46:
910:
200:
6519:
6506:
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1141:
533:
371:
721:
1972:
6448:
6396:
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878:, the European Space Agency envisioned recruiting an astronaut with a physical disability, a category they called "parastronauts", with the intention but not guarantee of spaceflight. The categories of disability considered for the program were individuals with lower limb deficiency (either through amputation or congenital), leg length difference, or a short stature (less than 130 centimetres or 4 feet 3 inches). On 23 November 2022,
1193:
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centers. While this does not affect their intellectual capabilities, it temporarily hinders formation of new cells in brain's memory centers. The study conducted by Moscow
Institute of Physics and Technology (MIPT) concluded this after they observed that mice exposed to neutron and gamma radiation
5971:
Jillings, Steven; Van
Ombergen, Angelique; Tomilovskaya, Elena; Rumshiskaya, Alena; Litvinova, Liudmila; Nosikova, Inna; Pechenkova, Ekaterina; Rukavishnikov, Ilya; Kozlovskaya, Inessa B.; Manko, Olga; Danilichev, Sergey; Sunaert, Stefan; Parizel, Paul M.; Sinitsyn, Valentin; Petrovichev, Victor;
2277:
Space
Shuttle astronauts worked with nutritionists to select menus that appealed to their individual tastes. Five months before flight, menus were selected and analyzed for nutritional content by the shuttle dietician. Foods are tested to see how they will react in a reduced gravity environment.
1087:
one who flies to the
International Space Station as part of a "privately funded, dedicated commercial spaceflight on a commercial launch vehicle dedicated to the mission ... to conduct approved commercial and marketing activities on the space station (or in a commercial segment attached to the
1581:
crossed the 100 kilometers (54 nautical miles) line, qualifying him by the international definition of spaceflight. Walker had joined the US Army Air Force but was not a member during his flight. The first people in space who had never been a member of any country's armed forces were both
2380:, is maintained by the Astronauts Memorial Foundation and commemorates the lives of the men and women who have died during spaceflight and during training in the space programs of the United States. In addition to twenty NASA career astronauts, the memorial includes the names of an
1767:
The first NASA astronauts were selected for training in 1959. Early in the space program, military jet test piloting and engineering training were often cited as prerequisites for selection as an astronaut at NASA, although neither John Glenn nor Scott
Carpenter (of the
2278:
Caloric requirements are determined using a basal energy expenditure (BEE) formula. On Earth, the average
American uses about 35 US gallons (130 L) of water every day. On board the ISS astronauts limit water use to only about three US gallons (11 L) per day.
2351:
As of 2020, eleven people (all men) have died training for spaceflight: eight
Americans and three Russians. Six of these were in crashes of training jet aircraft, one drowned during water recovery training, and four were due to fires in pure oxygen environments.
1130:
923:
While no nation other than Russia (and previously the Soviet Union), the United States, and China have launched a crewed spacecraft, several other nations have sent people into space in cooperation with one of these countries, e.g. the Soviet-led
3532:
1111:. The new criteria states that one must have "emonstrated activities during flight that were essential to public safety, or contributed to human space flight safety" to qualify as an astronaut. This new definition excludes Bezos and Branson.
1921:
Applicants must have a bachelor's degree with teaching experience, including work at the kindergarten through twelfth grade level. An advanced degree, such as a master's degree or a doctoral degree, is not required, but is strongly
182:
Since 1961, 600 astronauts have flown in space. Until 2002, astronauts were sponsored and trained exclusively by governments, either by the military or by civilian space agencies. With the suborbital flight of the privately funded
5819:"Travelling to Mars and deep into space could kill astronauts by destroying their guts, finds Nasa-funded study – Previous work has shown that astronauts could age prematurely and have damaged brain tissue after long journeys"
3323:"Astronaut-Physician Counting Down to Blastoff Aboard Russian Craft : Shuttle: Dr. Norman Thagard will become the first American to leave the Earth aboard a Soyuz rocket. Mission will take them to the Mir space station"
1076:
one who flies above 50 miles (80 km) in a non-NASA vehicle as a crewmember and demonstrates activities during flight that are essential to public safety, or contribute to human space flight safety, is considered a
1772:) had any university degree, in engineering or any other discipline at the time of their selection. Selection was initially limited to military pilots. The earliest astronauts for both the US and the USSR tended to be
1834:
Astronauts in training must learn how to control and fly the Space
Shuttle; further, it is vital that they are familiar with the International Space Station so they know what they must do when they get there.
2045:
scans under the guidance of remote experts to diagnose and potentially treat hundreds of medical conditions in space. This study's techniques are now being applied to cover professional and
Olympic
6549:
5953:
240:, at an altitude of 100 kilometers (62 mi). In the United States, professional, military, and commercial astronauts who travel above an altitude of 80 kilometres (50 mi) are awarded
1573:(she also became the first woman in space on that mission). Tereshkova was only honorarily inducted into the USSR's Air Force, which did not accept female pilots at that time. A month later,
2836:
2049:
as well as ultrasound performed by non-expert operators in medical and high school students. It is anticipated that remote guided ultrasound will have application on Earth in emergency and
3559:
3721:
1621:
as part of an estimated $ 12 million (USD) deal with a
Japanese TV station, although at the time, the term used to refer to Akiyama was "Research Cosmonaut". Akiyama suffered severe
6581:
6554:
5425:
Horneck G.; Eschweiler, U.; Reitz, G.; Wehner, J.; Willimek, R.; Strauch, K. (1995). "Biological responses to space: results of the experiment "Exobiological Unit" of ERA on EURECA I".
119:. Although generally reserved for professional space travelers, the term is sometimes applied to anyone who travels into space, including scientists, politicians, journalists, and
7457:
7126:
5818:
6667:
6566:
6207:
2647:
2330:
5468:
Cherry, Jonathan D.; Frost, Jeffrey L.; Lemere, Cynthia A.; Williams, Jacqueline P.; Olschowka, John A.; O'Banion, M. Kerry; Liu, Bin (2012). Feinstein, Douglas L (ed.).
2115:
Over the last decade, flight surgeons and scientists at NASA have seen a pattern of vision problems in astronauts on long-duration space missions. The syndrome, known as
3270:
2313:. Once they have flown in space, they receive a gold pin. U.S. astronauts who also have active-duty military status receive a special qualification badge, known as the
512:
applies the term astronaut to any crew member aboard NASA spacecraft bound for Earth orbit or beyond. NASA also uses the term as a title for those selected to join its
4153:
1949:
in 1985, is considered to be the first Educator astronaut by the media, but she trained as a mission specialist. The Educator Astronaut program is a successor to the
6541:
5875:"Multi-drug resistant Enterobacter bugandensis species isolated from the International Space Station and comparative genomic analyses with human pathogenic strains"
5308:
5926:
231:
6576:
6561:
4723:
2116:
2030:
4203:
2493:
2344:
As of 2020, eighteen astronauts (fourteen men and four women) have died during four space flights. By nationality, thirteen were American, four were Russian (
1272:(EVA), (commonly called a "spacewalk"), on 18 March 1965, on the Soviet Union's Voskhod 2 mission. This was followed two and a half months later by astronaut
2026:
5649:
1095:
a generally-accepted but unofficial term for a paying non-crew passenger who flies a private non-NASA or military vehicles above 50 miles (80 km) is a
729:
159:
4985:
4772:
3236:
6586:
6472:
6073:
2442:
2122:
On 2 November 2017, scientists reported that significant changes in the position and structure of the brain have been found in astronauts who have taken
875:
5408:
3845:
3695:
278:
As of 17 November 2016, under the U.S. definition, 558 people qualify as having reached space, above 50 miles (80 km) altitude. Of eight
5109:
1103:
On July 20, 2021, the FAA issued an order redefining the eligibility criteria to be an astronaut in response to the private suborbital spaceflights of
354:
members preferred "astronaut", which survived by common usage as the preferred American term. When the Soviet Union launched the first man into space,
286:, exceeded 100 kilometers (about 62.1 miles) and he did it two times, becoming the first person in space twice. Space travelers have spent over 41,790
7450:
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6200:
2828:
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1962:
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248:
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503:
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499:
4226:
3778:
4543:
4354:
45:
6168:
5209:
4634:
4437:
3585:
1869:
The candidate must have at least two years of related professional experience obtained after degree completion or at least 1,000 hours
6704:
6193:
5470:"Galactic Cosmic Radiation Leads to Cognitive Impairment and Increased Aβ Plaque Accumulation in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease"
4376:
4252:
3427:"太空人 : astronaut... : tài kōng rén | Definition | Mandarin Chinese Pinyin English Dictionary | Yabla Chinese"
2936:
1811:
flights. Astronauts are also required to accumulate a number of flight hours in high-performance jet aircraft. This is mostly done in
975:
928:
program. Inspired partly by these missions, other synonyms for astronaut have entered occasional English usage. For example, the term
112:
3426:
2742:
6724:
3219:
3133:
3020:
3004:
2904:
2467:
5624:
4986:"Optic Disc Edema, Globe Flattening, Choroidal Folds, and Hyperopic Shifts Observed in Astronauts after Long-duration Space Flight"
4172:
4138:
media, Government of Canada, Canadian Space Agency, Directions of communications, Information services and new (4 September 2014).
3304:
2651:
2119:, has been reported in nearly two-thirds of space explorers after long periods spent aboard the International Space Station (ISS).
3669:
3340:
2168:
of astronauts. The studies support earlier work that found such journeys could significantly damage the brains of astronauts, and
199:
3187:
2369:
mission, along with a list of the names of eight of the astronauts and six cosmonauts known at the time to have died in service.
2097:
6153:
5368:
Dose, K.; Bieger-Dose, A.; Dillmann, R.; Gill, M.; Kerz, O.; Klein, A.; Meinert, H.; Nawroth, T.; Risi, S.; Stridde, C. (1995).
4089:
3875:
2871:
909:
6879:
5685:
4845:
4570:
3981:
3060:
2596:
2447:
1429:
1082:
2774:
712:
became the first American to ride to space on board a Russian launch vehicle, and thus became the first "American cosmonaut".
7254:
7116:
6699:
5530:
3950:
3378:
3279:
2673:
2478:
2299:
1899:
487:
6176:
4031:
460:
5254:
Rao, S.; van Holsbeeck, L.; Musial, J. L.; Parker, A.; Bouffard, J. A.; Bridge, P.; Jackson, M.; Dulchavsky, S. A. (2008).
3751:
2462:
1762:
311:
8059:
5318:
1533:, who spent 438 days there. As of 2006, the most spaceflights by an individual astronaut is seven, a record held by both
1040:. Across Germanic languages, the word for "astronaut" typically translates to "space traveler", as it does with German's
8130:
6820:
5341:
4004:
1938:
899:
598:
6030:
5583:
5038:
4731:
4279:
852:
since the advent of the Chinese space program. The origin of the term is unclear; as early as May 1998, Chiew Lee Yih (
126:"Astronaut" technically applies to all human space travelers regardless of nationality. However, astronauts fielded by
8135:
7610:
7232:
7068:
6815:
6662:
6313:
6225:
4058:
2457:
2213:
2176:
1784:
1679:
476:) was used. The word may have been inspired by "aeronaut", an older term for an air traveler first applied in 1784 to
7810:
5023:
4195:
3923:
2066:, became more virulent when cultivated in space. More recently, in 2017, bacteria were found to be more resistant to
4597:
7304:
7073:
6746:
5060:
4753:
2437:
2422:
2127:
1926:
1915:
906:" to distinguish those space travelers from professional astronauts on missions coordinated by those two agencies.
739:
733:
259:
have traveled beyond low Earth orbit, either to lunar orbit, the lunar surface, or, in one case, a loop around the
162:
35:
31:
5294:
Evaluation of Shoulder Integrity in Space: First Report of Musculoskeletal US on the International Space Station:
4895:
1779:
Once selected, NASA astronauts go through twenty months of training in a variety of areas, including training for
1070:
one who flies in a vehicle to the International Space Station in a mission coordinated by NASA and Roscosmos is a
7865:
7227:
7109:
6847:
6612:
5657:
1824:
1622:
1614:
829:
256:
1744:
1059:
As of 2021 in the United States, astronaut status is conferred on a person depending on the authorizing agency:
7670:
7342:
6842:
6830:
6802:
5313:
5158:
4768:
2303:
1929:, or "Educator Astronauts", were first selected in 2004; as of 2007, there are three NASA Educator astronauts:
1243:
1140:
521:
67:
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3400:
1424:
became the first citizen of an African country to fly in space, as a paying spaceflight participant. In 2003,
1364:
5954:"Space travel can lead to new motor skills but impaired vision, according to a new study of cosmonaut brains"
1222:
became the first American and second person in space on 5 May 1961, on a 15-minute sub-orbital flight aboard
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2105:
2014:
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1471:
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57:
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had to abort an intended lunar landing, and looped around the Moon to return its three astronauts to Earth.
1843:
Unless otherwise noted, the following data are incorporated from the Astronaut Requirements article by NASA
532:
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in his 1930 short story "The Death's Head Meteor". The word itself had been known earlier; for example, in
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7394:
7356:
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5240:
5214:
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on ISS should be carefully monitored to continue assuring a medically healthy environment for astronauts.
2165:
2138:
2090:
2058:
1990:
1828:
1400:
With the increase of seats on the Space Shuttle, the U.S. began taking international astronauts. In 1983,
383:
370:
144:). Comparatively recent developments in crewed spaceflight made by China have led to the rise of the term
5972:
Laureys, Steven; Zu Eulenburg, Peter; Sijbers, Jan; Wuyts, Floris L.; Jeurissen, Ben (4 September 2020).
5927:"Radiation can impact astronauts' memory temporarily: Here's all you need to know | Health Tips and News"
5732:"Astronauts who take long trips to space return with brains that have floated to the top of their skulls"
3322:
2274:) mass of food per meal each day (inclusive of about 120 g or 4.2 oz packaging mass per meal).
1541:. The farthest distance from Earth an astronaut has traveled was 401,056 km (249,205 mi), when
465:
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7051:
6689:
6571:
6055:
5083:
4957:
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4112:
3401:"The Axiom-1 crew launches today—are these guys tourists, astronauts, or what? – Ars Technica OpenForum"
2373:
2212:
conducted on the brains of eight male Russian cosmonauts after they returned from long stays aboard the
2109:
1891:
Two years of work toward a doctoral program in a related science, technology, engineering or math field.
1804:
1583:
1384:
879:
821:
573:
517:
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5256:"A Pilot Study of Comprehensive Ultrasound Education at the Wayne State University School of Medicine"
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YOUNG, LAURENCE R. (1 May 1999). "Artificial Gravity Considerations for a Mars Exploration Mission".
5736:
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3098:
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became the first ethnic Chinese person in space. The first person born in Africa to fly in space was
1322:
1302:
and other Soviet-allied) countries to fly on its missions, with the notable exceptions of France and
1273:
1209:
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585:
565:
513:
188:
6141:
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2302:. This follows the practice established in the USSR where cosmonauts were usually awarded the title
2240:, both of which could possibly be long lasting. It was the first study to provide clear evidence of
158:), meaning "space"), although its use is somewhat informal and its origin is unclear. In China, the
8125:
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329:
53:
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3343:[Yang Liwei, the first Chinese astronaut who has made China's first manned space flight].
3341:"Ян Ливэй – первый китайский космонавт, совершивший первый в Китае пилотируемый космический полет"
2570:
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6884:
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5712:
5531:"Study Shows that Space Travel is Harmful to the Brain and Could Accelerate Onset of Alzheimer's"
5015:
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4394:
2955:
2924:
2805:
2432:
2018:
1998:
1895:
1855:
1756:
1388:
1224:
1063:
one who flies in a vehicle above 50 miles (80 km) for NASA or the military is considered an
963:
843:
685:
591:
569:
481:
477:
403:
207:
4668:
1971:
5612:"NASA's Efforts to Manage Health and Human Performance Risks for Space Exploration (IG-16-003)"
7925:
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7019:
6914:
6889:
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6642:
6011:
5908:
5791:
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5511:
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5400:
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5007:
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4703:
4605:
4147:
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1946:
1934:
1692:
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1506:
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1421:
1413:
1318:
1170:
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693:
340:. Dryden preferred "cosmonaut", on the grounds that flights would occur in and to the broader
237:
225:
221:
217:
7044:
5560:
4547:
4412:
4350:
4331:"William Shatner oldest astronaut at 90 – Here's how space tourism could affect older people"
2894:
2388:
officer who died while training for a then-classified military space program, and a civilian
2321:
also presents an Astronaut Badge to its pilots who exceed 50 miles (80 km) in altitude.
8073:
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7955:
7945:
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1950:
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5974:"Macro- and microstructural changes in cosmonauts' brains after long-duration spaceflight"
5823:
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2314:
2310:
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2196:
A study by Russian scientists published in April 2019 stated that astronauts facing space
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2038:
1975:
1930:
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1710:
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dictionaries, and the term became more common in 2003 when China sent its first astronaut
681:
634:
545:
419:
375:
252:
241:
5611:
3125:
3024:
2508:
757:, "cosmos navigating personnel") is used for astronauts and cosmonauts in general, while
5989:
5771:
5487:
5438:
5388:
4168:
3641:
2258:
1192:
7985:
7860:
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2503:
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1979:
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295:
6185:
3614:"'Parastronaut' sought as ESA recruits its first new astronauts in more than a decade"
2025:
injury. A variety of large scale medical studies are being conducted in space via the
1827:
is maintained and developed, although most flights of the aircraft are conducted from
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8000:
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5716:
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5396:
4085:
3871:
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2221:
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2130:. Astronauts who took longer space trips were associated with greater brain changes.
2071:
1787:. Astronauts-in-training (astronaut candidates) may also experience short periods of
1769:
1698:
1645:
1629:
1587:
1534:
1486:
1467:
1417:
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1334:
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676:, also the first person in space. He was part of the first six Soviet citizens, with
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5342:"Alarming Study Indicates Why Certain Bacteria Are More Resistant to Drugs in Space"
5019:
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4139:
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Being in space can be physiologically deconditioning on the body. It can affect the
1880:
The candidate must be able to pass the NASA long-duration flight astronaut physical.
1404:
of West Germany became the first non-US citizen to fly in a US spacecraft. In 1984,
8085:
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7950:
7905:
7770:
7650:
7560:
7555:
7535:
7530:
7490:
7389:
7324:
6993:
6978:
6679:
6674:
6274:
5556:
3158:
Elsevier's Dictionary of Geography: in English, Russian, French, Spanish and German
3068:
2778:
2345:
2181:
2142:
2050:
1983:
1874:
1671:
1651:
1546:
1501:
and the first person to sleep in space, twice. The oldest person to reach space is
1405:
1353:
1234:
1219:
1201:
1155:
1133:
794:
677:
673:
661:
630:
561:
495:
473:
435:
431:
395:
379:
355:
317:
203:
184:
131:
3954:
3370:
2622:
1208:
and orbited around the Earth for 108 minutes. The first woman in space was Soviet
6173:
5534:
5496:
5003:
4035:
3156:
2716:
769:, "navigating celestial-heaven personnel") is used for Chinese astronauts. Here,
7940:
7935:
7930:
7870:
7765:
7750:
7720:
7615:
7580:
7480:
7217:
7083:
6773:
6756:
6628:
6482:
6440:
6411:
6245:
6241:
5851:
4413:"Higher & Faster: Memorial Fund Established for X-15 pilot Joseph A. Walker"
2412:
2356:
2229:
2157:
2146:
2034:
1796:
1732:
1686:
1633:
1479:
1451:
1447:
1401:
1376:
1311:
1299:
1291:
1254:
1129:
925:
790:
786:
782:
415:
391:
176:
4062:
3445:"Chinese taikonaut dismisses environment worries about new space launch center"
3305:"Illustrious alumnus: Former astronaut Thagard recounts thrills of spaceflight"
2336:
2331:
List of spaceflight-related accidents and incidents § Astronaut fatalities
1883:
The candidate must also have skills in leadership, teamwork and communications.
536:
The first eleven Soviet cosmonauts to fly, July 1965. Back row, left to right:
251:
have reached 100 km (62 mi) or more in altitude, of whom 549 reached
138:(from the Russian "kosmos" (космос), meaning "space", also borrowed from Greek
7895:
7820:
7785:
7730:
7705:
7351:
7259:
7202:
7162:
6956:
6657:
6524:
6498:
5893:
5272:
5255:
5110:"Orbital and Intracranial Effects of Microgravity: Findings at 3-T MR Imaging"
3927:
3696:"Infinite in All Directions: A Science Workshop and Why Vyomanaut Is Not Cool"
2829:"Russian cosmonaut becomes 1st person to spend 1,000 cumulative days in space"
2488:
2472:
2286:
2253:
2067:
2042:
1994:
1812:
1748:
1659:
1550:
1542:
1510:
1440:
1436:
1425:
1338:
1307:
1287:
who was born in Hong Kong, making him the first Asian-born astronaut in 1968.
1239:
1229:
1185:
1104:
838:
833:
451:
427:
407:
387:
264:
116:
5787:
4609:
4008:
3248:
1613:
became the first paying space traveler and the first journalist in space for
236:(FAI) Sporting Code for astronautics recognizes only flights that exceed the
220:
vary, with some focus on the point where the atmosphere becomes so thin that
7665:
7505:
7361:
7212:
6810:
6731:
6714:
5128:
5087:
4417:
4335:
3618:
2960:
Red Moon Rising: Sputnik and the Hidden Rivalries That Ignited the Space Age
2528:
2366:
2244:, which is the brain's ability to change through growth and reorganization.
2197:
2022:
1591:
1554:
1514:
1497:; he rounded the planet 17 times. Titov was also the first person to suffer
1483:
1345:
1295:
979:
6015:
5997:
5912:
5795:
5708:
5515:
5454:
5404:
5281:
5137:
5011:
1337:
became the first Indian citizen to travel to space. He was launched aboard
1166:
820:
is used by some English-language news media organizations for professional
374:
The first sixteen NASA astronauts to be selected, February 1963. Back row:
5699:
5680:
2309:
At NASA, those who complete astronaut candidate training receive a silver
1177:
who became the first non-American and non-Soviet cosmonaut in space (1978)
17:
6158:
5681:"Effects of Spaceflight on Astronaut Brain Structure as Indicated on MRI"
5474:
5210:"Brain Changes in Space Could Be Linked to Vision Problems in Astronauts"
3646:
2407:
2186:
2010:
1808:
1570:
1490:
1368:
1357:
1280:
1213:
1205:
991:
859:
705:
446:. The first known use of the term "astronaut" in the modern sense was by
287:
73:
4694:
Promised The Moon: The Untold Story of the First Women in the Space Race
3846:"Sorry, Jeff Bezos, you're still not an astronaut, according to the FAA"
2266:
An astronaut on the International Space Station requires about 830
2232:
on brain structure, this study showed that space travel can lead to new
982:
spacecraft have spurred at times public discussion if another term than
228:, carries a significant portion of the weight of the flight object. The
6111:
5588:
5346:
2298:
upon completion of their missions, often accompanied with the award of
2134:
1349:
1330:
1303:
1181:
1011:
825:
5847:"ISS microbes should be monitored to avoid threat to astronaut health"
4899:
4306:"Obituaries—Gherman S. Titov; Cosmonaut Was Second Man to Orbit Earth"
1454:
became the first astronauts to launch on a private crewed spacecraft,
1391:
became the first Afghan to reach space, spending nine days aboard the
111:), meaning 'sailor') is a person trained, equipped, and deployed by a
7175:
7039:
6434:
6421:
6333:
6268:
6255:
3560:"Chiew Lee Yih misspelled "taikonaut" 2 years before it first appear"
2402:
2201:
2169:
2075:
2006:
1803:(retired in 2000 and 2004, respectively, and replaced in 2005 with a
1800:
1518:
1361:
1258:
958:
810:
342:
302:
holds the record for the most time in space by a woman, at 675 days.
127:
106:
94:
1650:
The first person to fly on an entirely privately funded mission was
1428:
became the first Israeli to fly in space, although he died during a
1375:
became the first African American to fly into space. In April 1985,
8080:
4958:"Blindness, Bone Loss, and Space Farts: Astronaut Medical Oddities"
294:. As of 2024, the man with the longest cumulative time in space is
6518:
6505:
6492:
5309:"Space flight shown to alter ability of bacteria to cause disease"
4395:"Puzzle: Civilians in Space (Fourmilog: None Dare Call It Reason)"
2335:
2285:
2271:
2257:
2175:
Researchers in 2018 reported, after detecting the presence on the
1989:
Astronauts are susceptible to a variety of health risks including
1970:
1743:
1606:
1257:
became the first African American woman to travel in space aboard
1250:
1180:
1165:
1154:
1139:
1128:
937:
908:
719:
531:
369:
198:
44:
5039:"Astronauts' vision severely affected during long space missions"
2931:. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. pp. 23–24.
2228:
changes. While scientists still know little about the effects of
1670:
was the first person to self-fund a mission to orbit, commanding
936:) is sometimes used to describe French space travelers, from the
290:(114.5-man-years) in space, including over 100 astronaut-days of
282:
pilots who exceeded 50 miles (80 km) in altitude, only one,
5619:
3725:
3642:"Disabled man joins European Space Agency's astronaut programme"
3094:
3093:
Dismukes, Kim – NASA Biography Page Curator (15 December 2005).
2996:
2867:
2648:"SpaceX's Crew-3 Launched the 600th Person to Space in 60 Years"
2566:
2555:
2381:
2267:
2161:
2153:
2082:
2002:
1905:
Completion of a nationally recognized test pilot school program.
1851:
1713:(Hungarian / American): 7–21 April 2007, 26 March – 8 April 2009
1505:, who was 90 years old when he made a suborbital spaceflight on
1326:
1035:
895:
509:
498:
in the scientific community was the establishment of the annual
347:
346:, while the "astro" prefix suggested flight specifically to the
321:
279:
260:
49:
7439:
6601:
6189:
5561:"Important Research Results NASA Is Not Talking About (Update)"
4351:"John Herschel Glenn, Jr. (Colonel, USMC, Ret.) NASA Astronaut"
4111:
Joachim Wilhelm Josef Becker and Heinz Hermann Janssen (2007).
3785:. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Archived from
2992:
Blazing the Trail: The Early History of Spacecraft and Rocketry
2929:
Suddenly Tomorrow Came... A History of the Johnson Space Center
2053:
situations, where access to a trained physician is often rare.
696:, who were given the title of pilot-cosmonaut in January 1961.
7056:
6597:
5650:"Astronaut Vision Changes Offer Opportunity for More Research"
5159:"Soviet cosmonauts burnt their eyes in space for USSR's glory"
3590:
3182:
Katarzyna Kłosińska, University of Warsaw (16 December 2016).
3129:
3021:"TheSpaceRace.com – Glossary of Space Exploration Terminology"
2262:
Astronauts making and eating hamburgers on board the ISS, 2002
2029:(NSBRI) to address these issues. Prominent among these is the
1618:
1393:
1092:
by NASA (as of 2020, nobody has yet qualified for this status)
480:. An early use of "astronaut" in a non-fiction publication is
5584:"Report: NASA needs better handle on health hazards for Mars"
1636:
on board the Russian spacecraft Soyuz TM-3 on 28 April 2001.
332:, discussed whether spacecraft crew members should be called
139:
100:
88:
6163:
3237:"Russia forgot to send toothbrush with first woman in space"
3211:
Russia's Cosmonauts: Inside the Yuri Gagarin Training Center
1276:
who made the first American EVA on NASA's Gemini 4 mission.
4253:"Blue Origin's Bezos reaches space on 1st passenger flight"
2033:
Study in which astronauts (including former ISS commanders
1238:
on 20 February 1962. The first American woman in space was
951:
5182:"The Strange, Deadly Effects Mars Would Have on Your Body"
3208:
Hall, Rex D.; David, Shayler; Vis, Bert (5 October 2007).
1387:
became the first Arab Muslim astronaut in space. In 1988,
962:
meaning 'space') was used to describe participants in the
700:
was the first female cosmonaut and the first and youngest
4571:"Michael Melvill, First Civilian Astronaut, SpaceShipOne"
3471:""Taikonauts" a sign of China's growing global influence"
3278:. NASA. pp. 52–53. NASA/TP-98-207890. Archived from
2623:"astronaut - Dictionary Definition : Vocabulary.com"
165:
and their foreign counterparts are all officially called
5084:"Spaceflight Bad for Astronauts' Vision, Study Suggests"
1416:
became the first Mexican-born person in space. In 1991,
1371:
and black African descent to fly in space, and in 1983,
484:'s poem "The Astronaut", appearing in the November 1934
320:
were planning, but had yet to launch humans into space,
5237:"NASA – Advanced Diagnostic Ultrasound in Microgravity"
2205:
did not impact the rodents' intellectual capabilities.
1099:(as of 2020, nobody has yet qualified for this status)
187:
in 2004, a new category of astronaut was created: the
8057:
2156:-funded researchers found that lengthy journeys into
1847:
The candidate must be a citizen of the United States.
1625:
during his mission, which affected his productivity.
1577:
became the first American civilian in space when his
633:
use variations of the Russian kosmonavt, such as the
520:
similarly uses the term astronaut for members of its
5296:
http://radiology.rsna.org/content/234/2/319.abstract
1887:
The master's degree requirement can also be met by:
1478:. Daemen, who was a commercial passenger aboard the
1470:, who was 18 years and 11 months old when he made a
1321:, the first cosmonaut from a country other than the
724:
The first Chinese taikonauts on a 2010 Somalia stamp
8029:
7473:
7370:
7323:
7275:
7161:
7097:
7002:
6922:
6913:
6801:
6635:
6481:
6466:
6410:
6371:
6348:
6283:
6239:
6224:
4842:"Barbara Radding Morgan – NASA Astronaut biography"
2070:and to thrive in the near-weightlessness of space.
1850:The candidate must complete a master's degree in a
1196:
Map of countries whose citizens have flown in space
5679:Roberts, Donna R.; et al. (2 November 2017).
5061:"Male Astronauts Return With Eye Problems (video)"
4691:
4459:Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum (2007).
3670:"Wanted: four 'vyomanauts' for Indian spaceflight"
3272:Mir Mission Chronicle: November 1994 – August 1996
1420:became the first Briton to fly in space. In 2002,
247:As of 17 November 2016, 552 people from
6056:"Human Needs: Sustaining Life During Exploration"
5873:Singh, Nitin K.; et al. (23 November 2018).
4769:"NASA Opens Applications for New Astronaut Class"
4544:"Pilot Announced on Eve of Private Space Mission"
2359:left a memorial consisting of a statuette titled
3722:""Sisunautti" haaveilee uudesta Suomen-matkasta"
2674:"FAI Sporting Code, Section 8, Paragraph 2.18.1"
986:should be used for the crew members, suggesting
115:to serve as a commander or crew member aboard a
30:"Cosmonaut" redirects here. For other uses, see
27:Commander, pilot, or crew member of a spacecraft
6142:List of International partnership organizations
5108:Kramer, Larry A.; et al. (13 March 2012).
4598:"What a Fungus Reveals About the Space Program"
2775:"Astronaut Statistics – as of 14 November 2008"
2700:"X-15 Space Pioneers Now Honored as Astronauts"
2089:may harm the brain and accelerate the onset of
1725:(Canadian): 30 September 2009 – 11 October 2009
1529:The longest time spent in space was by Russian
882:was selected to be the first ESA parastronaut.
4869:"NASA Assures That Teachers Will Fly in Space"
2962:. New York: Henry Holt & Co. p. 108.
2117:visual impairment intracranial pressure (VIIP)
2031:Advanced Diagnostic Ultrasound in Microgravity
1597:The first non-governmental space traveler was
1385:Prince Sultan Bin Salman Bin AbdulAziz Al-Saud
1188:, first person sent into space by China (2003)
1005:
995:
651:, and the two words are considered synonyms).
7451:
6613:
6201:
6154:Encyclopedia Astronautica: Phantom cosmonauts
4463:. Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum.
4280:"1961: Russian cosmonaut spends day in space"
4196:"1991: Sharman becomes first Briton in space"
3447:. China View. 26 January 2008. Archived from
3347:(in Russian). 13 October 2005. Archived from
2868:National Aeronautics and Space Administration
2567:National Aeronautics and Space Administration
2494:U.S. space exploration history on U.S. stamps
1751:during water egress training with NASA (1965)
1033:
1023:
853:
809:, "spaceman") is often used in Hong Kong and
804:
798:
776:
770:
764:
758:
752:
746:
660:has been credited to Soviet aeronautics (or "
655:
170:
153:
8:
6159:collectSPACE: Astronaut appearances calendar
4152:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3155:Kotlyakov, Vladimir; Komarova, Anna (2006).
2827:Kekatos, Mary; Sunseri, Gina (5 June 2024).
2317:, after participation on a spaceflight. The
2149:can cause many implications for astronauts.
2027:National Space Biomedical Research Institute
1799:," the nickname given to a pair of modified
1493:. Titov remains the youngest human to reach
1279:The first crewed mission to orbit the Moon,
1228:. The first American to orbit the Earth was
1204:, who was launched on 12 April 1961, aboard
646:
597:By convention, an astronaut employed by the
502:in 1950, and the subsequent founding of the
229:
4658:
4656:
4061:. Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from
4034:. Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from
4007:. Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from
3953:. Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from
3926:. Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from
3758:. Office of Commercial Space Transportation
3533:"Google search of "taikonaut" sort by date"
2777:. Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from
2365:on the surface of the Moon during his 1971
2056:A 2006 Space Shuttle experiment found that
1658:on a suborbital journey, although he was a
941:
785:) is strictly defined as the navigation of
458:, "astronaut" referred to a spacecraft. In
442:A professional space traveler is called an
175:, meaning "heaven navigator" or literally "
7458:
7444:
7436:
6919:
6620:
6606:
6598:
6478:
6236:
6208:
6194:
6186:
5760:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
5730:Foley, Katherine Ellen (3 November 2017).
3756:United States Department of Transportation
3088:
3086:
2443:List of people who have walked on the Moon
1707:(Iranian / American): 18–29 September 2006
1383:(France), in 1985. In 1985, Saudi Arabian
6082:Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum
6005:
5902:
5892:
5698:
5505:
5495:
5271:
5127:
4113:"Biographies of International Astronauts"
3898:"Educator Features: Going Out for a Walk"
3371:"Chinese embassy in Russia press-release"
3214:. Springer Science & Business Media.
2296:Pilot-Cosmonaut of the Russian Federation
1412:to fly in space (through 2010). In 1985,
1216:and orbited Earth for almost three days.
316:In 1959, when both the United States and
298:, who has spent over 1100 days in space.
4628:
4626:
2768:
2766:
2764:
2711:
2709:
2200:could face temporary hindrance of their
2137:organs and adaptive capabilities of the
1719:(British / American): 12–24 October 2008
1666:and not an actual paying space tourist.
1191:
1162:, first human to walk on the Moon (1969)
730:People's Liberation Army Astronaut Corps
160:People's Liberation Army Astronaut Corps
8064:
7105:Effect of spaceflight on the human body
4484:
4482:
2544:
2521:
2428:List of astronauts by year of selection
1963:Effect of spaceflight on the human body
1212:, who launched on 16 June 1963, aboard
1125:Timeline of space travel by nationality
494:The first known formal use of the term
7127:Psychological and sociological effects
6169:Manned astronautics: facts and figures
5307:Caspermeyer, Joe (23 September 2007).
4819:"NASA's New Astronauts Meet The Press"
4796:"'Next Generation of Explorers' Named"
4775:from the original on 27 September 2007
4745:
4665:"Selection and Training of Astronauts"
4523:from the original on 30 September 2007
4440:from the original on 19 September 2007
4145:
3984:from the original on 19 September 2007
3924:"Vladimir Remek Czech Pilot Cosmonaut"
3612:Parsonson, Andrew (16 February 2021).
3512:from the original on 30 September 2008
3381:from the original on 27 September 2007
3065:International Astronautical Federation
2743:"NASA's First 100 Human Space Flights"
2550:
2548:
2453:List of space travelers by nationality
1695:(South African): 25 April – 5 May 2002
1561:Civilian and non-government milestones
1509:. The oldest person to reach orbit is
1466:The youngest person to reach space is
1439:became China's first astronaut on the
846:in the English version of the Chinese
504:International Astronautical Federation
232:Fédération Aéronautique Internationale
5370:"ERA-experiment "space biochemistry""
5340:Dvorsky, George (13 September 2017).
5208:Howell, Elizabeth (3 November 2017).
4730:. Denise Miller: MSFC. Archived from
4596:Overbye, Dennis (21 September 2021).
4206:from the original on 5 September 2007
4086:"Sultan Bin Salman Al-Saud Biography"
3694:Mukunth, Vasudevan (23 August 2018).
3668:Ananthaswamy, Anil (5 January 2010).
3311:. Utsouthwestern.edu. 4 October 2017.
3136:from the original on 20 December 2008
2981:
2979:
2950:
2948:
2376:, which stands on the grounds of the
1735:(both Japanese): 8 – 24 December 2021
1603:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
842:spacecraft. This is the term used by
668:(1900–1974). The first cosmonaut was
624:
7:
8037:Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex
7467:United States Astronaut Hall of Fame
6130:NASA: How to become an astronaut 101
5414:from the original on 9 October 2022.
4467:from the original on 26 October 2007
4357:from the original on 14 October 2007
4175:from the original on 27 October 2007
3878:from the original on 16 October 2007
3752:"Commercial Astronaut Wings Program"
3502:"Chinese taikonaut debuts spacewalk"
3235:Knapton, Sarah (17 September 2015).
2925:"Chapter 2: The Commitment to Space"
2599:. The Utah Statesman. Archived from
2499:United States Astronaut Hall of Fame
2378:Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex
1823:. Ellington Field is also where the
1776:pilots, and were often test pilots.
1489:, who was 25 years old when he flew
1294:program, allowed people from other "
1200:The first human in space was Soviet
1022:, has sometimes been referred to as
781:, literally "heaven-navigating", or
500:International Astronautical Congress
6174:Astronaut Candidate Brochure online
5845:BioMed Central (22 November 2018).
5630:from the original on 9 October 2022
4848:from the original on 2 October 2007
4698:. Toronto: Penguin Canada. p.
4573:. Royce Carlton Inc. Archived from
4377:"Valentina Vladimirovna TERESHKOVA"
4169:"Rodolfo Neri Vela (PhD) Biography"
4119:from the original on 12 August 2007
3825:from the original on 9 October 2022
3640:Amos, Jonathan (23 November 2022).
3477:. 25 September 2008. Archived from
2329:For a more comprehensive list, see
1268:was the first person to conduct an
738:For a more comprehensive list, see
590:For a more comprehensive list, see
6836:Weather and environment monitoring
5817:Griffin, Andrew (2 October 2018).
5780:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb09198.x
4984:Mader, T. H.; et al. (2011).
4921:Chang, Kenneth (27 January 2014).
4057:Encyclopedia Astronautica (2007).
4030:Encyclopedia Astronautica (2007).
4003:Encyclopedia Astronautica (2007).
3949:Encyclopedia Astronautica (2007).
3922:Encyclopedia Astronautica (2007).
3586:"Parastronaut feasibility project"
2839:from the original on 8 August 2024
2773:Encyclopedia Astronautica (2007).
2650:. 11 November 2021. Archived from
2294:In Russia, cosmonauts are awarded
2074:have been observed to survive the
976:Indian Space Research Organisation
216:The criteria for what constitutes
25:
5656:. 9 February 2012. Archived from
5260:Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine
4304:Robyn Dixon (22 September 2000).
3105:from the original on 7 March 2007
2468:Lists of spacewalks and moonwalks
1945:, selected as back-up teacher to
1689:(American): 28 April – 6 May 2001
1329:, who flew to space in 1978 on a
629:). Other countries of the former
609:in English texts. The word is an
358:in 1961, they chose a term which
8103:
8091:
8079:
8067:
7419:
7409:
7408:
6577:Spaceflights in Tiangong Program
6517:
6504:
6491:
6446:
6433:
6420:
6394:
6381:
6356:
6332:
6319:
6306:
6293:
6267:
6254:
5952:Aria Bendix (4 September 2020).
5582:Dunn, Marcia (29 October 2015).
5180:Fong, Kevin (12 February 2014).
4434:"Byron K. Lichtenberg Biography"
4092:from the original on 25 May 2011
3558:Chiew, Lee Yih (10 March 1996).
2717:"Astronaut/Cosmonaut Statistics"
2224:adaptions, including macro- and
2098:NASA Office of Inspector General
1565:The first civilian in space was
1553:went around the Moon during the
1525:Duration and distance milestones
6880:Space launch market competition
5686:New England Journal of Medicine
4724:"NASA – Astronauts in Training"
3816:Federal Aviation Administration
3720:MTV Uutiset (1 November 2009).
3269:McDonald, Sue (December 1998).
2874:from the original on 9 May 2008
2448:List of space travelers by name
2164:, may substantially damage the
2085:-supported study reported that
1674:in 2021. Nine others have paid
1083:Federal Aviation Administration
824:. The word has featured in the
134:are typically known instead as
7117:Health threat from cosmic rays
6031:"NASA – Food in Space Gallery"
5037:Puiu, Tibi (9 November 2011).
4635:"Astronaut Candidate Training"
3872:"Sally K. Ride, PhD Biography"
3531:Chiew, Lee Yih (19 May 1998).
3126:"The European Astronaut Corps"
2475:– 13 inactive women astronauts
2300:Hero of the Russian Federation
1900:Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine
1854:field, including engineering,
1819:, due to its proximity to the
1314:, respectively. An example is
1290:The Soviet Union, through its
966:(note its similarity with the
854:
488:British Interplanetary Society
328:and his Deputy Administrator,
1:
6074:"Sculpture, Fallen Astronaut"
5161:. Pravda.Ru. 17 December 2008
5082:Space Staff (13 March 2012).
4491:"Mir Space Station 1986–2001"
3844:Rivera, Josh (25 July 2021).
3777:Elburn, Darcy (29 May 2019).
2896:A Dictionary of the Space Age
2597:"Former astronaut visits USU"
2463:Lists of fictional astronauts
2062:, a bacterium that can cause
1795:) in an aircraft called the "
1783:in a facility such as NASA's
1763:Astronaut ranks and positions
1701:(American): 1–11 October 2005
1517:, who was 77 when he flew on
1482:, broke the record of Soviet
1356:in space when he flew aboard
1136:, first human in space (1961)
1000:meaning 'sky' or 'space') or
312:Astronaut ranks and positions
6582:Spaceflights to the Tiangong
5766:(1 OTOLITH FUNCT): 367–378.
5497:10.1371/journal.pone.0053275
5447:10.1016/0273-1177(95)00279-N
5397:10.1016/0273-1177(95)00280-R
5004:10.1016/j.ophtha.2011.06.021
4896:"Educator Astronaut Program"
3779:"Private Astronaut Missions"
2698:Whelan, Mary (5 June 2013).
2242:sensorimotor neuroplasticity
1957:Health risks of space travel
1939:Dorothy Metcalf-Lindenburger
1927:Mission Specialist Educators
1253:, on 18 June 1983. In 1992,
900:Russian Federal Space Agency
777:
765:
753:
702:woman to have flown in space
599:Russian Federal Space Agency
171:
107:
95:
7233:Self-replicating spacecraft
7069:International Space Station
6226:International Space Station
5063:. CNN News. 9 February 2012
4956:Mann, Adam (23 July 2012).
4923:"Beings Not Made for Space"
4871:. Space.com. Archived from
4546:. Space.com. Archived from
4225:africaninspace.com (2002).
3049:, Plantech (2010): page 82.
2458:List of spaceflight records
2236:, but also slightly weaker
2214:International Space Station
2177:International Space Station
1910:Mission Specialist Educator
1839:NASA candidacy requirements
1785:Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory
1680:International Space Station
1609:in 1983. In December 1990,
1367:became the first person of
1006:
996:
799:
771:
759:
747:
708:in 1963. On 14 March 1995,
704:with a solo mission on the
461:Les Navigateurs de l'infini
8152:
6747:Space Liability Convention
5533:. SpaceRef. Archived from
5377:Advances in Space Research
4569:Royce Carlton Inc (2007).
4278:BBC News (6 August 2007).
3978:"Taylor G. Wang Biography"
2438:List of human spaceflights
2423:List of astronauts by name
2328:
2251:
2216:showed that long-duration
2160:, including travel to the
1960:
1916:Educator Astronaut Project
1913:
1842:
1760:
1754:
1643:
1408:became the first of eight
1118:
1088:station)" is considered a
822:space travelers from China
740:List of Chinese astronauts
737:
734:China Manned Space Program
727:
589:
583:
309:
140:
101:
89:
36:Cosmonaut (disambiguation)
32:Astronaut (disambiguation)
29:
7403:
7110:Space adaptation syndrome
6537:
6147:26 September 2015 at the
6112:"The Human Body in Space"
5894:10.1186/s12866-018-1325-2
5610:Staff (29 October 2015).
5273:10.7863/jum.2008.27.5.745
4690:Nolen, Stephanie (2002).
3184:"Astronauta a kosmonauta"
2899:. JHU Press. p. 27.
1978:performing ultrasound on
1825:Shuttle Training Aircraft
1615:Tokyo Broadcasting System
805:
656:
618:
601:(or its predecessor, the
230:
154:
113:human spaceflight program
6843:Communications satellite
6546:Spaceflights to the ISS
6164:spacefacts Spacefacts.de
5529:Staff (1 January 2013).
5314:Arizona State University
4227:"First African in Space"
4194:BBC News (18 May 1991).
3161:. Elsevier. p. 49.
2860:"Peggy A. Whitson (PhD)"
2721:www.worldspaceflight.com
2348:), and one was Israeli.
2304:Hero of the Soviet Union
2290:NASA Astronaut lapel pin
2234:motor skills (dexterity)
2185:bacterial strains, none
2182:Enterobacter bugandensis
2166:gastrointestinal tissues
1953:program from the 1980s.
1601:, a researcher from the
1004:(from the Sanskrit word
902:agreed to use the term "
7636:Frank L. Culbertson Jr.
7347:reusable launch systems
6964:Extravehicular activity
6875:Commercial use of space
6779:Militarisation of space
6752:Registration Convention
6668:Accidents and incidents
6135:18 January 2020 at the
5129:10.1148/radiol.12111986
3095:"Astronaut Biographies"
2390:spaceflight participant
2319:United States Air Force
2081:On 31 December 2012, a
2015:orthostatic intolerance
1781:extravehicular activity
1656:SpaceShipOne flight 15P
1270:extravehicular activity
1115:Space travel milestones
1072:spaceflight participant
904:spaceflight participant
99:), meaning 'star', and
58:Manned Maneuvering Unit
7395:Mission control center
7357:Non-rocket spacelaunch
6791:Billionaire space race
6468:Tiangong space station
5998:10.1126/sciadv.aaz9488
4898:. NASA. Archived from
4752:: CS1 maint: others (
4667:. NASA. Archived from
4637:. NASA. Archived from
4542:Leonard David (2004).
3309:www.utsouthwestern.edu
3059:IAF (16 August 2010).
2804:. NASA. Archived from
2745:. NASA. Archived from
2595:MacKay, Marie (2005).
2341:
2291:
2263:
2139:central nervous system
2059:Salmonella typhimurium
1991:decompression sickness
1986:
1829:Edwards Air Force Base
1752:
1628:The first self-funded
1197:
1189:
1178:
1163:
1152:
1137:
1034:
1024:
952:
942:
933:
920:
836:into space aboard the
725:
647:
638:
622:Russian pronunciation:
581:
439:
213:
77:
7811:Michael López-Alegría
7711:Richard F. Gordon Jr.
7245:Spacecraft propulsion
6695:European Space Agency
6572:ISS year-long mission
5700:10.1056/NEJMoa1705129
4229:. HBD. Archived from
3506:People's Daily Online
3124:ESA (10 April 2008).
2893:Paul Dickson (2009).
2802:"Walking in the Void"
2560:"Astronaut Fact Book"
2374:Space Mirror Memorial
2340:Space Mirror Memorial
2339:
2289:
2261:
2110:human mission to Mars
2102:health hazards report
2096:In October 2015, the
1974:
1747:
1644:Further information:
1640:Self-funded travelers
1584:Konstantin Feoktistov
1365:Arnaldo Tamayo Méndez
1195:
1184:
1169:
1158:
1143:
1132:
1014:, the NASA astronaut
978:to launch its crewed
912:
745:In Chinese, the term
723:
535:
518:European Space Agency
373:
255:or beyond. Of these,
202:
48:
8042:NASA Astronaut Corps
7716:Frederick D. Gregory
7676:Christopher Ferguson
6870:Satellite navigation
6587:Tiangong expeditions
6363:Tracy Caldwell Dyson
6216:People currently in
6179:22 July 2012 at the
5931:www.timesnownews.com
5321:on 14 September 2017
4867:Tariq Malik (2007).
4038:on 30 September 2007
3957:on 30 September 2007
3481:on 28 September 2008
3375:ru.china-embassy.org
3351:on 29 September 2007
3099:Johnson Space Center
2781:on 30 September 2007
2603:on 26 September 2008
1821:Johnson Space Center
1599:Byron K. Lichtenberg
1575:Joseph Albert Walker
1567:Valentina Tereshkova
1435:On 15 October 2003,
1283:, included American
1210:Valentina Tereshkova
1145:Valentina Tereshkova
1079:commercial astronaut
876:2022 Astronaut Group
698:Valentina Tereshkova
654:Coinage of the term
626:[kəsmɐˈnaft]
603:Soviet space program
586:Soviet space program
506:the following year.
189:commercial astronaut
8131:Science occupations
7991:Kathryn C. Thornton
7976:Kathryn D. Sullivan
7891:Charles J. Precourt
7881:Scott E. Parazynski
7841:Bruce McCandless II
7686:C. Gordon Fullerton
7591:Franklin Chang-Díaz
7546:Daniel Brandenstein
7255:Electric propulsion
6942:Life-support system
6826:Imagery and mapping
6786:Private spaceflight
6340:Alexander Grebenkin
5990:2020SciA....6.9488J
5772:1999NYASA.871..367Y
5488:2012PLoSO...753275C
5439:1995AdSpR..16h.105H
5389:1995AdSpR..16h.119D
5243:on 29 October 2009.
5026:on 13 January 2013.
4875:on 25 November 2006
4671:on 15 February 1997
4550:on 13 February 2006
4515:Spacefacts (1990).
4461:"Paying for a Ride"
4421:. 27 November 2006.
2956:Brzezinski, Matthew
2091:Alzheimer's disease
1539:Franklin Chang-Diaz
1410:Canadian astronauts
1341:, on 2 April 1984.
1121:Spaceflight records
1067:(with no qualifier)
666:Mikhail Tikhonravov
72:on shuttle mission
54:Bruce McCandless II
8136:1959 introductions
7971:Thomas P. Stafford
7776:Thomas David Jones
7761:Jeffrey A. Hoffman
7208:Robotic spacecraft
7134:Space and survival
6989:Space colonization
6885:Space architecture
6737:Outer Space Treaty
6078:airandspace.si.edu
5559:(3 January 2013).
4928:The New York Times
4734:on 9 November 2020
4602:The New York Times
4577:on 11 October 2007
4339:. 19 October 2021.
4233:on 13 October 2007
4065:on 13 October 2007
3930:on 13 October 2007
3809:"FAA Order 8800.2"
3329:. 22 January 1995.
2921:Dethloff, Henry C.
2576:on 25 October 2007
2433:List of cosmonauts
2342:
2292:
2264:
2172:them prematurely.
2019:sleep disturbances
1999:immunodeficiencies
1987:
1896:Doctor of Medicine
1856:biological science
1757:Astronaut training
1753:
1389:Abdul Ahad Mohmand
1198:
1190:
1179:
1164:
1153:
1138:
1052:, and Norwegian's
964:Angkasawan program
921:
844:Xinhua News Agency
726:
686:Andriyan Nikolayev
592:List of cosmonauts
582:
482:Eric Frank Russell
440:
263:. Three of the 24—
214:
78:
8055:
8054:
7926:Rusty Schweickart
7876:Bryan D. O'Connor
7726:John M. Grunsfeld
7641:Walter Cunningham
7433:
7432:
7380:Flight controller
7157:
7156:
6915:Human spaceflight
6890:Space exploration
6816:Earth observation
6595:
6594:
6533:
6532:
6462:
6461:
5693:(18): 1746–1753.
5660:on 20 August 2020
4998:(10): 2058–2069.
4937:on 1 January 2022
4709:978-0-14-301347-1
4641:on 19 August 2007
4489:BBC News (1990).
4383:on 23 April 2011.
4310:Los Angeles Times
4011:on 27 August 2007
3732:on 16 August 2018
3451:on 3 October 2008
3431:chinese.yabla.com
3327:Los Angeles Times
3168:978-0-08-048878-3
3045:Ingham, John L.:
3027:on 5 January 2008
2969:978-0-8050-8147-3
2864:Biographical Data
2808:on 6 January 2008
2749:on 27 August 2007
2516:Explanatory notes
2413:Boundary of Space
2152:In October 2018,
2106:space exploration
2087:human spaceflight
1947:Christa McAuliffe
1935:Richard R. Arnold
1813:T-38 jet aircraft
1693:Mark Shuttleworth
1664:Scaled Composites
1507:Blue Origin NS-18
1476:Blue Origin NS-16
1430:re-entry accident
1422:Mark Shuttleworth
1414:Rodolfo Neri Vela
1352:became the first
1344:On 23 July 1980,
1306:participating in
1090:private astronaut
946:for "space"; the
890:With the rise of
789:within the local
694:Grigoriy Nelyubov
456:Across the Zodiac
226:aerodynamic force
222:centrifugal force
218:human spaceflight
16:(Redirected from
8143:
8108:
8107:
8106:
8096:
8095:
8094:
8084:
8083:
8072:
8071:
8070:
8063:
7996:Richard H. Truly
7956:William Shepherd
7946:Brewster H. Shaw
7921:Harrison Schmitt
7796:Joseph P. Kerwin
7781:Janet L. Kavandi
7756:David C. Hilmers
7736:Henry Hartsfield
7701:Robert L. Gibson
7656:Bonnie J. Dunbar
7626:Richard O. Covey
7596:Kevin P. Chilton
7586:Roger B. Chaffee
7566:Robert D. Cabana
7460:
7453:
7446:
7437:
7423:
7412:
7411:
7122:Space psychology
6947:Animals in space
6920:
6900:Space technology
6742:Rescue Agreement
6622:
6615:
6608:
6599:
6522:
6521:
6509:
6508:
6496:
6495:
6479:
6451:
6450:
6438:
6437:
6428:Aleksey Ovchinin
6425:
6424:
6399:
6398:
6389:Barry E. Wilmore
6386:
6385:
6361:
6360:
6337:
6336:
6324:
6323:
6311:
6310:
6301:Matthew Dominick
6298:
6297:
6272:
6271:
6259:
6258:
6237:
6210:
6203:
6196:
6187:
6126:
6124:
6122:
6098:
6097:
6095:
6093:
6084:. Archived from
6070:
6064:
6063:
6052:
6046:
6045:
6043:
6041:
6029:Nevills, Amiko.
6026:
6020:
6019:
6009:
5984:(36): eaaz9488.
5978:Science Advances
5968:
5962:
5961:
5958:Business Insider
5949:
5943:
5942:
5940:
5938:
5923:
5917:
5916:
5906:
5896:
5880:BMC Microbiology
5870:
5864:
5863:
5861:
5859:
5842:
5836:
5835:
5833:
5831:
5814:
5808:
5807:
5755:
5749:
5748:
5746:
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5727:
5721:
5720:
5702:
5676:
5670:
5669:
5667:
5665:
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5640:
5639:
5637:
5635:
5629:
5616:
5607:
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5600:
5598:
5596:
5579:
5573:
5572:
5570:
5568:
5553:
5547:
5546:
5544:
5542:
5526:
5520:
5519:
5509:
5499:
5465:
5459:
5458:
5422:
5416:
5415:
5413:
5374:
5365:
5359:
5358:
5356:
5354:
5337:
5331:
5330:
5328:
5326:
5317:. Archived from
5304:
5298:
5292:
5286:
5285:
5275:
5251:
5245:
5244:
5239:. Archived from
5233:
5227:
5226:
5224:
5222:
5205:
5199:
5198:
5196:
5194:
5177:
5171:
5170:
5168:
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5146:
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5098:
5096:
5094:
5079:
5073:
5072:
5070:
5068:
5057:
5051:
5050:
5048:
5046:
5041:. zmescience.com
5034:
5028:
5027:
5022:. Archived from
4981:
4975:
4974:
4972:
4970:
4953:
4947:
4946:
4944:
4942:
4936:
4931:. Archived from
4918:
4912:
4911:
4909:
4907:
4891:
4885:
4884:
4882:
4880:
4864:
4858:
4857:
4855:
4853:
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4831:
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4808:
4807:
4805:
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4743:
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4587:
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4560:
4559:
4557:
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4539:
4533:
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4506:
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4503:
4501:
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4477:
4476:
4474:
4472:
4456:
4450:
4449:
4447:
4445:
4429:
4423:
4422:
4409:
4403:
4402:
4399:www.fourmilab.ch
4391:
4385:
4384:
4379:. Archived from
4373:
4367:
4366:
4364:
4362:
4347:
4341:
4340:
4327:
4321:
4320:
4318:
4316:
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4292:
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4269:
4268:
4266:
4264:
4249:
4243:
4242:
4240:
4238:
4222:
4216:
4215:
4213:
4211:
4191:
4185:
4184:
4182:
4180:
4164:
4158:
4157:
4151:
4143:
4140:"Space Missions"
4135:
4129:
4128:
4126:
4124:
4108:
4102:
4101:
4099:
4097:
4081:
4075:
4074:
4072:
4070:
4054:
4048:
4047:
4045:
4043:
4027:
4021:
4020:
4018:
4016:
4000:
3994:
3993:
3991:
3989:
3973:
3967:
3966:
3964:
3962:
3946:
3940:
3939:
3937:
3935:
3919:
3913:
3912:
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3908:
3894:
3888:
3887:
3885:
3883:
3867:
3861:
3860:
3858:
3856:
3841:
3835:
3834:
3832:
3830:
3824:
3813:
3805:
3799:
3798:
3796:
3794:
3774:
3768:
3767:
3765:
3763:
3748:
3742:
3741:
3739:
3737:
3728:. Archived from
3717:
3711:
3710:
3708:
3706:
3691:
3685:
3684:
3682:
3680:
3665:
3659:
3658:
3656:
3654:
3637:
3631:
3630:
3628:
3626:
3609:
3603:
3602:
3600:
3598:
3582:
3576:
3575:
3573:
3571:
3555:
3549:
3548:
3546:
3544:
3528:
3522:
3521:
3519:
3517:
3497:
3491:
3490:
3488:
3486:
3467:
3461:
3460:
3458:
3456:
3441:
3435:
3434:
3423:
3417:
3416:
3414:
3412:
3397:
3391:
3390:
3388:
3386:
3367:
3361:
3360:
3358:
3356:
3337:
3331:
3330:
3319:
3313:
3312:
3301:
3295:
3294:
3292:
3290:
3284:
3277:
3266:
3260:
3259:
3257:
3255:
3232:
3226:
3225:
3205:
3199:
3198:
3196:
3194:
3179:
3173:
3172:
3152:
3146:
3145:
3143:
3141:
3121:
3115:
3114:
3112:
3110:
3090:
3081:
3080:
3078:
3076:
3067:. Archived from
3056:
3050:
3043:
3037:
3036:
3034:
3032:
3023:. Archived from
3017:
3011:
3010:
2983:
2974:
2973:
2952:
2943:
2942:
2917:
2911:
2910:
2890:
2884:
2883:
2881:
2879:
2855:
2849:
2848:
2846:
2844:
2824:
2818:
2817:
2815:
2813:
2797:
2791:
2790:
2788:
2786:
2770:
2759:
2758:
2756:
2754:
2738:
2732:
2731:
2729:
2727:
2713:
2704:
2703:
2695:
2689:
2688:
2686:
2684:
2678:
2670:
2664:
2663:
2661:
2659:
2654:on 11 March 2022
2644:
2638:
2637:
2635:
2633:
2619:
2613:
2612:
2610:
2608:
2592:
2586:
2585:
2583:
2581:
2575:
2569:. Archived from
2564:
2552:
2532:
2526:
2418:Cosmonautics Day
2362:Fallen Astronaut
2189:to humans, that
2078:of outer space.
1951:Teacher in Space
1871:pilot-in-command
1864:computer science
1860:physical science
1807:) which perform
1717:Richard Garriott
1676:Space Adventures
1611:Toyohiro Akiyama
1446:On 30 May 2020,
1360:. Also in 1980,
1039:
1027:
1020:Finnish American
1009:
999:
974:). Plans of the
955:
945:
914:Finnish American
857:
856:
808:
807:
802:
780:
779:
774:
768:
767:
762:
756:
755:
750:
670:Soviet Air Force
659:
658:
650:
628:
623:
620:
486:Bulletin of the
466:J.-H. Rosny aîné
362:to "cosmonaut".
352:Space Task Group
326:T. Keith Glennan
300:Peggy A. Whitson
284:Joseph A. Walker
235:
234:
174:
173:
157:
156:
143:
142:
110:
104:
103:
98:
92:
91:
65:
21:
8151:
8150:
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8145:
8144:
8142:
8141:
8140:
8116:
8115:
8114:
8104:
8102:
8092:
8090:
8078:
8068:
8066:
8058:
8056:
8051:
8025:
7741:Frederick Hauck
7611:Michael Collins
7571:Scott Carpenter
7551:Roy Bridges Jr.
7486:Joseph P. Allen
7469:
7464:
7434:
7429:
7399:
7366:
7338:Escape velocity
7319:
7271:
7238:Space telescope
7191:Reentry capsule
7153:
7093:
6998:
6969:Overview effect
6952:Bioastronautics
6909:
6797:
6631:
6626:
6596:
6591:
6542:ISS expeditions
6529:
6516:
6503:
6490:
6470:
6458:
6445:
6432:
6419:
6406:
6402:Sunita Williams
6393:
6380:
6367:
6355:
6344:
6331:
6318:
6314:Michael Barratt
6305:
6292:
6279:
6266:
6253:
6228:
6220:
6218:low Earth orbit
6214:
6181:Wayback Machine
6149:Wayback Machine
6137:Wayback Machine
6120:
6118:
6110:
6107:
6102:
6101:
6091:
6089:
6088:on 28 July 2014
6072:
6071:
6067:
6054:
6053:
6049:
6039:
6037:
6028:
6027:
6023:
5970:
5969:
5965:
5951:
5950:
5946:
5936:
5934:
5925:
5924:
5920:
5872:
5871:
5867:
5857:
5855:
5844:
5843:
5839:
5829:
5827:
5824:The Independent
5816:
5815:
5811:
5757:
5756:
5752:
5742:
5740:
5729:
5728:
5724:
5678:
5677:
5673:
5663:
5661:
5648:
5647:
5643:
5633:
5631:
5627:
5614:
5609:
5608:
5604:
5594:
5592:
5581:
5580:
5576:
5566:
5564:
5555:
5554:
5550:
5540:
5538:
5528:
5527:
5523:
5467:
5466:
5462:
5424:
5423:
5419:
5411:
5372:
5367:
5366:
5362:
5352:
5350:
5339:
5338:
5334:
5324:
5322:
5306:
5305:
5301:
5293:
5289:
5253:
5252:
5248:
5235:
5234:
5230:
5220:
5218:
5207:
5206:
5202:
5192:
5190:
5179:
5178:
5174:
5164:
5162:
5157:
5156:
5152:
5142:
5140:
5107:
5106:
5102:
5092:
5090:
5081:
5080:
5076:
5066:
5064:
5059:
5058:
5054:
5044:
5042:
5036:
5035:
5031:
4983:
4982:
4978:
4968:
4966:
4955:
4954:
4950:
4940:
4938:
4920:
4919:
4915:
4905:
4903:
4893:
4892:
4888:
4878:
4876:
4866:
4865:
4861:
4851:
4849:
4839:
4838:
4834:
4824:
4822:
4816:
4815:
4811:
4801:
4799:
4793:
4792:
4788:
4778:
4776:
4766:
4765:
4761:
4744:
4737:
4735:
4722:
4721:
4717:
4710:
4689:
4688:
4684:
4674:
4672:
4662:
4661:
4654:
4644:
4642:
4632:
4631:
4624:
4614:
4612:
4595:
4594:
4590:
4580:
4578:
4568:
4567:
4563:
4553:
4551:
4541:
4540:
4536:
4526:
4524:
4514:
4513:
4509:
4499:
4497:
4488:
4487:
4480:
4470:
4468:
4458:
4457:
4453:
4443:
4441:
4431:
4430:
4426:
4411:
4410:
4406:
4393:
4392:
4388:
4375:
4374:
4370:
4360:
4358:
4349:
4348:
4344:
4329:
4328:
4324:
4314:
4312:
4303:
4302:
4298:
4288:
4286:
4277:
4276:
4272:
4262:
4260:
4257:Arkansas Online
4251:
4250:
4246:
4236:
4234:
4224:
4223:
4219:
4209:
4207:
4193:
4192:
4188:
4178:
4176:
4166:
4165:
4161:
4144:
4137:
4136:
4132:
4122:
4120:
4115:. Space Facts.
4110:
4109:
4105:
4095:
4093:
4083:
4082:
4078:
4068:
4066:
4056:
4055:
4051:
4041:
4039:
4032:"Tamayo-Mendez"
4029:
4028:
4024:
4014:
4012:
4002:
4001:
3997:
3987:
3985:
3975:
3974:
3970:
3960:
3958:
3951:"Salyut 6 EP-7"
3948:
3947:
3943:
3933:
3931:
3921:
3920:
3916:
3906:
3904:
3896:
3895:
3891:
3881:
3879:
3869:
3868:
3864:
3854:
3852:
3843:
3842:
3838:
3828:
3826:
3822:
3811:
3807:
3806:
3802:
3792:
3790:
3789:on 14 June 2020
3776:
3775:
3771:
3761:
3759:
3750:
3749:
3745:
3735:
3733:
3719:
3718:
3714:
3704:
3702:
3693:
3692:
3688:
3678:
3676:
3667:
3666:
3662:
3652:
3650:
3639:
3638:
3634:
3624:
3622:
3611:
3610:
3606:
3596:
3594:
3584:
3583:
3579:
3569:
3567:
3566:. Chiew Lee Yih
3557:
3556:
3552:
3542:
3540:
3539:. Chiew Lee Yih
3530:
3529:
3525:
3515:
3513:
3500:Xinhua (2008).
3499:
3498:
3494:
3484:
3482:
3469:
3468:
3464:
3454:
3452:
3443:
3442:
3438:
3425:
3424:
3420:
3410:
3408:
3405:arstechnica.com
3399:
3398:
3394:
3384:
3382:
3369:
3368:
3364:
3354:
3352:
3339:
3338:
3334:
3321:
3320:
3316:
3303:
3302:
3298:
3288:
3286:
3285:on 16 July 2019
3282:
3275:
3268:
3267:
3263:
3253:
3251:
3241:Daily Telegraph
3234:
3233:
3229:
3222:
3207:
3206:
3202:
3192:
3190:
3181:
3180:
3176:
3169:
3154:
3153:
3149:
3139:
3137:
3123:
3122:
3118:
3108:
3106:
3092:
3091:
3084:
3074:
3072:
3071:on 19 July 2011
3058:
3057:
3053:
3044:
3040:
3030:
3028:
3019:
3018:
3014:
3007:
2999:. p. 326.
2985:
2984:
2977:
2970:
2954:
2953:
2946:
2939:
2919:
2918:
2914:
2907:
2892:
2891:
2887:
2877:
2875:
2857:
2856:
2852:
2842:
2840:
2826:
2825:
2821:
2811:
2809:
2799:
2798:
2794:
2784:
2782:
2772:
2771:
2762:
2752:
2750:
2740:
2739:
2735:
2725:
2723:
2715:
2714:
2707:
2697:
2696:
2692:
2682:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2671:
2667:
2657:
2655:
2646:
2645:
2641:
2631:
2629:
2621:
2620:
2616:
2606:
2604:
2594:
2593:
2589:
2579:
2577:
2573:
2562:
2554:
2553:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2535:
2527:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2398:
2334:
2327:
2315:Astronaut Badge
2284:
2256:
2250:
2226:microstructural
2047:sports injuries
2039:Gennady Padalka
1976:Gennady Padalka
1969:
1959:
1931:Joseph M. Acaba
1918:
1912:
1866:or mathematics.
1844:
1841:
1817:Ellington Field
1765:
1759:
1742:
1711:Charles Simonyi
1705:Anousheh Ansari
1648:
1642:
1563:
1531:Valeri Polyakov
1527:
1503:William Shatner
1474:spaceflight on
1464:
1397:space station.
1127:
1117:
1109:Richard Branson
1010:for 'sky'). In
956:(deriving from
888:
872:
743:
736:
728:Main articles:
718:
682:Yevgeny Khrunov
621:
595:
588:
530:
522:Astronaut Corps
514:Astronaut Corps
368:
314:
308:
275:—did so twice.
253:low Earth orbit
242:astronaut wings
197:
61:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8149:
8147:
8139:
8138:
8133:
8128:
8118:
8117:
8113:
8112:
8100:
8088:
8076:
8053:
8052:
8050:
8049:
8044:
8039:
8033:
8031:
8027:
8026:
8024:
8023:
8018:
8013:
8008:
8003:
7998:
7993:
7988:
7986:Norman Thagard
7983:
7978:
7973:
7968:
7963:
7958:
7953:
7948:
7943:
7938:
7933:
7928:
7923:
7918:
7913:
7908:
7903:
7898:
7893:
7888:
7883:
7878:
7873:
7868:
7863:
7861:Story Musgrave
7858:
7856:Edgar Mitchell
7853:
7848:
7846:James McDivitt
7843:
7838:
7833:
7828:
7823:
7818:
7813:
7808:
7806:Steven Lindsey
7803:
7798:
7793:
7788:
7783:
7778:
7773:
7768:
7763:
7758:
7753:
7748:
7743:
7738:
7733:
7728:
7723:
7718:
7713:
7708:
7703:
7698:
7693:
7688:
7683:
7678:
7673:
7668:
7663:
7661:Donn F. Eisele
7658:
7653:
7648:
7643:
7638:
7633:
7631:Robert Crippen
7628:
7623:
7618:
7613:
7608:
7606:Eileen Collins
7603:
7598:
7593:
7588:
7583:
7578:
7573:
7568:
7563:
7558:
7553:
7548:
7543:
7541:Vance D. Brand
7538:
7533:
7528:
7526:Charles Bolden
7523:
7521:Karol J. Bobko
7518:
7513:
7508:
7503:
7501:Neil Armstrong
7498:
7496:William Anders
7493:
7488:
7483:
7477:
7475:
7471:
7470:
7465:
7463:
7462:
7455:
7448:
7440:
7431:
7430:
7428:
7427:
7416:
7404:
7401:
7400:
7398:
7397:
7392:
7387:
7385:Ground station
7382:
7376:
7374:
7372:Ground segment
7368:
7367:
7365:
7364:
7359:
7354:
7349:
7340:
7335:
7329:
7327:
7321:
7320:
7318:
7317:
7312:
7307:
7305:Interplanetary
7302:
7301:
7300:
7298:Geosynchronous
7295:
7285:
7279:
7277:
7273:
7272:
7270:
7269:
7268:
7267:
7265:Gravity assist
7262:
7257:
7252:
7242:
7241:
7240:
7235:
7230:
7225:
7220:
7215:
7205:
7200:
7199:
7198:
7196:Service module
7193:
7188:
7186:Orbital module
7178:
7173:
7171:Launch vehicle
7167:
7165:
7159:
7158:
7155:
7154:
7152:
7151:
7149:Space sexology
7146:
7141:
7139:Space medicine
7136:
7131:
7130:
7129:
7119:
7114:
7113:
7112:
7101:
7099:
7095:
7094:
7092:
7091:
7086:
7081:
7076:
7071:
7066:
7065:
7064:
7054:
7049:
7048:
7047:
7042:
7032:
7027:
7022:
7017:
7012:
7006:
7004:
7000:
6999:
6997:
6996:
6991:
6986:
6981:
6976:
6974:Weightlessness
6971:
6966:
6961:
6960:
6959:
6954:
6949:
6939:
6938:
6937:
6926:
6924:
6917:
6911:
6910:
6908:
6907:
6902:
6897:
6895:Space research
6892:
6887:
6882:
6877:
6872:
6867:
6866:
6865:
6860:
6855:
6850:
6840:
6839:
6838:
6833:
6831:Reconnaissance
6828:
6823:
6813:
6807:
6805:
6799:
6798:
6796:
6795:
6794:
6793:
6783:
6782:
6781:
6776:
6771:
6761:
6760:
6759:
6754:
6749:
6744:
6739:
6729:
6728:
6727:
6722:
6717:
6712:
6707:
6702:
6700:European Union
6697:
6692:
6687:
6677:
6672:
6671:
6670:
6665:
6660:
6655:
6645:
6639:
6637:
6633:
6632:
6627:
6625:
6624:
6617:
6610:
6602:
6593:
6592:
6590:
6589:
6584:
6579:
6574:
6569:
6564:
6562:ISS spacewalks
6559:
6558:
6557:
6552:
6544:
6538:
6535:
6534:
6531:
6530:
6528:
6527:
6514:
6501:
6487:
6485:
6476:
6464:
6463:
6460:
6459:
6457:
6456:
6443:
6430:
6416:
6414:
6408:
6407:
6405:
6404:
6391:
6377:
6375:
6369:
6368:
6366:
6365:
6352:
6350:
6346:
6345:
6343:
6342:
6329:
6316:
6303:
6289:
6287:
6281:
6280:
6278:
6277:
6264:
6262:Oleg Kononenko
6250:
6248:
6234:
6222:
6221:
6215:
6213:
6212:
6205:
6198:
6190:
6184:
6183:
6171:
6166:
6161:
6156:
6151:
6139:
6127:
6106:
6105:External links
6103:
6100:
6099:
6065:
6047:
6021:
5963:
5944:
5933:. 9 April 2019
5918:
5865:
5837:
5809:
5750:
5722:
5671:
5641:
5602:
5574:
5548:
5537:on 21 May 2020
5521:
5482:(12): e53275.
5460:
5427:Adv. Space Res
5417:
5383:(8): 119–129.
5360:
5332:
5299:
5287:
5266:(5): 745–749.
5246:
5228:
5200:
5172:
5150:
5122:(3): 819–827.
5100:
5074:
5052:
5029:
4976:
4948:
4913:
4902:on 16 May 2008
4886:
4859:
4832:
4809:
4786:
4759:
4715:
4708:
4682:
4652:
4622:
4588:
4561:
4534:
4519:. Spacefacts.
4507:
4478:
4451:
4424:
4404:
4386:
4368:
4353:. NASA. 2007.
4342:
4322:
4296:
4270:
4259:. 20 July 2021
4244:
4217:
4186:
4159:
4130:
4103:
4076:
4049:
4022:
3995:
3968:
3941:
3914:
3889:
3862:
3836:
3800:
3769:
3743:
3712:
3686:
3660:
3632:
3604:
3577:
3564:Usenet posting
3550:
3537:Usenet posting
3523:
3492:
3462:
3436:
3418:
3407:. 8 April 2022
3392:
3377:(in Russian).
3362:
3332:
3314:
3296:
3261:
3227:
3220:
3200:
3174:
3167:
3147:
3116:
3082:
3051:
3047:Into Your Tent
3038:
3012:
3005:
2995:. Reston, VA:
2987:Gruntman, Mike
2975:
2968:
2944:
2938:978-1502753588
2937:
2912:
2905:
2885:
2850:
2819:
2792:
2760:
2733:
2705:
2690:
2665:
2639:
2627:vocabulary.com
2614:
2587:
2543:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2534:
2533:
2520:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2511:
2506:
2504:Women in space
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2479:Shirley Thomas
2476:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2386:U.S. Air Force
2384:test pilot, a
2326:
2323:
2283:
2280:
2252:Main article:
2249:
2248:Food and drink
2246:
2191:microorganisms
2179:(ISS) of five
2124:trips in space
2108:, including a
2072:Microorganisms
2064:food poisoning
1980:Michael Fincke
1967:Space medicine
1958:
1955:
1943:Barbara Morgan
1924:
1923:
1914:Main article:
1911:
1908:
1907:
1906:
1903:
1892:
1885:
1884:
1881:
1878:
1867:
1848:
1840:
1837:
1789:weightlessness
1755:Main article:
1741:
1738:
1737:
1736:
1729:Yusaku Maezawa
1726:
1720:
1714:
1708:
1702:
1696:
1690:
1678:to fly to the
1668:Jared Isaacman
1641:
1638:
1623:space sickness
1579:X-15 Flight 90
1562:
1559:
1526:
1523:
1499:space sickness
1463:
1462:Age milestones
1460:
1381:Patrick Baudry
1319:Vladimír Remek
1285:William Anders
1244:Space Shuttle
1171:Vladimír Remek
1160:Neil Armstrong
1149:woman in space
1116:
1113:
1101:
1100:
1093:
1085:
1074:
1068:
887:
884:
871:
868:
849:People's Daily
830:Oxford English
717:
714:
710:Norman Thagard
690:Pavel Popovich
605:) is called a
584:Main article:
529:
526:
367:
364:
324:Administrator
307:
304:
296:Oleg Kononenko
224:, rather than
209:Freedom 7
196:
193:
177:heaven-sailing
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8148:
8137:
8134:
8132:
8129:
8127:
8124:
8123:
8121:
8111:
8101:
8099:
8089:
8087:
8082:
8077:
8075:
8065:
8061:
8048:
8045:
8043:
8040:
8038:
8035:
8034:
8032:
8028:
8022:
8019:
8017:
8016:Alfred Worden
8014:
8012:
8009:
8007:
8006:Jim Wetherbee
8004:
8002:
8001:Paul J. Weitz
7999:
7997:
7994:
7992:
7989:
7987:
7984:
7982:
7979:
7977:
7974:
7972:
7969:
7967:
7964:
7962:
7961:Loren Shriver
7959:
7957:
7954:
7952:
7949:
7947:
7944:
7942:
7939:
7937:
7934:
7932:
7929:
7927:
7924:
7922:
7919:
7917:
7916:Wally Schirra
7914:
7912:
7911:Jerry L. Ross
7909:
7907:
7904:
7902:
7901:Kent Rominger
7899:
7897:
7894:
7892:
7889:
7887:
7886:William Pogue
7884:
7882:
7879:
7877:
7874:
7872:
7869:
7867:
7866:George Nelson
7864:
7862:
7859:
7857:
7854:
7852:
7851:Pamela Melroy
7849:
7847:
7844:
7842:
7839:
7837:
7836:Ken Mattingly
7834:
7832:
7831:Sandra Magnus
7829:
7827:
7826:Shannon Lucid
7824:
7822:
7819:
7817:
7814:
7812:
7809:
7807:
7804:
7802:
7801:David Leestma
7799:
7797:
7794:
7792:
7789:
7787:
7784:
7782:
7779:
7777:
7774:
7772:
7769:
7767:
7764:
7762:
7759:
7757:
7754:
7752:
7749:
7747:
7746:Steven Hawley
7744:
7742:
7739:
7737:
7734:
7732:
7729:
7727:
7724:
7722:
7719:
7717:
7714:
7712:
7709:
7707:
7704:
7702:
7699:
7697:
7696:Edward Gibson
7694:
7692:
7691:Owen Garriott
7689:
7687:
7684:
7682:
7681:Michael Foale
7679:
7677:
7674:
7672:
7669:
7667:
7664:
7662:
7659:
7657:
7654:
7652:
7649:
7647:
7644:
7642:
7639:
7637:
7634:
7632:
7629:
7627:
7624:
7622:
7621:Gordon Cooper
7619:
7617:
7614:
7612:
7609:
7607:
7604:
7602:
7601:Michael Coats
7599:
7597:
7594:
7592:
7589:
7587:
7584:
7582:
7579:
7577:
7574:
7572:
7569:
7567:
7564:
7562:
7559:
7557:
7554:
7552:
7549:
7547:
7544:
7542:
7539:
7537:
7534:
7532:
7529:
7527:
7524:
7522:
7519:
7517:
7516:Guion Bluford
7514:
7512:
7511:John E. Blaha
7509:
7507:
7504:
7502:
7499:
7497:
7494:
7492:
7489:
7487:
7484:
7482:
7479:
7478:
7476:
7472:
7468:
7461:
7456:
7454:
7449:
7447:
7442:
7441:
7438:
7426:
7422:
7417:
7415:
7406:
7405:
7402:
7396:
7393:
7391:
7388:
7386:
7383:
7381:
7378:
7377:
7375:
7373:
7369:
7363:
7360:
7358:
7355:
7353:
7350:
7348:
7344:
7341:
7339:
7336:
7334:
7333:Direct ascent
7331:
7330:
7328:
7326:
7322:
7316:
7315:Intergalactic
7313:
7311:
7308:
7306:
7303:
7299:
7296:
7294:
7291:
7290:
7289:
7286:
7284:
7281:
7280:
7278:
7274:
7266:
7263:
7261:
7258:
7256:
7253:
7251:
7250:Rocket engine
7248:
7247:
7246:
7243:
7239:
7236:
7234:
7231:
7229:
7226:
7224:
7221:
7219:
7216:
7214:
7211:
7210:
7209:
7206:
7204:
7201:
7197:
7194:
7192:
7189:
7187:
7184:
7183:
7182:
7181:Space capsule
7179:
7177:
7174:
7172:
7169:
7168:
7166:
7164:
7160:
7150:
7147:
7145:
7144:Space nursing
7142:
7140:
7137:
7135:
7132:
7128:
7125:
7124:
7123:
7120:
7118:
7115:
7111:
7108:
7107:
7106:
7103:
7102:
7100:
7098:Health issues
7096:
7090:
7087:
7085:
7082:
7080:
7077:
7075:
7072:
7070:
7067:
7063:
7060:
7059:
7058:
7055:
7053:
7052:Space Shuttle
7050:
7046:
7043:
7041:
7038:
7037:
7036:
7033:
7031:
7028:
7026:
7023:
7021:
7018:
7016:
7013:
7011:
7008:
7007:
7005:
7001:
6995:
6992:
6990:
6987:
6985:
6984:Space tourism
6982:
6980:
6977:
6975:
6972:
6970:
6967:
6965:
6962:
6958:
6955:
6953:
6950:
6948:
6945:
6944:
6943:
6940:
6936:
6933:
6932:
6931:
6928:
6927:
6925:
6921:
6918:
6916:
6912:
6906:
6905:Space weather
6903:
6901:
6898:
6896:
6893:
6891:
6888:
6886:
6883:
6881:
6878:
6876:
6873:
6871:
6868:
6864:
6861:
6859:
6856:
6854:
6851:
6849:
6846:
6845:
6844:
6841:
6837:
6834:
6832:
6829:
6827:
6824:
6822:
6819:
6818:
6817:
6814:
6812:
6809:
6808:
6806:
6804:
6800:
6792:
6789:
6788:
6787:
6784:
6780:
6777:
6775:
6772:
6770:
6769:Space command
6767:
6766:
6765:
6764:Space warfare
6762:
6758:
6755:
6753:
6750:
6748:
6745:
6743:
6740:
6738:
6735:
6734:
6733:
6730:
6726:
6725:United States
6723:
6721:
6718:
6716:
6713:
6711:
6708:
6706:
6703:
6701:
6698:
6696:
6693:
6691:
6688:
6686:
6683:
6682:
6681:
6678:
6676:
6673:
6669:
6666:
6664:
6661:
6659:
6656:
6654:
6651:
6650:
6649:
6646:
6644:
6643:Astrodynamics
6641:
6640:
6638:
6634:
6630:
6623:
6618:
6616:
6611:
6609:
6604:
6603:
6600:
6588:
6585:
6583:
6580:
6578:
6575:
6573:
6570:
6568:
6565:
6563:
6560:
6556:
6553:
6551:
6548:
6547:
6545:
6543:
6540:
6539:
6536:
6526:
6520:
6515:
6513:
6507:
6502:
6500:
6494:
6489:
6488:
6486:
6484:
6480:
6477:
6474:
6469:
6465:
6455:
6454:Donald Pettit
6449:
6444:
6442:
6436:
6431:
6429:
6423:
6418:
6417:
6415:
6413:
6409:
6403:
6397:
6392:
6390:
6384:
6379:
6378:
6376:
6374:
6370:
6364:
6359:
6354:
6353:
6351:
6347:
6341:
6335:
6330:
6328:
6327:Jeanette Epps
6322:
6317:
6315:
6309:
6304:
6302:
6296:
6291:
6290:
6288:
6286:
6285:SpaceX Crew-8
6282:
6276:
6270:
6265:
6263:
6257:
6252:
6251:
6249:
6247:
6243:
6238:
6235:
6232:
6231:Expedition 71
6227:
6223:
6219:
6211:
6206:
6204:
6199:
6197:
6192:
6191:
6188:
6182:
6178:
6175:
6172:
6170:
6167:
6165:
6162:
6160:
6157:
6155:
6152:
6150:
6146:
6143:
6140:
6138:
6134:
6131:
6128:
6117:
6113:
6109:
6108:
6104:
6087:
6083:
6079:
6075:
6069:
6066:
6061:
6057:
6051:
6048:
6036:
6032:
6025:
6022:
6017:
6013:
6008:
6003:
5999:
5995:
5991:
5987:
5983:
5979:
5975:
5967:
5964:
5959:
5955:
5948:
5945:
5932:
5928:
5922:
5919:
5914:
5910:
5905:
5900:
5895:
5890:
5886:
5882:
5881:
5876:
5869:
5866:
5854:
5853:
5848:
5841:
5838:
5826:
5825:
5820:
5813:
5810:
5805:
5801:
5797:
5793:
5789:
5785:
5781:
5777:
5773:
5769:
5765:
5761:
5754:
5751:
5739:
5738:
5733:
5726:
5723:
5718:
5714:
5710:
5706:
5701:
5696:
5692:
5688:
5687:
5682:
5675:
5672:
5659:
5655:
5651:
5645:
5642:
5626:
5622:
5621:
5613:
5606:
5603:
5591:
5590:
5585:
5578:
5575:
5562:
5558:
5557:Cowing, Keith
5552:
5549:
5536:
5532:
5525:
5522:
5517:
5513:
5508:
5503:
5498:
5493:
5489:
5485:
5481:
5477:
5476:
5471:
5464:
5461:
5456:
5452:
5448:
5444:
5440:
5436:
5433:(8): 105–18.
5432:
5428:
5421:
5418:
5410:
5406:
5402:
5398:
5394:
5390:
5386:
5382:
5378:
5371:
5364:
5361:
5349:
5348:
5343:
5336:
5333:
5320:
5316:
5315:
5310:
5303:
5300:
5297:
5291:
5288:
5283:
5279:
5274:
5269:
5265:
5261:
5257:
5250:
5247:
5242:
5238:
5232:
5229:
5217:
5216:
5211:
5204:
5201:
5189:
5188:
5183:
5176:
5173:
5160:
5154:
5151:
5139:
5135:
5130:
5125:
5121:
5117:
5116:
5111:
5104:
5101:
5089:
5085:
5078:
5075:
5062:
5056:
5053:
5040:
5033:
5030:
5025:
5021:
5017:
5013:
5009:
5005:
5001:
4997:
4993:
4992:
4991:Ophthalmology
4987:
4980:
4977:
4965:
4964:
4959:
4952:
4949:
4935:
4930:
4929:
4924:
4917:
4914:
4901:
4897:
4894:NASA (2005).
4890:
4887:
4874:
4870:
4863:
4860:
4847:
4843:
4840:NASA (2007).
4836:
4833:
4820:
4817:NASA (2004).
4813:
4810:
4797:
4794:NASA (2004).
4790:
4787:
4774:
4770:
4767:NASA (2007).
4763:
4760:
4755:
4749:
4733:
4729:
4725:
4719:
4716:
4711:
4705:
4701:
4696:
4695:
4686:
4683:
4670:
4666:
4663:NASA (1995).
4659:
4657:
4653:
4640:
4636:
4633:NASA (2006).
4629:
4627:
4623:
4611:
4607:
4603:
4599:
4592:
4589:
4576:
4572:
4565:
4562:
4549:
4545:
4538:
4535:
4522:
4518:
4511:
4508:
4496:
4492:
4485:
4483:
4479:
4466:
4462:
4455:
4452:
4439:
4435:
4432:NASA (2002).
4428:
4425:
4420:
4419:
4414:
4408:
4405:
4400:
4396:
4390:
4387:
4382:
4378:
4372:
4369:
4356:
4352:
4346:
4343:
4338:
4337:
4332:
4326:
4323:
4311:
4307:
4300:
4297:
4285:
4281:
4274:
4271:
4258:
4254:
4248:
4245:
4232:
4228:
4221:
4218:
4205:
4201:
4197:
4190:
4187:
4174:
4170:
4167:NASA (1985).
4163:
4160:
4155:
4149:
4141:
4134:
4131:
4118:
4114:
4107:
4104:
4091:
4087:
4084:NASA (2006).
4080:
4077:
4064:
4060:
4053:
4050:
4037:
4033:
4026:
4023:
4010:
4006:
4005:"Taylor Wang"
3999:
3996:
3983:
3979:
3976:NASA (1985).
3972:
3969:
3956:
3952:
3945:
3942:
3929:
3925:
3918:
3915:
3903:
3899:
3893:
3890:
3877:
3873:
3870:NASA (2006).
3866:
3863:
3851:
3847:
3840:
3837:
3821:
3817:
3810:
3804:
3801:
3788:
3784:
3780:
3773:
3770:
3757:
3753:
3747:
3744:
3731:
3727:
3723:
3716:
3713:
3701:
3697:
3690:
3687:
3675:
3674:New Scientist
3671:
3664:
3661:
3649:
3648:
3643:
3636:
3633:
3621:
3620:
3615:
3608:
3605:
3593:
3592:
3587:
3581:
3578:
3565:
3561:
3554:
3551:
3538:
3534:
3527:
3524:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3496:
3493:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3466:
3463:
3450:
3446:
3440:
3437:
3432:
3428:
3422:
3419:
3406:
3402:
3396:
3393:
3380:
3376:
3372:
3366:
3363:
3350:
3346:
3342:
3336:
3333:
3328:
3324:
3318:
3315:
3310:
3306:
3300:
3297:
3281:
3274:
3273:
3265:
3262:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3231:
3228:
3223:
3221:9780387739755
3217:
3213:
3212:
3204:
3201:
3189:
3185:
3178:
3175:
3170:
3164:
3160:
3159:
3151:
3148:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3120:
3117:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3089:
3087:
3083:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3061:"IAF History"
3055:
3052:
3048:
3042:
3039:
3026:
3022:
3016:
3013:
3008:
3006:9781563477058
3002:
2998:
2994:
2993:
2988:
2982:
2980:
2976:
2971:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2951:
2949:
2945:
2940:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2916:
2913:
2908:
2906:9780801895043
2902:
2898:
2897:
2889:
2886:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2854:
2851:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2823:
2820:
2807:
2803:
2800:NASA (2004).
2796:
2793:
2780:
2776:
2769:
2767:
2765:
2761:
2748:
2744:
2737:
2734:
2722:
2718:
2712:
2710:
2706:
2701:
2694:
2691:
2679:. 22 May 2012
2675:
2669:
2666:
2653:
2649:
2643:
2640:
2628:
2624:
2618:
2615:
2602:
2598:
2591:
2588:
2572:
2568:
2561:
2557:
2551:
2549:
2545:
2538:
2530:
2525:
2522:
2515:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2484:
2480:
2477:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2400:
2395:
2393:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2370:
2368:
2364:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2349:
2347:
2338:
2332:
2324:
2322:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2307:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2288:
2281:
2279:
2275:
2273:
2269:
2260:
2255:
2247:
2245:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2222:physiological
2219:
2215:
2211:
2206:
2203:
2199:
2194:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2150:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2131:
2129:
2125:
2120:
2118:
2113:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2094:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2079:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2060:
2054:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1968:
1964:
1956:
1954:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1920:
1919:
1917:
1909:
1904:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1890:
1889:
1888:
1882:
1879:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1846:
1845:
1838:
1836:
1832:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1777:
1775:
1771:
1770:Mercury Seven
1764:
1758:
1750:
1746:
1739:
1734:
1730:
1727:
1724:
1723:Guy Laliberté
1721:
1718:
1715:
1712:
1709:
1706:
1703:
1700:
1699:Gregory Olsen
1697:
1694:
1691:
1688:
1685:
1684:
1683:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1647:
1646:Space tourism
1639:
1637:
1635:
1631:
1630:space tourist
1626:
1624:
1620:
1617:, a visit to
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1595:
1593:
1589:
1588:Boris Yegorov
1585:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1560:
1558:
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1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1535:Jerry L. Ross
1532:
1524:
1522:
1520:
1516:
1513:, one of the
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1487:Gherman Titov
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1468:Oliver Daemen
1461:
1459:
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1418:Helen Sharman
1415:
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1373:Guion Bluford
1370:
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1335:Rakesh Sharma
1332:
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1327:United States
1324:
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1309:
1305:
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1297:
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1266:Alexei Leonov
1262:
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1098:
1097:space tourist
1094:
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1080:
1075:
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1069:
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1057:
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1047:
1046:ruimtevaarder
1043:
1038:
1037:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1017:
1016:Timothy Kopra
1013:
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1003:
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989:
985:
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965:
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935:
931:
927:
919:
918:Timothy Kopra
915:
911:
907:
905:
901:
897:
893:
892:space tourism
885:
883:
881:
877:
869:
867:
865:
861:
851:
850:
845:
841:
840:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
814:
812:
801:
797:. The phrase
796:
792:
788:
784:
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761:
760:hángtiān yuán
749:
741:
735:
731:
722:
715:
713:
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699:
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627:
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612:
611:Anglicization
608:
604:
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593:
587:
579:
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571:
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563:
559:
556:; front row:
555:
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547:
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497:
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489:
483:
479:
475:
471:
470:astronautique
467:
463:
462:
457:
454:'s 1880 book
453:
449:
448:Neil R. Jones
445:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
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413:
410:. Front row:
409:
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97:
87:
86:Ancient Greek
83:
75:
71:
70:
64:
63:Space Shuttle
59:
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43:
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8110:Solar System
8046:
7981:Jack Swigert
7966:Deke Slayton
7951:Alan Shepard
7906:Stuart Roosa
7771:Marsha Ivins
7671:Ronald Evans
7651:Charles Duke
7561:James Buchli
7556:Curtis Brown
7536:Ken Bowersox
7531:Frank Borman
7491:Scott Altman
7325:Space launch
7310:Interstellar
7276:Destinations
7045:Apollo–Soyuz
6994:Space diving
6979:Space toilet
6929:
6803:Applications
6720:Soviet Union
6680:Space policy
6675:Space launch
6567:ISS visitors
6473:Expedition 7
6275:Nikolai Chub
6119:. Retrieved
6115:
6090:. Retrieved
6086:the original
6077:
6068:
6060:www.nasa.gov
6059:
6050:
6038:. Retrieved
6035:www.nasa.gov
6034:
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5930:
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5822:
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5735:
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5662:. Retrieved
5658:the original
5653:
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5632:. Retrieved
5618:
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5593:. Retrieved
5587:
5577:
5565:. Retrieved
5563:. NASA Watch
5551:
5539:. Retrieved
5535:the original
5524:
5479:
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5430:
5426:
5420:
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5363:
5353:14 September
5351:. Retrieved
5345:
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5325:14 September
5323:. Retrieved
5319:the original
5312:
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5241:the original
5231:
5219:. Retrieved
5213:
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5185:
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5163:. Retrieved
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5141:. Retrieved
5119:
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5055:
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5024:the original
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4900:the original
4889:
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4873:the original
4862:
4850:. Retrieved
4835:
4823:. Retrieved
4812:
4800:. Retrieved
4789:
4777:. Retrieved
4762:
4736:. Retrieved
4732:the original
4728:www.nasa.gov
4727:
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4673:. Retrieved
4669:the original
4643:. Retrieved
4639:the original
4613:. Retrieved
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4579:. Retrieved
4575:the original
4564:
4552:. Retrieved
4548:the original
4537:
4525:. Retrieved
4510:
4498:. Retrieved
4494:
4469:. Retrieved
4454:
4442:. Retrieved
4427:
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4381:the original
4371:
4359:. Retrieved
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4325:
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4309:
4299:
4287:. Retrieved
4283:
4273:
4261:. Retrieved
4256:
4247:
4235:. Retrieved
4231:the original
4220:
4208:. Retrieved
4199:
4189:
4177:. Retrieved
4162:
4133:
4121:. Retrieved
4106:
4094:. Retrieved
4079:
4067:. Retrieved
4063:the original
4052:
4040:. Retrieved
4036:the original
4025:
4013:. Retrieved
4009:the original
3998:
3986:. Retrieved
3971:
3959:. Retrieved
3955:the original
3944:
3932:. Retrieved
3928:the original
3917:
3905:. Retrieved
3901:
3892:
3880:. Retrieved
3865:
3853:. Retrieved
3849:
3839:
3827:. Retrieved
3815:
3803:
3791:. Retrieved
3787:the original
3782:
3772:
3760:. Retrieved
3755:
3746:
3734:. Retrieved
3730:the original
3715:
3703:. Retrieved
3699:
3689:
3677:. Retrieved
3673:
3663:
3651:. Retrieved
3645:
3635:
3623:. Retrieved
3617:
3607:
3595:. Retrieved
3589:
3580:
3570:27 September
3568:. Retrieved
3563:
3553:
3543:27 September
3541:. Retrieved
3536:
3526:
3516:28 September
3514:. Retrieved
3505:
3495:
3485:25 September
3483:. Retrieved
3479:the original
3474:
3465:
3455:25 September
3453:. Retrieved
3449:the original
3439:
3430:
3421:
3409:. Retrieved
3404:
3395:
3383:. Retrieved
3374:
3365:
3353:. Retrieved
3349:the original
3345:fmprc.gov.cn
3344:
3335:
3326:
3317:
3308:
3299:
3287:. Retrieved
3280:the original
3271:
3264:
3252:. Retrieved
3240:
3230:
3210:
3203:
3191:. Retrieved
3177:
3157:
3150:
3138:. Retrieved
3119:
3107:. Retrieved
3073:. Retrieved
3069:the original
3054:
3046:
3041:
3029:. Retrieved
3025:the original
3015:
2991:
2959:
2928:
2915:
2895:
2888:
2876:. Retrieved
2863:
2853:
2843:13 September
2841:. Retrieved
2832:
2822:
2810:. Retrieved
2806:the original
2795:
2783:. Retrieved
2779:the original
2751:. Retrieved
2747:the original
2736:
2724:. Retrieved
2720:
2693:
2681:. Retrieved
2668:
2656:. Retrieved
2652:the original
2642:
2630:. Retrieved
2626:
2617:
2605:. Retrieved
2601:the original
2590:
2578:. Retrieved
2571:the original
2524:
2509:Yuri's Night
2483:Men of Space
2482:
2371:
2360:
2354:
2350:
2346:Soviet Union
2343:
2308:
2293:
2276:
2265:
2220:causes many
2207:
2195:
2180:
2174:
2151:
2143:Zero gravity
2132:
2121:
2114:
2095:
2080:
2057:
2055:
1988:
1984:Expedition 9
1925:
1894:A completed
1886:
1875:jet aircraft
1833:
1793:microgravity
1778:
1766:
1672:Inspiration4
1662:employed by
1652:Mike Melvill
1649:
1627:
1605:who flew on
1596:
1564:
1547:Jack Swigert
1528:
1465:
1445:
1443:spacecraft.
1434:
1406:Marc Garneau
1399:
1392:
1343:
1323:Soviet Union
1316:Czechoslovak
1289:
1278:
1263:
1245:
1235:Friendship 7
1233:
1223:
1220:Alan Shepard
1218:
1202:Yuri Gagarin
1199:
1175:Czechoslovak
1134:Yuri Gagarin
1102:
1096:
1089:
1078:
1071:
1064:
1058:
1053:
1049:
1048:, Swedish's
1045:
1041:
1001:
987:
983:
972:antariksawan
971:
957:
929:
922:
889:
873:
870:Parastronaut
847:
837:
817:
815:
795:Solar System
748:Yǔ háng yuán
744:
678:German Titov
674:Yuri Gagarin
662:cosmonautics
653:
631:Eastern Bloc
614:
606:
596:
508:
496:astronautics
493:
485:
474:astronautics
469:
459:
455:
443:
441:
356:Yuri Gagarin
350:. Most NASA
341:
337:
333:
318:Soviet Union
315:
277:
249:36 countries
246:
215:
208:
204:Alan Shepard
185:SpaceShipOne
181:
167:hángtiānyuán
166:
145:
135:
132:Soviet Union
125:
81:
79:
68:
42:
40:
8098:Outer space
7941:Rhea Seddon
7936:David Scott
7931:Dick Scobee
7871:Ellen Ochoa
7816:Jack Lousma
7791:Scott Kelly
7766:James Irwin
7751:Susan Helms
7721:Gus Grissom
7646:Brian Duffy
7616:Pete Conrad
7581:Gene Cernan
7576:Gerald Carr
7481:Buzz Aldrin
7283:Sub-orbital
7218:Space probe
7084:New Shepard
7062:Shuttle–Mir
6821:Archaeology
6774:Space force
6757:Moon Treaty
6629:Spaceflight
6483:Shenzhou 18
6441:Ivan Vagner
6412:Soyuz MS-26
6349:Soyuz MS-25
6040:13 February
5858:25 November
5852:EurekAlert!
5664:5 September
5193:12 February
4615:17 December
3907:27 November
3705:20 February
3679:20 February
3653:23 November
3625:23 November
3597:18 February
3140:28 December
3031:28 December
2726:17 November
2658:11 November
2485:(1960–1968)
2357:David Scott
2230:spaceflight
2218:spaceflight
2162:planet Mars
2158:outer space
2147:cosmic rays
2128:MRI studies
2126:, based on
2104:related to
2068:antibiotics
2035:Leroy Chiao
1982:during ISS
1797:Vomit Comet
1774:jet fighter
1733:Yozo Hirano
1687:Dennis Tito
1654:, piloting
1634:Dennis Tito
1557:emergency.
1480:New Shepard
1456:Crew Dragon
1452:Bob Behnken
1448:Doug Hurley
1402:Ulf Merbold
1377:Taylor Wang
1312:Soyuz TM-13
1300:Warsaw Pact
1292:Intercosmos
1255:Mae Jemison
1249:'s mission
1028:, from the
934:spationaute
926:Interkosmos
886:Other terms
880:John McFall
862:used it in
800:tàikōng rén
791:star system
787:outer space
783:spaceflight
664:") pioneer
478:balloonists
468:, the word
330:Hugh Dryden
306:Terminology
238:Kármán line
152:"tàikōng" (
8126:Astronauts
8120:Categories
8021:John Young
7896:Sally Ride
7821:Jim Lovell
7786:Mark Kelly
7731:Fred Haise
7706:John Glenn
7352:Launch pad
7343:Expendable
7293:Geocentric
7260:Solar sail
7203:Spaceplane
7163:Spacecraft
6957:Space suit
6935:commercial
6863:Television
6658:Space Race
6525:Li Guangsu
6499:Ye Guangfu
6373:Boeing CFT
5887:(1): 175.
5743:3 November
5634:29 October
5595:30 October
5221:3 November
5045:9 February
4941:27 January
4315:4 February
3475:China View
2539:References
2489:Space suit
2481:– author,
2473:Mercury 13
2355:Astronaut
2254:Space food
2187:pathogenic
2051:rural care
2043:ultrasound
2041:) perform
2009:, loss of
2001:, loss of
1995:barotrauma
1961:See also:
1761:See also:
1749:Elliot See
1660:test pilot
1551:Fred Haise
1543:Jim Lovell
1511:John Glenn
1472:suborbital
1441:Shenzhou 5
1437:Yang Liwei
1426:Ilan Ramon
1339:Soyuz T-11
1308:Soyuz TM-7
1264:Cosmonaut
1246:Challenger
1240:Sally Ride
1230:John Glenn
1186:Yang Liwei
1119:See also:
1105:Jeff Bezos
1050:rymdfarare
1044:, Dutch's
1042:Raumfahrer
1025:sisunautti
990:(from the
968:Indonesian
953:angkasawan
930:spationaut
916:astronaut
864:newsgroups
839:Shenzhou 5
834:Yang Liwei
648:astronauta
645:also used
641:(although
639:kosmonauta
617:(Russian:
574:Feoktistov
566:Tereshkova
464:(1925) by
452:Percy Greg
360:anglicizes
338:cosmonauts
334:astronauts
310:See also:
292:spacewalks
269:John Young
265:Jim Lovell
195:Definition
163:astronauts
148:(from the
136:cosmonauts
117:spacecraft
84:(from the
69:Challenger
52:astronaut
18:Cosmonauts
8074:Astronomy
8047:Astronaut
7666:Joe Engle
7506:Alan Bean
7362:Spaceport
7213:Satellite
6930:Astronaut
6858:Telephone
6811:Astronomy
6732:Space law
6685:Australia
6121:9 January
5830:2 October
5788:1749-6632
5717:205102116
5567:7 January
5541:7 January
5115:Radiology
5088:Space.com
4906:4 October
4879:4 October
4852:4 October
4825:4 October
4802:4 October
4779:4 October
4675:4 October
4645:4 October
4610:0362-4331
4581:4 October
4554:4 October
4527:4 October
4517:"Akiyama"
4500:4 October
4471:4 October
4444:4 October
4418:Space.com
4361:4 October
4336:Space.com
4289:4 October
4237:4 October
4210:4 October
4179:4 October
4123:11 August
4069:4 October
4042:4 October
4015:4 October
3988:4 October
3961:4 October
3934:4 October
3882:4 October
3850:USA Today
3619:SpaceNews
3385:4 October
3355:4 October
3249:0307-1235
3075:16 August
2812:4 October
2785:4 October
2753:4 October
2683:9 January
2632:9 January
2607:4 October
2580:4 October
2529:Apollo 13
2367:Apollo 15
2311:lapel pin
2270:(29
2198:radiation
2100:issued a
2023:radiation
1809:parabolic
1592:Voskhod 1
1555:Apollo 13
1515:Mercury 7
1484:cosmonaut
1346:Pham Tuan
1296:socialist
1242:, during
1232:, aboard
1225:Freedom 7
1065:astronaut
1002:gagannaut
988:vyomanaut
984:astronaut
980:Gaganyaan
932:(French:
818:taikonaut
816:The term
716:Taikonaut
657:космонавт
619:космонавт
615:kosmonavt
607:cosmonaut
570:Nikolayev
528:Cosmonaut
444:astronaut
420:Carpenter
400:Armstrong
366:Astronaut
257:24 people
179:staff").
146:taikonaut
82:astronaut
8011:Ed White
7414:Category
7079:Tiangong
7074:Shenzhou
7003:Programs
6848:Internet
6653:Timeline
6555:uncrewed
6177:Archived
6145:Archived
6133:Archived
6016:32917625
5937:10 April
5913:30466389
5804:32639019
5796:10372085
5709:29091569
5625:Archived
5516:23300905
5475:PLoS ONE
5455:11542695
5409:Archived
5405:11542696
5282:18424650
5165:25 April
5143:14 March
5138:22416248
5093:14 March
5067:25 April
5020:13965518
5012:21849212
4846:Archived
4844:. NASA.
4773:Archived
4771:. NASA.
4748:cite web
4521:Archived
4495:BBC News
4465:Archived
4438:Archived
4436:. NASA.
4355:Archived
4284:BBC News
4204:Archived
4200:BBC News
4173:Archived
4171:. NASA.
4148:cite web
4117:Archived
4090:Archived
4088:. NASA.
4059:"Baudry"
3982:Archived
3980:. NASA.
3876:Archived
3874:. NASA.
3820:Archived
3783:nasa.gov
3736:10 April
3700:The Wire
3647:BBC News
3510:Archived
3379:Archived
3134:Archived
3103:Archived
3101:, NASA.
2989:(2004).
2958:(2007).
2923:(1993).
2872:Archived
2837:Archived
2833:abc News
2558:(2006).
2408:Aquanaut
2396:See also
2282:Insignia
2011:eyesight
1922:desired.
1873:time on
1740:Training
1571:Vostok 6
1491:Vostok 2
1369:Hispanic
1358:Soyuz 37
1333:rocket.
1298:" (i.e.
1281:Apollo 8
1274:Ed White
1214:Vostok 6
1206:Vostok 1
1147:, first
1054:romfarer
992:Sanskrit
898:and the
874:For its
860:Malaysia
772:hángtiān
706:Vostok 6
578:Belyayev
554:Popovich
546:Bykovsky
404:Stafford
380:McDivitt
288:man-days
150:Mandarin
121:tourists
74:STS-41-B
60:outside
56:using a
8060:Portals
8030:Related
7474:Members
7288:Orbital
7089:Artemis
7020:Voskhod
7015:Mercury
6923:General
6663:Records
6648:History
6636:General
6512:Li Cong
6092:17 July
6007:7473746
5986:Bibcode
5904:6251167
5768:Bibcode
5589:AP News
5507:3534034
5484:Bibcode
5435:Bibcode
5385:Bibcode
5347:Gizmodo
4969:23 July
4738:3 April
4263:20 July
3855:30 July
3829:30 July
3793:16 July
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