375:
227:
360:
55:
3253:
3263:
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44:
441:
in
Ireland. They also made the wooden kegs in which the beer was shipped to liquor retailers. Beer kegs had to be particularly strong in order to contain the pressure of the fermenting liquid, and the rough handling they received when transported, sometime over long distances, to pubs where they were
637:
In the 21st century, coopers mostly operate barrel-making machinery and assemble casks for the wine and spirits industry. Traditionally, the staves were heated to make them easier to bend. This is still done, but now because the slightly toasted interior of the staves imparts a certain flavour over
694:
is captioned "The cooper Harry Mahlo (one of the last coopers) Yalumba wineries, Angaston, Barossa Valley, South
Australia, 1959". Several cooperages have closed in the 21st century, and, while there is a need for new coopers, there has been no pathway to the trade via apprenticeships since 1996,
272:
in Alpine villages where they stored their beverages in wooden casks bound with hoops. Pliny identified three types of coopers: ordinary coopers, wine coopers and coopers who made large casks. Large casks contained more and longer staves and were correspondingly more difficult to assemble. Roman
394:, provided much work for coopers. They made water and provision casks, the contents of which sustained crew and passengers on long voyages. They also made barrels to contain high-value commodities, such as wine and sugar. The proper stowage of casks on ships about to sail was an important
410:
oil was a particularly difficult substance to contain, due to its highly viscous nature, and oil coopers were perhaps the most skilled tradesmen in pre-industrial cooperage. Whaling ships usually carried a cooper on board, to assemble shooks (disassembled barrels) and maintain casks.
641:
In the 1960s, breweries started using metal casks because of cost and simplicity; since then, the trade of master cooper in
England has been dwindling. In 2009 there were only four breweries left in England employing coopers, and only one was a master cooper: Alastair Simms at
245:, dating to 2600 BC, shows a wooden tub made of staves, bound together with wooden hoops, and used to measure. Another Egyptian tomb painting dating to 1900 BC shows a cooper and tubs made of staves in use at the grape harvest. Palm-wood casks were reported in use in ancient
480:
kegs were introduced, and over time gradually replaced the wooden barrels, until these in turn were replaced by stainless steel in the late 1980s. By 1961 there were only 70 coopers still employed by
Guinness, and the last wooden cask was used in March 1963.
398:
skill. Casks of various sizes were used to accommodate the sloping walls of the hull and make maximum use of limited space. Casks also had to be tightly packed, to ensure they did not move during the voyage and endanger the ship, crew and cask contents.
374:
475:
In the early days, Guinness employed its own team of up to 300 highly-paid coopers in the brewery, making barrels which would be shipped around the world, and wooden casks were used by the brewery for nearly two centuries. In 1946
95:
coopers also traditionally made wooden implements, such as rakes and wooden-bladed shovels. In addition to wood, other materials, such as iron, were used in the manufacturing process. The trade is the origin of the surname
707:
left in
Australia still making its own barrels for storing wine, and there were fewer than 100 people still making barrels at small cooperages for other purposes. Some cooperages, such as the Margaret River Cooperage in
654:). When he appealed for apprentices, there were many applications, but the government's insistence that trainees should attend a university killed off a lot of the interest. Subsequently, there has been a resurgence of
681:, was sent to France to learn his trade, where only two out of 40 starters completed the four-year training course. It takes him around 11 hours to build a barrel, before it is ready to be toasted.
325:. These items required considerable craftsmanship to hold liquids and might be bound with finely worked precious metals. They were highly valued items and were sometimes buried with the dead as
434:
in London. It still survives today although it is now largely a charitable organisation. In the 16th century, the company won the right for coopers to be independent from breweries.
302:
and the staves were one and a half inches thick and featured grooves where the heads fitted. They had Roman numerals scratched on the surface of each stave to help with reassembly.
3146:
1381:
744:
629:
A wine barrel is toasted for around 35 minutes with a low fire, while for whiskey it is usual to toast for just 45 seconds on a high fire, to burn the surface.
684:
Recycling casks is common in the trade, and wine casks may be converted to contain beer. Centuries-old tools remain the preferred tool of the master cooper.
294:
Empty casks were used to line the walls of shallow wells from at least Roman times. Such casks were found in 1897 during archaeological excavation of Roman
3136:
1597:
1130:
464:
in the early 20th century, there was less demand for barrels, and over time, various other containers were manufactured for shipping goods, including
214:
was the man who fitted the wooden or metal hoops around the barrels or buckets that the cooper had made, essentially an assistant to the cooper. The
3307:
1487:
903:
418:), as when a barrel of rum had been emptied, they would fill it up with boiling water and roll it around, creating a drink which was called grog.
1628:
1142:
991:
3266:
3121:
543:
Dry, or "slack" (U.S.), coopering, making casks for holding dry goods, like flour, tobacco and vegetables, designed to keep moisture out
1460:"The cooper Harry Mahlo (one of the last coopers) Yalumba wineries, Angaston, Barossa Valley, South Australia, 1959 [picture]"
1377:
3151:
1569:
1512:
876:
709:
1434:
3126:
461:
449:
Prior to the mid-20th century, the cooper's trade flourished in the United States; a dedicated trade journal was published, the
1006:
Diane Twede, “The cask age: the technology and history of wooden barrels,” Packaging
Technology and Science, 2005, 18, p. 253
3131:
725:
231:
1411:
249:. In Europe, buckets and casks dating to 200 BC have been found preserved in the mud of lake villages. A lake village near
3141:
2851:
1869:
691:
427:
1026:
677:
In the United States, there are also few master coopers left. Ramiro
Herrera, Master Cooper for Caldwell Vineyard in the
157:
vessels, held together with wooden or metal hoops and possessing flat ends or heads. Examples of a cooper's work include
2478:
546:
Wet, or "tight" (U.S.) coopering, making casks for holding liquids, including water, wine, whiskey, milk, oil, and paint
283:(casks) were lined with pitch to stop leakage and preserve the wine. Barrels were sometimes used for military purposes.
145:
refers to the manufacture of wooden casks, or barrels. The facility in which casks are made referred to as a cooperage.
3312:
1137:, Forschungen zur Bozner Stadtgeschichte, vol. 1, Bozen-Bolzano: Verlagsanstalt Athesia, pp. 399–432 (415),
226:
935:
A Dictionary of
Occupational Terms Based on the Classification of Occupations used in the Census of Population, 1921
2328:
556:
178:
35:
846:
3156:
2294:
1621:
1351:
1163:. Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce. Miscellaneous series. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 44
2508:
1656:
1651:
89:, and other similar containers from timber staves that were usually heated or steamed to make them pliable.
3276:
618:
in the wood, and it is then toasted. Toasting develops the flavours of the sugars in the wood, that is the
561:
In wet coopering, wooden casks were traditionally made in several sizes in
England and Ireland, including:
3233:
2314:
2284:
2279:
1985:
453:, with advertisements from firms that supplied everything from barrel staves to purpose-built machinery.
2299:
2148:
2010:
1922:
626:. Then the barrel is charred, which involves exposing it to 1,300 °F (704 °C) for 45 seconds.
457:
273:
coopers tended to be independent tradesmen, passing their skills on to their sons. The Greek geographer
359:
3302:
3256:
3161:
3045:
2936:
2430:
2110:
2090:
2030:
1614:
1520:
908:
516:
469:
238:
699:
reformed the apprenticeship scheme to focus particularly on construction, food and hospitality, and
2886:
2881:
2415:
2400:
2380:
2375:
2251:
2133:
1258:
605:
443:
687:
By 2021, very few of the 30-odd coopers left in the United States still used traditional methods.
437:
Many coopers worked for breweries, making the large wooden vats in which beer was brewed, such as
2944:
2454:
2390:
2015:
1970:
1742:
1702:
521:
465:
333:
1582:
Cooperage; a treatise on modern shop practice and methods; from the tree to the finished article
414:
In the 19th century, coopers who crafted barrels on ships were often called groggers (or jolly
218:
is derived from that profession. Over time, coopers took on the role of the hooper themselves.
3297:
3238:
3095:
3075:
2926:
2906:
2493:
2236:
1960:
1802:
1565:
1199:
1138:
987:
739:
713:
696:
659:
113:
1326:
670:. Simms had an apprentice by November 2015. He still uses the traditional tools, including a
402:
Whaling ships in particular, featuring long voyages and large crews, needed many casks – for
2896:
2871:
2846:
2816:
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2055:
1950:
1717:
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215:
135:
97:
31:
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1817:
1007:
678:
667:
504:
403:
341:
265:
202:
190:
86:
82:
63:
1591:
779:
3207:
3197:
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2000:
1822:
1807:
1792:
1727:
1692:
1131:"Das Bozner Stadtbuch: Handschrift 140 – das Amts- und Privilegienbuch der Stadt Bozen"
431:
54:
472:. Storing, shipping, and fermenting alcohol became the main uses for wooden barrels.
3291:
3177:
3070:
3040:
2742:
2712:
2707:
2697:
2644:
2498:
2483:
2445:
2395:
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2138:
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1852:
1777:
1687:
1682:
1580:
1307:
623:
577:
565:
348:
284:
182:
716:, do not make new barrels, but recooper imported barrels for use by small wineries.
2990:
2921:
2876:
2866:
2831:
2762:
2757:
2717:
2689:
2624:
2609:
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109:
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2176:
1892:
1842:
1637:
589:
407:
395:
391:
368:
326:
306:
250:
198:
690:
The number of coopers has declined in
Australia. A 1959 photograph held in the
3100:
3055:
2836:
2782:
2732:
2722:
2674:
2664:
2619:
2561:
2526:
2466:
2221:
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2025:
1874:
1787:
1752:
955:
655:
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299:
295:
194:
92:
1203:
347:
Wherever and whatever goods were traded, casks were used, in the same way as
3035:
3005:
3000:
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2629:
2440:
2420:
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2355:
2289:
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1832:
1767:
1712:
1707:
1697:
1459:
1103:
930:
651:
619:
571:
494:
Barrels intended for wine storage are made predominantly with either French
477:
1513:"Only one winery in Australia still makes its own barrels for wine storage"
820:
1182:
Howard, Mark (1996). "Coopers and casks in the whaling trade, 1800-1850".
730:
featured master cooper Alastair Simms, who made 200 barrels for the film.
3015:
2995:
2985:
2639:
2604:
2340:
2216:
2143:
2085:
2050:
2045:
1942:
1861:
1772:
1737:
1732:
1549:
The development of the cooperage industry in the United States, 1620-1940
1488:"Bottom of the barrel: Australia's endangered trades cry out for support"
1283:
904:"Bottom of the barrel: Australia's endangered trades cry out for support"
583:
415:
288:
254:
174:
17:
291:
to hurl barrels of burning tar into towns under siege to start fires.
210:
3192:
3187:
3080:
3050:
3010:
2954:
2808:
2787:
2679:
2634:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2566:
2536:
2531:
2405:
2309:
2246:
2191:
2080:
2035:
1990:
1912:
1902:
1887:
1782:
1762:
647:
337:
246:
242:
186:
131:
74:
671:
638:
time to the wine or spirit contents that is much admired by experts.
3182:
2911:
2659:
2410:
2360:
2256:
2226:
2166:
2040:
1965:
1927:
1880:
1747:
1665:
704:
663:
615:
611:
592:, containing 104 imp gal (470 L; 125 US gal)
379:
278:
274:
166:
162:
78:
780:"Cooper Name Meaning & Cooper Family History at Ancestry.co.uk"
766:
2002. 5th ed. Vol. 1, A–M. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 513.
586:, containing 52 imp gal (240 L; 62 US gal)
580:, containing 32 imp gal (150 L; 38 US gal)
309:
Britain, wooden barrels were used to store ale, butter, honey, and
43:
3060:
2969:
2964:
2949:
2370:
2161:
2154:
2125:
2105:
2075:
2060:
2020:
2005:
1995:
1980:
1975:
1955:
1932:
1907:
1827:
1464:
574:, containing 16 imp gal (73 L; 19 US gal)
568:, containing 8 imp gal (36 L; 9.6 US gal)
373:
364:
358:
269:
225:
124:
53:
47:
Cooper readies or rounds off the end of a barrel using a cooper's
42:
2959:
2488:
2425:
2350:
2231:
2186:
2181:
1917:
1661:
1590:
658:
and English winemakers employing coopers. In 2015 Simms was at
322:
310:
158:
48:
1610:
1220:
The Chronicle of the Early American Industries Association, Inc
363:
Cooper's brands from 1518 as recorded in a civic register from
3085:
2576:
2345:
2171:
2065:
1897:
1606:
318:
314:
426:
Coopers in Britain started to organise as early as 1298. The
257:
has yielded one complete tub and a number of wooden staves.
520:, an Asian species that grows in Japan, Taiwan, and much of
340:
started settling in England, much wine was shipped over the
1404:"Are these England's last traditional craftsmen and women?"
703:. In January 2024, it was reported that there was only one
406:, other provisions and water – and to store the whale oil.
30:"Cooperage" redirects here. For 1976 documentary film, see
1435:"Number Of Beer Barrel Builders In England Are Declining"
1027:
Pliny the Elder, The Natural History, Book XIV, Chap. 27
313:. Drinking vessels were also made from small staves of
1135:
Bozen: von den Grafen von Tirol bis zu den Habsburgern
3147:
International Federation of Building and Wood Workers
1157:
Taylor, T.R.; United States. War Trade Board (1920).
614:, the cask needs to be steamed to soften and loosen
540:, tubs, spoons, ladles, and other household equipment
268:
reports that cooperage in Europe originated with the
153:
Traditionally, a cooper is someone who makes wooden,
130:'tun, barrel'. The word was adopted in England as an
596:
The firkin is the most common size for an ale cask.
3221:
3170:
3114:
3028:
2978:
2935:
2807:
2800:
2688:
2575:
2517:
2327:
2270:
1941:
1860:
1851:
1675:
1644:
745:
Society for the Preservation of Beers from the Wood
1557:
1601:. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 82.
1378:"England's last master cooper seeks apprentice"
871:
869:
867:
847:"How to Quit Your Desk Job and Become a Cooper"
1217:Early American Industries Association (1988).
532:There are three main categories of coopering:
1622:
1252:
1250:
1248:
1246:
1244:
1242:
1240:
1238:
1029:, translated by John Bostock, H.T. Riley, Ed.
931:"DOOT: 477.—Coopers, Hoop Makers and Benders"
8:
1585:. Yonkers, NY: Yonkers, N.Y., J. B. Wagner.
2804:
2333:
1857:
1629:
1615:
1607:
815:
813:
811:
809:
807:
805:
803:
801:
774:
772:
674:which he estimates is over 250 years old.
1352:"Roll out the barrel for the last cooper"
1320:
1318:
986:. Linden Publishing Company. p. 91.
956:"Surname Hooper: Meaning Origin Variants"
3137:Building and Wood Workers' International
351:later became common storage containers.
1284:"History of the Coopers Livery Company"
756:
27:Maker of staved vessels such as barrels
1098:
1096:
1094:
1092:
1090:
1088:
1086:
1084:
1082:
1080:
7:
3272:
1257:Finney, Words Clare (7 April 2015).
877:"The Ancient Craft of Barrel Making"
460:at the turn of the 19th century and
3262:
3122:American Association of Woodturners
845:Archibald, Anna (8 December 2020).
378:Coopering of casks on a dock for a
1486:Stranger, Grace (12 August 2023).
1433:Barker, Vicki (28 November 2015).
1384:from the original on 22 March 2016
902:Stranger, Grace (12 August 2023).
764:Shorter Oxford English Dictionary.
108:The word "cooper" is derived from
25:
3152:National Wood Carvers Association
1380:. The Telegraph. 18 August 2015.
1325:Bass, Penelope (23 August 2016).
1288:The Worshipful Company of Coopers
536:White coopering, creating pails,
3271:
3261:
3252:
3251:
3127:Architectural Woodwork Institute
1414:from the original on 8 July 2015
1327:"The Craft of the Master Cooper"
462:prohibition in the United States
3308:Historical economic occupations
1108:Institute of Culinary Education
446:or were lowered into cellars.
3132:British Woodworking Federation
1196:10.1080/00253359.1996.10656617
1133:, in Stadtarchiv Bozen (ed.),
485:Construction, types, and sizes
298:in Britain. They were made of
232:Roscheider Hof Open Air Museum
1:
3142:Caricature Carvers of America
1223:. The Association. p. 75
692:National Library of Australia
428:Worshipful Company of Coopers
58:Assembly of a barrel, called
1547:Coyne, Franklin E. (1941).
355:Middle Ages to 20th century
77:who produces wooden casks,
3329:
821:"Guinness Collectors Club"
603:
557:English brewery cask units
554:
36:Cooperage (disambiguation)
29:
3247:
3157:Society of Wood Engravers
2336:
1309:National cooper's journal
1129:Obermair, Hannes (1999),
881:The Margaret River Region
508:) or American white oak (
451:National Cooper's Journal
1560:The cooper and his trade
1259:"The Last Master Cooper"
983:The Cooper and His Trade
1598:Encyclopædia Britannica
1556:Kilby, Kenneth (1971).
1160:Stowage of Ship Cargoes
1104:"The Art of the Cooper"
727:In the Heart of the Sea
3234:Frameless construction
2315:Wood-plastic composite
382:
371:
239:Egyptian wall-painting
234:
205:, pins and breakers.
66:
51:
34:. For other uses, see
1579:Wagner, J.B. (1910).
612:barrel-making process
555:Further information:
502:), French white oak (
458:Industrial Revolution
430:is one of the oldest
377:
362:
229:
141:The art and skill of
123:'cask', in turn from
57:
46:
3162:Timber Framers Guild
2016:Australian Blackwood
1521:ABC News (Australia)
1184:The Mariner's Mirror
909:ABC News (Australia)
825:The Guinness Coopers
600:Construction process
517:Quercus sessilifolia
470:corrugated cardboard
132:occupational surname
2882:Hammer-headed tenon
2401:Janka hardness test
883:. 16 September 2021
606:Barrel construction
522:south-eastern China
468:, metal drums, and
466:shipping containers
300:Pyrenean silver fir
253:dating to the late
230:Cooper's workshop,
216:English name Hooper
3313:Marine occupations
1743:Japanese carpentry
980:Kilby, K. (1989).
528:Types of coopering
383:
372:
336:in 1066, when the
334:Battle of Hastings
235:
67:
52:
3285:
3284:
3239:Green woodworking
3096:Wood preservation
3024:
3023:
2927:Tongue and groove
2907:Mortise and tenon
2796:
2795:
2494:Warrington hammer
2323:
2322:
2011:African Blackwood
1803:Segmented turning
1592:"Cooperage"
1358:. 22 January 2009
1144:978-88-7014-986-9
1110:. 27 January 2021
993:978-0-941936-16-3
714:Western Australia
697:Howard government
660:Theakston Brewery
114:Middle Low German
81:, vats, buckets,
16:(Redirected from
3320:
3275:
3274:
3265:
3264:
3255:
3254:
2805:
2474:Thickness planer
2334:
2128:(lime, basswood)
1858:
1718:Chainsaw carving
1631:
1624:
1617:
1608:
1602:
1594:
1586:
1575:
1563:
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1524:. 9 January 2024
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1410:. 19 July 2014.
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1312:, vol. 38, 1885.
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644:Wadworth Brewery
432:Livery Companies
32:Cooperage (film)
21:
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3323:
3322:
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3318:
3317:
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3287:
3286:
3281:
3243:
3229:Frame and panel
3217:
3166:
3110:
3020:
2979:Surface piecing
2974:
2931:
2852:Crown of thorns
2792:
2778:Smoothing plane
2684:
2571:
2513:
2416:Milling machine
2319:
2280:Cross-laminated
2266:
1937:
1847:
1818:Spindle turning
1808:Shingle weaving
1778:Pallet crafting
1671:
1640:
1635:
1589:
1578:
1572:
1555:
1546:
1543:
1541:Further reading
1538:
1537:
1527:
1525:
1515:
1511:
1510:
1506:
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1485:
1484:
1480:
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1427:
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1401:
1397:
1387:
1385:
1376:
1375:
1371:
1361:
1359:
1350:
1349:
1345:
1335:
1333:
1331:Imbibe Magazine
1324:
1323:
1316:
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1292:
1290:
1282:
1281:
1277:
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1181:
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1128:
1127:
1123:
1113:
1111:
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1101:
1078:
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1069:
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1046:
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1033:
1025:
1021:
1016:
1012:
1005:
1001:
994:
979:
978:
974:
964:
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953:
949:
939:
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929:
928:
924:
914:
912:
901:
900:
896:
886:
884:
875:
874:
865:
855:
853:
851:Wine Enthusiast
844:
843:
839:
829:
827:
819:
818:
799:
789:
787:
778:
777:
770:
762:
758:
753:
736:
722:
668:North Yorkshire
656:craft breweries
635:
610:As part of the
608:
602:
559:
553:
530:
505:Quercus petraea
492:
487:
424:
388:
357:
349:cardboard boxes
342:English Channel
277:records wooden
266:Pliny the Elder
241:in the tomb of
224:
151:
106:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3326:
3324:
3316:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3290:
3289:
3283:
3282:
3280:
3279:
3269:
3259:
3248:
3245:
3244:
3242:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3225:
3223:
3219:
3218:
3216:
3215:
3210:
3208:Quarter sawing
3205:
3200:
3198:Wood splitting
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3174:
3172:
3168:
3167:
3165:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3118:
3116:
3112:
3111:
3109:
3108:
3106:Wood finishing
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3066:Paint stripper
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3032:
3030:
3026:
3025:
3022:
3021:
3019:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
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2952:
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2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
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2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2813:
2811:
2802:
2798:
2797:
2794:
2793:
2791:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2773:Shoulder plane
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2748:Moulding plane
2745:
2740:
2738:Japanese plane
2735:
2730:
2728:Grooving plane
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2694:
2692:
2686:
2685:
2683:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2581:
2579:
2573:
2572:
2570:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2542:Flooring clamp
2539:
2534:
2529:
2523:
2521:
2515:
2514:
2512:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2499:Winding sticks
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2479:Timber-framing
2476:
2471:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
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2373:
2368:
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2353:
2348:
2343:
2337:
2331:
2325:
2324:
2321:
2320:
2318:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2305:Particle board
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2285:Glue laminated
2282:
2276:
2274:
2268:
2267:
2265:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1947:
1945:
1939:
1938:
1936:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1866:
1864:
1855:
1849:
1848:
1846:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1823:Timber framing
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1793:Relief carving
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1693:Bush carpentry
1690:
1685:
1679:
1677:
1673:
1672:
1670:
1669:
1659:
1654:
1648:
1646:
1642:
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1611:
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1536:
1535:
1504:
1478:
1451:
1425:
1395:
1369:
1343:
1314:
1300:
1275:
1234:
1209:
1190:(4): 436–450.
1174:
1149:
1143:
1121:
1076:
1067:
1058:
1049:
1040:
1031:
1019:
1010:
999:
992:
972:
947:
922:
894:
863:
837:
797:
786:. 15 June 2021
768:
755:
754:
752:
749:
748:
747:
742:
740:Coopers' Dance
735:
732:
724:The 2015 film
721:
718:
710:Margaret River
634:
631:
601:
598:
594:
593:
587:
581:
575:
569:
552:
549:
548:
547:
544:
541:
529:
526:
491:
488:
486:
483:
423:
420:
390:Ships, in the
387:
384:
356:
353:
223:
220:
150:
147:
119:'cooper' from
105:
102:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3325:
3314:
3311:
3309:
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3301:
3299:
3296:
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3293:
3278:
3270:
3268:
3260:
3258:
3250:
3249:
3246:
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3224:
3220:
3214:
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3209:
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3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3178:Chainsaw mill
3176:
3175:
3173:
3169:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
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3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
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3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3119:
3117:
3115:Organizations
3113:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3071:Steam bending
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3041:French polish
3039:
3037:
3034:
3033:
3031:
3027:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2983:
2981:
2977:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
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2958:
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2953:
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2946:
2943:
2942:
2940:
2938:
2934:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2912:Rabbet/Rebate
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2897:Mason's mitre
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
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2838:
2835:
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2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2814:
2812:
2810:
2806:
2803:
2799:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2743:Jointer plane
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2713:Compass plane
2711:
2709:
2708:Chamfer plane
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2698:Bedrock plane
2696:
2695:
2693:
2691:
2687:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
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2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
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2601:
2598:
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2580:
2578:
2574:
2568:
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2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2524:
2522:
2520:
2516:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2484:Veneer hammer
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2469:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2447:
2444:
2442:
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2434:
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2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2396:Impact driver
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
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2255:
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2250:
2248:
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2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2212:Red Quebracho
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
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2163:
2160:
2157:
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2150:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2129:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
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2084:
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2049:
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2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
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1911:
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1688:Bow and arrow
1686:
1684:
1683:Boat building
1681:
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1678:
1674:
1667:
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1571:9780212983995
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1263:Port Magazine
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826:
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798:
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675:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
639:
632:
630:
627:
625:
624:hemicellulose
621:
617:
613:
607:
599:
597:
591:
588:
585:
582:
579:
576:
573:
570:
567:
564:
563:
562:
558:
550:
545:
542:
539:
538:butter churns
535:
534:
533:
527:
525:
523:
519:
518:
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512:
507:
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500:Quercus robur
497:
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385:
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344:from France.
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3046:Heat bending
2991:Edge banding
2763:Router plane
2758:Rebate plane
2718:Finger plane
2449:
2153:
2147:
2127:
2121:Lignum vitae
1879:
1873:
1838:Wood carving
1813:Shipbuilding
1798:Root carving
1758:Log building
1723:Chip carving
1596:
1581:
1564:. J. Baker.
1559:
1548:
1526:. Retrieved
1519:
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1107:
1074:Kilby, p.102
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1065:Kilby, p. 99
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1056:Kilby, p. 99
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1047:Kilby, p. 98
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1038:Kilby, p. 96
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1017:Kilby, p. 93
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701:hairdressing
689:
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633:21st century
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511:Quercus alba
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110:Middle Dutch
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3303:Woodworkers
3267:WikiProject
3213:Rift sawing
3203:Flat sawing
3091:Wood drying
2768:Scrub plane
2753:Razee plane
2703:Block plane
2557:Mitre clamp
2504:Wood scribe
2455:Combination
2197:Purpleheart
1893:Douglas fir
1843:Woodturning
1676:Occupations
1638:Woodworking
1603:(1922/1923)
679:Napa Valley
408:Sperm whale
404:salted meat
396:stevedoring
392:age of sail
369:South Tyrol
327:grave goods
307:Anglo-Saxon
251:Glastonbury
3292:Categories
3222:Techniques
3171:Conversion
3101:Wood stain
3029:Treatments
2817:Birdsmouth
2783:Spokeshave
2733:Jack plane
2723:Fore plane
2562:Pipe clamp
2527:Band clamp
2451:Carpenters
2272:Engineered
2222:Rubberwood
2071:Eucalyptus
1875:Calocedrus
1788:Pyrography
1753:Kohlrosing
1528:14 January
1497:14 January
1471:14 January
1444:13 January
1362:13 January
1336:14 January
1293:13 January
1268:13 January
1227:13 January
1167:13 January
1114:13 January
965:14 January
940:14 January
915:13 January
887:13 January
856:13 January
830:13 January
790:12 January
751:References
604:See also:
551:Cask sizes
496:common oak
456:After the
332:After the
296:Silchester
264:historian
93:Journeymen
3011:Parquetry
3006:Oystering
3001:Marquetry
2842:Butterfly
2509:Workbench
2441:Sandpaper
2421:Mitre box
2366:Drawknife
2356:Burnisher
2341:Abrasives
2290:Hardboard
1951:Afromosia
1833:Whittling
1783:Parquetry
1768:Marquetry
1713:Certosina
1708:Carpentry
1698:Cabinetry
1645:Overviews
1204:0025-3359
695:when the
652:Wiltshire
620:cellulose
572:Kilderkin
478:aluminium
444:tap-rooms
416:jack tars
289:catapults
222:Antiquity
193:, pipes,
191:puncheons
175:hogsheads
143:coopering
104:Etymology
75:craftsman
49:hand adze
18:Cooperage
3298:Artisans
3257:Category
3036:Adhesive
3016:Purfling
2996:Intarsia
2937:Profiles
2862:Dovetail
2801:Geometry
2640:Hand saw
2625:Crosscut
2610:Circular
2605:Chainsaw
2552:Holdfast
2217:Rosewood
2149:American
2144:Mahogany
2116:Jelutong
2086:Hornbeam
2051:Cocobolo
2046:Chestnut
1961:Andiroba
1773:Millwork
1738:Intarsia
1733:Fretwork
1728:Ébéniste
1657:Glossary
1492:ABC News
1439:NPR News
1418:23 March
1412:Archived
1408:BBC News
1388:23 March
1382:Archived
784:Ancestry
734:See also
584:Hogshead
439:Guinness
386:On ships
255:Iron Age
187:rundlets
173:, vats,
169:, tubs,
3277:Commons
3193:Whipsaw
3188:Sawmill
3081:Varnish
3076:Thermal
3051:Lacquer
2986:Binding
2955:Chamfer
2822:Biscuit
2788:Surform
2680:Whipsaw
2650:Keyhole
2635:Fretsaw
2615:Compass
2600:Bucksaw
2590:Bandsaw
2585:Backsaw
2567:Sawbuck
2537:F-clamp
2532:C-clamp
2406:Jointer
2310:Plywood
2262:Zebrano
2202:Ovankol
2167:Meranti
2155:African
2126:Linden
2081:Hickory
2036:Cedrela
2031:Camphor
2026:Bubinga
2021:Boxwood
2001:Bilinga
1986:Avodire
1903:Juniper
1888:Cypress
1763:Luthier
1652:History
1516:(video)
720:In film
648:Devizes
422:On land
338:Normans
247:Babylon
243:Hesy-Ra
203:troughs
183:tierces
179:firkins
167:buckets
163:barrels
149:History
87:troughs
79:barrels
3183:Hewing
2922:Splice
2877:Halved
2872:Groove
2867:Finger
2847:Coping
2832:Bridle
2809:Joints
2690:Planes
2675:Veneer
2665:Scroll
2660:Ripsaw
2645:Jigsaw
2620:Coping
2519:Clamps
2446:Square
2436:Shaper
2431:Router
2411:Mallet
2386:Gimlet
2361:Chisel
2257:Willow
2247:Walnut
2237:Totara
2227:Sapele
2192:Poplar
2177:Padauk
2139:Merbau
2111:Jarrah
2096:Imbuia
2091:Idigbo
2056:Cumaru
2041:Cherry
1966:Anigre
1928:Spruce
1881:Cedrus
1748:Khatam
1703:Caning
1666:lumber
1568:
1202:
1141:
990:
960:iGENEA
705:winery
664:Masham
616:lignin
578:Barrel
566:Firkin
514:), or
380:whaler
280:pithoi
275:Strabo
211:hooper
155:staved
136:Cooper
98:Cooper
71:cooper
64:French
3061:Paint
2970:Ovolo
2965:Ogive
2950:Bevel
2917:Scarf
2902:Miter
2670:Table
2655:Miter
2630:Frame
2547:Gripe
2463:Speed
2459:Miter
2391:Gauge
2381:Float
2376:Fence
2371:Drill
2329:Tools
2252:Wenge
2242:Utile
2207:Ramin
2162:Maple
2134:Lovoa
2106:Iroko
2076:Hazel
2061:Ebony
2006:Birch
1996:Beech
1991:Balsa
1981:Aspen
1976:Apple
1956:Alder
1913:Kauri
1908:Larch
1870:Cedar
1853:Woods
1828:Treen
1465:Trove
672:croze
365:Bozen
287:used
270:Gauls
262:Roman
199:butts
159:casks
125:Latin
117:kūper
73:is a
2960:Ogee
2945:Bead
2887:Knee
2857:Dado
2837:Butt
2577:Saws
2489:Vise
2426:Rasp
2351:Adze
2232:Teak
2187:Plum
2182:Pear
1943:Hard
1923:Rimu
1918:Pine
1862:Soft
1662:Wood
1566:ISBN
1530:2024
1499:2024
1473:2024
1446:2024
1420:2016
1390:2016
1364:2024
1338:2024
1295:2024
1270:2024
1229:2024
1200:ISSN
1169:2024
1139:ISBN
1116:2024
988:ISBN
967:2024
942:2024
917:2024
889:2024
858:2024
832:2024
792:2024
622:and
590:Butt
490:Wood
323:pine
311:mead
260:The
195:tuns
128:cupa
121:kūpe
83:tubs
3086:Wax
3056:Oil
2892:Lap
2827:Box
2595:Bow
2467:Try
2346:Axe
2300:OSB
2295:MDF
2172:Oak
2101:IpĂŞ
2066:Elm
1971:Ash
1933:Yew
1898:Fir
1356:CBC
1192:doi
662:in
646:in
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321:or
319:yew
315:oak
305:In
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