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45:
758:. LMC continued making snowcats for 12 more years but ceased operations in 2000. Thiokol produced snow vehicles with a wide range of capabilities and duties. The company also produced several utility based vehicles based on their snowcat tracked vehicle, in addition to larger snow grooming machines suitable for use on steep ski-slopes. Thiokol machines were used in ski resorts, operated by the USAF in Alaska and other northern regions, and are now popular with private owners as dependable snowcats and for all-terrain transport.
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347:, they created a gum whose outstanding characteristic was a terrible odor. The substance clogged a sink in the laboratory, and none of the solvents used to remove it were successful. Then the frustrated chemists realized that the resistance of the material to any kind of solvent was a useful property. They had invented a
753:
vehicles. These businesses were spun off in 1978 when the company restructured itself to concentrate on its rocket products and related technologies. John Z. DeLorean purchased the
Thiokol snowcat operation and renamed it DMC. DMC continued to manufacture snowcats until 1988, when the company was
520:
In 1989, Morton
Thiokol split, with most of the chemical concern going with Morton but the propulsion systems division became Thiokol Inc. Then in 1998, Thiokol changed its name to Cordant Technologies. Also in 1998, Thiokol branded polymer products purchased by PolySpec L.P., a Houston-based
242:, killing 29 people and severely wounding more than 50 others, many with severed limbs. Windows were shattered 11 miles (18 km) away and the explosion was heard for 50 miles (80 km) around. Georgia law prevented the employees from suing their employer because they were covered by
556:
Co., builder of the second stage. With the purchase of
Thiokol, makers of the missile's first stage, ATK controlled the lion's share of the US solid rocket-fuel market. In 2005, ATK-Thiokol won the contract to produce the
271:, which had been manufactured by Morton Thiokol. Test data from as early as 1977 had revealed a potentially catastrophic flaw in the O-rings in cold conditions, but neither Morton Thiokol nor
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and deaths of the astronauts, as a direct causality from pressure from NASA to launch, based on inconclusive evidence of O-ring failure, while under freezing temperatures. (See
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The
Thiokol Chemical Company was founded in 1929. Its initial business was a range of synthetic rubber and polymer sealants. Thiokol was a major supplier of liquid
355:". In 1929, Bevis Longstreth, an executive at a salt company, founded the Thiokol Corporation in Trenton, New Jersey. He became its president and general manager.
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388:(RMI), makers of liquid propellant rocket motor systems. Also in 1958, Thiokol received a contract to build the TU-122 rocket motor for the first stage of the
295:
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was an
American corporation concerned initially with rubber and related chemicals, and later with rocket and missile propulsion systems. Its name is a
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607:. The top photo shows a complete airbag assembly under test, the bottom shows the three titanium Thiokol gas generators used to inflate the airbags.
358:
Longstreth died in 1944, leaving the position of president and general manager open. William Crosby became general manager. The next year, in 1945,
377:
In 1957, anticipating the forthcoming
Minuteman contract, the company built its plant at Brigham City, Utah, and Thiokol Huntsville began building
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addressed or corrected the issue. Shortly before takeoff, several Morton
Thiokol engineers recommended delaying the launch until temperatures at
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bounced down on Mars on
Thiokol airbags) and automotive airbags. Thiokol's generators form the core of more than 60% of airbags sold worldwide.
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was opened, producing solid rocket motors. In 1949, Thiokol produced the TX-18 Falcon missile, the world's first solid-fueled missile system.
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gas generators used to inflate the bags. Thiokol bags were first used in U.S. military aircraft, before being adapted to space exploration (
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spun off its defense division) spent $ 2.9 billion buying
Thiokol and related businesses from AIC/Alcoa. ATK built the third stage of the
211:
discovered that
Thiokol's polymers made ideal binders for solid rocket fuels, Thiokol moved into the new field, opening laboratories at
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was formed from the merger of Orbital Sciences Corporation and parts of Alliant Techsystems. In 2018, Orbital ATK was purchased by
802:
631:, and the Trident I and Trident II missiles. Thiokol produces powerplants for numerous U.S. military missile systems, including
238:, a fire entered a storage facility holding nearly five tons of ignition pellets, flares, and other highly flammable materials.
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in the magnesium flare assembly facility at the Woodbine plant killed 29 and injured 50. In 1974, Thiokol won the contract to
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Thiokol was involved in two major accidents with loss of life. On February 3, 1971, at a Thiokol chemical plant southeast of
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automotive products brand, and various chemical concerns) with the merged company called Morton Thiokol Incorporated (MTI).
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Edwards, Douglas C. (2001). "Chap. 5 - Liquid Rubber". In Bhowmick, Anil K.; Stephens, Howard (eds.).
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1106:"MISSILE CONCERNS PROPOSE MERGER; Thiokol Chemical Corp. and Reaction Motors Plan Exchange of Stock"
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1215:"NASA Selects ATK to be Prime Contractor for First Stage of Next Generation Crew Launch Vehicle"
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system. In 1959, Thiokol Huntsville began producing CASTOR strap-on booster rocket, used on the
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manufacturer of industrial coatings, marine decking, and subsea insulation products.
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Products made by the aerospace divisions of RMI and Thiokol include motors used in
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systems. It closed in 1996. In the mid-1950s the company bought extensive lands in
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913:"Report of the Presidential Commission on the Space Shuttle Challenger Accident"
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Defunct American rubber, related chemicals and rocket manufacturer (1929–2007)
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579:(ATK) Inc. was renamed ATK-Thiokol to ATK Launch Systems Group. In 2014,
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In 1969, Thiokol was awarded a U.S. Army contract to manufacture 750,000
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aircraft, and later Thiokol technologies were also used in the private
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1143:"A Look Back: Huge blast in '71 obliterated Woodbine chemical plant"
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In addition to ski lifts, Thiokol produced a range of equipment for
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This article is about the company. For the trademarked polymer, see
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1000:. American Institute of Aeronautics & Astronautics. p. 2.
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in flight. The company was found at fault for the destruction of
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Thiokol pioneered the short-burn rocket motors used in aircraft
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773:. The company also produced a number of the earliest practical
998:
From Polymers to Propellants to Rockets - A History of Thiokol
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programs, rocket stages and separation rocket motors for the
406:
plant was constructed to build solid propellant motors for
1247:
Photographs of Thiokol snowcat and snow-grooming equipment
335:
and Nathan Mnookin, were trying to invent an inexpensive
223:. Huntsville produced the XM33 Pollux, TX-18 Falcon, and
730:(formerly known as the "Crew Exploration Vehicle") into
1059:"1997 Baltimore Sun article about Thiokol Elkton plant"
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warmed, but they were overruled by company management.
410:, but the agency changed course and used liquid fuel.
1189:"Morton Thiokol Will Spin Off Its Aerospace Division"
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1335:
1289:
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Amphibious Thiokol Swamp Spryte All Terrain Vehicle
366:, discovered the use of thiokol as a stabilizer in
215:, and later production facilities at Elkton and at
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968:(First ed.). Marcel Dekker Inc. p. 135.
192:), an allusion to the company's initial product,
1469:Rocket engine manufacturers of the United States
654:Thiokol also produced a variety of liquid and
524:In 2000, Thiokol merged with two divisions of
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8:
702:. Reaction Motors powerplants propelled the
37:
1499:Manufacturing companies established in 1929
437:(Nov 29, 1973). In 1975, Thiokol succeeded
339:. In the course of an experiment involving
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694:missions, updated CASTOR boosters for the
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852:"United States of America v. ARETZ et al"
1484:Aerospace companies of the United States
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599:Thiokol gas generators were used in the
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540:(Alcoa Industrial Components). In 2001,
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1459:Chemical companies established in 1929
965:Handbook of Elastomers, Second Edition
299:Thiokol Spryte used for winter service
1454:Manufacturing companies based in Utah
1213:ATK Media Center (December 7, 2005).
1145:Florida Times-Union, October 18, 2010
96:Purchased by ATK Launch Systems Group
7:
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1336:Northrop Grumman Innovation Systems
662:, including deorbit motors for the
461:and its snow equipment division to
323:FBM launches and fires its Thiokol
267:seals in the Space Shuttle's right
257:exploded 73 seconds into its flight
1397:General Applied Science Laboratory
1343:General Applied Science Laboratory
925:from the original on July 13, 2021
700:Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Booster
544:(ATK) Inc. (a company formed when
291:Model 601 U.S.A.F. Thiokol Snowcat
259:, killing all seven crew members.
25:
1504:Space Shuttle Challenger disaster
777:systems, building the high-speed
263:found the cause to be two failed
944:Morton Thiokol: Getting off easy
803:Bombardier Recreational Products
453:. In 1978, the company sold its
1237:History of Reaction Motors Inc.
1155:Lueck, Thomas J. (1982-07-20).
443:Louisiana Army Ammunition Plant
1414:NASA Hypersonic Pulse Facility
1086:. Northrop-Grumman Corporation
1:
1039:"Composite Solid Propellants"
384:In 1958, Thiokol merged with
231:for its rocket test range.
38:Thiokol Chemical Corporation
1494:1929 establishments in Utah
1157:"MORTON TO ACQUIRE THIOKOL"
1084:"Northrop-Grumman Timeline"
463:Logan Manufacturing Company
188:
171:
1520:
996:Sutton, Ernest S. (1999).
722:(CLV), to be known as the
472:In 1980, Thiokol acquired
362:, working for the nascent
29:
1427:
1232:Northrop Grumman homepage
1048:Encyclopedia Astronautica
474:Carlisle Chemical Company
441:as operator of the large
364:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
351:, which they christened "
309:Grand Teton National Park
249:On January 28, 1986, the
209:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
207:. When scientists at the
180:
163:
42:
85:; and later merged with
552:and had earlier bought
331:In 1926, two chemists,
907:; Wheelon, Albert D.;
833:"Memories still shake"
798:Antarctic snow cruiser
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370:. In 1948, a plant in
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899:; Rummel, Robert W.;
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726:, which will put the
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570:Project Constellation
318:
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298:
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244:workers' compensation
240:The facility exploded
1290:ATK Defense Products
1019:www.encyclopedia.com
952:, December 10, 1986.
495:fault in an MTI SRB
431:solid rocket booster
386:Reaction Motors Inc.
269:solid rocket booster
141:Cordant Technologies
1464:Alliant Techsystems
1419:Theodore von Kármán
1283:Alliant Techsystems
1141:Kerr, Jessie-Lynn:
946:. Gregory R. Bell,
905:Walker, Arthur B.C.
891:; Hotz, Robert B.;
889:Feynman, Richard P.
841:, February 4, 2001.
838:Florida Times-Union
720:Crew Launch Vehicle
621:Peacekeeper missile
577:Alliant Techsystems
542:Alliant Techsystems
341:ethylene dichloride
221:Huntsville, Alabama
127:Number of employees
81:2007, succeeded by
39:
1489:Brigham City, Utah
1307:Mk44 Bushmaster II
1242:History of Thiokol
1161:The New York Times
1110:The New York Times
1044:2002-08-06 at the
909:Yeager, Charles E.
877:Armstrong, Neil A.
873:Rogers, William P.
767:
609:
554:Hercules Aerospace
368:solid-fuel rockets
345:sodium polysulfide
329:
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1193:Los Angeles Times
901:Sutter, Joseph F.
893:Kutyna, Donald J.
885:Covert, Eugene E.
881:Acheson, David C.
831:Jackson, Gordon:
674:, motors for the
629:Minuteman missile
404:Woodbine, Georgia
333:Joseph C. Patrick
236:Woodbine, Georgia
186:
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32:Thiokol (polymer)
16:(Redirected from
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1348:Swales Aerospace
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728:Orion spacecraft
660:US space program
633:AIM-9 Sidewinder
625:Poseidon missile
617:Pershing missile
585:Northrop Grumman
564:first stage for
478:Cincinnati, Ohio
465:(LMC), owned by
390:LGM-30 Minuteman
372:Elkton, Maryland
349:synthetic rubber
321:Trident II (D-5)
261:An investigation
225:TX-135 Nike-Zeus
217:Redstone Arsenal
213:Elkton, Maryland
203:sealants during
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530:Howmet Castings
417:for use in the
360:Charles Bartley
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194:Thiokol polymer
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60:Manufacturing
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1197:. Retrieved
1195:. 1989-02-28
1192:
1183:
1172:. Retrieved
1160:
1150:
1121:. Retrieved
1109:
1100:
1088:. Retrieved
1078:
1067:. Retrieved
1063:the original
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1018:
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979:. Retrieved
964:
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867:
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846:
836:
827:
779:sodium azide
768:
740:
696:Delta rocket
656:solid rocket
653:
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491:In 1986, an
490:
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457:division to
412:
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383:
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357:
330:
327:first stage.
325:solid rocket
252:
248:
233:
205:World War II
198:
147:
146:
101:Headquarters
1479:Snowmobiles
1429:See also:
1358:Orbital ATK
857:November 9,
743:ski resorts
649:AIR-2 Genie
645:AGM-69 SRAM
637:AGM-88 HARM
581:Orbital ATK
482:Morton Salt
439:Sperry Rand
419:Vietnam War
379:XM33 Pollux
307:Snowcat in
246:insurance.
152:portmanteau
105:Ogden, Utah
83:Orbital ATK
1448:Categories
1199:2021-09-16
1174:2021-09-16
1123:2021-09-16
1069:2016-02-01
1024:2018-05-02
981:8 February
819:References
808:Snow coach
782:exothermic
745:including
716:spaceplane
698:, and the
536:to become
513:Challenger
507:Challenger
502:Challenger
415:Tripflares
381:missiles.
337:antifreeze
253:Challenger
158:words for
1322:XM25 CDTE
1169:0362-4331
1118:0362-4331
575:In 2006,
546:Honeywell
538:AIC Group
528:and with
497:destroyed
451:Louisiana
423:explosion
311:, Wyoming
64:Chemicals
56:Aerospace
1042:Archived
929:July 13,
920:Archived
918:. NASA.
792:See also
754:renamed
747:snowcats
712:Tier One
692:Magellan
680:Surveyor
591:Products
515:disaster
455:ski lift
399:rocket.
179:(Greek:
162:(Greek:
120:Snowcats
112:Products
52:Industry
1383:Pegasus
1368:ALV X-1
1363:Orbital
1353:Thiokol
714:crewed
688:Voyager
676:Pioneer
664:Mercury
601:airbags
486:Simoniz
353:Thiokol
201:polymer
154:of the
148:Thiokol
78:Defunct
70:Founded
18:Cordian
1388:Cygnus
1378:Castor
1217:. ATK.
1167:
1116:
1090:20 Mar
972:
775:airbag
736:Ares V
724:Ares I
690:, and
684:Viking
668:Gemini
647:, and
619:, the
615:, the
613:Subroc
559:Ares I
493:O-ring
447:Minden
265:O-ring
175:) and
172:theion
160:sulfur
137:Parent
131:15,000
1297:AARGM
923:(PDF)
916:(PDF)
526:Alcoa
445:near
427:build
397:Atlas
189:kolla
181:κόλλα
164:θεῖον
156:Greek
1165:ISSN
1114:ISSN
1092:2021
983:2015
970:ISBN
931:2021
859:2022
749:and
708:X-15
706:and
666:and
566:NASA
532:and
459:CTEC
429:the
408:NASA
393:ICBM
343:and
273:NASA
229:Utah
177:glue
107:, US
93:Fate
1373:GEM
1327:PGK
756:LMC
704:X-1
603:on
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517:).
476:of
219:in
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