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concerning the views of the alumni to the university administration. The convocation also, however, can hold general meetings, at which any alumnus can attend. The main function of the convocation is to represent the views of the alumni to the university administration, to encourage co-operation among alumni, especially in regard to donations, and to elect members of the university's governing body (known variously as the Senate, Council, Board, etc., depending on the particular institution, but basically equivalent to a board of directors of a corporation). The equivalent of the
Convocation in the Scottish university system is the
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discuss or frame canons and that the archbishop could only prorogue (adjourn) a session with the consent of his fellow diocesans. In 1851, Canterbury received a petition, in 1853 it appointed committees and by 1855 Archbishop Sumner was convinced of the value of
Convocation and those bishops who had opposed the revival were taking part positively in its debates. Archbishop Musgrave maintained his opposition until his death in 1860—he even locked the room where it was due to meet—and the Northern Convocation remained inactive until his successor took office.
140:
252:(Archbishop of Canterbury, 668-690) reorganized the structures of the English Church and established a national synod of bishops. With the recognition of York as a separate province in 733, this synod was divided into two. In 1225, representatives of the cathedral and monastic chapters were included for the first time and in 1285 the membership of the Convocation of Canterbury assumed the basic form which it retained till 1921: Bishops, Abbots (till the 1530s and the
421:
43:
256:), Deans, and Archdeacons, plus one representative of each cathedral chapter and two for the clergy from each diocese. By the fifteenth century, each convocation was divided into an upper house (the Bishops) and a lower house (the remaining members). In 1921, the number of proctors (elected representatives) of the diocesan clergy was increased to make them a majority in the lower houses.
404:
478:, Convocation consists of all the graduates of the university, with the Chancellor, the Vice-Chancellor, the Deputy Vice-Chancellor, the Pro-Vice-Chancellors, the heads of colleges, and all professors, readers, senior lecturers and lecturers. It has the power to discuss and make representations on "any matter whatsoever relating to the University" and appoints the
437:
The most common use of the term in the university context is to refer to a formal ceremony at the start of the academic year in which new students are welcomed. Harvard
University and Columbia University, for example, give their welcoming ceremonies such a name. Some other colleges term these welcome
312:
which, in essence, claimed that the
Convocation was an estate of the realm like Parliament and that the lower clergy were being illegally disfranchised and denied its proper voice in government. Business was resumed in 1701 and by the time Queen Anne died in 1714 draft canons and forms of service had
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which was imposed by the Act of
Uniformity in 1662. Formal sessions at the start of each parliament continued but no real business was discussed until after the Revolution of 1688 which brought William III and Mary II to the throne when attempts to include some of the Protestant dissenters met such
288:
between 1534 and 1553 the
Convocations were used as a source of clerical opinion but ecclesiastical legislation was secured by statute from Parliament. Later between 1559 and 1641, Elizabeth I, James I and Charles I gave the force of law to decisions of Convocation without recourse to Parliament by
267:
with only five member dioceses in Henry VIII's reign. In 1462 it decided that all the provincial constitutions of
Canterbury which were not repugnant or prejudicial to its own should be allowed in the Northern Province and by 1530 the Archbishop of York rarely attended sessions and the custom that
451:
In some universities, the term "convocation" refers specifically to the entirety of the alumni of a college which functions as one of the university's representative bodies. Due to its inordinate size, the
Convocation will elect a standing committee, which is responsible for making representations
363:
The
Convocations have always been exclusively clerical assemblies. However, in 1885 the Convocations agreed to the establishment of parallel Houses of Laity elected by the lay members of the diocesan conferences. These were not part of Convocation; they had no constitutional status and were merely
359:
and Thomas
Musgrave—had no desire to revive Convocation. The legal basis of the resistance was the claim that convocation could only discuss such business as was expressly specified by the Crown. Over the next eight years it was established that it could debate and act provided it did not try to
345:
of 1832, Parliament had been theoretically an Anglican body, and many churchmen began to argue that neither Parliament nor the bishops in the House of Lords expressed the mind of the Church as a whole In 1847 the routine session at the beginning of a new Parliament coincided with the polemical
463:, Convocation was originally the main governing body of the university, consisting of all doctors and masters of the university, but it now comprises all graduates of the university and its only remaining function is to elect the Chancellor of the University and the
338:) and with the exception of an abortive session in 1741 the Convocations met only for formal business at the beginning of each parliament until the middle of the nineteenth century when Canterbury (in 1852) and York (in 1861) began to discuss issues of the day.
350:
to the see of Hereford. The formal address to the Queen was debated for six hours and an amendment carried praying the Crown to revive the active powers of convocation. The driving force behind the campaign to achieve this was the London banker,
364:
advisory. At the beginning of the twentieth century, both Convocations together with their respective houses of laity began to meet as a Representative Council which however had no legal authority or position. This was superseded in 1920 by the
329:
and therefore in favour of toleration for Protestant dissenters and their possible reincorporation into the Church of England and feelings ran high until in 1717 the session was prorogued by Royal Writ to avoid the censuring of Bishop
268:
York waited to see what Canterbury had decided and either accepted or rejected it was well established. The Convocation of York was, in practice, taking second place to that of Canterbury so much so that in 1852 the Archbishop of York
497:, convocation, between its establishment in 1858 and its abolition in 2003, consisted of the university's graduates who were involved in the university's governance. After 1900, convocation had the power to elect the chancellor.
181:
In academic use, it can refer variously to a gathering of all of an institution's alumni, to a ceremony at the start of the academic year to welcome incoming students, and to a graduation ceremony (sometimes otherwise known as a
279:
The legislative powers of the convocations varied considerably over the centuries. Until 1664, they (not Parliament) determined the taxes to be paid by the clergy, but their powers in general were severely curtailed by
410:
623:
They could only meet at the royal pleasure; they needed royal permission to discuss and make canons; no action of theirs could go against the sovereign's prerogative, or the customs, laws and statutes of the
548:, graduation ceremonies consist of both a commencement and a convocation with the commencement being the larger, university-wide ceremony and the individual colleges presenting degrees at a convocation.
178:) is a group of people formally assembled for a special purpose, mostly ecclesiastical or academic. The Britanica dictionary defines it as "a large formal meeting of people (such as church officials).
486:
on 28 November 2022. Convocation was established by the fundamental statue of the university in 1835 and then consisted of MAs and doctors "of the three faculties" at Oxford, Cambridge and
490:
who were members of the university when the statue was passed and those afterwards admitted to the degrees of DD, DCL, MD or MS at Durham. Women were admitted to convocation from 1913.
355:, who dedicated himself to the task. The opposition was formidable: half the clergy and most of the laity rejected the idea, many politicians were against it and the two archbishops—
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in 1532/4; and from the time of the Reformation till 1965 they were summoned and dissolved at the same time as Parliament. Under Henry VIII and his successor
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The Convocations were abolished during the Commonwealth but restored on the accession of Charles II in 1660 and they synodically approved the
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1179:"The British magazine and monthly register of religious ... v.8 1835. - Full View - HathiTrust Digital Library - HathiTrust Digital Library"
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but, apart from some residual and formal responsibilities, all legal authority is now vested in the Synod which was established in 1970.
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The resumption of proper business was brought about by the political changes which had taken place some twenty years earlier. Until the
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York, Durham, Carlisle, Chester, and Man. In medieval times there were only four: Galloway, York, Durham and Carlisle. (Kemp
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253:
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resistance in the lower house that the government abandoned them and the Convocations resumed their purely formal meetings
1427:
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been drawn up for royal assent. However, there was an inherent tension between the two houses, the lower house was mainly
107:
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60:
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961:"Gay, Khurana Welcome Harvard College Class of 2027 at Convocation Punctuated by Protest | News | The Harvard Crimson"
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1301:"Victoria University of Wellington Act 1961 No 51 (as at 29 November 2010), Public Act – New Zealand Legislation"
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1272:"University of Waikato Act 1963 No 8 (as at 29 November 2010), Public Act – New Zealand Legislation"
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1330:"Lincoln University Act 1961 No 52 (as at 29 November 2010), Public Act – New Zealand Legislation"
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1243:"Massey University Act 1963 No 7 (as at 29 November 2010), Public Act – New Zealand Legislation"
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pp.247,248) Only with the establishment of the Diocese of Ripon in 1836 did the number increase.
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events are called "convocations", as opposed to commencements in other universities. At the
372:". The Convocations still exist and their members constitute the two clerical houses of the
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987:"Convocation 2019: Sundown marks beginning of the Columbia journey for 1,406 first-years"
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1063:"University Archives:A history of Congregation and Convocation, 5. The mid 20th century"
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was established in 1920. Their origins date back to the end of the seventh century when
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decisions which amplified the canon law of the Western Church to meet local conditions.
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Letter to a Convocation Man concerning the Rights, Powers and Privileges of that Body
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by which all graduates elect representatives to the institutions' governing bodies.
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the archbishop had only attended personally two sessions (in 1689 and 1708).
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A History of the University in Europe: Volume 3, Universities in the ...
260:
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The Convocation of York was a relatively small part of the Church in
1139:"University Calendar : University Statutes - Durham University"
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which was given the right to propose measures to Parliament by the "
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Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education, Mexico City
568:
521:
427:
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205:
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160:
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30:"Convocations" redirects here. For the Sufjan Stevens album, see
1164:"US Presidential adviser Fiona Hill announced as new Chancellor"
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36:
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were the synodical assemblies of the two Provinces of the
532:, convocation events are held at a specific venue named
198:
assembly of a church is at times called "Convocation"
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meaning "to call/come together", a translation of the
27:
Formal assembly (typically ecclesiastical or academic)
891:, London Pelican(1960), p. 254 and 227 respectively
574:
A formal or ceremonial meeting (noun), or assembly.
67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
909:A&C Black (1966) p. 309; 310; 311 respectively
810:(1974) art. "Convocations of Canterbury and York"
321:in its doctrine while the upper house was mainly
289:letters patent under the great seal notably the
691:The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
395:Line of young people at a commencement ceremony
862:SPCK (1961) pp 165; 166-7; 168-9 respectively
8:
1404:University District and Court of Convocation
1375:University District and Court of Convocation
1317:University District and Court of Convocation
828:SPCK (1961) pp 111, 118 and 174 respectively
803:
801:
799:
797:
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442:". These students also may sign the college
1177:Maitland, Samuel Roffey; Rose, Hugh James.
808:Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church
127:Learn how and when to remove this message
675:California State University, Los Angeles
500:At some universities and colleges (e.g.
1433:Terminology of the University of Oxford
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844:SPCK (1961) pp 158 and 159 respectively
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143:Student receiving academic degree from
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222:during the College's fall Convocation.
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679:California State University, East Bay
663:The University of Colorado at Boulder
510:Teachers College, Columbia University
7:
65:adding citations to reliable sources
1112:Rüegg, Walter (16 September 2004).
633:Schools with this practice include
293:(1571) and the 141 Canons of 1603.
228:Convocations of Canterbury and York
202:Convocations of Canterbury and York
1230:Convocation at Memorial University
482:of the university, most recently
409:Student receives diploma from the
25:
751:University of Southern California
536:. At other universities such as
426:A College Convocation Banner in
419:
402:
388:
212:Royal Military College of Canada
41:
873:The Church of England 1688-1832
719:The College of William and Mary
52:needs additional citations for
763:Johnson & Wales University
735:The University of West Georgia
731:The College of St. Scholastica
723:University of Nebraska–Lincoln
551:New Zealand universities have
272:stated that since the time of
254:Dissolution of the Monasteries
1:
577:A meeting of companions of a
334:by the lower house (see the
923:Church and People:1789-1889
747:William Paterson University
687:The University of Minnesota
639:The University of Rochester
516:, and most universities in
190:Ecclesiastical convocations
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1012:"College Convocation 2010"
743:The University of Arkansas
695:University of North Dakota
659:Carnegie Mellon University
643:University of Pennsylvania
467:. (The equivalent body at
225:
29:
1209:St Mary's College Society
1205:"History of the College"
991:Columbia Daily Spectator
667:University of Cincinnati
1037:"Convocation Exercises"
940:dso.college.harvard.edu
907:The Victorian Church I
875:Routledge (2001) p. 71
542:University of Oklahoma
514:University of Illinois
223:
152:
1443:Religious terminology
1438:University governance
1088:"University Archives"
715:Mount Holyoke College
671:University of Florida
651:Georgetown University
553:courts of convocation
530:University of Toronto
502:University of Chicago
336:Bangorian controversy
298:Book of Common Prayer
209:
142:
1428:Academic terminology
1346:Court of Convocation
1288:Court of Convocation
1259:Court of Convocation
739:Marymount University
495:University of London
461:University of Oxford
370:Enabling Act of 1919
317:in its politics and
291:Thirty-Nine Articles
232:The Convocations of
147:during convocation.
61:improve this article
32:Convocations (album)
1392:legislation.govt.nz
1363:legislation.govt.nz
1334:legislation.govt.nz
1305:legislation.govt.nz
1276:legislation.govt.nz
1247:legislation.govt.nz
1166:. 28 November 2022.
860:Counsel and Consent
858:Kemp, Eric Waldram
842:Counsel and Consent
840:Kemp, Eric Waldram
826:Counsel and Consent
824:Kemp, Eric Waldram
707:Stanford University
600:Counsel and Consent
538:Syracuse University
465:Professor of Poetry
985:Escobar, Valeria.
965:www.thecrimson.com
755:Chapman University
635:Colgate University
546:University of Utah
506:Cornell University
250:Theodore of Tarsus
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925:SPCK (1937) p.268
711:Dartmouth College
476:Durham University
343:Great Reform Bill
306:Francis Atterbury
242:Church of England
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