175:
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805:, with his appointment as First Consul, established himself as the head of a more autocratic and centralised republican government in France while not declaring himself sole ruler. Due to the long-lasting institutions established during these years, Robert B. Holtman has called the consulate "one of the most important periods of all French history." By the end of this period, Bonaparte had engineered an authoritarian personal rule now viewed as a
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1182:, drawn up not in the Catholic Church's interest but in that of his own policy, by giving satisfaction to the religious feeling of the country, allowed him to put down the constitutional democratic Church, to rally round him the consciences of the peasants, and above all to deprive the royalists of their best weapon. The
1377:
D'Enghien was found guilty of being in violation of
Article 2 of a law of 6 October 1791, to wit, "Any conspiracy and plot aimed at disturbing the State by civil war, and arming the citizens against one another, or against lawful authority, will be punished by death." He was executed in the ditch of
1373:
D'Enghien during his questioning at the court told them that he was being paid 4,200 pounds per year by
Britain "in order to combat not France but a government to which his birth had made him hostile." Further, he stated that "I asked England if I might serve in her armies, but she replied that that
1230:
France enjoyed a high level of peace and order under
Bonaparte that helped to raise the standard of comfort. Prior to this, Paris had often suffered from hunger and thirst, and lacked fire and light, but under Bonaparte, provisions became cheap and abundant, while trade prospered and wages ran high.
1381:
The aftermath caused hardly a ripple in France, but abroad, it produced a storm of anger. Many of those who had favoured or been neutral to
Bonaparte now turned against him, but Bonaparte always assumed full responsibility for allowing the execution and continued to believe that, on balance, he had
1325:
for their return to France from
England. Pichegru met Moreau, one of Bonaparte's generals and a former protege of Pichegru, on 28 January 1804. The next day, a British secret agent named Courson was arrested and he, under torture, confessed that Pichegru, Moreau, and Cadoudal were conspiring to
1018:
was a governmental body equal to the three aforementioned legislative assemblies and verified the draft bills and directly advised the First Consul on the implications of such bills. Ultimate executive authority was vested in three consuls, who were elected for ten years. Popular suffrage was
1265:
reduced the republican army to a nullity. Constant war helped demoralise and scatter the military's leaders, who were jealous of their "comrade" Bonaparte. The last major challenge to
Bonaparte's authority came from Moreau, who was compromised in a royalist plot; he too was sent into exile.
1333:
These further arrests revealed that the
Royalist conspiracy would eventually involve the active participation of the Duke of Enghien, who was a relatively young Bourbon prince and thus another possible heir to a restored Bourbon monarchy. The Duke, at that time, was living as a French
1057:
While this near-unanimity is certainly open to question, Bonaparte was genuinely popular among many voters, and after a period of strife, many in France were reassured by his dazzling but unsuccessful offers of peace to the victorious Second
Coalition, his rapid disarmament of the
982:
Initially, the 18 Brumaire coup seemed to be a victory for Sieyès, rather than for
Bonaparte. Sieyès was a proponent of a new system of government for the Republic, and the coup initially seemed certain to bring his system into force. Bonaparte's cleverness lay in counterpoising
1366:, Bonaparte had enough. Based on d'Enghien's who were seized at his home in Germany and the material from the police, d'Enghien was charged as a conspirator in time of war and was subject to a military court. He was ordered to be tried by a court of seven colonels at
1356:, Bonaparte's minister of police who had warned that "the air is full of daggers", the First Consul came to the conclusion that the Duke must be dealt with. Two hundred French soldiers crossed the border, surrounded the Duke's home in Baden and arrested him.
1226:
towards the nation's universities. He constructed or consolidated the funds necessary for national institutions, local governments, a judiciary system, organs of finance, banking, codes, and traditions of conscientious of a well-disciplined labour force.
852:
for the two councils in March and April had produced a new "Neo-Jacobin" majority in the two bodies, and being unhappy with the existing five man
Directory, by 5 June 1799, these councils had found an irregularity in the election of the Director
877:. The three new directors were generally seen by the anti-Jacobin elite of France as non-entities, but that same elite could take some comfort in knowing that the five man Directory was still in anti-Jacobin hands, but with a reduced majority.
1034:. Sieyès had intended to reserve this important position for himself, and by denying him the job Bonaparte helped reinforce the authority of the consuls, an office which he would assume. Nor was Bonaparte content simply to be part of an equal
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confirmed the new constitution. It vested all of the real power in the hands of the First Consul, leaving only a nominal role for the other two consuls. A full 99.9% of voters approved the motion, according to the released results.
2042:
Gouvernements, ministères et constitutions de la France depuis cent ans: Précis historique des révolutions, des crises ministérielles et gouvernementales, et des changements de constitutions de la France depuis 1789 jusqu'en 1890
5421:
1269:
In contradistinction to the opposition of senators and republican generals, the majority of the French populace remained uncritical of Bonaparte's authority. No suggestion of the possibility of his death was tolerated.
1066:, and his talk of stability of government, order, justice, and moderation. He gave everyone a feeling that France was governed once more by a real statesman, and that a competent government was finally in charge.
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827:
French military disasters in 1798 and 1799 had shaken the Directory, and eventually shattered it in November 1799. Historians sometimes date the start of the political downfall of the Directory to 18 June 1799
1186:
hid from the eyes of his companions-in-arms and councillors a reaction which, in fact if not in law, restored to a submissive Church, despoiled of her revenues, her position as the religion of the state.
6481:
904:) was necessary. The new Directory government, led by Sieyès, decided that the necessary revision of the constitution would require "a head" (his own) and "a sword" (a general to back him). With General
1019:
retained, though mutilated by the lists of notables (on which the members of the Assemblies were to be chosen by the Senate). The four aforementioned governmental organs were retained under the
1198:, paid all the costs, gave Napoleon a pretext for endowing himself with a consulate, not for ten years but for life, as a recompense from the nation. Bonaparte's path to emperor began with the
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Bonaparte needed to rid himself of Sieyès and of those republicans who had no desire to hand over the republic to one man, particularly Moreau and Masséna, his military rivals. At the
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On the way back to France, d'Enghien stated that "he had sworn implacable hatred against Bonaparte as well as against the French; he would take every occasion to make war on them."
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1046:, as well as the Assemblies, weak and subservient. By consolidating power, Bonaparte was able to transform the aristocratic constitution of Sieyès into an unavowed dictatorship.
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were also driven to resign, although one long time anti-Jacobin, popularly known for his cunning, survived the day's coup; they were replaced by the Jacobin baron
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1174:, gave nearly the whole of Italy to France, and permitted Bonaparte to eliminate from the Assemblies all the leaders of the opposition in the discussion of the
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962:, seizing French parliamentary and military power and forcing the sitting directors of the government to resign. On the night of 10 November, a remnant of the
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Because Bonaparte's hold on political power was still tenuous, French royalists devised a plot that involved kidnapping and assassinating him and inviting
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overthrow the consulate. The French government sought more details of this plot by arresting and torturing Louis Picot, Cadoudal's servant. General
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with Austria, which restored peace to Europe, was signed in February 1801. Austria, which had been disarmed by Moreau's victory at the
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had contributed to this royalist conspiracy by financing one million pounds and providing naval transport (with the ship of Captain
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on 24 December allowed Napoleon to make a clean sweep of the democratic republicans, who despite their innocence, were deported to
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This article is about the government of France from 1799–1804. For France's diplomatic missions also known as "consulates", see
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ordered the city gates of Paris to be closed from 7 pm to 6 am while Pichegru and Moreau were arrested during the next month.
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896:), royalist intrigues, and the end became certain. In order to soothe the populace and protect the frontier, more than the
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1222:; over-centralised, strictly utilitarian administrative and bureaucratic methods, and a policy of subservient pedantic
1038:. As the years progressed he would move to consolidate his own power as First Consul, and leave the two other consuls,
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was impossible: I must wait on the Rhine, where I would have a part to play immediately, and I was in fact waiting."
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1012:, whose members could not discuss the bills but voted on them after reviewing the Tribunate's debate record. The
943:, the fortunes of the Directory were still not restored. Success was reserved for Bonaparte, suddenly landing at
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was held, this time to confirm Bonaparte as "First Consul for Life." Once again, a vote claimed 99.7% approval.
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on 14 June 1800, what briefly seemed like a potential defeat for France was ultimately secured by the generals
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861:, a Jacobin more "in tune" with the feelings in the two councils. The next day, 18 June 1799, anti-Jacobins
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Bonaparte was largely able to quell dissent within government by expelling his more vocal critics, such as
1023:, which recognised Bonaparte as the French sovereign, but their respective powers were greatly diminished.
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1155:. This offered a further opportunity to Napoleon's ambitions by increasing his popularity. The royalist
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that states a Knowledge (XXG) editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.
987:'s plan to that of Sieyès, and in retaining only those portions of each which could serve his ambition.
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After three plots to assassinate him and the further financing of a supposed insurrection in
1163:. Napoleon annulled the Assemblies and made the Senate omnipotent in constitutional matters.
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970:, ordained the consulate, and legalised the coup in favour of Bonaparte with the
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in his new form of one-man government. Like the old monarchy, he re-introduced
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2125:. Vol. 10 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 859–860.
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disturbances in a dozen departments of the western part of France (mainly in
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2079:" (September 2005), The Napoleonic Series website. Accessed October 2006.
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The new government was composed of three parliamentary assemblies: the
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257:
7304:
6872:
1212:
As Bonaparte increased his power, he borrowed many techniques of the
261:
3223:
1006:
which could not vote on the bills but instead debated them, and the
880:
Additional military disasters, royalist insurrections in the south,
1234:
In strengthening the machinery of the state, Bonaparte created the
5356:
2102:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
1909:, ed. Rafe Blaufarb (New York: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2008), 54–56.
1905:
Antoine-Claire Thibaudeau, "Creation of the Consular Government,"
1348:, which was close to the French border. Possibly at the urging of
1277:
1131:
989:
1194:
with the United Kingdom, of which France's allies, Spain and the
7577:
6987:
6841:
220:
6845:
6463:
6310:
6205:
5395:
4745:
3991:
3350:
3227:
2455:
2133:
5422:
François Alexandre Frédéric, duc de la Rochefoucauld-Liancourt
5236:
1073:
778:) was the top-level government of France from the fall of the
2451:
1920:"From Life Consulship to the hereditary Empire (1802–1804)"
1907:
Napoleon: Symbol for an Age, A Brief History with Documents
1091:
personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay
1026:
Bonaparte vetoed Sieyès's original idea of having a single
2072:
website (English language version). Accessed October 2006.
1834:(Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1981), 31.
1282:
Portrait of Louis Antoine de Bourbon, Duke of Enghien, by
994:
Constitution of the year VIII and later the French Empire
958:
On 9 November 1799 (18 Brumaire VIII), Bonaparte led the
955:'s death (1797), appearing as sole master of the armies.
916:] on 15 August, he turned to General Napoleon Bonaparte.
908:
being unattainable as his sword, Sieyès favoured General
2003:
2001:
1999:
1997:
1889:
1887:
1885:
1883:
1881:
1879:
1877:
1875:
1873:
1097:
1977:
Lucius Hudson Holt; Alexander Wheeler Chilton (1919).
1852:(1st ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp.
6152:
List of people associated with the French Revolution
1394:
Provisional consuls (10 November – 12 December 1799)
939:
lingered on the frontier as they had done after the
7744:
7645:
7532:
7425:
7354:
7275:
7156:
7125:
7048:
7001:
6968:
6947:
6891:
6882:
6805:
6736:
6632:
6573:
6534:
6495:
6384:
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
6160:
5994:
5987:
5872:
5729:
5651:
5562:
5455:
5402:
5353:
5318:
5288:
5263:
5220:
5094:
5085:
5063:
4768:
4752:
4710:
4673:
4628:
4535:
4482:
4413:
4283:
4257:
4174:
4071:
3998:
3943:
3924:
3897:
3834:
3770:
3665:
3598:
3547:
3501:
3474:
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
3384:
3357:
3114:
3042:
2958:
2795:
2626:
2516:
2413:
2401:
2389:
2363:
2337:
2325:
2313:
2287:
2261:
2240:
2233:
2207:
2168:
131:
121:
113:
105:
100:
41:
1942:
1845:
56:Executive government of the French First Republic
5310:Frederick Louis, Prince of Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen
1136:Portrait of First Consul Napoleon Bonaparte, by
543:
3352:Significant civil and political events by year
6857:
6475:
3239:
2467:
2145:
746:
8:
7233:
7212:
7072:
6405:
6364:
6340:
6321:
5305:Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick
2084:
2067:
1243:
1235:
1059:
85:
77:
69:
1848:The Cambridge Illustrated History of France
1444:Consulate (12 December 1799 – 18 May 1804)
7651:
7538:
7431:
7360:
6888:
6864:
6850:
6842:
6787:Last cabinet of the French Second Republic
6482:
6468:
6460:
6307:
6202:
5991:
5509:Alexandre-Théodore-Victor, comte de Lameth
5392:
5091:
4765:
4742:
3988:
3347:
3246:
3232:
3224:
2474:
2460:
2452:
2237:
2152:
2138:
2130:
1508:
1301:that would precede the restoration of the
786:on 9 November 1799 until the start of the
753:
739:
148:
38:
5774:Louis Michel le Peletier de Saint-Fargeau
5432:Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau
5255:Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany
2225:Charles-François Lebrun, duc de Plaisance
1309:on the throne. The British government of
1120:Learn how and when to remove this message
900:'s usual terrorist measures (such as the
3490:Nationalization of the Church properties
1980:A Brief History of Europe from 1789–1815
1506:The ministers under the Consulate were:
1389:
6435:Historiography of the French Revolution
5706:Antoine Christophe Merlin de Thionville
5417:Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette
2077:The d'Enghien Affair: Crime or Blunder?
2007:
1893:
1823:
1350:Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-PĂ©riogord
873:and by non-Jacobin, or "weak" Jacobin,
790:on 18 May 1804. By extension, the term
613:
162:
151:
5442:Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-PĂ©rigord
5397:Other significant figures and factions
2705:Planned invasion of the United Kingdom
2253:Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-PĂ©rigord
1551:Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-PĂ©rigord
1205:On 2 August 1802 (14 Thermidor, X), a
1069:
912:; but, when Joubert was killed at the
27:Government of France from 1799 to 1804
5489:François-Marie, marquis de Barthélemy
5245:James Saumarez, 1st Baron de Saumarez
5184:Prince Josias of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld
5142:Friedrich Adolf, Count von Kalckreuth
3622:Paris Commune becomes insurrectionary
1344:, but he also kept a rented house in
32:List of diplomatic missions of France
7:
7911:1799 events of the French Revolution
5643:Louis Marie de La Révellière-Lépeaux
5055:Claude Victor-Perrin, Duc de Belluno
3842:Insurrection of 12 Germinal Year III
3210:
2395:Hugues-Bernard Maret, duc de Bassano
1352:, Bonaparte's foreign minister, and
1202:dated 4 August 1802 (16 Thermidor).
867:Louis Marie de La Révellière-Lépeaux
5250:Edward Pellew, 1st Viscount Exmouth
6440:Influence of the French Revolution
6430:Symbolism in the French Revolution
5194:Prince Heinrich XV of Reuss-Plauen
5155:Charles Eugene, Prince of Lambesc
3410:Convocation of the Estates General
2847:French campaign in Egypt and Syria
1070:Bonaparte's consolidation of power
25:
6490:Governments of France (1792–1870)
6082:Guillaume-Chrétien de Malesherbes
5814:Antoine Quentin Fouquier-Tinville
5116:Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen
4898:François Christophe de Kellermann
4137:Battle of Peyrestortes (Pyrenees)
3146:"China is a sleeping giant" quote
1153:François Christophe de Kellermann
7921:1804 disestablishments in France
6653:First ministry of Louis-Philippe
5809:Philippe-Antoine Merlin de Douai
5716:Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours
5686:Lazare Nicolas Marguerite Carnot
5577:Jean-Marie Roland de la Platière
5355:
5320:
5290:
5265:
5222:
5096:
4973:Édouard Mortier, Duke of Trévise
4754:
3526:Civil Constitution of the Clergy
3209:
3201:
3200:
2617:
2376:Pierre-Alexandre-Laurent Forfait
2269:Jean Jacques Régis de Cambacérès
2220:Jean Jacques Régis de Cambacérès
2194:
2163:(10 November 1799 – 18 May 1804)
2095:
1989:August 1802 referendum napoleon.
1750:Pierre-Alexandre-Laurent Forfait
1569:Jean-Jacques-Régis de Cambacérès
1464:
1457:
1450:
1414:
1407:
1400:
1078:
1040:Jean-Jacques-Régis de Cambacérès
863:Philippe-Antoine Merlin de Douai
857:, who thus retired in favour of
722:
707:
173:
72:Jean Jacques Régis de Cambacérès
62:
6147:Jean-Jacques Duval d'Eprémesnil
5894:Jacques-Nicolas Billaud-Varenne
5819:Philippe-François-Joseph Le Bas
5030:Jean-Mathieu-Philibert SĂ©rurier
5025:Barthélemy Louis Joseph Schérer
5005:Catherine-Dominique de PĂ©rignon
4833:Adam Philippe, Comte de Custine
3751:Marie Antoinette is guillotined
3088:Napoleon as Mars the Peacemaker
1502:Cabinet of the French Consulate
7203:Government of National Defense
6821:Fourth cabinet of Napoleon III
6565:Provisional Government of 1815
6550:Provisional Government of 1814
6420:Women in the French Revolution
6022:Louis Antoine, Duke of Enghien
5199:Johann Mészáros von Szoboszló
4863:Pierre Marie Barthélemy Ferino
4492:French invasion of Switzerland
2046:Marchal et Billard. p. 61
794:also refers to this period of
1:
7916:1799 establishments in France
7112:Diplomatic Revolution of 1756
7107:War of the Spanish Succession
6816:Third cabinet of Napoleon III
6425:Incroyables and merveilleuses
6244:Pierre Claude François Daunou
6032:Louis Joseph, Prince of Condé
5163:Maximilian Baillet de Latour
5134:Friedrich Freiherr von Hotze
4431:Naval Engagement off Brittany
4184:Battle of Villers-en-Cauchies
4158:Battle of Truillas (Pyrenees)
3967:Constitution of the Year VIII
3702:Committee of General Security
3587:National Legislative Assembly
3442:National Constituent Assembly
2371:Marc-Antoine Bourdon de Vatry
1737:Marc-Antoine Bourdon de Vatry
1157:plot of the rue Saint-Nicaise
1138:Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres
985:Pierre Claude François Daunou
972:Constitution of the Year VIII
6708:Transitional cabinet of 1839
6343:Liberté, égalité, fraternité
6137:Charles Alexandre de Calonne
6027:Louis Henri, Prince of Condé
5924:Jean Baptiste Noël Bouchotte
5824:Marc-Guillaume Alexis Vadier
5514:Charles Malo François Lameth
5189:Peter Vitus von Quosdanovich
5020:Laurent de Gouvion Saint-Cyr
4963:Bon-Adrien Jeannot de Moncey
4163:Second Battle of Wissembourg
3850:Constitution of the Year III
2319:Martin-Michel-Charles Gaudin
1657:Martin-Michel-Charles Gaudin
1021:Constitution of the Year XII
968:Constitution of the Year III
910:Barthélemy Catherine Joubert
871:Jean-François-Auguste Moulin
6239:Charles-Augustin de Coulomb
5864:Antoine Christophe Saliceti
5799:Jean-Marie Collot d'Herbois
5759:Louis Antoine de Saint-Just
5638:Jean-Baptiste Robert Lindet
5623:JĂ©rĂ´me PĂ©tion de Villeneuve
5618:Pierre Victurnien Vergniaud
5427:Isaac René Guy le Chapelier
5280:William V, Prince of Orange
4150:First Battle of Wissembourg
4107:(21 Dec 1792 - 25 May 1793)
3823:Closing of the Jacobin Club
3692:(27 Jun 1793 – 27 Jul 1794)
3649:(20 Sep 1792 – 26 Oct 1795)
3509:Abolition of the Parlements
3482:Women's March on Versailles
2881:War of the Fourth Coalition
2441:First Cabinet of Napoleon I
1378:the fortress of Vincennes.
7942:
7593:French subdivisions by GDP
7340:2022 presidential election
7325:2017 presidential election
6643:Paris Municipal Commission
6511:Committee of Public Safety
6374:French Republican calendar
5929:Jean-Baptiste-Joseph Gobel
5554:Bertrand Barère de Vieuzac
4908:Pierre Choderlos de Laclos
4858:Charles François Dumouriez
4848:Jacques François Dugommier
4662:League of Armed Neutrality
4495:(28 January – 17 May 1798)
4447:Battle of the Bay of Cádiz
4270:(22 Nov 1794 - 7 Jun 1795)
4249:(22 Nov 1794 - 7 Jun 1795)
3913:Second Congress of Rastatt
3697:Committee of Public Safety
3684:(9 Mar 1793 – 31 May 1795)
3190:Symphony No. 3 (Beethoven)
3055:Column of the Grande Armée
2917:War of the Sixth Coalition
2893:War of the Fifth Coalition
2869:War of the Third Coalition
1499:
1207:second national referendum
1200:Constitution of the Year X
834:French Republican calendar
816:
29:
7854:
7654:
7541:
7434:
7363:
7097:Second Hundred Years' War
6939:Liberalism and radicalism
6389:Cult of the Supreme Being
6317:
6306:
6212:
6201:
5549:Pierre Paul Royer-Collard
5404:Patriotic Society of 1789
5391:
5207:Karl Philipp Sebottendorf
5129:Karl Aloys zu FĂĽrstenberg
4741:
4646:Convention of Alessandria
3987:
3932:Law of 22 Floréal Year VI
3393:What Is the Third Estate?
3346:
3261:
3198:
3020:Saint-Domingue expedition
2905:French invasion of Russia
2806:French Revolutionary Wars
2615:
2489:
2429:
2419:Jean François Aimé Dejean
2248:Charles-Frédéric Reinhard
2192:
1832:The Napoleonic Revolution
1811:Jean François Aimé Dejean
1800:
1784:
1768:
1724:
1680:
1662:
1644:
1600:
1556:
1538:Charles-Frédéric Reinhard
1525:
1442:
1392:
1263:Saint-Domingue expedition
1030:as supreme executive and
1002:which drafted bills, the
951:, and now, after General
949:his victories in the East
61:
54:
7368:Administrative divisions
6097:Gui-Jean-Baptiste Target
6062:Joséphine de Beauharnais
5944:Stanislas-Marie Maillard
5914:François-Nicolas Vincent
5899:Pierre Gaspard Chaumette
5073:Charles-Alexandre Linois
4968:Jean Victor Marie Moreau
4948:François Séverin Marceau
4928:François Joseph Lefebvre
4823:Jean-Étienne Championnet
4798:Louis-Alexandre Berthier
4793:Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte
4788:Alexandre de Beauharnais
4778:Eustache Charles d'Aoust
4500:French Invasion of Egypt
4378:Second Battle of Bassano
4112:Battle of Kaiserslautern
3886:Conspiracy of the Equals
3579:The Constitution of 1791
3450:Storming of the Bastille
2933:Battle of Arcis-sur-Aube
2529:Joséphine de Beauharnais
2305:Louis-Alexandre Berthier
2295:Louis-Alexandre Berthier
1639:Louis-Alexandre Berthier
1613:Louis-Alexandre Berthier
1311:William Pitt the Younger
1291:Louis Antoine de Bourbon
1242:(Legion of Honour), the
935:, and the Allies of the
906:Jean Victor Marie Moreau
532:
494:
324:
313:
292:
7588:Franc (former currency)
7193:Coup of 2 December 1851
7166:Long nineteenth century
6077:Jacques-Donatien Le Ray
5949:Charles-Philippe Ronsin
5909:Antoine-François Momoro
5904:Charles-Philippe Ronsin
5721:François de Neufchâteau
5671:Charles-François Lebrun
5613:Jean Baptiste Treilhard
5494:Guillaume-Mathieu Dumas
5370:Luis Firmin de Carvajal
5176:Rudolf Ritter von Otto
5171:Karl Mack von Leiberich
4803:Jean-Baptiste Bessières
4617:Second Battle of Zurich
4508:Irish Rebellion of 1798
4354:First Battle of Bassano
4192:Second Battle of Boulou
3993:Revolutionary campaigns
3951:Coup of 30 Prairial VII
3866:Council of Five Hundred
3654:First republic declared
3590:(1 Oct 1791 – Sep 1792)
3571:Declaration of Pillnitz
3295:Constitutional monarchy
3065:Palace of Fontainebleau
2279:Claude Ambroise RĂ©gnier
2122:Encyclopædia Britannica
2108:Wiriath, Paul (1911). "
2028:Cronin 1994, pp. 243–44
1965:August 1802 referendum.
1595:Claude Ambroise RĂ©gnier
1486:Charles-François Lebrun
1044:Charles-François Lebrun
855:Jean Baptiste Treilhard
830:Coup of 30 Prairial VII
88:Charles-François Lebrun
7608:Science and technology
7265:Provisional Government
7234:
7213:
7073:
6747:Provisional Government
6406:
6365:
6341:
6322:
5834:Prieur de la CĂ´te-d'Or
5829:Jean-Pierre-André Amar
5739:Maximilien Robespierre
5572:Jacques Pierre Brissot
5437:Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès
4868:Louis-Charles de Flers
4853:Thomas-Alexandre Dumas
4818:Jean François Carteaux
4593:First Battle of Zurich
4556:(20 Mar – 21 May 1799)
4511:(23 May – 23 Sep 1798)
4471:Treaty of Campo Formio
4217:Glorious First of June
4145:(18 Sep – 18 Dec 1793)
4104:Expedition to Sardinia
3782:Desmoulins guillotined
3717:Assassination of Marat
3709:Fall of the Girondists
3681:Revolutionary Tribunal
3673:Execution of Louis XVI
3563:Champ de Mars massacre
3466:Abolition of Feudalism
2853:Battle of the Pyramids
2658:Assassination attempts
2560:Carlo Maria Buonaparte
2407:François Barbé-Marbois
2181:Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès
2085:
2068:
1795:François Barbé-Marbois
1430:Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès
1382:done the right thing.
1317:) to the conspirators
1286:
1274:Duke of Enghien affair
1244:
1236:
1140:
1100:by rewriting it in an
1060:
1049:On 7 February 1800, a
995:
842:Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès
836:). This was when anti-
775:
368:Valois-AngoulĂŞme kings
86:
78:
70:
6279:Jean-Jacques Rousseau
5544:Jean-Charles Pichegru
5524:Jean-François Rewbell
5010:Jean-Charles Pichegru
4893:Jean-Baptiste Jourdan
4883:Jacques Maurice Hatry
4654:Battle of Hohenlinden
4527:(12 Oct – 5 Dec 1798)
4362:Battle of Emmendingen
4309:Battle of Castiglione
4196:(30 Apr – 1 May 1794)
4127:Battle of Hondschoote
3798:Thermidorian Reaction
3762:(throughout the year)
3535:Fête de la Fédération
3461:(20 Jul – 5 Aug 1789)
3445:(9 Jul – 30 Sep 1791)
3429:(17 Jun – 9 Jul 1790)
2069:Histoire et Figurines
1983:. Macmillan. p.
1941:Frank McLynn (2002).
1844:Jones, Colin (1994).
1323:Jean-Charles Pichegru
1281:
1172:Battle of Hohenlinden
1135:
993:
947:with the prestige of
813:Fall of the Directory
807:military dictatorship
7413:World Heritage Sites
7330:Coronavirus pandemic
6752:Executive Commission
6648:Provisional Ministry
6207:Influential thinkers
5954:Jean-François Varlet
5854:Jean-Lambert Tallien
5849:Jean Bon Saint-André
5676:Pierre-Joseph Cambon
5598:Marquis de Condorcet
5447:Nicolas de Condorcet
5212:Dagobert von Wurmser
5045:Louis-Gabriel Suchet
4988:Pierre-Jacques Osten
4903:Jean-Baptiste Kléber
4838:Louis-Nicolas Davout
4828:Chapuis de Tourville
4370:Battle of Schliengen
4317:Battle of Theiningen
4238:Battle of Aldenhoven
4122:Battle of Wattignies
4091:Battle of Neerwinden
3905:Coup of 18 Fructidor
3418:Death of the Dauphin
2875:Battle of Austerlitz
2732:Weaponry and warfare
2355:Jean-Antoine Chaptal
2345:Pierre-Simon Laplace
1779:Hugues-Bernard Maret
1719:Jean-Antoine Chaptal
1693:Pierre-Simon Laplace
801:During this period,
576:Provisional Republic
358:Valois-Orléans kings
7906:First French Empire
7551:Automotive industry
7335:2021 labor protests
7092:Peace of Westphalia
6960:History of Normandy
6955:History of Brittany
6506:National Convention
6294:Mary Wollstonecraft
6072:Jean Sylvain Bailly
5859:Pierre Louis Prieur
5804:Jean-Henri Voulland
5779:Jacques-Louis David
5711:Jean Joseph Mounier
5412:Jean Sylvain Bailly
5050:Belgrand de Vaubois
4938:Jean-Antoine Marbot
4878:Emmanuel de Grouchy
4683:Treaty of Lunéville
4322:Battle of Neresheim
4267:Siege of Luxembourg
4246:Siege of Luxembourg
4201:Battle of Tourcoing
4132:Siege of Bellegarde
3959:Coup of 18 Brumaire
3871:Council of Ancients
3646:National Convention
3638:September Massacres
3614:Brunswick Manifesto
3606:France declares war
3373:Assembly of Vizille
3134:Cultural depictions
2928:Battle of Vauchamps
2648:Coup of 18 Brumaire
2507:First French Empire
2274:André Joseph Abrial
2169:Provisional consuls
2086:Louis Antoine Henri
2039:Muel, LĂ©on (1891).
2019:Cronin 1994, p. 242
1949:. Arcade. pp.
1830:Robert B. Holtman,
1582:André Joseph Abrial
1342:Electorate of Baden
1168:Treaty of Lunéville
964:Council of Ancients
960:coup of 18 Brumaire
859:Louis-JĂ©rĂ´me Gohier
784:coup of 18 Brumaire
139:First French Empire
92:(left to right) by
7926:French governments
7618:Telecommunications
7320:2015 Paris attacks
7183:Revolution of 1848
7011:Visigothic Kingdom
6797:Louis Napoleon (2)
6792:Louis Napoleon (1)
6132:Loménie de Brienne
6107:Madame de Lamballe
6042:Napoléon Bonaparte
5839:Prieur de la Marne
5754:Camille Desmoulins
5608:Marie Jean HĂ©rault
5484:Jean-Sifrein Maury
5479:Arnaud de La Porte
5335:Alexander Korsakov
5121:Count of Clerfayt
5040:Jean-de-Dieu Soult
4953:Auguste de Marmont
4808:Napoléon Bonaparte
4699:Algeciras campaign
4691:Treaty of Florence
4569:Battle of Stockach
4402:Ireland expedition
4386:Battle of Calliano
4346:Battle of Rovereto
4338:Battle of WĂĽrzburg
3790:Law of 22 Prairial
3759:Anti-clerical laws
3734:The Death of Marat
3555:Flight to Varennes
3172:Retour des cendres
3151:German Romanticism
3101:Rue de la Victoire
3015:Law of 20 May 1802
2950:Battle of Waterloo
2911:Battle of Borodino
2599:Caroline Bonaparte
2547:Alexandre Walewski
2414:War Administration
2390:Secretary of State
2215:Napoleon Bonaparte
2176:Napoleon Bonaparte
1801:War Administration
1769:Secretary of State
1473:Napoleon Bonaparte
1424:Napoleon Bonaparte
1315:John Wesley Wright
1287:
1284:Jean-Michel Moreau
1141:
1102:encyclopedic style
1089:is written like a
1015:SĂ©nat conservateur
996:
978:The new government
919:Although Generals
803:Napoleon Bonaparte
729:History portal
225: until 50 BC
80:Napoleon Bonaparte
68:The three consuls
7888:
7887:
7850:
7849:
7641:
7640:
7528:
7527:
7520:Political parties
7456:Foreign relations
7421:
7420:
7350:
7349:
7133:French Revolution
7087:Thirty Years' War
7068:Absolute monarchy
7033:Kingdom of France
6929:Foreign relations
6909:Political history
6839:
6838:
6555:First restoration
6457:
6456:
6453:
6452:
6331:Cockade of France
6302:
6301:
6264:Antoine Lavoisier
6254:Benjamin Franklin
6234:Anacharsis Cloots
6197:
6196:
6193:
6192:
6117:Louis de Breteuil
5959:Theophile Leclerc
5387:
5386:
5383:
5382:
5340:Alexander Suvorov
5081:
5080:
5015:JĂłzef Poniatowski
4933:Étienne Macdonald
4737:
4736:
4638:Battle of Marengo
4601:Battle of Trebbia
4585:Battle of Cassano
4577:Battle of Magnano
4561:Battle of Ostrach
4463:Battle of Neuwied
4225:Battle of Fleurus
4209:Battle of Tournay
4086:War in the Vendée
4022:Royalist Revolts
3983:
3982:
3540:
3516:Abolition of the
3434:Tennis Court Oath
3426:National Assembly
3255:French Revolution
3221:
3220:
3116:Legacy and memory
3060:Equestrian statue
3043:Homes and honours
2971:Concordat of 1801
2923:Battle of Leipzig
2899:Battle of EckmĂĽhl
2863:Battle of Marengo
2836:Battle of Bassano
2818:French Revolution
2700:Sale of Louisiana
2604:Pauline Bonaparte
2449:
2448:
2425:
2424:
2364:Navy and Colonies
2089:, duke of Enghien
1960:978-1-55970-631-5
1816:
1815:
1788:27 September 1801
1726:Navy and Colonies
1588:14 September 1802
1578:14 September 1802
1493:
1492:
1255:Benjamin Constant
1220:plenipotentiaries
1196:Batavian Republic
1180:Concordat of 1801
1145:Battle of Marengo
1130:
1129:
1122:
1051:public referendum
898:French Revolution
892:, and eventually
763:
762:
714:France portal
607:
606:
504:
503:
415:Kingdom of France
405:French Revolution
396:Long 19th century
386:
385:
334:
333:
304:Kingdom of France
239:
238:
147:
146:
132:Succeeded by
48:Consulat français
16:(Redirected from
7933:
7901:French Consulate
7652:
7568:Economic history
7539:
7432:
7361:
7239:
7218:
7117:Seven Years' War
7082:Wars of Religion
7078:
7063:House of Bourbon
7058:Early modern era
7038:Fundamental laws
6914:Military history
6889:
6866:
6859:
6852:
6843:
6831:Cousin-Montauban
6521:French Consulate
6516:French Directory
6484:
6477:
6470:
6461:
6411:
6399:Temple of Reason
6370:
6346:
6327:
6308:
6259:Thomas Jefferson
6203:
6122:de Chateaubriand
6052:Joseph Bonaparte
6047:Lucien Bonaparte
6037:Marie Antoinette
5992:
5979:Sylvain Maréchal
5934:François Hanriot
5769:Louis Philippe I
5696:Louis Philippe I
5691:Philippe Égalité
5633:Olympe de Gouges
5603:Charlotte Corday
5593:Étienne Clavière
5393:
5375:Antonio Ricardos
5360:
5359:
5345:Andrei Rosenberg
5325:
5324:
5295:
5294:
5270:
5269:
5240:Ralph Abercromby
5227:
5226:
5202:
5179:
5166:
5158:
5150:
5137:
5124:
5101:
5100:
5092:
4996:
4943:Marcellin Marbot
4766:
4759:
4758:
4747:Military leaders
4743:
4730:
4722:
4718:Treaty of Amiens
4703:
4695:
4687:
4666:
4658:
4650:
4642:
4621:
4620:(25–26 Sep 1799)
4613:
4605:
4604:(17–20 Jun 1799)
4597:
4589:
4588:(27–28 Apr 1799)
4581:
4573:
4565:
4564:(20–21 Mar 1799)
4557:
4549:
4545:Second Coalition
4528:
4520:
4512:
4504:
4496:
4475:
4467:
4459:
4455:Treaty of Leoben
4451:
4443:
4442:(14–15 Jan 1797)
4439:Battle of Rivoli
4435:
4427:
4423:Italian campaign
4406:
4398:
4397:(15–17 Nov 1796)
4394:Battle of Arcole
4390:
4382:
4374:
4366:
4358:
4350:
4342:
4334:
4330:Battle of Amberg
4326:
4313:
4305:
4301:Battle of Lonato
4297:
4293:Italian campaign
4271:
4250:
4242:
4229:
4221:
4213:
4205:
4197:
4188:
4167:
4166:(26–27 Dec 1793)
4154:
4146:
4108:
4100:
4096:Battle of Famars
4064:
3989:
3971:
3963:
3955:
3936:
3917:
3909:
3890:
3882:
3862:
3854:
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3677:
3658:
3650:
3642:
3634:
3626:
3618:
3610:
3591:
3583:
3575:
3567:
3559:
3558:(20–21 Jun 1791)
3538:
3530:
3522:
3513:
3494:
3486:
3478:
3470:
3462:
3454:
3446:
3438:
3430:
3422:
3414:
3406:
3398:
3377:
3369:
3365:Day of the Tiles
3348:
3248:
3241:
3234:
3225:
3213:
3212:
3204:
3203:
3139:Napoleon complex
3081:Maison Bonaparte
3035:
3005:Organic Articles
2841:Battle of Rivoli
2797:Battles and wars
2781:
2767:
2716:Mesures usuelles
2644:
2621:
2591:JĂ©rĂ´me Bonaparte
2581:Lucien Bonaparte
2576:Joseph Bonaparte
2568:Letizia Ramolino
2476:
2469:
2462:
2453:
2435:French Directory
2350:Lucien Bonaparte
2238:
2198:
2161:French Consulate
2154:
2147:
2140:
2131:
2126:
2101:
2099:
2098:
2088:
2071:
2056:
2055:
2053:
2051:
2035:
2029:
2026:
2020:
2017:
2011:
2005:
1992:
1991:
1974:
1968:
1967:
1948:
1938:
1932:
1931:
1929:
1927:
1916:
1910:
1903:
1897:
1891:
1868:
1867:
1851:
1841:
1835:
1828:
1772:25 December 1799
1743:22 November 1799
1733:22 November 1799
1730:12 November 1799
1706:Lucien Bonaparte
1699:25 December 1799
1689:25 December 1799
1686:12 November 1799
1668:11 November 1799
1650:11 November 1799
1606:11 November 1799
1575:25 December 1799
1565:25 December 1799
1562:11 November 1799
1544:22 November 1799
1534:22 November 1799
1531:11 November 1799
1509:
1468:
1461:
1454:
1418:
1411:
1404:
1390:
1319:Georges Cadoudal
1303:Bourbon monarchy
1249:
1241:
1238:LĂ©gion d'honneur
1184:Organic Articles
1125:
1118:
1114:
1111:
1105:
1082:
1081:
1074:
1065:
1009:Corps législatif
1000:Council of State
937:Second Coalition
755:
748:
741:
727:
726:
725:
712:
711:
710:
603:
519:
518:
401:
400:
354:
353:
315:Direct Capetians
254:
253:
197:
196:
177:
167:
149:
126:French Directory
122:Preceded by
91:
83:
75:
66:
43:French Consulate
39:
21:
7941:
7940:
7936:
7935:
7934:
7932:
7931:
7930:
7891:
7890:
7889:
7884:
7883:
7864:
7846:
7827:Public holidays
7740:
7699:Life expectancy
7637:
7524:
7417:
7346:
7315:Great Recession
7288:Fourth Republic
7283:1900 to present
7271:
7188:Second Republic
7152:
7121:
7044:
6997:
6964:
6943:
6878:
6870:
6840:
6835:
6801:
6777:Petit ministère
6738:Second Republic
6732:
6628:
6569:
6530:
6491:
6488:
6458:
6449:
6324:La Marseillaise
6313:
6312:Cultural impact
6298:
6208:
6189:
6156:
6112:Madame du Barry
6102:Catherine Théot
6092:Thérésa Tallien
5983:
5974:Gracchus Babeuf
5919:François Chabot
5876:
5868:
5789:Georges Couthon
5784:Marquis de Sade
5749:Jean-Paul Marat
5725:
5681:Bertrand Barère
5647:
5558:
5539:Boissy d'Anglas
5534:Madame de Staël
5499:Antoine Barnave
5467:
5460:
5451:
5398:
5379:
5354:
5349:
5319:
5314:
5289:
5284:
5264:
5259:
5221:
5216:
5200:
5177:
5164:
5156:
5148:
5135:
5122:
5111:JĂłzsef Alvinczi
5095:
5077:
5059:
5000:Nicolas Oudinot
4990:
4923:Claude Lecourbe
4918:Charles Leclerc
4813:Guillaume Brune
4783:Pierre Augereau
4753:
4748:
4733:
4728:
4726:Treaty of Paris
4720:
4706:
4701:
4693:
4685:
4669:
4664:
4656:
4648:
4640:
4624:
4619:
4611:
4603:
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4502:
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4457:
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4425:
4409:
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4396:
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4380:
4372:
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4356:
4348:
4340:
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4324:
4311:
4303:
4295:
4279:
4269:
4253:
4248:
4240:
4227:
4219:
4211:
4203:
4195:
4186:
4170:
4165:
4152:
4144:
4142:Siege of Toulon
4106:
4098:
4081:First Coalition
4067:
4058:
3994:
3979:
3969:
3961:
3953:
3939:
3934:
3920:
3915:
3907:
3893:
3888:
3880:
3860:
3852:
3844:
3830:
3825:
3817:
3809:
3800:
3792:
3784:
3766:
3761:
3753:
3745:
3743:Law of Suspects
3737:
3727:
3719:
3711:
3691:
3689:Reign of Terror
3683:
3675:
3661:
3656:
3648:
3640:
3632:
3624:
3616:
3608:
3594:
3589:
3581:
3573:
3565:
3557:
3543:
3528:
3520:
3511:
3497:
3492:
3484:
3476:
3469:(4–11 Aug 1789)
3468:
3460:
3452:
3444:
3436:
3428:
3420:
3412:
3404:
3402:RĂ©veillon riots
3396:
3380:
3375:
3367:
3353:
3342:
3257:
3252:
3222:
3217:
3194:
3156:Napoleonic Code
3110:
3106:Warsaw monument
3050:Arc de Triomphe
3038:
3029:
2993:Infamous Decree
2988:Grand Sanhedrin
2966:Catholic Church
2954:
2945:Battle of Ligny
2887:Battle of Eylau
2812:Siege of Toulon
2791:
2775:
2761:
2689:Napoleonic Wars
2638:
2636:Stay in Auxonne
2628:Life and career
2622:
2613:
2609:Elisa Bonaparte
2586:Louis Bonaparte
2512:
2511:
2485:
2480:
2450:
2445:
2421:
2409:
2397:
2385:
2359:
2333:
2321:
2309:
2283:
2257:
2241:Foreign Affairs
2229:
2203:
2201:
2199:
2190:
2164:
2158:
2107:
2096:
2094:
2075:Tom Holmberg, "
2064:
2059:
2049:
2047:
2038:
2036:
2032:
2027:
2023:
2018:
2014:
2006:
1995:
1976:
1975:
1971:
1961:
1940:
1939:
1935:
1925:
1923:
1918:
1917:
1913:
1904:
1900:
1892:
1871:
1864:
1843:
1842:
1838:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1712:21 January 1801
1702:21 January 1801
1527:Foreign Affairs
1504:
1498:
1488:
1481:
1479:J.J. Cambacérès
1474:
1438:
1432:
1426:
1388:
1295:Duke of Enghien
1276:
1259:Madame de Staël
1192:Peace of Amiens
1190:The March 1802
1126:
1115:
1109:
1106:
1098:help improve it
1095:
1083:
1079:
1072:
980:
941:Battle of Valmy
927:won battles at
921:Guillaume Brune
902:Law of Hostages
825:
817:Main articles:
815:
765:
759:
723:
721:
708:
706:
701:
609:
608:
601:
586:Fourth Republic
567:
534:Interwar period
516:
506:
505:
465:Second Republic
398:
388:
387:
346:
336:
335:
251:
241:
240:
194:
165:
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109:9 November 1799
96:
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35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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7804:
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7783:Cultural icons
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7605:
7603:Stock exchange
7600:
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7580:
7575:
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7565:
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7435:
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7416:
7415:
7410:
7405:
7403:National parks
7400:
7395:
7390:
7385:
7380:
7378:Climate change
7375:
7370:
7364:
7358:
7352:
7351:
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7345:
7344:
7343:
7342:
7337:
7332:
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7307:
7300:Fifth Republic
7297:
7296:
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7285:
7279:
7277:
7273:
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7267:
7262:
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7220:
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7208:Third Republic
7205:
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7195:
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7185:
7179:
7178:
7173:
7168:
7162:
7160:
7154:
7153:
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7150:
7145:
7143:First Republic
7140:
7138:Napoleonic era
7135:
7129:
7127:
7123:
7122:
7120:
7119:
7114:
7109:
7104:
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6990:
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6983:Greek colonies
6980:
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6715:
6710:
6705:
6700:
6695:
6690:
6685:
6680:
6675:
6670:
6665:
6663:Casimir Perier
6660:
6655:
6650:
6645:
6639:
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6627:
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6518:
6513:
6508:
6502:
6500:
6497:First Republic
6493:
6492:
6489:
6487:
6486:
6479:
6472:
6464:
6455:
6454:
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6450:
6448:
6447:
6442:
6437:
6432:
6427:
6422:
6417:
6412:
6403:
6402:
6401:
6394:Cult of Reason
6391:
6386:
6381:
6376:
6371:
6362:
6357:
6352:
6347:
6338:
6336:Flag of France
6333:
6328:
6318:
6315:
6314:
6311:
6304:
6303:
6300:
6299:
6297:
6296:
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6182:
6181:
6180:
6175:
6164:
6162:
6158:
6157:
6155:
6154:
6149:
6144:
6142:Jacques Necker
6139:
6134:
6129:
6124:
6119:
6114:
6109:
6104:
6099:
6094:
6089:
6084:
6079:
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6004:
5998:
5996:
5989:
5985:
5984:
5982:
5981:
5976:
5971:
5966:
5964:Claire Lacombe
5961:
5956:
5951:
5946:
5941:
5936:
5931:
5926:
5921:
5916:
5911:
5906:
5901:
5896:
5891:
5889:Jacques HĂ©bert
5885:
5883:
5870:
5869:
5867:
5866:
5861:
5856:
5851:
5846:
5841:
5836:
5831:
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5801:
5796:
5791:
5786:
5781:
5776:
5771:
5766:
5761:
5756:
5751:
5746:
5744:Georges Danton
5741:
5735:
5733:
5727:
5726:
5724:
5723:
5718:
5713:
5708:
5703:
5698:
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5600:
5595:
5590:
5588:Henri Grégoire
5584:
5579:
5574:
5568:
5566:
5560:
5559:
5557:
5556:
5551:
5546:
5541:
5536:
5531:
5529:Camille Jordan
5526:
5521:
5516:
5511:
5506:
5501:
5496:
5491:
5486:
5481:
5476:
5470:
5468:
5456:
5453:
5452:
5450:
5449:
5444:
5439:
5434:
5429:
5424:
5419:
5414:
5408:
5406:
5400:
5399:
5396:
5389:
5388:
5385:
5384:
5381:
5380:
5378:
5377:
5372:
5366:
5364:
5351:
5350:
5348:
5347:
5342:
5337:
5331:
5329:
5316:
5315:
5313:
5312:
5307:
5301:
5299:
5286:
5285:
5283:
5282:
5276:
5274:
5261:
5260:
5258:
5257:
5252:
5247:
5242:
5233:
5231:
5218:
5217:
5215:
5214:
5209:
5204:
5196:
5191:
5186:
5181:
5173:
5168:
5160:
5152:
5144:
5139:
5131:
5126:
5118:
5113:
5107:
5105:
5089:
5083:
5082:
5079:
5078:
5076:
5075:
5069:
5067:
5061:
5060:
5058:
5057:
5052:
5047:
5042:
5037:
5032:
5027:
5022:
5017:
5012:
5007:
5002:
4997:
4985:
4980:
4975:
4970:
4965:
4960:
4955:
4950:
4945:
4940:
4935:
4930:
4925:
4920:
4915:
4910:
4905:
4900:
4895:
4890:
4885:
4880:
4875:
4870:
4865:
4860:
4855:
4850:
4845:
4840:
4835:
4830:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4810:
4805:
4800:
4795:
4790:
4785:
4780:
4774:
4772:
4763:
4750:
4749:
4746:
4739:
4738:
4735:
4734:
4732:
4731:
4723:
4714:
4712:
4708:
4707:
4705:
4704:
4696:
4688:
4679:
4677:
4671:
4670:
4668:
4667:
4659:
4651:
4643:
4634:
4632:
4626:
4625:
4623:
4622:
4614:
4609:Battle of Novi
4606:
4598:
4596:(4–7 Jun 1799)
4590:
4582:
4574:
4566:
4558:
4550:
4541:
4539:
4533:
4532:
4530:
4529:
4521:
4513:
4505:
4497:
4488:
4486:
4480:
4479:
4477:
4476:
4468:
4460:
4452:
4444:
4436:
4428:
4419:
4417:
4411:
4410:
4408:
4407:
4399:
4391:
4389:(6–7 Nov 1796)
4383:
4375:
4367:
4359:
4351:
4343:
4335:
4327:
4319:
4314:
4306:
4304:(3–4 Aug 1796)
4298:
4289:
4287:
4281:
4280:
4278:
4277:
4275:Peace of Basel
4272:
4263:
4261:
4255:
4254:
4252:
4251:
4243:
4235:
4230:
4222:
4214:
4206:
4198:
4189:
4180:
4178:
4172:
4171:
4169:
4168:
4160:
4155:
4147:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4117:Siege of Mainz
4114:
4109:
4101:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4077:
4075:
4069:
4068:
4066:
4065:
4053:
4048:
4046:Siege of Mainz
4043:
4038:
4037:
4036:
4033:
4028:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4004:
4002:
3996:
3995:
3992:
3985:
3984:
3981:
3980:
3978:
3977:
3972:
3964:
3956:
3947:
3945:
3941:
3940:
3938:
3937:
3928:
3926:
3922:
3921:
3919:
3918:
3910:
3901:
3899:
3895:
3894:
3892:
3891:
3883:
3878:13 Vendémiaire
3875:
3874:
3873:
3868:
3855:
3847:
3838:
3836:
3832:
3831:
3829:
3828:
3820:
3812:
3803:
3795:
3787:
3774:
3772:
3768:
3767:
3765:
3764:
3756:
3748:
3740:
3730:
3725:Levée en masse
3722:
3714:
3706:
3705:
3704:
3699:
3686:
3678:
3669:
3667:
3663:
3662:
3660:
3659:
3651:
3643:
3635:
3630:10th of August
3627:
3619:
3611:
3602:
3600:
3596:
3595:
3593:
3592:
3584:
3576:
3568:
3560:
3551:
3549:
3545:
3544:
3542:
3541:
3531:
3523:
3514:
3512:(Feb–Jul 1790)
3505:
3503:
3499:
3498:
3496:
3495:
3487:
3479:
3471:
3463:
3455:
3447:
3439:
3431:
3423:
3415:
3407:
3399:
3388:
3386:
3382:
3381:
3379:
3378:
3370:
3361:
3359:
3355:
3354:
3351:
3344:
3343:
3341:
3340:
3333:
3326:
3319:
3312:
3305:
3298:
3291:
3284:
3277:
3270:
3262:
3259:
3258:
3253:
3251:
3250:
3243:
3236:
3228:
3219:
3218:
3199:
3196:
3195:
3193:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3181:
3180:
3175:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3142:
3141:
3131:
3126:
3124:Bank of France
3120:
3118:
3112:
3111:
3109:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3097:
3096:
3084:
3077:
3075:Longwood House
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3046:
3044:
3040:
3039:
3037:
3036:
3024:
3023:
3022:
3017:
3009:
3008:
3007:
2997:
2996:
2995:
2990:
2980:
2979:
2978:
2973:
2962:
2960:
2956:
2955:
2953:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2913:
2908:
2901:
2896:
2889:
2884:
2877:
2872:
2865:
2860:
2858:Siege of Jaffa
2855:
2850:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2831:Battle of Lodi
2828:
2825:13 Vendémiaire
2821:
2814:
2809:
2801:
2799:
2793:
2792:
2790:
2789:
2788:
2787:
2770:
2769:
2768:
2754:2nd abdication
2751:
2749:Route Napoléon
2746:
2745:
2744:
2737:1st abdication
2734:
2729:
2724:
2722:Looting of art
2719:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2685:
2684:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2662:Constitutions
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2632:
2630:
2624:
2623:
2616:
2614:
2612:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2570:
2562:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2536:
2531:
2522:
2520:
2514:
2513:
2510:
2509:
2504:
2503:
2502:
2495:Napoleonic era
2491:
2490:
2487:
2486:
2481:
2479:
2478:
2471:
2464:
2456:
2447:
2446:
2444:
2443:
2437:
2430:
2427:
2426:
2423:
2422:
2417:
2415:
2411:
2410:
2405:
2403:
2399:
2398:
2393:
2391:
2387:
2386:
2384:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2367:
2365:
2361:
2360:
2358:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2341:
2339:
2335:
2334:
2329:
2327:
2323:
2322:
2317:
2315:
2311:
2310:
2308:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2291:
2289:
2285:
2284:
2282:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2265:
2263:
2259:
2258:
2256:
2255:
2250:
2244:
2242:
2235:
2231:
2230:
2228:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2211:
2209:
2205:
2204:
2193:
2191:
2189:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2172:
2170:
2166:
2165:
2159:
2157:
2156:
2149:
2142:
2134:
2128:
2127:
2117:Chisholm, Hugh
2092:
2080:
2073:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2057:
2030:
2021:
2012:
2010:, p. 861.
1993:
1969:
1959:
1933:
1922:. Napoleon.org
1911:
1898:
1896:, p. 860.
1869:
1862:
1836:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1814:
1813:
1808:
1805:
1802:
1798:
1797:
1792:
1789:
1786:
1782:
1781:
1776:
1773:
1770:
1766:
1765:
1760:
1757:
1756:3 October 1801
1753:
1752:
1747:
1746:3 October 1801
1744:
1740:
1739:
1734:
1731:
1728:
1722:
1721:
1716:
1713:
1709:
1708:
1703:
1700:
1696:
1695:
1690:
1687:
1684:
1678:
1677:
1672:
1669:
1666:
1660:
1659:
1654:
1651:
1648:
1642:
1641:
1636:
1633:
1632:8 October 1800
1629:
1628:
1623:
1622:8 October 1800
1620:
1616:
1615:
1610:
1607:
1604:
1598:
1597:
1592:
1589:
1585:
1584:
1579:
1576:
1572:
1571:
1566:
1563:
1560:
1554:
1553:
1548:
1545:
1541:
1540:
1535:
1532:
1529:
1523:
1522:
1519:
1516:
1513:
1497:
1494:
1491:
1490:
1483:
1482:Second Consul
1476:
1470:
1469:
1462:
1455:
1447:
1446:
1440:
1439:
1433:
1427:
1420:
1419:
1412:
1405:
1397:
1396:
1387:
1384:
1275:
1272:
1128:
1127:
1086:
1084:
1077:
1071:
1068:
979:
976:
966:abolished the
914:Battle of Novi
850:elections held
814:
811:
796:French history
761:
760:
758:
757:
750:
743:
735:
732:
731:
703:
702:
700:
699:
694:
689:
688:
687:
682:
677:
667:
662:
661:
660:
650:
645:
640:
635:
630:
625:
619:
616:
615:
611:
610:
605:
604:
598:
596:Fifth Republic
592:
591:
588:
582:
581:
578:
572:
571:
568:
566:
565:
560:
554:
551:
550:
547:
540:
539:
536:
529:
528:
525:
523:Third Republic
517:
512:
511:
508:
507:
502:
501:
498:
491:
490:
487:
485:Third Republic
481:
480:
477:
471:
470:
467:
461:
460:
457:
451:
450:
447:
441:
440:
437:
431:
430:
427:
425:First Republic
421:
420:
417:
411:
410:
407:
399:
394:
393:
390:
389:
384:
383:
380:
374:
373:
370:
364:
363:
360:
347:
342:
341:
338:
337:
332:
331:
328:
321:
320:
317:
310:
309:
306:
300:
299:
296:
289:
288:
285:
279:
278:
275:
269:
268:
265:
252:
247:
246:
243:
242:
237:
236:
235:50 BC – 486 AD
233:
227:
226:
223:
217:
216:
215:600 BC – 49 BC
213:
211:Greek colonies
207:
206:
203:
195:
190:
189:
186:
185:
179:
178:
170:
169:
160:
159:
152:
145:
144:
142:
141:
135:
133:
129:
128:
123:
119:
118:
115:
111:
110:
107:
103:
102:
98:
97:
94:Auguste Couder
67:
59:
58:
52:
51:
46:
42:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7938:
7927:
7924:
7922:
7919:
7917:
7914:
7912:
7909:
7907:
7904:
7902:
7899:
7898:
7896:
7880:
7877:
7875:
7872:
7870:
7867:
7866:
7861:
7858:
7857:
7853:
7843:
7840:
7838:
7835:
7833:
7830:
7828:
7825:
7823:
7820:
7818:
7815:
7813:
7810:
7808:
7805:
7803:
7800:
7798:
7795:
7793:
7790:
7788:
7785:
7782:
7780:
7777:
7775:
7772:
7770:
7767:
7765:
7762:
7760:
7757:
7755:
7752:
7751:
7749:
7747:
7743:
7737:
7734:
7732:
7729:
7727:
7724:
7720:
7717:
7716:
7715:
7712:
7710:
7707:
7705:
7702:
7700:
7697:
7695:
7692:
7690:
7687:
7685:
7682:
7680:
7677:
7675:
7672:
7670:
7667:
7665:
7664:Birth control
7662:
7660:
7657:
7656:
7653:
7650:
7648:
7644:
7634:
7631:
7629:
7626:
7624:
7621:
7619:
7616:
7614:
7611:
7609:
7606:
7604:
7601:
7599:
7596:
7594:
7591:
7589:
7586:
7584:
7581:
7579:
7576:
7574:
7571:
7569:
7566:
7562:
7559:
7558:
7557:
7554:
7552:
7549:
7547:
7544:
7543:
7540:
7537:
7535:
7531:
7521:
7518:
7516:
7513:
7511:
7508:
7504:
7501:
7499:
7496:
7494:
7491:
7490:
7489:
7486:
7484:
7481:
7477:
7474:
7472:
7469:
7468:
7467:
7464:
7462:
7459:
7457:
7454:
7450:
7447:
7446:
7445:
7442:
7440:
7439:Constitutions
7437:
7436:
7433:
7430:
7428:
7424:
7414:
7411:
7409:
7406:
7404:
7401:
7399:
7396:
7394:
7391:
7389:
7386:
7384:
7381:
7379:
7376:
7374:
7371:
7369:
7366:
7365:
7362:
7359:
7357:
7353:
7341:
7338:
7336:
7333:
7331:
7328:
7326:
7323:
7321:
7318:
7316:
7313:
7311:
7308:
7306:
7303:
7302:
7301:
7298:
7294:
7291:
7290:
7289:
7286:
7284:
7281:
7280:
7278:
7274:
7266:
7263:
7261:
7258:
7256:
7253:
7251:
7248:
7247:
7246:
7243:
7238:
7237:
7236:Années folles
7232:
7231:
7230:
7227:
7225:
7222:
7217:
7216:
7211:
7210:
7209:
7206:
7204:
7201:
7199:
7198:Second Empire
7196:
7194:
7191:
7189:
7186:
7184:
7181:
7180:
7177:
7176:July Monarchy
7174:
7172:
7169:
7167:
7164:
7163:
7161:
7159:
7155:
7149:
7146:
7144:
7141:
7139:
7136:
7134:
7131:
7130:
7128:
7124:
7118:
7115:
7113:
7110:
7108:
7105:
7103:
7100:
7098:
7095:
7093:
7090:
7088:
7085:
7083:
7080:
7077:
7076:
7075:Ancien RĂ©gime
7071:
7069:
7066:
7064:
7061:
7059:
7056:
7055:
7053:
7051:
7047:
7039:
7036:
7035:
7034:
7031:
7029:
7026:
7022:
7019:
7018:
7017:
7014:
7012:
7009:
7008:
7006:
7004:
7000:
6994:
6991:
6989:
6986:
6984:
6981:
6979:
6976:
6975:
6973:
6971:
6967:
6961:
6958:
6956:
6953:
6952:
6950:
6946:
6940:
6937:
6935:
6932:
6930:
6927:
6925:
6922:
6920:
6917:
6915:
6912:
6910:
6907:
6905:
6902:
6900:
6897:
6896:
6894:
6890:
6887:
6885:
6881:
6877:
6874:
6867:
6862:
6860:
6855:
6853:
6848:
6847:
6844:
6832:
6829:
6827:
6824:
6822:
6819:
6817:
6814:
6813:
6811:
6808:
6807:Second Empire
6804:
6798:
6795:
6793:
6790:
6788:
6785:
6783:
6780:
6778:
6775:
6773:
6770:
6768:
6765:
6763:
6760:
6758:
6755:
6753:
6750:
6748:
6745:
6744:
6742:
6739:
6735:
6729:
6726:
6724:
6721:
6719:
6716:
6714:
6711:
6709:
6706:
6704:
6701:
6699:
6696:
6694:
6691:
6689:
6686:
6684:
6681:
6679:
6676:
6674:
6671:
6669:
6666:
6664:
6661:
6659:
6656:
6654:
6651:
6649:
6646:
6644:
6641:
6640:
6638:
6635:
6634:July Monarchy
6631:
6625:
6622:
6620:
6617:
6615:
6612:
6610:
6607:
6605:
6604:Richelieu (2)
6602:
6600:
6597:
6595:
6592:
6590:
6589:Richelieu (1)
6587:
6585:
6582:
6581:
6579:
6576:
6572:
6566:
6563:
6561:
6558:
6556:
6553:
6551:
6548:
6546:
6543:
6542:
6540:
6537:
6533:
6527:
6526:Paris Commune
6524:
6522:
6519:
6517:
6514:
6512:
6509:
6507:
6504:
6503:
6501:
6498:
6494:
6485:
6480:
6478:
6473:
6471:
6466:
6465:
6462:
6446:
6443:
6441:
6438:
6436:
6433:
6431:
6428:
6426:
6423:
6421:
6418:
6416:
6413:
6410:
6409:
6408:Sans-culottes
6404:
6400:
6397:
6396:
6395:
6392:
6390:
6387:
6385:
6382:
6380:
6379:Metric system
6377:
6375:
6372:
6369:
6368:
6363:
6361:
6358:
6356:
6353:
6351:
6348:
6345:
6344:
6339:
6337:
6334:
6332:
6329:
6326:
6325:
6320:
6319:
6316:
6309:
6305:
6295:
6292:
6290:
6287:
6285:
6282:
6280:
6277:
6275:
6272:
6270:
6267:
6265:
6262:
6260:
6257:
6255:
6252:
6250:
6247:
6245:
6242:
6240:
6237:
6235:
6232:
6230:
6227:
6225:
6222:
6220:
6219:
6215:
6214:
6211:
6204:
6200:
6186:
6183:
6179:
6178:Panthéon Club
6176:
6174:
6171:
6170:
6169:
6166:
6165:
6163:
6159:
6153:
6150:
6148:
6145:
6143:
6140:
6138:
6135:
6133:
6130:
6128:
6125:
6123:
6120:
6118:
6115:
6113:
6110:
6108:
6105:
6103:
6100:
6098:
6095:
6093:
6090:
6088:
6085:
6083:
6080:
6078:
6075:
6073:
6070:
6068:
6067:Joachim Murat
6065:
6063:
6060:
6058:
6055:
6053:
6050:
6048:
6045:
6043:
6040:
6038:
6035:
6033:
6030:
6028:
6025:
6023:
6020:
6018:
6015:
6013:
6010:
6008:
6005:
6003:
6000:
5999:
5997:
5993:
5990:
5986:
5980:
5977:
5975:
5972:
5970:
5967:
5965:
5962:
5960:
5957:
5955:
5952:
5950:
5947:
5945:
5942:
5940:
5937:
5935:
5932:
5930:
5927:
5925:
5922:
5920:
5917:
5915:
5912:
5910:
5907:
5905:
5902:
5900:
5897:
5895:
5892:
5890:
5887:
5886:
5884:
5882:
5881:
5875:
5871:
5865:
5862:
5860:
5857:
5855:
5852:
5850:
5847:
5845:
5844:Gilbert Romme
5842:
5840:
5837:
5835:
5832:
5830:
5827:
5825:
5822:
5820:
5817:
5815:
5812:
5810:
5807:
5805:
5802:
5800:
5797:
5795:
5792:
5790:
5787:
5785:
5782:
5780:
5777:
5775:
5772:
5770:
5767:
5765:
5762:
5760:
5757:
5755:
5752:
5750:
5747:
5745:
5742:
5740:
5737:
5736:
5734:
5732:
5728:
5722:
5719:
5717:
5714:
5712:
5709:
5707:
5704:
5702:
5699:
5697:
5694:
5692:
5689:
5687:
5684:
5682:
5679:
5677:
5674:
5672:
5669:
5667:
5666:de Cambacérès
5664:
5662:
5659:
5658:
5656:
5654:
5650:
5644:
5641:
5639:
5636:
5634:
5631:
5629:
5626:
5624:
5621:
5619:
5616:
5614:
5611:
5609:
5606:
5604:
5601:
5599:
5596:
5594:
5591:
5589:
5585:
5583:
5582:Madame Roland
5580:
5578:
5575:
5573:
5570:
5569:
5567:
5565:
5561:
5555:
5552:
5550:
5547:
5545:
5542:
5540:
5537:
5535:
5532:
5530:
5527:
5525:
5522:
5520:
5519:André Chénier
5517:
5515:
5512:
5510:
5507:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5492:
5490:
5487:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5475:
5474:Grace Elliott
5472:
5471:
5469:
5466:
5465:
5459:
5454:
5448:
5445:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5435:
5433:
5430:
5428:
5425:
5423:
5420:
5418:
5415:
5413:
5410:
5409:
5407:
5405:
5401:
5394:
5390:
5376:
5373:
5371:
5368:
5367:
5365:
5363:
5358:
5352:
5346:
5343:
5341:
5338:
5336:
5333:
5332:
5330:
5328:
5323:
5317:
5311:
5308:
5306:
5303:
5302:
5300:
5298:
5293:
5287:
5281:
5278:
5277:
5275:
5273:
5268:
5262:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5248:
5246:
5243:
5241:
5238:
5235:
5234:
5232:
5230:
5225:
5219:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5161:
5159:
5153:
5151:
5145:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5132:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5109:
5108:
5106:
5104:
5099:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5084:
5074:
5071:
5070:
5068:
5066:
5062:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5038:
5036:
5035:Joseph Souham
5033:
5031:
5028:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4994:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4978:Joachim Murat
4976:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4958:André Masséna
4956:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4775:
4773:
4771:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4757:
4751:
4744:
4740:
4729:(25 Jun 1802)
4727:
4724:
4721:(25 Mar 1802)
4719:
4716:
4715:
4713:
4709:
4700:
4697:
4694:(18 Mar 1801)
4692:
4689:
4684:
4681:
4680:
4678:
4676:
4672:
4663:
4660:
4655:
4652:
4649:(15 Jun 1800)
4647:
4644:
4641:(14 Jun 1800)
4639:
4636:
4635:
4633:
4631:
4627:
4618:
4615:
4612:(15 Aug 1799)
4610:
4607:
4602:
4599:
4594:
4591:
4586:
4583:
4578:
4575:
4572:(25 Mar 1799)
4570:
4567:
4562:
4559:
4554:
4553:Siege of Acre
4551:
4546:
4543:
4542:
4540:
4538:
4534:
4525:
4524:Peasants' War
4522:
4517:
4514:
4509:
4506:
4501:
4498:
4493:
4490:
4489:
4487:
4485:
4481:
4474:(17 Oct 1797)
4472:
4469:
4466:(18 Apr 1797)
4464:
4461:
4458:(17 Apr 1797)
4456:
4453:
4450:(25 Jan 1797)
4448:
4445:
4440:
4437:
4434:(13 Jan 1797)
4432:
4429:
4424:
4421:
4420:
4418:
4416:
4412:
4403:
4400:
4395:
4392:
4387:
4384:
4379:
4376:
4373:(26 Oct 1796)
4371:
4368:
4365:(19 Oct 1796)
4363:
4360:
4355:
4352:
4347:
4344:
4339:
4336:
4333:(24 Aug 1796)
4331:
4328:
4325:(11 Aug 1796)
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4310:
4307:
4302:
4299:
4294:
4291:
4290:
4288:
4286:
4282:
4276:
4273:
4268:
4265:
4264:
4262:
4260:
4256:
4247:
4244:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4228:(26 Jun 1794)
4226:
4223:
4218:
4215:
4212:(22 May 1794)
4210:
4207:
4204:(18 May 1794)
4202:
4199:
4193:
4190:
4187:(24 Apr 1794)
4185:
4182:
4181:
4179:
4177:
4173:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4153:(13 Oct 1793)
4151:
4148:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4105:
4102:
4099:(23 May 1793)
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4078:
4076:
4074:
4070:
4062:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4023:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4005:
4003:
4001:
3997:
3990:
3986:
3976:
3973:
3970:(24 Dec 1799)
3968:
3965:
3960:
3957:
3954:(18 Jun 1799)
3952:
3949:
3948:
3946:
3942:
3935:(11 May 1798)
3933:
3930:
3929:
3927:
3923:
3914:
3911:
3906:
3903:
3902:
3900:
3896:
3887:
3884:
3879:
3876:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3863:
3859:
3856:
3853:(22 Aug 1795)
3851:
3848:
3843:
3840:
3839:
3837:
3833:
3826:(11 Nov 1794)
3824:
3821:
3816:
3813:
3810:(28 Jul 1794)
3807:
3804:
3801:(27 Jul 1794)
3799:
3796:
3793:(10 Jun 1794)
3791:
3788:
3783:
3779:
3776:
3775:
3773:
3769:
3760:
3757:
3754:(16 Oct 1793)
3752:
3749:
3746:(17 Sep 1793)
3744:
3741:
3736:
3735:
3731:
3728:(23 Aug 1793)
3726:
3723:
3720:(13 Jul 1793)
3718:
3715:
3710:
3707:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3694:
3690:
3687:
3682:
3679:
3676:(21 Jan 1793)
3674:
3671:
3670:
3668:
3664:
3657:(22 Sep 1792)
3655:
3652:
3647:
3644:
3639:
3636:
3633:(10 Aug 1792)
3631:
3628:
3623:
3620:
3617:(25 Jul 1792)
3615:
3612:
3609:(20 Apr 1792)
3607:
3604:
3603:
3601:
3597:
3588:
3585:
3580:
3577:
3574:(27 Aug 1791)
3572:
3569:
3566:(17 Jul 1791)
3564:
3561:
3556:
3553:
3552:
3550:
3546:
3539:(14 Jul 1790)
3537:
3536:
3532:
3529:(12 Jul 1790)
3527:
3524:
3521:(23 Jun 1790)
3519:
3515:
3510:
3507:
3506:
3504:
3500:
3491:
3488:
3483:
3480:
3477:(26 Aug 1789)
3475:
3472:
3467:
3464:
3459:
3456:
3453:(14 Jul 1789)
3451:
3448:
3443:
3440:
3437:(20 Jun 1789)
3435:
3432:
3427:
3424:
3421:(4 June 1789)
3419:
3416:
3411:
3408:
3405:(28 Apr 1789)
3403:
3400:
3395:
3394:
3390:
3389:
3387:
3383:
3376:(21 Jul 1788)
3374:
3371:
3366:
3363:
3362:
3360:
3356:
3349:
3345:
3339:
3338:
3334:
3332:
3331:
3327:
3325:
3324:
3320:
3318:
3317:
3313:
3311:
3310:
3306:
3304:
3303:
3299:
3297:
3296:
3292:
3290:
3289:
3285:
3283:
3282:
3281:Ancien RĂ©gime
3278:
3276:
3275:
3271:
3269:
3268:
3264:
3263:
3260:
3256:
3249:
3244:
3242:
3237:
3235:
3230:
3229:
3226:
3216:
3207:
3197:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3173:
3169:
3168:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3140:
3137:
3136:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3121:
3119:
3117:
3113:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3095:
3092:
3091:
3090:
3089:
3085:
3083:
3082:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3070:Les Invalides
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3047:
3045:
3041:
3033:
3028:
3025:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3012:
3010:
3006:
3003:
3002:
3001:
2998:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2985:
2984:
2983:Jewish people
2981:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2968:
2967:
2964:
2963:
2961:
2957:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2940:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2918:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2906:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2894:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2882:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2870:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2848:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2826:
2822:
2820:
2819:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2807:
2803:
2802:
2800:
2798:
2794:
2786:
2783:
2782:
2779:
2774:
2771:
2765:
2760:
2757:
2756:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2743:
2740:
2739:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2717:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2663:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2642:
2637:
2634:
2633:
2631:
2629:
2625:
2620:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2524:
2523:
2521:
2519:
2515:
2508:
2505:
2501:
2498:
2497:
2496:
2493:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2477:
2472:
2470:
2465:
2463:
2458:
2457:
2454:
2442:
2438:
2436:
2432:
2431:
2428:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2368:
2366:
2362:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2342:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2331:Joseph Fouché
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2300:Lazare Carnot
2298:
2296:
2293:
2292:
2290:
2286:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2266:
2264:
2260:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2245:
2243:
2239:
2236:
2232:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2212:
2210:
2206:
2197:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2173:
2171:
2167:
2162:
2155:
2150:
2148:
2143:
2141:
2136:
2135:
2132:
2124:
2123:
2118:
2114:
2113:
2105:
2104:public domain
2093:
2090:
2087:
2081:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2065:
2061:
2045:
2044:
2034:
2031:
2025:
2022:
2016:
2013:
2009:
2004:
2002:
2000:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1981:
1973:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1956:
1952:
1947:
1946:
1937:
1934:
1921:
1915:
1912:
1908:
1902:
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1087:This article
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925:André Masséna
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789:
788:French Empire
785:
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545:Années folles
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520:
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475:Second Empire
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455:July Monarchy
453:
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40:
37:
33:
19:
7769:Coat of arms
7759:Architecture
7731:Social class
7689:Homelessness
7674:Demographics
7628:Trade unions
7561:Central bank
7503:criminal law
7466:Human rights
7449:presidential
7293:Algerian War
7276:Contemporary
7250:Vichy France
7245:World War II
7215:Belle Époque
7148:First Empire
7050:Early Modern
7021:West Francia
6560:Hundred Days
6536:First Empire
6520:
6415:Phrygian cap
6360:Bastille Day
6274:Thomas Paine
6229:Edmund Burke
6224:Beaumarchais
6218:Les Lumières
6216:
6057:Joseph Fesch
5969:Pauline LĂ©on
5939:Jacques Roux
5878:
5462:
4888:Lazare Hoche
4873:Paul Grenier
4843:Louis Desaix
4702:(8 Jul 1801)
4686:(9 Feb 1801)
4657:(3 Dec 1800)
4580:(5 Apr 1799)
4381:(6 Nov 1796)
4357:(8 Sep 1796)
4349:(4 Sep 1796)
4341:(3 Sep 1796)
4312:(5 Aug 1796)
4241:(2 Oct 1794)
4220:(1 Jun 1794)
3974:
3962:(9 Nov 1799)
3908:(4 Sep 1797)
3845:(1 Apr 1795)
3815:White Terror
3808:guillotined
3785:(5 Apr 1794)
3732:
3712:(2 Jun 1793)
3582:(3 Sep 1791)
3533:
3493:(2 Nov 1789)
3485:(5 Oct 1789)
3413:(5 May 1789)
3391:
3368:(7 Jun 1788)
3335:
3328:
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3307:
3300:
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3272:
3265:
3208: /
3170:
3086:
3079:
2939:Hundred Days
2937:
2915:
2903:
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2879:
2867:
2845:
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2804:
2714:
2687:
2652:
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2572:
2564:
2556:
2542:Charles LĂ©on
2538:
2534:Marie Louise
2525:
2439:Followed by
2433:Preceded by
2381:Denis Decrès
2202:First Consul
2160:
2120:
2111:
2062:Bibliography
2048:. Retrieved
2041:
2033:
2024:
2015:
2008:Wiriath 1911
1988:
1979:
1972:
1964:
1944:
1936:
1924:. Retrieved
1914:
1906:
1901:
1894:Wiriath 1911
1847:
1839:
1831:
1826:
1763:Denis Decrès
1619:2 April 1800
1609:2 April 1800
1505:
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1321:and General
1298:
1297:, to lead a
1288:
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1229:
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1204:
1189:
1165:
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1142:
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953:Lazare Hoche
918:
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764:
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675:Christianity
563:Vichy France
514:20th century
496:Belle Époque
435:First Empire
348:
344:Early modern
294:West Francia
283:Carolingians
273:Merovingians
47:
36:
7879:WikiProject
7694:Immigration
7684:Health care
7546:Agriculture
7498:enforcement
7255:Free France
7224:World War I
7171:Restoration
7158:Late Modern
7028:Middle Ages
7003:Middle Ages
6988:Celtic Gaul
6575:Restoration
6499:(1792–1804)
6284:Abbé Sieyès
6269:Montesquieu
6185:Social Club
6127:Jean Chouan
6017:Louis XVIII
5794:Roger Ducos
5764:Paul Barras
5731:Montagnards
5661:Abbé Sieyès
5464:monarchiens
5272:Netherlands
5201:(Hungarian)
5149:(Hungarian)
5065:French Navy
4991: [
4913:Jean Lannes
4770:French Army
4548:(1798–1802)
4519:(1798–1800)
4503:(1798–1801)
4233:Chouannerie
4194:(Pyrenees)
4059: [
4026:Chouannerie
3818:(Fall 1794)
3806:Robespierre
3129:Bonapartism
3030: [
3000:Protestants
2776: [
2762: [
2639: [
2552:Napoleon II
2186:Roger Ducos
1807:18 May 1804
1791:18 May 1804
1775:18 May 1804
1759:18 May 1804
1715:18 May 1804
1671:18 May 1804
1653:18 May 1804
1635:18 May 1804
1591:18 May 1804
1547:18 May 1804
1436:Roger Ducos
1307:Louis XVIII
1299:coup d'Ă©tat
1036:triumvirate
875:Roger Ducos
846:Paul Barras
823:18 Brumaire
819:30 Prairial
628:Health care
558:Free France
445:Restoration
249:Middle Ages
221:Celtic Gaul
164:History of
117:18 May 1804
106:Established
7895:Categories
7822:Philosophy
7807:Literature
7719:secularism
7515:Parliament
7310:2005 riots
7260:Liberation
7126:Revolution
6993:Roman Gaul
6978:Prehistory
6934:Journalism
6767:Barrot (2)
6762:Barrot (1)
6718:Thiers (2)
6693:Thiers (1)
6688:de Broglie
6584:Talleyrand
6173:Cordeliers
6087:Talleyrand
6012:Louis XVII
5874:HĂ©bertists
5628:Jean Debry
5458:Feuillants
5087:Opposition
4983:Michel Ney
4405:(Dec 1796)
4013:Thionville
3916:(Dec 1797)
3889:(May 1796)
3881:5 Oct 1795
3858:Directoire
3738:(painting)
3641:(Sep 1792)
3625:(Jun 1792)
3458:Great Fear
3397:(Jan 1789)
3288:Revolution
3161:Propaganda
2695:Coronation
1819:References
1500:See also:
1364:Strasbourg
1176:Civil Code
264:settlement
231:Roman Gaul
201:Prehistory
7679:Education
7633:Transport
7483:Judiciary
7444:Elections
7398:Mountains
7356:Geography
7102:Louis XIV
6892:Overviews
6809:(1852–70)
6757:Cavaignac
6740:(1848–52)
6723:Soult (3)
6713:Soult (2)
6668:Soult (1)
6636:(1830–48)
6624:Mortemart
6614:Martignac
6594:Dessolles
6577:(1814–30)
6538:(1804–14)
6007:Louis XVI
6002:Charles X
5653:The Plain
5564:Girondins
5504:Lafayette
5165:(Walloon)
5147:Pál Kray
5123:(Walloon)
4665:(1800–02)
4516:Quasi-War
3975:Consulate
3861:(1795–99)
3316:Consulate
3309:Directory
2759:2nd exile
2742:1st exile
2653:Consulate
2573:Brothers:
2539:Children:
2234:Ministers
2200:Bonaparte
2110:France §
1926:9 January
1521:Minister
1496:Ministers
1368:Vincennes
1346:Ettenheim
1246:Concordat
1004:Tribunate
840:Director
780:Directory
768:Consulate
697:Territory
590:1946–1958
580:1944–1946
570:1940–1944
549:1920–1929
538:1919–1939
527:1870–1940
500:1871–1914
489:1870–1940
479:1852–1870
469:1848–1852
459:1830–1848
449:1814–1830
439:1804–1814
429:1792–1804
419:1791–1792
409:1789–1799
382:1589–1792
372:1515–1589
362:1498–1515
330:1328–1498
114:Disbanded
7869:Category
7802:Language
7714:Religion
7659:Abortion
7613:Taxation
7510:Military
7471:Intersex
7461:Politics
7427:Politics
7229:Interwar
6924:Economic
6919:Language
6904:Timeline
6826:Ollivier
6772:Hautpoul
6703:Molé (2)
6698:Molé (1)
6658:Laffitte
6619:Polignac
6545:Napoleon
6367:Panthéon
6355:Muscadin
6350:Marianne
6289:Voltaire
6168:Jacobins
6161:Factions
5701:Mirabeau
5157:(French)
4051:Jemappes
4035:Dauphiné
3518:Nobility
3330:Journals
3323:Glossary
3302:Republic
3274:Timeline
3206:Category
3011:Slavery
2596:Sisters:
2500:timeline
2483:Napoleon
2402:Treasury
2338:Interior
1945:Napoleon
1785:Treasury
1682:Interior
1512:Ministry
894:Normandy
886:Brittany
776:Consulat
692:Taxation
670:Religion
665:Politics
658:Consorts
653:Monarchs
648:Military
643:Medicine
319:987–1328
308:987–1792
262:Frankish
260:and the
183:Timeline
155:a series
153:Part of
18:Consulat
7860:Outline
7842:Theatre
7837:Symbols
7797:Gardens
7787:Fashion
7779:Cuisine
7746:Culture
7736:Welfare
7709:Poverty
7647:Society
7623:Tourism
7583:Exports
7556:Banking
7534:Economy
7493:history
7388:Islands
7383:Borders
7016:Francia
6970:Ancient
6948:Regions
6899:History
6884:History
6782:Faucher
6683:Mortier
6609:Villèle
6599:Decazes
6249:Diderot
5995:Figures
5880:Enragés
5586:Father
5297:Prussia
5229:Britain
5178:(Saxon)
5136:(Swiss)
5103:Austria
3215:Commons
3185:Studies
2727:Tactics
2710:Holland
2565:Mother:
2557:Father:
2314:Finance
2262:Justice
2208:Consuls
2119:(ed.).
2112:History
2106::
1646:Finance
1558:Justice
1386:Consuls
1340:in the
1096:Please
838:Jacobin
832:by the
782:in the
685:Judaism
623:Economy
602:present
298:843–987
287:751–987
277:481–751
258:Francia
192:Ancient
101:History
7874:Portal
7774:Cinema
7754:Anthem
7726:Racism
7704:People
7598:Mining
7573:Energy
7408:Rivers
7373:Cities
7305:May 68
6876:topics
6873:France
6728:Guizot
6673:GĂ©rard
5988:Others
5327:Russia
4761:France
4426:(1797)
4296:(1796)
4031:Vendée
4008:Verdun
3835:1795–6
3778:Danton
3337:Museum
3267:Causes
2526:Wives:
2518:Family
2326:Police
2115:". In
2100:
1957:
1860:
1664:Police
1337:émigré
1293:, the
1261:. The
1178:. The
1062:Vendée
945:Fréjus
933:Zurich
929:Bergen
882:Chouan
772:French
718:·
716:
614:Topics
326:Valois
267:
205:
166:France
157:on the
84:, and
7832:Sport
7817:Music
7812:Media
7669:Crime
7393:Lakes
6678:Maret
6445:Films
5362:Spain
4995:]
4063:]
4056:Namur
4041:Lille
4018:Valmy
3178:Penis
3094:Milan
3034:]
3027:Women
2976:Tiara
2959:Views
2780:]
2773:Death
2766:]
2643:]
2050:3 May
1953:–54.
1856:–94.
1515:Start
1305:with
890:Maine
720:
680:Islam
600:1958–
7792:Flag
7578:Euro
7476:LGBT
5877:and
5461:and
4711:1802
4675:1801
4630:1800
4537:1799
4484:1798
4415:1797
4285:1796
4259:1795
4176:1794
4073:1793
4000:1792
3944:1799
3925:1798
3898:1797
3780:and
3771:1794
3666:1793
3599:1792
3548:1791
3502:1790
3385:1789
3358:1788
3166:Tomb
2785:mask
2681:1815
2676:1804
2671:1802
2666:1799
2052:2014
1955:ISBN
1928:2012
1858:ISBN
1257:and
1166:The
1151:and
1042:and
931:and
923:and
865:and
821:and
766:The
638:LGBT
7764:Art
7488:Law
5237:Sir
2288:War
2043:...
1985:206
1951:253
1854:193
1602:War
1518:End
633:Law
7897::
4993:fr
4061:fr
3032:fr
2778:fr
2764:fr
2641:fr
1996:^
1987:.
1963:.
1872:^
1370:.
974:.
888:,
809:.
798:.
774::
76:,
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2139:v
2091:"
2082:"
2054:.
2037:*
1930:.
1866:.
1123:)
1117:(
1112:)
1108:(
1104:.
828:(
770:(
754:e
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740:v
34:.
20:)
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