259:
468:, which build up tolerance to the drug. It's possible that future treatment for cocaine addiction might target those complexes. Synaptogyrin-3, a synaptic vesicle protein, binds to dopamine transporters and regulates the effects of cocaine on dopamine neurotransmission and rodent self-administration behavior. Elevating levels of synaptogyrin-3 made animals resilient to cocaine, and a possible future treatment for cocaine addiction might be based on targeting this protein.
343:(MT) has proven to be more helpful than 12 step programs in treating cocaine dependency. However, both these approaches have a fairly low success rate as research suggests that the withdrawal symptoms can last for several weeks. For instance, one of the main predictors of a successful recovery is the number of continuous days a person is able to go without using the substance. Alternative holistic treatments such as physical exercise and
2865:
238:
Kleber led an important study on the withdrawal symptoms of cocaine users. In this study, three distinct phases were reported. These phases are the 'crash', 'withdrawal' and 'extinction'. The 'crash' phase or phase 1 occurs directly after cocaine is not being used anymore. Withdrawal symptoms for this phase are exhaustion, hypersomnia, no cravings to use,
299:
certain situations and to emotional states in which cocaine's effects would be most positive, and 2) limiting mode of ingestion to snorting of modest amounts of cocaine, staying below 2.5 grams a week for some, and below 0.5 grams a week for most. Nevertheless, those whose use level exceeded 2.5 grams a week all returned to lower levels".
217:), also known as "coke bugs", during binges. Different ingestion techniques have their own symptoms that accompany them. Snorting it can cause a loss of sense of smell, nose bleeds, problems swallowing and an inflamed, runny nose. Smoking it causes lung damage and injecting it puts users at risk of contracting infectious diseases like
270:
Past year cocaine users with a cocaine use disorder in 2019 was 1 million for people aged 12 or older. When broken into age groups, ages 12–17 had 5,000 people with a cocaine use disorder; ages 18–25 had 250,000 people with a cocaine use disorder and ages 26 or older had 756,000 people with a cocaine
237:
When used habitually, cocaine can change brain structure and function, resulting in addiction. Circuits within the brain structure that play a part in stress signals become more sensitive. When cocaine is not being used this increases an individual's displeasure and negative moods. In 1986, Gawin and
294:
within two years of first use was 5–6%. The risk of becoming dependent within 10 years of first use increased to 15–16%. These were the aggregate rates for all types of use considered, such as smoking, snorting, and injecting. Among recent-onset users individual rates of dependency were higher for
406:
has been under investigation as a treatment for cocaine dependency and is used in clinics in Mexico, the
Netherlands and Canada. It was legal for a time in Costa Rica, but has been illegal since 2018. It is illegal to use in many countries, such as Sweden, Norway, the United Kingdom, and in the
298:
However, a study of non-deviant users in
Amsterdam found a "relative absence of destructive and compulsive use patterns over a ten year period" and concluded that cocaine users can and do exercise control. "Our respondents applied two basic types of controls to themselves: 1) restricting use to
295:
smoking (3.4 times) and much higher for injecting. Women were 3.3 times more likely to become dependent, compared with men. Users who started at ages 12 or 13 were four times as likely to become dependent compared to those who started between ages 18 and 20.
246:, anxiety, erratic sleep, strong craving, emotional lability, irritability, depression, poor concentration, and bowel issues. Finally the last phase or the 'extinction' phase occurs up to 28 weeks after discontinued use, symptoms include: episodic cravings and some
755:
480:– a dopamine D3 receptor antagonist, used in the study of cocaine addiction. Where cocaine reduces the threshold for brain electrical self-stimulation in rats, an indication of cocaine's rewarding effects, SB-277011-A completely reverses this effect.
2067:
2051:
1207:"Toward empirical identification of a clinically meaningful indicator of treatment outcome: Features of candidate indicators and evaluation of sensitivity to treatment effects and relationship to one year follow up cocaine use outcomes"
266:
In the United States, past year cocaine users in 2019 was 5.5 million for people aged 12 or older. When broken into age groups, ages 12–17 had 97,000 users; ages 18–25 had 1.8 million users and ages 26 or older had 3.6 million users.
516:
Pomara C, Cassano T, D'Errico S, Bello S, Romano AD, Riezzo I, Serviddio G (2012). "Data available on the extent of cocaine use and dependence: biochemistry, pharmacologic effects and global burden of disease of cocaine abusers".
763:
496:
The study's authors stated that they wanted to know which effects and consequences of cocaine use would become visible with persons who are mainstream citizens or as close to that social stratum as possible
1971:
Peck, Emily Grace; Holleran, Katherine M.; Curry, Alyson M.; Holter, Kimberly Marie; Estave, Paige; Sens, Jonathon P; Locke, Jason; Ortelli, Olivia; George, Brianna (29 July 2024),
347:
have been proven effective in reducing cocaine cravings. Other non-pharmacological treatments such as acupuncture and hypnosis have been explored, but without conclusive results.
2901:
2603:
1205:
Carroll, Kathleen M.; Kiluk, Brian D.; Nich, Charla; DeVito, Elise E.; Decker, Suzanne; LaPaglia, Donna; Duffey, Dianne; Babuscio, Theresa A.; Ball, Samuel A. (1 April 2014).
1840:
213:, whose symptoms include aggression, severe paranoia, restlessness, confusion and tactile hallucinations; which can include the feeling of something crawling under the skin (
1468:
Singh, M; Keer, D; Klimas, J; Wood, E; Werb, D (August 2016). "Topiramate for cocaine dependence: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials".
1765:. Satendra Singh et al. Chem. Rev. 2000, 100. 925-1024. PubMed; Chemical Reviews (Impact Factor: 45.66). 04/2000; 100(3):925-1024 American Chemical Society; 2000,
616:
1774:
197:
Cocaine is a powerful stimulant known to make users feel energetic, cheerful, talkative, etc. In time, negative side effects include increased body temperature,
2623:
3581:
242:, increased appetite, restlessness, and irritability. The second phase, or 'withdrawal' phase occurs 1–10 weeks after cocaine users quit, symptoms include:
3451:
1303:
Otto, Katharine C.; Quinn, Colin; Sung, Yung-Fong (Spring 1998). "Auricular acupuncture as an adjunctive treatment for cocaine addiction: A pilot study".
2894:
1734:"Metabolism of vanoxerine, 1-[2-[bis(4-fluorophenyl)methoxy]ethyl]-4-(3-phenylpropyl)piperazine, by human cytochrome P450 enzymes"
865:
Wagner, FA (2002), "From first drug use to drug dependence; developmental periods of risk for dependence upon marijuana, cocaine, and alcohol",
274:
In the United States, cocaine use overdose deaths have been on the rise and in 2019, the CDC reported over 16,000 deaths from cocaine overdose.
3724:
3248:
1911:
Siciliano, Cody A.; Saha, Kaustuv; Calipari, Erin S.; Fordahl, Steve C.; Chen, Rong; Khoshbouei, Habibeh; Jones, Sara R. (10 January 2018).
560:
355:
Numerous medications have been investigated for use in cocaine dependence, but as of 2015, none of them were considered to be effective.
2887:
2816:
2288:
2145:
3755:
3602:
3051:
2678:
1786:
Martell BA, Mitchell E, Poling J, Gonsai K, Kosten TR (July 2005). "Vaccine pharmacotherapy for the treatment of cocaine dependence".
387:) for cocaine dependence; however, trials performed thus far have not shown it to be an effective form of treatment for this purpose.
1830:
3304:
458:
332:
87:
despite substantial harm and adverse consequences. The
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed., abbreviated
3357:
2741:
2608:
391:
3223:
3314:
3206:
2821:
2811:
3708:
3363:
2957:
624:
461:(TMS) is being studied as a treatment for cocaine addiction, although definitive evidence for efficacy does not yet exist.
3788:
3535:
2444:
395:
438:
developed by the Xenova Group which is used to negate the effects of cocaine, making it suitable for use in treatment of
3384:
3217:
3182:
2673:
2658:
2646:
2586:
1110:
840:
328:
324:
3748:
3612:
3541:
3529:
3187:
2941:
2271:
339:(MI) can be especially powerful approaches to treating cocaine addiction. Cognitive behavioral therapy combined with
3309:
3022:
2976:
2927:
2913:
2706:
2241:
3618:
3412:
2771:
2701:
2653:
2613:
2493:
2347:
336:
102:
The use of cocaine creates euphoria and high amounts of energy. If taken in large doses, it is possible to cause
3177:
3141:
3075:
3059:
3012:
2985:
2454:
2082:
723:
576:
3597:
3229:
3083:
2756:
2746:
2724:
2138:
1373:
Potter, Greg (2004). "Intensive therapy: Utilizing hypnosis in the treatment of substance abuse disorders".
3683:
3644:
3475:
3373:
3253:
3193:
3172:
3131:
3120:
3064:
2967:
2932:
2776:
2596:
2563:
2488:
2483:
2276:
2022:←Page #928 (4th page of article) ¶4. §(1), (2) & (3); Lines 10—12 & 15—18 of aforementioned 4th ¶.
1733:
99:), includes "Cocaine dependence" as a classification (diagnosis) under "Disorders due to use of cocaine".
92:
3378:
3352:
3162:
3101:
2843:
2838:
2766:
2751:
2663:
2261:
206:
155:
135:
973:
903:"Risk of becoming cocaine dependent: epidemiological estimates for the United States, 2000–2001"
3634:
3407:
3147:
2989:
2761:
2618:
2429:
2306:
2283:
2225:
2162:
1862:
675:
465:
439:
340:
320:
287:
202:
186:
2123:
1913:"Amphetamine Reverses Escalated Cocaine Intake via Restoration of Dopamine Transporter Conformation"
3667:
3552:
3496:
3486:
3329:
3240:
3094:
3089:
2981:
2952:
2685:
2568:
2518:
2513:
2503:
2498:
2449:
2215:
2071:
312:
258:
119:
52:
3481:
3212:
2868:
2831:
2806:
2796:
2591:
2528:
2210:
2131:
1811:
1503:
1398:
1091:
1014:
699:
603:
174:
143:
1863:"Neurostimulation techniques in the treatment of cocaine dependence: A review of the literature"
1770:
1762:
1111:"Abstinence Symptomatology and Psychiatric Diagnosis in Cocaine Abusers: Clinical Observations"
555:(5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association Publishing. 2013. p. 561.
3524:
3112:
2910:
2826:
2668:
2195:
1950:
1932:
1890:
1882:
1803:
1766:
1745:
1714:
1665:
1601:
1552:
1495:
1450:
1390:
1355:
1320:
1285:
1244:
1226:
1187:
1138:
1130:
1083:
1065:
924:
884:
691:
666:
556:
534:
316:
205:. Many people who habitually use cocaine develop a transient, manic-like condition similar to
166:
43:
1419:
Minozzi, S; Cinquini, M; Amato, L; Davoli, M; Farrell, MF; Pani, PP; Vecchi, S (April 2015).
229:, unusual weight loss, trouble maintaining relationships, and an unhealthy, pale appearance.
3783:
3714:
3198:
2359:
2256:
2236:
1986:
1978:
1940:
1924:
1874:
1835:
1795:
1704:
1591:
1583:
1542:
1534:
1485:
1477:
1440:
1432:
1382:
1347:
1312:
1275:
1234:
1218:
1177:
1169:
1122:
1073:
1055:
1004:
955:
914:
874:
683:
526:
198:
147:
2879:
943:
3519:
3341:
2972:
2946:
2850:
2734:
2459:
2205:
2200:
1972:
1732:
Cherstniakova SA, Bi D, Fuller DR, Mojsiak JZ, Collins JM, Cantilena LR (September 2001).
1677:
80:
68:
1126:
1991:
1078:
1044:"Brain systems in cocaine abstinence-induced anxiety-like behavior in rodents: A review"
1043:
993:"Cognitive behavioural therapy reduced cocaine abuse compared with 12 step facilitation"
679:
3589:
3279:
3035:
2716:
2248:
2185:
1945:
1912:
1596:
1571:
1547:
1522:
1445:
1420:
1316:
1239:
1206:
1182:
1157:
408:
384:
356:
2076:
879:
407:
United States. Other medications that have been investigated for this purpose include
138:
and drastic changes in personality. Cocaine overdose may result in cardiovascular and
3777:
2936:
2729:
2154:
1222:
1095:
1018:
376:
360:
210:
127:
84:
1815:
1507:
1402:
703:
379:
are also ineffective for treatment of cocaine dependence. Few studies have examined
286:
within the previous 24 months was conducted. It was found that the risk of becoming
3435:
2111:
1928:
1799:
1538:
1436:
1386:
1351:
1264:"Acupuncture for the treatment of cocaine addiction: A randomized controlled trial"
477:
139:
64:
1646:
2087:
1878:
1060:
423:, have been used to cause an "aversion reaction" when administered with cocaine.
3675:
3626:
2190:
814:
788:
368:
222:
214:
123:
103:
1763:"Chemistry, Design, and Structure-Activity Relationship of Cocaine Antagonists"
1338:
Page, R.A.; Handleya, G.W. (1993). "The use of hypnosis in cocaine addiction".
530:
464:
Other research on rodents has suggested that cocaine use leads to complexes of
3762:
3319:
3273:
2801:
2641:
2478:
1982:
1773:
ChemInform; May, 16th 2000, Volume 31, Issue 20, DOI: 10.1002/chin.200020238.
1709:
1692:
1587:
1173:
959:
443:
420:
416:
372:
364:
344:
48:
1936:
1886:
1230:
1134:
1069:
375:, do not appear to be effective as treatment. Limited evidence suggests that
3656:
2544:
2170:
2158:
2106:
2060:
687:
399:
380:
247:
239:
162:
115:
76:
1954:
1894:
1807:
1749:
1718:
1605:
1556:
1499:
1454:
1394:
1289:
1248:
1191:
1156:
McHugh, R. Kathryn; Hearon, Bridget A.; Otto, Michael W. (September 2010).
1087:
928:
919:
902:
888:
538:
1359:
1324:
1280:
1263:
1142:
992:
695:
402:, a narcolepsy drug and mild stimulant, as a potential cocaine treatment.
3729:
3570:
3565:
3464:
3446:
3293:
3152:
2338:
664:
Gawin, F.H. (1991). "Cocaine addiction: Psychology and neurophysiology".
412:
403:
243:
201:, high blood pressure, increased risk of heart attacks, strokes and even
178:
131:
111:
107:
17:
2043:
1490:
1009:
3695:
3396:
447:
435:
291:
283:
226:
170:
95:. The International Classification of Diseases (11th rev., abbreviated
72:
1481:
3508:
2400:
2055:
262:
Past Year
Cocaine Use among People Aged 12 or Older: 2002-2019 (U.S.)
151:
96:
2410:
2405:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2379:
2372:
2365:
2333:
2318:
431:
257:
161:
The symptoms of cocaine withdrawal range from moderate to severe:
88:
2328:
2323:
2312:
182:
2883:
2127:
1974:
Synaptogyrin-3 Prevents
Cocaine Addiction and Dopamine Deficits
225:. Heavy users of cocaine have also reported having thoughts of
2353:
1620:
323:) have been widely used to help those with cocaine addiction.
282:
A study consisting of 1,081 U.S. residents who had first used
218:
1831:"Brain-altering magnetic pulses could zap cocaine addiction"
1691:
Karila L; Gorelick D; Weinstein A; et al. (May 2008).
83:
disorder characterized by persistent use of cocaine and/or
1158:"Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Substance Use Disorders"
653:. New York: Marshall Cavendish Benchmark. pp. 41, 76.
1693:"New treatments for cocaine dependence: a focused review"
1521:
Indave, BI; Minozzi, S; Pani, PP; Amato, L (March 2016).
756:"Department of Health | The cocaine withdrawal syndrome"
1042:
Barbee, Britton R.; Gourley, Shannon L. (1 June 2022).
27:
Neurological disorder related to persistent cocaine use
944:"Cocaine use in Amsterdam in non deviant subcultures"
553:
2604:
Community reinforcement approach and family training
2033:
1037:
1035:
3740:
3694:
3655:
3564:
3507:
3463:
3434:
3395:
3340:
3292:
3266:
3239:
3161:
3130:
3111:
3074:
3050:
3043:
3034:
3000:
2920:
2789:
2715:
2694:
2632:
2577:
2556:
2543:
2468:
2437:
2428:
2297:
2224:
2178:
2169:
2097:
2037:
1841:
42:
37:
1523:"Antipsychotic medications for cocaine dependence"
1572:"Psychostimulant treatment of cocaine dependence"
3447:Acute intoxication from hallucinogens (bad trip)
1262:Margolin, Arthur; et al. (2 January 2002).
154:and constricting arteries in the heart; causing
1268:The Journal of the American Medical Association
1414:
1412:
2895:
2139:
8:
3452:Hallucinogen persisting perception disorder
1647:"Is Ibogaine Illegal in the United States?"
581:ICD-11 - Mortality and Morbidity Statistics
91:), classifies problematic cocaine use as a
3047:
3040:
2902:
2888:
2880:
2553:
2434:
2175:
2146:
2132:
2124:
2034:
75:use. It also often coincides with cocaine
34:
1990:
1944:
1708:
1595:
1546:
1489:
1472:(Systematic Review & Meta-Analysis).
1444:
1427:(Systematic Review & Meta-Analysis).
1279:
1238:
1181:
1077:
1059:
1008:
918:
878:
134:that are extremely difficult to control,
1421:"Anticonvulsants for cocaine dependence"
789:"National Survey on Drug Use and Health"
3582:Kindling (sedative–hypnotic withdrawal)
2015:
1529:(Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis).
1527:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1425:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
841:"The Rational Choices of Crack Addicts"
508:
489:
3725:Chronic solvent-induced encephalopathy
1673:
1663:
783:
781:
577:"6C45 Disorders due to use of cocaine"
3249:Alcohol-induced respiratory reactions
1966:
1964:
1906:
1904:
1375:American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis
1340:American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis
717:
715:
713:
7:
1619:Danish, Muhammad (5 December 2016).
1576:Psychiatric Clinics of North America
1570:Mariani, JJ; Levin, FR (June 2012).
1162:Psychiatric Clinics of North America
1127:10.1001/archpsyc.1986.01800020013003
750:
748:
746:
744:
644:
642:
599:
597:
2817:Discrimination against drug addicts
1829:Wadman, Meredith (29 August 2017).
1109:Gawin, Frank H. (1 February 1986).
991:Palinkas, L. A. (17 January 2008).
839:Tierney, John (16 September 2013).
813:Abuse, National Institute on Drug.
722:Abuse, National Institute on Drug.
179:psychological and physical weakness
3756:Anabolic-androgenic steroids abuse
3385:Synthetic cannabinoid use disorder
2679:Tobacco cessation clinics in India
1645:Group, Clear Sky (1 August 2018).
1317:10.1111/j.1521-0391.1998.tb00331.x
1305:The American Journal on Addictions
67:disorder that is characterized by
25:
3305:Caffeine-induced anxiety disorder
942:Cohen, Peter; Sas, Arjan (1994).
621:Inspirations for Youth and Family
459:Transcranial magnetic stimulation
333:rational emotive behavior therapy
254:Epidemiology and prevalence rates
3358:Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome
2864:
2863:
2742:Low-threshold treatment programs
2609:Motivational enhancement therapy
1223:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.01.012
819:National Institute on Drug Abuse
728:National Institute on Drug Abuse
392:National Institute on Drug Abuse
203:sudden death from cardiac arrest
3315:Caffeine-induced sleep disorder
3207:Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder
2822:Dopamine dysregulation syndrome
2812:Category:Vaccines against drugs
1861:Rachid, Fady (1 January 2018).
901:O'Brien MS, Anthony JC (2005).
3709:Sudden sniffing death syndrome
3364:Intravenous marijuana syndrome
2958:Post-acute-withdrawal syndrome
1929:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2604-17.2017
1800:10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.04.032
1539:10.1002/14651858.CD006306.pub3
1437:10.1002/14651858.CD006754.pub4
1387:10.1080/00029157.2004.10401472
1352:10.1080/00029157.1993.10403054
1115:Archives of General Psychiatry
651:Drugs: The Facts About Cocaine
1:
3536:Opioid-induced endocrinopathy
2445:Adverse childhood experiences
880:10.1016/S0893-133X(01)00367-0
615:Walsh, Karen (October 2010).
442:. It is created by combining
396:National Institutes of Health
199:irregular or rapid heart rate
3749:Anabolic-androgenic steroids
3276:(alcohol use disorder (AUD))
3218:Positional alcohol nystagmus
3183:Alcohol-related brain damage
2674:Nicotine replacement therapy
2659:Intensive outpatient program
2647:Residential treatment center
2587:Cognitive behavioral therapy
1879:10.1016/j.addbeh.2017.08.004
1697:Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol
1061:10.1016/j.addicn.2022.100012
997:Evidence-Based Mental Health
329:dialectical behavior therapy
325:Cognitive behavioral therapy
3613:Benzodiazepine use disorder
3542:Opioid-induced constipation
3530:Opioid-induced hyperalgesia
3224:Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome
3188:Alcohol withdrawal syndrome
2977:Substance-related disorders
2942:Substance-induced psychosis
2914:substance-related disorders
2272:Internet addiction disorder
1917:The Journal of Neuroscience
1621:"Ibogaine treatment Clinic"
1211:Drug and Alcohol Dependence
604:Cocaine Use and Its Effects
519:Current Medicinal Chemistry
3805:
3310:Caffeine-induced psychosis
3241:Respiratory tract diseases
3226:(WKS, Korsakoff psychosis)
3023:Combined drug intoxication
2707:List of twelve-step groups
531:10.2174/092986712803988811
148:constricting blood vessels
3619:Benzodiazepine dependence
3603:Benzodiazepine withdrawal
3413:Prenatal cocaine exposure
3076:Gastrointestinal diseases
2859:
2772:Supervised injection site
2702:Addiction recovery groups
2654:Heroin-assisted treatment
2614:Motivational interviewing
1983:10.1101/2024.07.27.605436
1710:10.1017/S1461145707008097
1588:10.1016/j.psc.2012.03.012
1174:10.1016/j.psc.2010.04.012
960:10.3109/16066359409005547
337:motivational interviewing
3178:Alcoholic polyneuropathy
3142:Alcohol-related dementia
3060:Alcoholic cardiomyopathy
3013:Polysubstance dependence
2986:Psychological dependence
2455:Psychological dependence
2289:Digital media addictions
649:LeVert, Suzanne (2006).
3598:Benzodiazepine overdose
3230:Wernicke encephalopathy
3084:Alcoholic liver disease
3052:Cardiovascular diseases
2757:Needle exchange program
2747:Managed alcohol program
2725:Category:Harm reduction
1003:(2). ebmh.bmj.com: 51.
978:Niznik Behaviour Health
974:"Cocaine and Addiction"
907:Neuropsychopharmacology
867:Neuropsychopharmacology
688:10.1126/science.2011738
3684:Amphetamine dependence
3645:Barbiturate dependence
3476:Green Tobacco Sickness
3374:Amotivational syndrome
3254:Alcoholic lung disease
3194:Alcoholic hallucinosis
3173:Alcoholic hallucinosis
3121:Alcoholic ketoacidosis
3065:Alcohol flush reaction
2933:Substance intoxication
2777:Tobacco harm reduction
2597:Contingency management
2564:Alcohol detoxification
2277:Internet sex addiction
1048:Addiction Neuroscience
920:10.1038/sj.npp.1300681
419:. Medications such as
263:
150:in the brain, causing
93:stimulant use disorder
3379:Cannabis use disorder
3102:Auto-brewery syndrome
2839:Motivational salience
2767:Stimulant maintenance
2752:Moderation Management
2664:Methadone maintenance
1281:10.1001/jama.287.1.55
466:dopamine transporters
261:
207:amphetamine psychosis
136:cognitive impairments
3789:Substance dependence
3635:Barbiturate overdose
3408:Cocaine intoxication
3148:Alcohol intoxication
2990:Substance dependence
2762:Responsible drug use
2619:Motivational therapy
2284:Video game addiction
341:motivational therapy
321:Alcoholics Anonymous
313:Twelve-step programs
71:upon cessation from
3668:Stimulant psychosis
3553:Opioid use disorder
3497:Nicotine dependence
3487:Nicotine withdrawal
3330:Caffeine dependence
3090:Alcoholic hepatitis
2982:Physical dependence
2953:Neonatal withdrawal
2686:Twelve-step program
2569:Drug detoxification
2450:Physical dependence
1867:Addictive Behaviors
1010:10.1136/ebmh.2.2.51
680:1991Sci...251.1580G
627:on 13 February 2018
394:(NIDA) of the U.S.
233:Withdrawal symptoms
120:high blood pressure
69:withdrawal symptoms
53:clinical psychology
3482:Nicotine poisoning
3424:Cocaine dependence
3353:Cannabis arteritis
3213:Korsakoff syndrome
3113:Endocrine diseases
2844:Incentive salience
2832:Inhibitory control
2807:Category:Addiction
2797:Addiction medicine
2592:Relapse prevention
2529:Tanning dependence
2098:External resources
1738:Drug Metab. Dispos
1676:has generic name (
1651:Clear Sky Recovery
948:Addiction Research
766:on 3 December 2020
760:www1.health.gov.au
724:"What is Cocaine?"
617:"Teen Cocaine Use"
264:
193:Signs and symptoms
144:status epilepticus
61:Cocaine dependence
38:Cocaine dependence
3771:
3770:
3525:Opioid withdrawal
3288:
3287:
3262:
3261:
2877:
2876:
2827:Cognitive control
2785:
2784:
2669:Smoking cessation
2624:Physical exercise
2539:
2538:
2525:Non-drug stimuli
2424:
2423:
2268:Internet-related
2121:
2120:
1482:10.1111/add.13328
446:with inactivated
317:Cocaine Anonymous
185:, and compulsive
58:
57:
32:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
3796:
3715:Toluene toxicity
3199:Delirium tremens
3095:Zieve's syndrome
3048:
3041:
2904:
2897:
2890:
2881:
2867:
2866:
2554:
2435:
2360:G9a-like protein
2176:
2148:
2141:
2134:
2125:
2035:
2023:
2020:
2003:
2002:
2001:
1999:
1994:
1968:
1959:
1958:
1948:
1908:
1899:
1898:
1858:
1852:
1851:
1849:
1847:
1836:Science Magazine
1826:
1820:
1819:
1788:Biol. Psychiatry
1783:
1777:
1760:
1754:
1753:
1729:
1723:
1722:
1712:
1688:
1682:
1681:
1675:
1671:
1669:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1642:
1636:
1635:
1633:
1631:
1625:Avante Institute
1616:
1610:
1609:
1599:
1567:
1561:
1560:
1550:
1518:
1512:
1511:
1493:
1465:
1459:
1458:
1448:
1416:
1407:
1406:
1370:
1364:
1363:
1335:
1329:
1328:
1300:
1294:
1293:
1283:
1259:
1253:
1252:
1242:
1202:
1196:
1195:
1185:
1153:
1147:
1146:
1106:
1100:
1099:
1081:
1063:
1039:
1030:
1029:
1027:
1025:
1012:
988:
982:
981:
970:
964:
963:
939:
933:
932:
922:
913:(5): 1006–1018.
898:
892:
891:
882:
862:
856:
855:
853:
851:
836:
830:
829:
827:
825:
810:
804:
803:
801:
799:
793:nsduhweb.rti.org
785:
776:
775:
773:
771:
762:. Archived from
752:
739:
738:
736:
734:
719:
708:
707:
674:(5001): 1580–6.
661:
655:
654:
646:
637:
636:
634:
632:
623:. Archived from
612:
606:
601:
592:
591:
589:
587:
573:
567:
566:
562:978-089042-555-8
549:
543:
542:
513:
497:
494:
175:decreased libido
35:
21:
3804:
3803:
3799:
3798:
3797:
3795:
3794:
3793:
3774:
3773:
3772:
3767:
3736:
3697:
3690:
3651:
3569:
3560:
3520:Opioid overdose
3503:
3459:
3430:
3391:
3336:
3284:
3258:
3235:
3164:
3157:
3134:system diseases
3133:
3126:
3107:
3070:
3030:
3002:
2996:
2973:Substance abuse
2916:
2908:
2878:
2873:
2855:
2851:Sober companion
2781:
2735:Reagent testing
2711:
2690:
2634:
2628:
2579:
2573:
2548:
2546:
2535:
2464:
2420:
2307:Transcriptional
2299:
2293:
2220:
2206:Methylphenidate
2201:Methamphetamine
2165:
2152:
2122:
2117:
2116:
2093:
2092:
2046:
2032:
2027:
2026:
2021:
2017:
2012:
2010:Reference notes
2007:
2006:
1997:
1995:
1970:
1969:
1962:
1910:
1909:
1902:
1860:
1859:
1855:
1845:
1843:
1828:
1827:
1823:
1785:
1784:
1780:
1775:Mirror hotlink.
1761:
1757:
1731:
1730:
1726:
1690:
1689:
1685:
1672:
1662:
1655:
1653:
1644:
1643:
1639:
1629:
1627:
1618:
1617:
1613:
1569:
1568:
1564:
1533:(6): CD006306.
1520:
1519:
1515:
1467:
1466:
1462:
1431:(4): CD006754.
1418:
1417:
1410:
1372:
1371:
1367:
1337:
1336:
1332:
1302:
1301:
1297:
1261:
1260:
1256:
1204:
1203:
1199:
1155:
1154:
1150:
1108:
1107:
1103:
1041:
1040:
1033:
1023:
1021:
990:
989:
985:
972:
971:
967:
941:
940:
936:
900:
899:
895:
864:
863:
859:
849:
847:
838:
837:
833:
823:
821:
812:
811:
807:
797:
795:
787:
786:
779:
769:
767:
754:
753:
742:
732:
730:
721:
720:
711:
663:
662:
658:
648:
647:
640:
630:
628:
614:
613:
609:
602:
595:
585:
583:
575:
574:
570:
563:
551:
550:
546:
525:(33): 5647–57.
515:
514:
510:
505:
500:
495:
491:
487:
474:
456:
429:
398:is researching
357:Anticonvulsants
353:
310:
305:
280:
256:
235:
195:
124:fast heart rate
81:biopsychosocial
33:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3802:
3800:
3792:
3791:
3786:
3776:
3775:
3769:
3768:
3766:
3765:
3760:
3759:
3758:
3744:
3742:
3738:
3737:
3735:
3734:
3733:
3732:
3730:Inhalant abuse
3727:
3719:
3718:
3717:
3712:
3702:
3700:
3692:
3691:
3689:
3688:
3687:
3686:
3672:
3671:
3670:
3661:
3659:
3653:
3652:
3650:
3649:
3648:
3647:
3639:
3638:
3637:
3623:
3622:
3621:
3616:
3607:
3606:
3605:
3600:
3590:benzodiazepine
3586:
3585:
3584:
3575:
3573:
3562:
3561:
3559:
3558:
3557:
3556:
3547:
3546:
3545:
3539:
3533:
3527:
3522:
3513:
3511:
3505:
3504:
3502:
3501:
3500:
3499:
3491:
3490:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3469:
3467:
3461:
3460:
3458:
3457:
3456:
3455:
3449:
3440:
3438:
3432:
3431:
3429:
3428:
3427:
3426:
3418:
3417:
3416:
3410:
3401:
3399:
3393:
3392:
3390:
3389:
3388:
3387:
3382:
3376:
3368:
3367:
3366:
3361:
3355:
3346:
3344:
3338:
3337:
3335:
3334:
3333:
3332:
3324:
3323:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3298:
3296:
3290:
3289:
3286:
3285:
3283:
3282:
3280:Binge drinking
3277:
3270:
3268:
3264:
3263:
3260:
3259:
3257:
3256:
3251:
3245:
3243:
3237:
3236:
3234:
3233:
3227:
3221:
3215:
3210:
3204:
3203:
3202:
3196:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3169:
3167:
3159:
3158:
3156:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3138:
3136:
3128:
3127:
3125:
3124:
3117:
3115:
3109:
3108:
3106:
3105:
3099:
3098:
3097:
3092:
3080:
3078:
3072:
3071:
3069:
3068:
3062:
3056:
3054:
3045:
3038:
3032:
3031:
3029:
3028:
3027:
3026:
3017:
3016:
3015:
3006:
3004:
2998:
2997:
2995:
2994:
2993:
2992:
2979:
2965:
2964:
2963:
2962:
2961:
2955:
2944:
2939:
2924:
2922:
2918:
2917:
2909:
2907:
2906:
2899:
2892:
2884:
2875:
2874:
2872:
2871:
2860:
2857:
2856:
2854:
2853:
2848:
2847:
2846:
2836:
2835:
2834:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2793:
2791:
2787:
2786:
2783:
2782:
2780:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2738:
2737:
2727:
2721:
2719:
2717:Harm reduction
2713:
2712:
2710:
2709:
2704:
2698:
2696:
2695:Support groups
2692:
2691:
2689:
2688:
2683:
2682:
2681:
2676:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2650:
2649:
2638:
2636:
2630:
2629:
2627:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2600:
2599:
2594:
2583:
2581:
2575:
2574:
2572:
2571:
2566:
2560:
2558:
2557:Detoxification
2551:
2541:
2540:
2537:
2536:
2534:
2533:
2532:
2531:
2523:
2522:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2494:Benzodiazepine
2491:
2486:
2481:
2472:
2470:
2466:
2465:
2463:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2441:
2439:
2432:
2426:
2425:
2422:
2421:
2419:
2418:
2417:
2416:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2376:
2369:
2362:
2357:
2344:
2343:
2342:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2303:
2301:
2295:
2294:
2292:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2280:
2279:
2274:
2266:
2265:
2264:
2259:
2251:
2249:Palatable food
2246:
2245:
2244:
2239:
2230:
2228:
2222:
2221:
2219:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2182:
2180:
2173:
2167:
2166:
2153:
2151:
2150:
2143:
2136:
2128:
2119:
2118:
2115:
2114:
2102:
2101:
2099:
2095:
2094:
2091:
2090:
2079:
2064:
2047:
2042:
2041:
2039:
2038:Classification
2031:
2030:External links
2028:
2025:
2024:
2014:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2005:
2004:
1960:
1923:(2): 484–497.
1900:
1853:
1821:
1778:
1755:
1744:(9): 1216–20.
1724:
1683:
1637:
1611:
1562:
1513:
1476:(8): 1337–46.
1460:
1408:
1365:
1346:(2): 120–123.
1330:
1311:(2): 164–170.
1295:
1254:
1197:
1168:(3): 511–525.
1148:
1121:(2): 107–113.
1101:
1031:
983:
965:
934:
893:
857:
845:New York Times
831:
805:
777:
740:
709:
656:
638:
607:
593:
568:
561:
544:
507:
506:
504:
501:
499:
498:
488:
486:
483:
482:
481:
473:
470:
455:
452:
428:
425:
409:acetylcysteine
385:antidepressant
377:antipsychotics
352:
349:
309:
306:
304:
301:
279:
276:
255:
252:
234:
231:
194:
191:
56:
55:
46:
40:
39:
31:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3801:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3781:
3779:
3764:
3761:
3757:
3754:
3753:
3751:
3750:
3746:
3745:
3743:
3739:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3722:
3720:
3716:
3713:
3710:
3707:
3706:
3704:
3703:
3701:
3699:
3693:
3685:
3682:
3681:
3679:
3677:
3673:
3669:
3666:
3665:
3663:
3662:
3660:
3658:
3654:
3646:
3643:
3642:
3640:
3636:
3633:
3632:
3630:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3617:
3614:
3611:
3610:
3608:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3595:
3593:
3591:
3587:
3583:
3580:
3579:
3577:
3576:
3574:
3572:
3567:
3563:
3554:
3551:
3550:
3548:
3543:
3540:
3537:
3534:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3517:
3515:
3514:
3512:
3510:
3506:
3498:
3495:
3494:
3492:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3477:
3474:
3473:
3471:
3470:
3468:
3466:
3462:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3444:
3442:
3441:
3439:
3437:
3433:
3425:
3422:
3421:
3419:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3405:
3403:
3402:
3400:
3398:
3394:
3386:
3383:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3371:
3369:
3365:
3362:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3350:
3348:
3347:
3345:
3343:
3339:
3331:
3328:
3327:
3325:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3302:
3300:
3299:
3297:
3295:
3291:
3281:
3278:
3275:
3272:
3271:
3269:
3265:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3246:
3244:
3242:
3238:
3231:
3228:
3225:
3222:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3208:
3205:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3170:
3168:
3166:
3160:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3143:
3140:
3139:
3137:
3135:
3129:
3122:
3119:
3118:
3116:
3114:
3110:
3103:
3100:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3081:
3079:
3077:
3073:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3057:
3055:
3053:
3049:
3046:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3033:
3024:
3021:
3020:
3018:
3014:
3011:
3010:
3008:
3007:
3005:
3003:substance use
2999:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2974:
2971:
2970:
2969:
2966:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2937:Drug overdose
2934:
2931:
2930:
2929:
2926:
2925:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2912:
2905:
2900:
2898:
2893:
2891:
2886:
2885:
2882:
2870:
2862:
2861:
2858:
2852:
2849:
2845:
2842:
2841:
2840:
2837:
2833:
2830:
2829:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2794:
2792:
2788:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2736:
2733:
2732:
2731:
2730:Drug checking
2728:
2726:
2723:
2722:
2720:
2718:
2714:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2699:
2697:
2693:
2687:
2684:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2671:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2648:
2645:
2644:
2643:
2640:
2639:
2637:
2631:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2589:
2588:
2585:
2584:
2582:
2576:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2561:
2559:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2542:
2530:
2527:
2526:
2524:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2476:
2474:
2473:
2471:
2467:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2442:
2440:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2427:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2381:
2377:
2375:
2374:
2370:
2368:
2367:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2355:
2351:
2350:
2349:
2346:
2345:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2314:
2310:
2309:
2308:
2305:
2304:
2302:
2296:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2269:
2267:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2254:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2234:
2232:
2231:
2229:
2227:
2223:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2183:
2181:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2155:Reinforcement
2149:
2144:
2142:
2137:
2135:
2130:
2129:
2126:
2113:
2109:
2108:
2104:
2103:
2100:
2096:
2089:
2085:
2084:
2080:
2078:
2074:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2062:
2058:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2048:
2045:
2040:
2036:
2029:
2019:
2016:
2009:
1993:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1975:
1967:
1965:
1961:
1956:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1907:
1905:
1901:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1857:
1854:
1842:
1838:
1837:
1832:
1825:
1822:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1794:(2): 158–64.
1793:
1789:
1782:
1779:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1759:
1756:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1728:
1725:
1720:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1703:(3): 425–38.
1702:
1698:
1694:
1687:
1684:
1679:
1667:
1652:
1648:
1641:
1638:
1626:
1622:
1615:
1612:
1607:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1582:(2): 425–39.
1581:
1577:
1573:
1566:
1563:
1558:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1517:
1514:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1464:
1461:
1456:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1415:
1413:
1409:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1369:
1366:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1334:
1331:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1299:
1296:
1291:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1258:
1255:
1250:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1201:
1198:
1193:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1152:
1149:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1105:
1102:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1038:
1036:
1032:
1020:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
987:
984:
979:
975:
969:
966:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
938:
935:
930:
926:
921:
916:
912:
908:
904:
897:
894:
890:
886:
881:
876:
873:(4): 479–88,
872:
868:
861:
858:
846:
842:
835:
832:
820:
816:
809:
806:
794:
790:
784:
782:
778:
765:
761:
757:
751:
749:
747:
745:
741:
729:
725:
718:
716:
714:
710:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
668:
660:
657:
652:
645:
643:
639:
626:
622:
618:
611:
608:
605:
600:
598:
594:
582:
578:
572:
569:
564:
558:
554:
548:
545:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
512:
509:
502:
493:
490:
484:
479:
476:
475:
471:
469:
467:
462:
460:
453:
451:
449:
445:
441:
437:
434:is an active
433:
426:
424:
422:
418:
414:
410:
405:
401:
397:
393:
388:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
361:carbamazepine
358:
350:
348:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
307:
302:
300:
296:
293:
289:
285:
277:
275:
272:
271:use disorder
268:
260:
253:
251:
249:
245:
241:
232:
230:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
211:schizophrenia
208:
204:
200:
192:
190:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
159:
157:
156:heart attacks
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
128:panic attacks
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
100:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
54:
50:
47:
45:
41:
36:
30:
19:
3747:
3674:
3625:
3588:
3436:Hallucinogen
3423:
3163:Neurological
2911:Psychoactive
2508:
2378:
2371:
2364:
2352:
2311:
2253:Sex-related
2105:
2081:
2066:
2050:
2018:
1996:, retrieved
1973:
1920:
1916:
1870:
1866:
1856:
1844:. Retrieved
1834:
1824:
1791:
1787:
1781:
1758:
1741:
1737:
1727:
1700:
1696:
1686:
1654:. Retrieved
1650:
1640:
1628:. Retrieved
1624:
1614:
1579:
1575:
1565:
1530:
1526:
1516:
1491:10147/596595
1473:
1469:
1463:
1428:
1424:
1381:(1): 21–28.
1378:
1374:
1368:
1343:
1339:
1333:
1308:
1304:
1298:
1274:(1): 55–63.
1271:
1267:
1257:
1214:
1210:
1200:
1165:
1161:
1151:
1118:
1114:
1104:
1051:
1047:
1022:. Retrieved
1000:
996:
986:
977:
968:
954:(1): 71–94.
951:
947:
937:
910:
906:
896:
870:
866:
860:
850:16 September
848:. Retrieved
844:
834:
822:. Retrieved
818:
808:
796:. Retrieved
792:
768:. Retrieved
764:the original
759:
731:. Retrieved
727:
671:
665:
659:
650:
629:. Retrieved
625:the original
620:
610:
584:. Retrieved
580:
571:
552:
547:
522:
518:
511:
492:
463:
457:
430:
389:
354:
335:(REBT), and
319:(modeled on
311:
297:
281:
273:
269:
265:
236:
196:
160:
140:brain damage
101:
65:neurological
60:
59:
29:
3676:amphetamine
3627:barbiturate
2578:Behavioral
2489:Barbiturate
2484:Amphetamine
2262:Pornography
2257:Intercourse
2191:Amphetamine
2157:disorders:
1873:: 145–155.
1846:1 September
1674:|last=
631:12 December
586:20 November
478:SB-277011-A
369:lamotrigine
351:Medications
223:hepatitis C
215:formication
142:, such as:
104:mood swings
79:which is a
3778:Categories
3657:Stimulants
3320:Caffeinism
3274:Alcoholism
2947:Withdrawal
2802:Allen Carr
2642:Drug rehab
2633:Treatment
2549:management
2545:Treatment
2479:Alcoholism
2460:Withdrawal
2430:Dependence
2348:Epigenetic
2300:mechanisms
2233:Financial
2226:Behavioral
2163:dependence
1578:(Review).
1054:: 100012.
503:References
444:norcocaine
421:phenelzine
417:vanoxerine
373:topiramate
365:gabapentin
359:, such as
345:meditation
167:depression
49:Psychiatry
3763:Chocolate
3165:disorders
2580:therapies
2469:Disorders
2171:Addiction
2159:addiction
2107:eMedicine
1937:1529-2401
1887:0306-4603
1771:0009-2665
1470:Addiction
1231:0376-8716
1135:0003-990X
1096:247587106
1070:2772-3925
1024:25 August
1019:146360156
815:"Cocaine"
440:addiction
400:modafinil
383:(a novel
381:bupropion
303:Treatment
288:dependent
248:dysphoria
240:dysthymia
163:dysphoria
116:psychosis
77:addiction
44:Specialty
18:Crackhead
3696:Volatile
3571:hypnotic
3566:Sedative
3465:Nicotine
3342:Cannabis
3294:Caffeine
3153:Hangover
3001:Combined
2869:Category
2790:See also
2635:programs
2514:Nicotine
2504:Cannabis
2499:Caffeine
2438:Concepts
2298:Cellular
2242:Shopping
2237:Gambling
2211:Nicotine
2112:med/3116
1998:9 August
1992:11361146
1955:29175958
1895:28822321
1816:22415520
1808:16038686
1750:11502731
1719:17927843
1666:cite web
1606:22640764
1557:26992929
1508:34637139
1500:26826006
1455:25882271
1403:42943267
1395:15376606
1290:11754709
1249:24556275
1217:: 3–19.
1192:20599130
1088:37485439
1079:10361393
929:15785780
889:11927172
704:26660048
539:22856655
472:See also
454:Research
413:baclofen
404:Ibogaine
315:such as
244:lethargy
187:cravings
132:seizures
112:insomnia
108:paranoia
3784:Cocaine
3741:Related
3698:solvent
3509:Opioids
3397:Cocaine
3190:(AWS):
3132:Nervous
3086:(ALD):
3036:Alcohol
2921:General
2509:Cocaine
2196:Cocaine
2186:Alcohol
2088:D019970
1946:5761621
1597:3417072
1548:8750745
1446:8812341
1360:8259763
1325:9598220
1240:4042667
1183:2897895
1143:3947206
696:2011738
676:Bibcode
667:Science
450:toxin.
448:cholera
436:vaccine
427:Vaccine
331:(DBT),
327:(CBT),
308:Therapy
292:cocaine
284:cocaine
227:suicide
171:anxiety
152:strokes
73:cocaine
3752:: SUD
3711:(SSDS)
3454:(HPPD)
3209:(FASD)
2960:(PAWS)
2519:Opioid
2475:Drugs
2401:HDAC10
2216:Opioid
1989:
1953:
1943:
1935:
1893:
1885:
1814:
1806:
1769:
1748:
1717:
1604:
1594:
1555:
1545:
1506:
1498:
1453:
1443:
1401:
1393:
1358:
1323:
1288:
1247:
1237:
1229:
1190:
1180:
1141:
1133:
1094:
1086:
1076:
1068:
1017:
927:
887:
770:10 May
702:
694:
559:
537:
415:, and
371:, and
97:ICD-11
3615:(BUD)
3555:(OUD)
3544:(OIC)
3538:(OIE)
3532:(OIH)
3478:(GTS)
3415:(PCE)
3381:(CUD)
3360:(CHS)
3220:(PAN)
3201:(DTs)
3144:(ARD)
3123:(AKA)
3104:(ABS)
3067:(AFR)
3025:(CDI)
2411:SIRT2
2406:SIRT1
2396:HDAC9
2391:HDAC5
2386:HDAC4
2380:HDAC3
2373:HDAC2
2366:HDAC1
2339:NF-κB
2334:GluR2
2319:c-Fos
2313:ΔFosB
2077:304.2
1812:S2CID
1656:6 May
1630:7 May
1504:S2CID
1399:S2CID
1092:S2CID
1015:S2CID
824:1 May
798:9 May
733:9 May
700:S2CID
485:Notes
432:TA-CD
89:DSM-5
85:crack
63:is a
3721:SUD
3705:SID
3680:SUD
3664:SID
3641:SUD
3631:SID
3609:SUD
3594:SID
3578:SID
3549:SUD
3516:SID
3493:SUD
3472:SID
3443:SID
3420:SUD
3404:SID
3370:SUD
3349:SID
3326:SUD
3301:SID
3232:(WE)
3019:SID
3009:SUD
2547:and
2329:CREB
2324:Cdk5
2179:Drug
2161:and
2083:MeSH
2072:9-CM
2000:2024
1951:PMID
1933:ISSN
1891:PMID
1883:ISSN
1848:2017
1804:PMID
1767:ISSN
1746:PMID
1715:PMID
1678:help
1658:2021
1632:2021
1602:PMID
1553:PMID
1496:PMID
1451:PMID
1391:PMID
1356:PMID
1321:PMID
1286:PMID
1245:PMID
1227:ISSN
1188:PMID
1139:PMID
1131:ISSN
1084:PMID
1066:ISSN
1026:2012
925:PMID
885:PMID
852:2013
826:2021
800:2021
772:2021
735:2021
692:PMID
633:2013
588:2020
557:ISBN
535:PMID
390:The
278:Risk
221:and
209:and
183:pain
122:, a
3267:SUD
3044:SID
2968:SUD
2928:SID
2415:...
2354:G9a
2068:ICD
2061:F14
2052:ICD
1987:PMC
1979:doi
1941:PMC
1925:doi
1875:doi
1796:doi
1705:doi
1592:PMC
1584:doi
1543:PMC
1535:doi
1486:hdl
1478:doi
1474:111
1441:PMC
1433:doi
1383:doi
1348:doi
1313:doi
1276:doi
1272:287
1235:PMC
1219:doi
1215:137
1178:PMC
1170:doi
1123:doi
1074:PMC
1056:doi
1005:doi
956:doi
915:doi
875:doi
684:doi
672:251
527:doi
290:on
219:HIV
3780::
2988:/
2984:/
2975:/
2949::
2935:/
2110::
2086::
2075::
2063:.2
2059::
2056:10
1985:,
1977:,
1963:^
1949:.
1939:.
1931:.
1921:38
1919:.
1915:.
1903:^
1889:.
1881:.
1871:76
1869:.
1865:.
1839:.
1833:.
1810:.
1802:.
1792:58
1790:.
1742:29
1740:.
1736:.
1713:.
1701:11
1699:.
1695:.
1670::
1668:}}
1664:{{
1649:.
1623:.
1600:.
1590:.
1580:35
1574:.
1551:.
1541:.
1525:.
1502:.
1494:.
1484:.
1449:.
1439:.
1429:17
1423:.
1411:^
1397:.
1389:.
1379:47
1377:.
1354:.
1344:36
1342:.
1319:.
1307:.
1284:.
1270:.
1266:.
1243:.
1233:.
1225:.
1213:.
1209:.
1186:.
1176:.
1166:33
1164:.
1160:.
1137:.
1129:.
1119:43
1117:.
1113:.
1090:.
1082:.
1072:.
1064:.
1050:.
1046:.
1034:^
1013:.
999:.
995:.
976:.
950:.
946:.
923:.
911:30
909:.
905:.
883:,
871:26
869:,
843:.
817:.
791:.
780:^
758:.
743:^
726:.
712:^
698:.
690:.
682:.
670:.
641:^
619:.
596:^
579:.
533:.
523:19
521:.
411:,
367:,
363:,
250:.
189:.
181:,
177:,
173:,
169:,
165:,
158:.
146:,
130:,
126:,
118:,
114:,
110:,
106:,
51:,
3678::
3629::
3592::
3568:/
2903:e
2896:t
2889:v
2147:e
2140:t
2133:v
2070:-
2054:-
2044:D
1981::
1957:.
1927::
1897:.
1877::
1850:.
1818:.
1798::
1752:.
1721:.
1707::
1680:)
1660:.
1634:.
1608:.
1586::
1559:.
1537::
1531:3
1510:.
1488::
1480::
1457:.
1435::
1405:.
1385::
1362:.
1350::
1327:.
1315::
1309:7
1292:.
1278::
1251:.
1221::
1194:.
1172::
1145:.
1125::
1098:.
1058::
1052:2
1028:.
1007::
1001:2
980:.
962:.
958::
952:2
931:.
917::
877::
854:.
828:.
802:.
774:.
737:.
706:.
686::
678::
635:.
590:.
565:.
541:.
529::
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.