313:
341:
355:
369:
261:. The presence of the orders of Jerusalem, Bohemia, and Poland–Lithuania was brief and episodic. Earlier literature attributed the Crutched Friars to the Italian Crosiers, but later it was proven that they were a branch of the Belgian order. The Crutched Friars were also present in Ireland where they established 17 priory hospitals by the early 13th century. The Crutched Friars were suppressed during the
289:, she selected twelve men to protect it. These men wore a cross on their clothes and became members of the Brethren of the Cross. However, they all were killed and the order was liquidated. Five canons from Germany were inspired to restore the order and received approval from Pope Innocent who told them to follow the
253:(also crossed or crouched friars) arrived to England sometime between 1230 and 1244. At least five of the Orders of the Holy Cross established some presence in England creating a great confusion as to which order they properly belonged. The Crutched Friars are sometimes further confused with the
237:
in 1832 and the last monastery closed in 1845. The
Bohemian Order of the Holy Cross with the Red Heart (Canonicus Ordo Crucigerorum cum Rubeo Corde) separated from the Canons Regular of Penance of the Blessed Martyrs and became an independent order in 1628. This order was closed in 1783 due to
327:
225:(Ordo Canonicorum Regularium Mendicantium S. Mariae de Metro de Poenitentia Sanctorum Martyrum) is unknown. When it was first mentioned in 1256, it already had three monasteries. Originating from Rome, it was most popular in the
301:. The stories of Cletus and Helena were merged by claiming that Helena only restored the order first established by Pope Anacletus. Later stories also added details significant and specific to the individual order.
1035:
273:
Several of the orders claimed the same legendary origins. The
Italian order was founded by a certain Cletus who might have been a crusader. A later tradition identified this Cletus as the 1st-century
109:
in
Coimbra. It maintains presence in Europe (Germany, Austria, Holland, Italy, Portugal and Switzerland), in the Americas (Brazil, United States and Mexico), and in Asia (Philippines and India).
54:
originating from
Belgium, but it could also refer to at least five other orders from Jerusalem, Portugal, Italy, Bohemia, Poland–Lithuania, and a group of friars in England and Ireland.
374:
222:
346:
124:
116:. It became popular in Italy and had 208 monasteries divided into five provinces. They wore a blue habit and carried a silver cross. The order was abolished by
51:
332:
90:
1001:
Elm, Kaspar; Franchi, Antonino; Gustaw, Romualdo (1980). "Frati della
Penitenza dei Beati Martiri". In Pelliccia, Guerrino; Rocca, Giancarlo (eds.).
83:
340:
843:
360:
312:
171:
958:
696:
522:
318:
63:
399:
368:
354:
226:
486:
449:
411:
106:
42:. Their names derive from their devotion to the Holy Cross. They were founded in the 12th and 13th centuries, during the era of the
437:
793:
50:. These orders tended to maintain hospitals and care for the sick. Currently, the term "crosiers" most frequently refers to the
262:
326:
884:
Hayden, J. Michael (2000). "Religious Reform and
Religious Orders in England, 1490-1540: The Case of the Crutched Friars".
243:
281:(To cultivate a pure mind) is the earliest record of the legend about the order's foundations. The poem states that when
975:
595:
71:
866:
The knights of the cross with the red heart (Cyriaci) and their convent in the Old Town of Prague between 1628-1729
112:
The
Italian Order of the Crociferi (Ordo Cruciferorum; Fratres Cruciferi) was established between 1160 and 1170 by
70:
were sometimes referred to as crosiers with the double red cross. The order was founded in 1114 to care for the
230:
179:
912:
1030:
148:
636:
630:
290:
75:
596:"An Hitherto Unknown 17th Century Correspondence Between Bohemian and Belgian Crosiers (1673–1674)"
258:
182:
dedicated to the protection and care of the sick, and was made an independent hospitaller order by
893:
750:
742:
128:
117:
113:
79:
1006:
990:
954:
946:
927:
734:
692:
610:
571:
518:
510:
482:
445:
407:
140:
102:
859:
548:
293:. Later accounts embellished the story. For example, one of the twelve men was identified as
726:
684:
563:
473:
282:
175:
136:
838:
861:
Kanonie CyriakĹŻ (kĹ™iĹľovnĂkĹŻ s ÄŤervenĂ˝m srdcem) na StarĂ©m MÄ›stÄ› praĹľskĂ©m v letech 1628-1729
250:
183:
144:
567:
294:
274:
234:
207:
39:
1024:
815:
768:
754:
298:
683:. Medieval Church Studies. Vol. 18. Turnhout: Brepols Publishers. p. 213.
629:
254:
160:
717:
Beck, Egerton (1913). "The Order of the Holy Cross (Crutched Friars) in
England".
868:] (Diploma thesis) (in Czech). Charles University in Prague. pp. 5, 30.
239:
159:, it today maintains a presence in Germany, Austria, United States, Brazil, the
156:
654:
297:
who later became Bishop of
Jerusalem, or that the five men participated in the
730:
688:
286:
94:
931:
738:
575:
174:(Ordo Militaris Crucigerorum cum Rubea Stella, OMCRS) was founded in 1233 by
164:
67:
47:
1010:
994:
614:
203:
43:
1005:(in Italian). Vol. VI. Rome: Edizioni Paoline. pp. 1392–1398.
897:
127:(Ordo Sanctae Crucis, OSC) is traditionally said to be founded by canon
746:
211:
195:
191:
187:
152:
98:
20:
38:
is a general name for several loosely related
Catholic orders, mostly
215:
199:
657:(in Portuguese). Orden de los CanĂłnigos Regulares de la Santa Cruz
93:(Ordo Canonicorum Regularium Sanctae Crucis, ORC) was founded by
679:
Tsougarakis, Nickiphoros I. (2012). "The (Italian) Crociferi".
105:
in 1834, but restored in 1979. The order's mother house is the
517:(3rd revised ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 440.
481:. Collegeville, MN: The Liturgical Press. pp. 14–19, 23.
147:, but the order was revived. Its superior general is based at
132:
974:
Elm, Kaspar; Franchi, Antonino; Gustaw, Romualdo (May 1986).
509:
Cross, Frank Leslie; Livingstone, Elizabeth A., eds. (2005).
19:
For the stylized staff carried by high-ranking prelates, see
1036:
Christian religious orders established in the 12th century
847:(in Lithuanian). Mokslo ir enciklopedijĹł leidybos centras.
681:
The Latin Religious Orders in Medieval Greece, 1204-1500
101:
in 1132. The order was closed during the brief reign of
609:. Translated by Raymond Steffes, Walter Nichipor: 3–5.
818:(in Czech). RytĂĹ™skĂ˝ řád KĹ™iĹľovnĂkĹŻ s ÄŤervenou hvÄ›zdou
375:
Canons Regular of the Penitence of the Blessed Martyrs
223:
Canons Regular of the Penitence of the Blessed Martyrs
472:Bosch, Piet van den (1992). Cotone, Michael (ed.).
640:. Vol. 3. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
444:. Vol. 2 (2nd ed.). Gale. p. 609.
139:in 1248. Many monasteries were closed during the
515:The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church
347:Canons Regular of the Order of the Holy Cross
125:Canons Regular of the Order of the Holy Cross
52:Canons Regular of the Order of the Holy Cross
8:
719:Transactions of the Royal Historical Society
333:Canons Regular of the Holy Cross of Coimbra
91:Canons Regular of the Holy Cross of Coimbra
879:
877:
875:
202:. It is believed they had three houses in
649:
647:
549:"The Friars of the Holy Cross in England"
504:
502:
500:
498:
1003:Dizionario degli Istituti di Perfezione
788:
786:
712:
710:
708:
674:
672:
655:"Historia de la Orden de la Santa Cruz"
542:
540:
538:
536:
534:
475:The Crosiers: They Shared with Everyone
467:
465:
463:
461:
431:
429:
427:
425:
423:
393:
391:
387:
308:
206:. The order is currently active in the
837:Jagminas, Leonardas (1 August 2018) .
794:"Order of the Cross with the Red Star"
589:
587:
585:
406:. Vol. 1. James Clarke & Co.
361:Knights of the Cross with the Red Star
172:Knights of the Cross with the Red Star
16:Loose confederation of Catholic orders
771:. Conventual Priory of the Holy Cross
631:"Canons and Canonesses Regular"
249:The first Friars of the Cross or the
178:. Unlike the other orders, this is a
7:
319:Canons Regular of the Holy Sepulchre
221:The origin of the Polish–Lithuanian
135:in 1210. The order was confirmed by
64:Canons Regular of the Holy Sepulchre
999:which is an English translation of
989:. Translated by James Hentges: 13.
976:"The Penitents of the Holy Martyrs"
78:. The male order was suppressed by
568:10.1111/j.1468-229X.1949.tb00935.x
14:
951:Medieval Ireland: An Encyclopedia
151:in Rome. As well as surviving in
844:VisuotinÄ— lietuviĹł enciklopedija
634:. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.).
367:
353:
339:
325:
311:
945:Ó Clabaigh, Colmán N. (2016) .
547:Chettle, H. F. (October 1949).
436:O'Callaghan, Joseph F. (2003).
404:Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages
886:The Catholic Historical Review
263:Dissolution of the Monasteries
1:
244:Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor
72:Church of the Holy Sepulchre
796:. The Charles Bridge Museum
402:. In Vauchez, André (ed.).
233:. It was suppressed by the
1052:
953:. Routledge. p. 406.
186:in 1237. They spread into
18:
731:10.1017/S0080440100014511
689:10.1484/M.MCS-EB.4.000076
628:Allaria, Anthony (1908).
442:New Catholic Encyclopedia
949:. In Duffy, Sean (ed.).
911:Hayden, Michael (1989).
858:Jiřinec, Martin (2007).
594:Elm, Kaspar (May 1986).
277:. A 130-line Latin poem
231:Grand Duchy of Lithuania
438:"Brethren of the Cross"
398:Morsel, Joseph (2000).
123:The Belgian or Flemish
107:Monastery of Santa Cruz
839:"atgailos kanauninkai"
279:Ad colendam mente pura
242:reforms introduced by
149:San Giorgio in Velabro
913:"The Crutched Friars"
816:"MĂsta pĹŻsobenà řádu"
725:: 191, 194–195, 198.
637:Catholic Encyclopedia
291:Rule of St. Augustine
32:Brethren of the Cross
86:continues to exist.
82:in 1489 though the
76:Jesus was crucified
947:"Religious orders"
129:Theodore of Celles
118:Pope Alexander VII
114:Pope Alexander III
80:Pope Innocent VIII
960:978-1-315-16172-3
698:978-2-503-57222-2
524:978-0-19-280290-3
511:"crutched friars"
269:Legendary origins
227:Kingdom of Poland
141:French Revolution
1043:
1015:
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998:
983:Crosier Heritage
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769:"History Part 3"
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633:
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603:Crosier Heritage
600:
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562:(132): 204–209.
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137:Pope Innocent IV
95:Saint Theotonius
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251:Crutched Friars
184:Pope Gregory IX
145:Napoleonic Wars
89:The Portuguese
60:
36:crutched friars
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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295:Judas Cyriacus
283:Empress Helena
275:Pope Anacletus
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235:Russian Empire
208:Czech Republic
180:military order
59:
58:Related orders
56:
40:canons regular
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488:0-8146-5836-9
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820:. Retrieved
810:
798:. Retrieved
773:. Retrieved
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680:
659:. Retrieved
635:
623:
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555:
514:
474:
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259:Hospitallers
255:Trinitarians
248:
220:
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111:
88:
84:female order
74:built where
61:
35:
31:
27:
25:
240:Josephinism
157:Netherlands
1025:Categories
822:29 January
800:29 January
775:29 January
661:29 January
400:"Crosiers"
382:References
287:True Cross
932:0774-7241
920:Clairlieu
755:176857897
739:1474-0648
576:1468-229X
265:in 1538.
165:Indonesia
120:in 1656.
68:Jerusalem
48:Holy Land
898:25025765
229:and the
204:Scotland
155:and the
143:and the
103:Pedro IV
44:crusades
28:Crosiers
1011:2194708
995:9663588
926:: 147.
747:3678421
615:9663588
556:History
305:Emblems
257:or the
212:Austria
196:Hungary
192:Silesia
188:Moravia
153:Belgium
99:Coimbra
46:in the
21:crosier
1009:
993:
957:
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745:
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695:
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448:
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216:Vienna
200:Poland
198:, and
163:, and
979:(PDF)
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894:JSTOR
864:[
751:S2CID
743:JSTOR
599:(PDF)
552:(PDF)
479:(PDF)
161:Congo
1007:OCLC
991:OCLC
955:ISBN
928:ISSN
824:2020
802:2020
777:2020
735:ISSN
693:ISBN
663:2020
611:OCLC
572:ISSN
519:ISBN
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446:ISBN
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210:and
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