1690:4
1684:2
1679:y
1675:F
1663:y
1659:F
1649:r
1646:c
1642:f
1624:t
1620:E
1616:A
1612:A
1610:/
1605:P
1603:=
1598:F
1596:(
1591:F
1577:F
1572:t
1568:E
1560:K
1552:r
1536:)
1533:2
1530:(
1521:2
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