467:
209:
299:
452:
605:
more than 20 keys for local sale. Three keyboard systems for German concertinas eventually became popular: Uhlig's
Chemnitzer system, Carl Zimmerman's Carlsfeld system, and the Bandoneon's Reinische system. Various German manufacturers tried to develop a single unified keyboard system for all German concertinas, but this was only partially accomplished by the end of the 19th century, when the Chemnitzer and Carlsfelder systems merged into the unified concertina system, and a unified bandoneon system was created. Despite the new standards, the older systems remained popular into the 20th century.
479:
395:
491:
201:
512:
217:
38:
585:
577:
225:
601:
led to something of a class distinction between the two. German or Anglo-German concertinas were regarded as a lower-class instrument while the
English concertina had an air of bourgeois respectability. English concertinas were most popular as parlor instruments for classical music, while German concertinas were more associated with the popular dance music at that time.
466:
375:
since the late 19th century when tango developed from various dance styles in
Argentina and Uruguay. Though the typical bandoneon is bisonoric, the 1920s saw the development of unisonoric variants such as the Ernst Kusserow and Charles Peguri systems, both introduced around 1925. Bandoneons typically
279:
German concertinas, developed in
Germany for its local market and diaspora, are usually larger than English concertinas, and are generally bisonoric, using a different style of "long plate" reeds, and are often square, as opposed to hexagonal. German concertinas also sometimes have more than one reed
671:
Traditional music playing continues in many parts of the UK in the 21st century, often using
English and Anglo-system concertinas. Concertinas are mass-produced in Italy and China, and are produced by individual workshops in Europe, South Africa, Australia, and North America. Modern-made instruments
659:
movements of the 1960s led to a modest resurgence in the popularity of the concertina, particularly the Anglo. More recently, concertina popularity again seems on the rise, particularly the Anglo in the traditional music of
Ireland and England. Renewed interest in tango since the 1980s has also seen
415:
was a popular import in
England, Ireland, and North America, due to its ease of use and relatively low price. English manufacturers responded to this popularity by offering their own versions using traditional English methods: concertina reeds instead of long-plate reeds, independent pivots for each
621:
In the early 20th century, the concertina's popularity rapidly declined as demand for the accordion increased, along with mass production of other instruments such as the piano which are more suited to chromatic forms of music like blues and jazz. By the middle of the century, few concertina makers
600:
In the mid-1830s concertinas were manufactured and sold in
Germany and England, in two types specific to the country. Both systems continued to evolve into the current forms as the popularity of the instrument increased. The difference in prices and the common uses of the English and German systems
612:
in
England, America, Australia, and New Zealand commonly used concertinas in their bands, and other concertina bands and musicians performed in all parts of the English-speaking world. German emigrants brought their Chemnitzers and bandoneons with them to the United States and Argentina where they
604:
In the 1850s, the Anglo-German concertina's ability to play both melody and accompaniment led
English manufacturers to start developing the various duet systems. The popular Maccann system was developed towards the end of the century; meanwhile, German manufacturers were producing concertinas with
259:
and are unisonoric, with each key producing the same note whether the bellows are being pushed or pulled. Both of these English instruments are smaller than German concertinas, and are usually hexagonal in shape, though occasionally featuring 8, 10, or 12 sides. The English system alternates the
196:
Because the concertina was developed nearly contemporaneously in England and Germany, systems can be broadly divided into English, Anglo-German, and German types. To a player proficient in one of these systems, a concertina of a different system may be quite unfamiliar.
410:
concertina is, historically, a hybrid between the English and German concertinas. The button layouts are generally the same as the original 20-button German concertinas designed by Uhlig in 1834, and in a bisonoric system. Within a few years of its invention, the
208:
164:
The concertina has historically been a favorite instrument among people who travel often (due to its small and compact size), leading it to be a common instrument among soldiers, sailors, and cowboys. One was even brought aboard Robert Peary's
622:
remained, and most of those used accordion reeds and inexpensive, unreliable keyboard mechanisms. Yet, the various forms of concertina survived in some areas: Anglo concertinas in Irish traditional music, the English and the Anglo in English
672:
are in a spectrum of quality and traditionalism, with the most expensive instruments using traditional concertina-type reeds, while mid-level and inexpensive instruments take advantage of the lower price of mass-produced accordion reeds.
260:
notes of the scale between two hands, enabling rapid melodies. The duet system features the lower notes on the left, and higher notes on the right, facilitating the playing of interlaced harmonies and melodies.
642:
instrument, and the bandoneon in Argentina as a prominent part of the tango tradition. Between World War I and World War II, there were many concertina and bandoneon bands in Germany, but with the rise of the
376:
have more than one reed per button, dry-tuned with the reeds an octave apart. "Dry" means that vibrato is absent because the tuning is accurate. The instrument is considered an essential part of the Argentine
169:. Despite the pop-culture association of the concertina with the Golden Age of Piracy, the concertina was invented nearly 100 years after the heyday of piracy in North America.
668:
has been introducing the concertina (along with the button accordion) into American country music, reflecting a general resurgence of accordions in American music as well.
541:
321:, but features a different keyboard layout and decorative style, including a few mechanical innovations pioneered by German-American instrument builder and inventor
166:
918:
Instrumental Tango Idioms in the Symphonic Works and Orchestral Arrangements of Astor Piazzolla. Performance and Notational Problems: A Conductor's Perspective
490:
436:. The system has the construction and reed-work of a concertina with the buttons at the sides, but the layout of the buttons is that of a melodeon. The name
1079:
744:
478:
1358:
451:
134:. It consists of expanding and contracting bellows, with buttons (or keys) usually on both ends, unlike accordion buttons, which are on the front.
145:
introduced the German version five years later, in 1834. Various forms of concertina are used for classical music, for the traditional music of
1055:
953:
926:
896:
869:
843:
813:
786:
717:
298:
1114:
681:
305:
Various German concertina systems share common construction features and core keyboard layout. In the United States, particularly in the
1170:
686:
563:
367:. Although intended as a substitute for the organ in small churches and chapels, it was soon secularized and is now associated with
1024:
The Life and Times of the Concertina: the adoption and usage of a novel musical instrument with particular reference to Scotland
394:
994:
589:
1351:
1435:
137:
The concertina was developed independently in both England and Germany. The English version was invented in 1829 by Sir
969:
524:
1900:
534:
528:
520:
1895:
1195:
1218:
545:
363:(also rendered bandoneĂłn, bandonion) is a German concertina system with an original bisonoric layout devised by
1344:
1107:
200:
1849:
1725:
1422:
1384:
19:
This article is about the musical instrument. For the coils of barbed wire named after this instrument, see
1504:
1251:
326:
264:
216:
1315:
1185:
429:
314:
293:
146:
433:
53:
425:
1829:
1605:
1559:
1392:
1278:
1031:
334:
330:
142:
120:
107:
1885:
1819:
1715:
1634:
1445:
1208:
1100:
61:
1890:
1814:
1720:
1564:
1325:
1149:
238:
185:
which differ in terms of keyboard layout and whether individual buttons (keys) produce the same (
150:
138:
123:
92:
76:
377:
37:
584:
1859:
1737:
1730:
1412:
1407:
1273:
1203:
1144:
1051:
949:
922:
892:
865:
839:
809:
803:
782:
776:
713:
24:
1022:
943:
916:
886:
763:
1802:
1797:
1305:
1180:
1139:
1047:
707:
389:
576:
224:
1320:
1246:
1226:
1154:
1073:
738:
342:
256:
242:
20:
1465:
1854:
1620:
1600:
1470:
1367:
665:
623:
609:
1879:
1782:
733:
661:
364:
322:
268:
1700:
656:
1041:
354:
859:
833:
1792:
1767:
1490:
1440:
1375:
635:
368:
186:
1809:
1787:
1742:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1595:
1123:
631:
190:
432:, known for his expertise as a professional player of the two-and-a-half row
255:
bear similarities in history and construction. Both systems generally play a
1864:
1777:
1710:
1705:
1685:
1615:
1549:
1534:
1310:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1131:
627:
372:
360:
318:
131:
127:
103:
99:
64:
1529:
416:
button, and hexagon-shaped ends, resulting in the modern Anglo concertina.
1772:
1762:
1690:
1579:
1539:
1397:
1175:
1757:
1610:
1574:
1544:
1430:
1283:
1241:
1231:
995:"Willi Carlisle: Wordsmiths, Weirdos and Whip-Ass Concertinas | Holler"
805:
The Accordion in the Americas: Klezmer, Polka, Tango, Zydeco, and More!
748:. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 824.
309:
where there are many German and Central European descendants, the term
306:
281:
178:
638:(who call it a "squashbox"), the Chemnitzer in the United States as a
271:. Wheatstone was also the first to patent a duet concertina, in 1844.
220:
Chemnitzer concertina made by Star Mfg., Cicero, Illinois, USA in 2000
1824:
1747:
1554:
1524:
1519:
1485:
1475:
1236:
758:
Worral, Dan. "The Concertina at Sea: A History of a Nautical Icon."
204:
English concertina disassembled, showing bellows, reedpan and buttons
1455:
778:
The Diaries of Giacomo Meyerbeer: The years of celebrity, 1850-1856
1752:
1669:
1569:
1480:
1402:
1336:
639:
583:
575:
393:
338:
297:
223:
215:
207:
199:
158:
154:
1072:
737:
1649:
1460:
976:. Papers of the International Concertina Association. 2009-12-05
644:
1340:
1096:
1092:
181:-driven free reed instruments constructed according to various
1450:
505:
424:
The "Franglo" system concertina was developed by the luthiers
1087:
1033:
A Brief History of the Anglo Concertina in the United States
608:
The concertina was popular throughout the 19th century. The
341:
musicians in the American Midwest, most famously played by
764:
http://www.angloconcertina.org/files/ConcertinasatSea1.pdf
945:
Catálogo ilustrado de instrumentos musicales argentinos
193:) notes with changes in the direction of air pressure.
398:
Duet concertina, English concertina, Anglo concertina
1842:
1678:
1642:
1633:
1588:
1512:
1503:
1421:
1383:
1374:
1296:
1217:
1194:
1163:
1130:
808:. University of Illinois Press. pp. 247, 316.
91:
83:
71:
52:
47:
827:
825:
781:. Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press. pp. 138–.
712:. Vol. 1. Dan Michael Worrall. pp. 4–.
177:Concertinas are members of a family of hand-held
970:"The Black Concertina Tradition of South Africa"
533:but its sources remain unclear because it lacks
317:, which is bisonoric and closely related to the
42:Wheatstone English concertina, produced c. 1920
267:, who first patented such a design in 1829 in
1352:
1108:
1043:The Anglo-German Concertina: A Social History
835:The Anglo-German Concertina: A Social History
709:The Anglo-German Concertina: A Social History
660:interest in the bandoneon increase. American
337:. The Chemnitzer concertina is popular among
8:
30:
910:
908:
864:. Deutscher Taschenbuch. 1999. p. 74.
1639:
1509:
1380:
1359:
1345:
1337:
1160:
1115:
1101:
1093:
472:American Woman Playing a Concertina (1860)
284:effect if their tuning differs slightly .
888:The Tango in the United States: A History
564:Learn how and when to remove this message
682:List of All-Ireland concertina champions
647:regime these musical clubs disappeared.
698:
447:
167:1891 expedition of the Greenland Arctic
1040:Dan Michael Worrall (1 January 2009).
942:Rubén Pérez Bugallo (1 January 1993).
832:Dan Michael Worrall (1 January 2009).
706:Dan Michael Worrall (1 January 2009).
496:The Anglo concertina and the bandoneon
371:due to the instrument's popularity in
263:The English concertina is credited to
29:
885:Carlos G. Groppa (30 December 2003).
7:
1088:International Concertina Association
1083:. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). 1911.
974:International Concertina Association
838:. Vol. 2. Dan Michael Worrall.
775:Giacomo Meyerbeer (1 January 2002).
948:. Ediciones Del Sol. pp. 77–.
580:German concertina, mid 19th century
440:blends the words French and Anglo.
333:, created in 1849 and shown at the
228:Bastari 40-button Anglo concertina
14:
1171:Accordion reed ranks and switches
861:Tango: Geschichte und Geschichten
687:Category:Composers for concertina
335:1851 London Industrial Exposition
1046:. Dan Michael Worrall. pp.
915:Alejandro Marcelo Drago (2008).
510:
489:
477:
465:
450:
36:
762:. Accessed December 26, 2023.
54:Hornbostel–Sachs classification
23:. For the Tori Amos song, see
1:
626:, the Anglo in Africa, among
153:, and South Africa, and for
16:Free-reed musical instrument
1196:Chromatic button accordions
891:. McFarland. pp. 69–.
613:became regionally popular.
325:. A related variant is the
280:per note, which produces a
233:English and Duet concertina
1917:
1219:Diatonic button accordions
387:
352:
291:
236:
18:
98:
35:
1021:Eydmann, Stuart (2005).
802:Helena Simonett (2012).
651:Folk revival and present
519:This section includes a
1080:Encyclopædia Britannica
745:Encyclopædia Britannica
548:more precise citations.
592:
581:
428:, in cooperation with
399:
327:Carlsfelder concertina
302:
265:Sir Charles Wheatstone
229:
221:
213:
212:Hayden Duet Concertina
205:
79:, Carl Friedrich Uhlig
1316:Chemnitzer concertina
1186:Stradella bass system
590:Gearóid Ó hAllmhuráin
587:
579:
397:
315:Chemnitzer concertina
301:
294:Chemnitzer concertina
288:Chemnitzer concertina
227:
219:
211:
203:
1606:Heckelphone-clarinet
1279:Steirische Harmonika
1030:Worral, Dan (2007).
313:often refers to the
143:Carl Friedrich Uhlig
1209:Schrammel accordion
484:Sailor's concertina
126:, like the various
93:Related instruments
32:
1901:English inventions
1565:Reclam de xeremies
1326:English concertina
1150:Georgian accordion
1074:"Concertina"
739:"Concertina"
617:Early 20th century
593:
582:
521:list of references
430:Emmanuel Pariselle
400:
303:
275:German concertinas
249:English concertina
239:English concertina
230:
222:
214:
206:
139:Charles Wheatstone
124:musical instrument
77:Charles Wheatstone
1896:German inventions
1873:
1872:
1838:
1837:
1738:Gourd mouth organ
1629:
1628:
1499:
1498:
1334:
1333:
1292:
1291:
1145:Digital accordion
1057:978-0-9825996-0-0
955:978-950-9413-49-8
928:978-0-549-78323-7
898:978-0-7864-2686-7
871:978-3-423-24182-3
845:978-0-9825996-1-7
815:978-0-252-03720-7
788:978-0-8386-3844-6
719:978-0-9825996-0-0
574:
573:
566:
434:diatonic melodeon
413:German concertina
113:
112:
25:Concertina (song)
1908:
1803:Orthotonophonium
1798:Indian harmonium
1640:
1513:Cylindrical bore
1510:
1385:Cylindrical bore
1381:
1361:
1354:
1347:
1338:
1306:Anglo concertina
1181:Free-bass system
1161:
1140:Button accordion
1117:
1110:
1103:
1094:
1084:
1076:
1061:
1036:. Concertina.com
1027:. Concertina.com
1009:
1008:
1006:
1005:
991:
985:
984:
982:
981:
966:
960:
959:
939:
933:
932:
912:
903:
902:
882:
876:
875:
856:
850:
849:
829:
820:
819:
799:
793:
792:
772:
766:
760:Anglo Concertina
756:
750:
749:
741:
730:
724:
723:
703:
588:Irish historian
569:
562:
558:
555:
549:
544:this section by
535:inline citations
514:
513:
506:
493:
481:
469:
454:
426:C & R Dipper
390:Anglo concertina
384:Anglo concertina
189:) or different (
48:Other instrument
40:
33:
1916:
1915:
1911:
1910:
1909:
1907:
1906:
1905:
1876:
1875:
1874:
1869:
1834:
1674:
1625:
1584:
1495:
1417:
1370:
1368:Reed aerophones
1365:
1335:
1330:
1321:Duet concertina
1288:
1227:Cajun accordion
1213:
1190:
1159:
1155:Piano accordion
1126:
1121:
1071:
1068:
1058:
1039:
1018:
1013:
1012:
1003:
1001:
993:
992:
988:
979:
977:
968:
967:
963:
956:
941:
940:
936:
929:
914:
913:
906:
899:
884:
883:
879:
872:
858:
857:
853:
846:
831:
830:
823:
816:
801:
800:
796:
789:
774:
773:
769:
757:
753:
732:
731:
727:
720:
705:
704:
700:
695:
678:
664:/folk musician
653:
619:
598:
570:
559:
553:
550:
539:
525:related reading
515:
511:
504:
497:
494:
485:
482:
473:
470:
461:
455:
446:
422:
392:
386:
378:tango orchestra
357:
351:
331:C. F. Zimmerman
296:
290:
277:
257:chromatic scale
253:Duet concertina
245:
243:Duet concertina
237:Main articles:
235:
175:
59:
43:
28:
21:Concertina wire
17:
12:
11:
5:
1914:
1912:
1904:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1878:
1877:
1871:
1870:
1868:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1855:Quadruple reed
1852:
1846:
1844:
1840:
1839:
1836:
1835:
1833:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1806:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1734:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1682:
1680:
1676:
1675:
1673:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1646:
1644:
1637:
1631:
1630:
1627:
1626:
1624:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1601:Heckel-clarina
1598:
1592:
1590:
1586:
1585:
1583:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1516:
1514:
1507:
1501:
1500:
1497:
1496:
1494:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1427:
1425:
1419:
1418:
1416:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1389:
1387:
1378:
1372:
1371:
1366:
1364:
1363:
1356:
1349:
1341:
1332:
1331:
1329:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1302:
1300:
1294:
1293:
1290:
1289:
1287:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1274:Schwyzerörgeli
1271:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1255:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1234:
1229:
1223:
1221:
1215:
1214:
1212:
1211:
1206:
1200:
1198:
1192:
1191:
1189:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1167:
1165:
1158:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1136:
1134:
1128:
1127:
1122:
1120:
1119:
1112:
1105:
1097:
1091:
1090:
1085:
1067:
1066:External links
1064:
1063:
1062:
1056:
1037:
1028:
1017:
1014:
1011:
1010:
999:holler.country
986:
961:
954:
934:
927:
904:
897:
877:
870:
851:
844:
821:
814:
794:
787:
767:
751:
736:, ed. (1911).
734:Chisholm, Hugh
725:
718:
697:
696:
694:
691:
690:
689:
684:
677:
674:
666:Willi Carlisle
652:
649:
624:Morris dancing
618:
615:
610:Salvation Army
597:
594:
572:
571:
529:external links
518:
516:
509:
503:
500:
499:
498:
495:
488:
486:
483:
476:
474:
471:
464:
462:
458:The Blind Girl
456:
449:
445:
442:
421:
418:
388:Main article:
385:
382:
353:Main article:
350:
347:
292:Main article:
289:
286:
276:
273:
234:
231:
174:
171:
111:
110:
96:
95:
89:
88:
85:
81:
80:
73:
69:
68:
56:
50:
49:
45:
44:
41:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1913:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1883:
1881:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1847:
1845:
1841:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1790:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1783:Physharmonica
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1726:Richter-tuned
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1713:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1683:
1681:
1677:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1647:
1645:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1632:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1593:
1591:
1587:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1517:
1515:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1502:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1420:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1362:
1357:
1355:
1350:
1348:
1343:
1342:
1339:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1295:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1239:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1224:
1222:
1220:
1216:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1193:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1168:
1166:
1162:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1118:
1113:
1111:
1106:
1104:
1099:
1098:
1095:
1089:
1086:
1082:
1081:
1075:
1070:
1069:
1065:
1059:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1044:
1038:
1035:
1034:
1029:
1026:
1025:
1020:
1019:
1015:
1000:
996:
990:
987:
975:
971:
965:
962:
957:
951:
947:
946:
938:
935:
930:
924:
920:
919:
911:
909:
905:
900:
894:
890:
889:
881:
878:
873:
867:
863:
862:
855:
852:
847:
841:
837:
836:
828:
826:
822:
817:
811:
807:
806:
798:
795:
790:
784:
780:
779:
771:
768:
765:
761:
755:
752:
747:
746:
740:
735:
729:
726:
721:
715:
711:
710:
702:
699:
692:
688:
685:
683:
680:
679:
675:
673:
669:
667:
663:
658:
650:
648:
646:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
616:
614:
611:
606:
602:
595:
591:
586:
578:
568:
565:
557:
547:
543:
537:
536:
530:
526:
522:
517:
508:
507:
501:
492:
487:
480:
475:
468:
463:
459:
453:
448:
443:
441:
439:
435:
431:
427:
419:
417:
414:
409:
405:
396:
391:
383:
381:
379:
374:
370:
366:
365:Heinrich Band
362:
356:
348:
346:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
323:Otto Schlicht
320:
316:
312:
308:
300:
295:
287:
285:
283:
274:
272:
270:
269:Great Britain
266:
261:
258:
254:
250:
244:
240:
232:
226:
218:
210:
202:
198:
194:
192:
188:
184:
180:
172:
170:
168:
162:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
135:
133:
129:
125:
122:
118:
109:
105:
101:
97:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
63:
57:
55:
51:
46:
39:
34:
26:
22:
1701:Couesnophone
1695:
1589:Conical bore
1466:Oboe d'amore
1441:English horn
1423:Conical bore
1297:
1124:Squeezeboxes
1078:
1042:
1032:
1023:
1002:. Retrieved
998:
989:
978:. Retrieved
973:
964:
944:
937:
917:
887:
880:
860:
854:
834:
804:
797:
777:
770:
759:
754:
743:
728:
708:
701:
670:
657:folk revival
654:
620:
607:
603:
599:
596:19th century
560:
551:
540:Please help
532:
457:
437:
423:
412:
408:Anglo-German
407:
403:
401:
358:
310:
304:
278:
262:
252:
248:
246:
195:
182:
176:
163:
136:
116:
114:
1793:Guide-chant
1768:Martinshorn
1505:Single reed
1491:Taepyeongso
1376:Double reed
1298:Concertinas
546:introducing
369:tango music
72:Inventor(s)
1886:Concertina
1880:Categories
1810:Saenghwang
1788:Pump organ
1743:Hornophone
1696:Concertina
1665:Pitch pipe
1660:Party horn
1655:Bullroarer
1596:Aulochrome
1164:Components
1132:Accordions
1016:References
1004:2023-12-27
980:2016-11-27
632:Boer music
628:Afrikaners
343:Li'l Wally
311:concertina
187:unisonoric
128:accordions
117:concertina
87:1829, 1834
31:Concertina
1891:Accordion
1865:Tone hole
1778:Organetto
1716:Chromatic
1711:Harmonica
1706:Harmoneon
1686:Accordion
1635:Free reed
1616:Saxophone
1550:Launeddas
1535:Chalumeau
1311:BandoneĂłn
1284:Trikitixa
1269:Organetto
1264:Harmonium
1259:Heligonka
1252:Saratovka
373:Argentina
361:bandoneon
355:BandoneĂłn
349:Bandoneon
319:bandoneon
191:bisonoric
132:harmonica
121:free-reed
104:harmonica
100:Accordion
84:Developed
65:aerophone
62:Free-reed
1773:Melodica
1763:Mangtong
1721:Diatonic
1691:Claviola
1621:Tárogató
1580:Zhaleika
1540:Clarinet
1398:Chirimia
1176:Cassotto
676:See also
554:May 2012
251:and the
161:music.
141:, while
130:and the
108:melodeon
1758:Lusheng
1731:Tremolo
1611:Octavin
1575:Xaphoon
1560:Pibgorn
1545:Diplica
1436:Bombard
1431:Bassoon
1393:Balaban
1247:Livenka
1242:Khromka
1232:Flutina
662:country
542:improve
502:History
444:Gallery
438:Franglo
420:Franglo
307:Midwest
282:vibrato
183:systems
179:bellows
173:Systems
151:England
147:Ireland
58:412.132
1825:Triola
1748:Hulusi
1643:Single
1555:Mijwiz
1530:BĂĽlban
1525:Arghul
1520:Alboka
1486:Sopila
1476:Rhaita
1471:Piston
1446:Gralla
1237:Garmon
1054:
952:
925:
895:
868:
842:
812:
785:
716:
634:) and
460:(1856)
1843:Other
1815:Sheng
1753:Khene
1670:Sneng
1570:Sipsi
1481:Shawm
1403:Duduk
1204:Bayan
693:Notes
640:polka
636:Zulus
630:(see
527:, or
404:Anglo
339:polka
329:from
159:polka
155:tango
119:is a
1860:Reed
1850:Bore
1679:Sets
1650:Bawu
1461:Oboe
1413:Piri
1408:Guan
1052:ISBN
950:ISBN
923:ISBN
893:ISBN
866:ISBN
840:ISBN
810:ISBN
783:ISBN
714:ISBN
655:The
645:Nazi
402:The
359:The
247:The
241:and
157:and
75:Sir
1820:ShĹŤ
1456:Kèn
1451:Hne
1050:–.
1048:183
406:or
1882::
1830:Yu
1077:.
997:.
972:.
921:.
907:^
824:^
742:.
531:,
523:,
380:.
345:.
149:,
115:A
106:,
102:,
1360:e
1353:t
1346:v
1116:e
1109:t
1102:v
1060:.
1007:.
983:.
958:.
931:.
901:.
874:.
848:.
818:.
791:.
722:.
567:)
561:(
556:)
552:(
538:.
67:)
60:(
27:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
