152:
166:
206:
236:
220:
179:
192:
321:
4511:
137:
908:, hitting also the cemetery. Three days later, a heavy Commonwealth-Ethiopian attack on the southern side of the stronghold was halted by the 1st Carabinieri Company, supported by artillery. During the night of 12 November, a new strong British assault began, this time after some heavy bombings, a series of assaults were launched all day on 13 November. The battle often turned into
991:
Italians and 490 Askaris were killed and 404 Italians and 400 Askaris were wounded. About 100 of the 200 wives and children of the
Askaris lost their lives. All the survivors, including Ugolini, were taken prisoner. Commonwealth and Ethiopian losses are not known. The Corps of Carabinieri was awarded the Gold Medal of Military Valor for its role in the defence of Culqualber.
328:
49:
846:
The
British forces soon launched a powerful counter-attack from east; Serranti's men resisted till the return of Ugolini, then they retreated from Amba Mariam and returned to their lines, bringing with them their wounded and their booty of weapons, ammunition and food. 36 Italians and colonials were
847:
killed and 31 wounded in the fight for Amba Mariam, whereas Allied casualties amounted to 150–200 men. This operation temporarily lightened the
British pressure on Culqualber and provided the Italians with food and supplies that allowed them to lighten the rationing and to prolong their resistance.
783:
heights, directly threatening the "Km. 39 Spur" positions. By then the
Carabinieri defensive preparations were completed but the inflow of Commonwealth forces in the Gumera valley isolated the garrison of Culqualber from the rest of the Italian defence system, thus starting the siege. At first the
944:
Starting on 18 November, bombings on
Culqualber and Fercaber were further intensified. On 20 November, the Italian positions were bombed by 57 aircraft, and an Allied force of about 22,500 men, supported by armoured units, was prepared for the final assault. The Allied forces attacking from the
928:
November, the
Italian anti-aircraft guns claimed nine aircraft shot down); British forces managed to capture some positions, which were however recaptured by Carabinieri and Zaptiè in hand-to-hand combat. Italians volunteer to make some infiltration actions to lower the pressure of the attacks.
842:
and overran the
British defenders, which withdrew from Amba Mariam. Colonel Ugolini then ordered Major Serranti to secure the newly captured positions of Amba Mariam with the men who had carried out the attack; Ugolini then led Zaptiè in pursuit of the retreating British defenders, pushing them
981:
when they ran out of ammunition, and they counterattacked numerous times to recapture lost positions, but both battalions were annihilated, as was the
Blackshirt battalion of Major Cassoli. The three Italian battalion commanders, Garbieri, Serranti and Cassoli, were all killed in the fighting.
927:
On 14 November the Allied attacks paused, and the
Italians exploited this break to care for the wounded, bury the dead, and have their first hot meal in days. Between 15 and 19 November the RAF and SAAF constantly bombed the Italian positions, and the ground forces renewed their attacks (on 18
990:
The battle ended in the evening of 21 November 1941, with the capture of
Culqualber by the Allied forces. Gondar fell less than a week later, thus ending the last organised resistance by Italian regular units in East Africa. Of the 2,900 men of the garrisons of Culqualber and Fercarber, 513
892:
A heavy assault was attempted against the northern defences (manned by the 3rd Company of the CCXL Blackshirt Battalion and by the 2nd Carabinieri Battalion); the Italian lines ceded in some points but these were immediately recaptured by Italian and colonial counter-attacks.
701:. The garrison of Fercaber consisted of 800 men; along with the soldiers were about 200 African women and children were at Culqualber and Fercaber; they were the wives and children of the askari, whom, following their custom, had followed their husbands and supported them.
949:(25th East African Brigade), several machine gun companies, six artillery batteries, a Sudanese company and about 6,500 Ethiopian irregulars, for a total of 13,000 men under Brigadier W. A. L. James. The forces attacking from the south numbered about 9,500 men under
862:, increased his forces in the area, transferring there several armoured units, some thousands British soldiers and several thousands Ethiopian irregulars. Italian positions were heavily bombarded with both aircraft and artillery and the Allied also started actions of
957:
artillery battery with six guns, a South African battery, several machine gun companies and about 3,500 Ethiopian irregulars. The Italian garrison, after the losses suffered in the previous months, were down to 1,500–1,600 soldiers and officers still able to fight.
808:
was insufficient for their needs. Carabinieri attempted to reach the rivers several times to retrieve some water but they became easy targets for the British fire, which caused heavy losses. A method for obtaining small quantities of water consisted in spreading
596:
that were hardly traversable on foot. Here, the key point for the whole defence system was located in the Culqualber Pass, where passed a rough road, that was the only available route for Commonwealth forces, which headed towards Gondar with
803:
posed a more serious problem; after the Commonwealth forces secured their control over the Guarnò and Gumerà, the two rivers which provided water to the Italians, the only water source for the garrison became a small spring, whose
382:
833:
height, 15 km (9.3 mi) north of Culqualber, where the besiegers had placed encampments and logistic depots. The sortie succeeded, allowing the Carabinieri, Zaptiè and the 4th Company of LXVII Colonial Battalion
4577:
4552:
696:
Lasagni), the 1st Artillery Battery (three 70/15 mm howitzers and about 30 Italian gunners), the 6th Colonial Machine Gunners Company (130 askaris), a platoon of engineers, a medical officer and a
838:
Giovanni Pinat) to inflict heavy losses and to capture a considerable amount of weapons, ammunition and foodstuffs; exploiting their initial success, the Carabinieri and colonials then carried out a
375:
784:
British forces tested the Italian defensive perimeter with patrol actions, then, after ascertaining the reaction, they advanced on the flanks, avoiding battle and encircling both Culqualber and
3082:
2428:
4433:
2444:
368:
817:. The Italians were aware that, as time passed, they would grow weaker and weaker, while the besiegers strengthened their forces; from mid-October they therefore organised a series of
2367:
2339:
1483:
2778:
4412:
3091:
1905:
1005:
977:" (where fortifications were weaker), held by the 2nd Carabinieri Company, fierce hand-to-hand combat erupted between attackers and defenders. Carabinieri fought with bayonets and
716:
side on the south (with the "Km. 39 Spur"). The command was placed in barycentric position. During the subsequent weeks, the Italians fortified their positions (especially on the
3394:
2757:
2059:
1684:
511:
2400:
2346:
1532:
2864:
2353:
1969:
973:
of the South African Light Armoured Detachment), artillery fire and air strikes. Both on "Km. 39 Spur", defended by the 1st Carabinieri Company, and on the less defendable "
1379:
1000:
2750:
2190:
2066:
885:
which continuously bombed and strafed the Italian positions. One of the two CR.42s, piloted by Sub-Lieutenant Ildebrando Malavolta, was engaged over Culqualber by two
4572:
2043:
1423:
1035:
About 200 wives and relatives of the Ascari colonial soldiers had followed them in Culqualber, and about one hundred of them were killed during the battle and bombing.
2480:
1792:
2299:
1601:
1011:
4305:
670:; when that garrison surrendered in July 1941, some ascari had refused surrender and undertook a 106 km (66 mi) march towards Culqualber. One of them,
4557:
3098:
3061:
3038:
2552:
1474:
1444:
795:
was complete; their supply lines were cut off and they soon found themselves in hardships, having to ration their food stores; often the only meal consisted in
3191:
2244:
3047:
3031:
3003:
2771:
1451:
3948:
3015:
2927:
2871:
2834:
2827:
2109:
2920:
1645:
2967:
4426:
3054:
1437:
1395:
4275:
2087:
1861:
1624:
1490:
1301:
681:
and died after having his battalion's banner delivered to the Italian garrison. Endisciau was one of the two colonial soldiers who were awarded the
3170:
2619:
1997:
1497:
1409:
1345:
870:
priests to persuade the defenders to surrender, and sending messengers who also asked for surrender, until Serranti threatened to fire on them.
3373:
2885:
1728:
1266:
646:. The garrison was completed by the 43rd battery (three old 77/28 mm guns and 40 Italian gunners) and the 44th battery (two 70/15 mm
411:
320:
829:
The first Italian sortie (and also the most important and bloodiest one), took place on 18 October and was directed against a position on the
3969:
3401:
3147:
3022:
2101:
1932:
1638:
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2120:
2116:
2094:
1698:
550:
392:
40:
4117:
3581:
2913:
2899:
2105:
933:
4195:
3651:
1875:
688:
The Italian and colonial forces at Culqualber Pass numbered about 2,100 men overall. A secondary stronghold was at Fercaber Pass, near
4326:
4073:
3366:
3317:
3075:
2630:
1714:
1562:
1416:
341:
2374:
4442:
3324:
3296:
3113:
2695:
2407:
970:
468:
423:
406:
3637:
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3874:
3574:
2813:
2709:
2538:
2215:
1661:
3833:
2598:
4003:
3844:
3669:
3428:
3387:
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1868:
1737:
1705:
501:
4239:
4032:
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2385:
1181:. History of the Second World War United Kingdom Military Series. Vol. II (Naval & Military Press ed.). London:
4587:
4389:
4361:
2720:
2435:
2075:
1806:
1525:
1430:
1315:
538:
4333:
4264:
4089:
3303:
741:
4597:
4449:
4382:
3595:
3546:
3310:
2906:
2667:
2451:
1504:
643:
775:
During September the Commonwealth forces, coming from south and readying for the attack, positioned themselves along the
4592:
4523:
4419:
3794:
3755:
2674:
2502:
2487:
2414:
2393:
2211:
1889:
1675:
1668:
1652:
1363:
1322:
1294:
720:, which lacked any kind of fortifications) by using the trunks of the trees found in the ravines. Caverns with multiple
682:
84:
4582:
4486:
3810:
3762:
3380:
3352:
3205:
2820:
2799:
2313:
1976:
1372:
1172:
1135:
954:
566:
453:
171:
4284:
3488:
1882:
4562:
3780:
3699:
3644:
3532:
3138:
2764:
2688:
2583:
2460:
2332:
2325:
2285:
2258:
1990:
1923:
1590:
1518:
1329:
1259:
4567:
4186:
4103:
3888:
3748:
3720:
3553:
3458:
3248:
2681:
1748:
1402:
733:
873:
Ground attacks and air strikes escalated from 21 October. The Allied enjoyed complete air domination; only two
3925:
3902:
3154:
2955:
2948:
2605:
2265:
2237:
2230:
1953:
1617:
1131:
859:
433:
256:
946:
4347:
4291:
4161:
4021:
3706:
3359:
3255:
3161:
2729:
2590:
2560:
2524:
2509:
2381:
2273:
2251:
2197:
2183:
2165:
1829:
1610:
1338:
1287:
1075:
882:
737:
542:
4039:
3932:
3734:
3685:
3588:
3481:
3451:
3234:
3122:
2848:
2639:
2223:
2204:
2174:
1721:
1691:
2702:
1090:
British Intelligence in the Second World War: Its Influence on Strategy and Operations (abridged edition)
4530:
4253:
4096:
3992:
3962:
3918:
3658:
3623:
3616:
3539:
3437:
2878:
2855:
2306:
1843:
1583:
1569:
1252:
863:
813:
on the ground at night and retrieving them in the morning, when they were wet, thanks to high nocturnal
805:
663:
428:
197:
1898:
1176:
4354:
4209:
3860:
3817:
3787:
3713:
3523:
3502:
2421:
1576:
821:
aimed at both lightening British pressure on their stronghold, and capturing weapons and foodstuffs.
792:
651:
438:
157:
4472:
4246:
4124:
4080:
3602:
2736:
2495:
2022:
1852:
1836:
1785:
929:
909:
768:, capturing a large quantity of weapons and ammunition. The British forces retaliated with a heavy
570:
506:
416:
241:
78:
4465:
4298:
4223:
4177:
4147:
4055:
3895:
3560:
3444:
3338:
3289:
3227:
2983:
2934:
2743:
2646:
2360:
2015:
1946:
1813:
950:
704:
After ascertaining the situation, the Carabinieri command decided to entrench its troops on the "
4510:
674:
609:
On 6 August 1941, Nasi sent a mixed force to guard Culqualber Pass. The force included the 1st
4456:
4340:
4230:
4170:
4131:
4064:
4046:
4012:
3955:
3909:
3853:
3678:
3416:
3408:
3345:
3198:
2792:
2317:
1962:
1939:
1778:
1757:
1467:
1231:
1212:
1186:
1168:
1149:
1119:
1111:
1097:
886:
856:
785:
780:
698:
658:, with two medics and a chaplain. The five guns available were obsolete and dated back to the
588:
The surrounding terrain was characterised by irregular heights, with flat or conical summits (
4375:
4368:
4312:
3976:
3741:
3727:
3630:
3567:
3518:
3331:
3184:
3131:
2941:
2892:
2806:
2029:
2006:
1539:
1139:
776:
625:
582:
546:
534:
496:
491:
463:
448:
210:
889:
and shot down by Lieutenant Lancelot Charles Henry Hope (3rd Squadron SAAF) on 24 October.
4398:
4110:
4025:
3983:
3881:
3824:
3692:
3474:
3465:
2994:
2569:
2545:
2141:
1799:
961:
The attack started at 03:00 on 21 November. Allied forces attacked from three sides, with
878:
659:
621:
562:
443:
265:
261:
360:
4405:
3941:
3867:
1912:
1771:
1070:
1055:
905:
839:
835:
800:
677:, was captured by Ethiopian guerrillas, escaped, was mortally wounded while crossing a
655:
589:
578:
142:
4546:
4216:
2134:
1983:
1822:
913:
765:
613:
Mobilized Group, with two companies of Italian veterans (200 men) and one company of
574:
347:
225:
1178:
The Mediterranean and Middle East: The Germans come to the help of their Ally (1941)
708:", an overhanging ridge that dominated both the road to Gondar on the north and the
638:(Major) Alberto Cassoli and the LXVII Colonial Battalion (four companies), with 620
4515:
4319:
2612:
2517:
2148:
1511:
1275:
978:
481:
183:
1141:
The Mediterranean and Middle East: The Early Successes Against Italy (to May 1941)
760:
and Culqualber. Ugolini ordered some sorties in retaliation. On 4 September, some
4154:
4140:
3802:
2471:
2292:
2277:
1631:
1144:. History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series. Vol. I.
924:". The battle ended in the evening with the failure of the Commonwealth attack.
830:
769:
729:
713:
667:
610:
3509:
3262:
3241:
2127:
1460:
1388:
874:
629:
1153:
99:
86:
3772:
3177:
2974:
2785:
2576:
2531:
1548:
1123:
799:, a gross flour obtained from corn, fodder and quadruped feed. The lack of
764:
and blackshirt companies made a nocturnal sortie and attacked the Ethiopian
724:
were dug in the rock of the ridge, to allow to fire in all directions. Some
721:
689:
678:
598:
486:
2052:
614:
53:
Makeshift armoured tractor used by Italian forces at Culqualber, nicknamed
17:
2036:
1764:
962:
814:
647:
530:
54:
725:
692:, with the XIV Blackshirt Battalion (five companies and 600 men, under
618:
48:
2653:
818:
761:
757:
753:
709:
671:
639:
593:
1228:
The First Victory: The Second World War and the East Africa Campaign
901:
A series of new Allied attacks were launched during November 1941:
2841:
917:
912:, and the Italian defenders repelled the Uollo irregulars and the
810:
308:
1,900 prisoners including 804 wounded (404 Italian and 400 Askari)
1182:
1145:
1093:
966:
867:
666:. The garrison was also joined by a small number of askari from
1248:
1244:
1092:. History of the Second World War (2nd rev. ed.). London:
364:
752:
Beginning on the end of August, Ethiopian irregulars started
1209:
Wavell in the Middle East, 1939–1941: A Study in Generalship
4578:
Land battles of World War II involving the United Kingdom
4553:
Battles and operations of World War II involving Ethiopia
756:
aimed at cutting communications and supply lines between
1076:
Account of the battle on the website of the Carabinieri
1008:-Arbegnoch used Ethiopian and captured Italian weapons.
953:
Collins, consisting of two South African battalions, a
866:, dropping leaflets with demands to surrender, sending
632:
Battalion (five companies), with 675 blackshirts under
1906:
Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany
1230:(1st ed.). New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
1006:
List of Second Italo-Ethiopian War weapons of Ethiopia
581:
had organised his defence on the main stronghold of
4274:
4002:
3843:
3668:
3427:
3279:
3217:
3121:
3112:
2993:
2719:
2629:
2470:
2173:
2164:
1922:
1747:
1600:
1362:
1355:
549:, it marked the end of conventional warfare in the
1001:List of British military equipment of World War II
877:were left to face about a hundred aircraft of the
855:During the following days, the British commander,
1116:Eastern Epic: September 1939 – March 1943 Defence
585:and a series of secondary strongholds around it.
936:because of the heroism shown during these days.
654:, with 88 men (65 Italians and 23 askari) and a
904:On 2 November, a bombing destroyed the Italian
33:
1012:List of Italian Army equipment in World War II
1260:
633:
533:, from 6 August to 21 November 1941, between
376:
8:
1118:. Vol. I. London: Chatto & Windus.
327:
3118:
2170:
1359:
1267:
1253:
1245:
662:, the howitzers being war prizes from the
561:In 1941, following the Italian defeats at
383:
369:
361:
30:
932:, one of the volunteers, will obtain the
306:1,003 killed (513 Italian and 490 Askari)
4573:Battles of World War II involving Italy
1048:
1028:
650:and 34 Eritrean gunners); a platoon of
346:Culqualber, near Gondar, a town in the
266:
3099:Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union
3970:Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign
3402:Japanese invasion of French Indochina
3048:Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union
3004:Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union
2102:Rape during the occupation of Germany
394:East African campaign of World War II
7:
4558:East African campaign (World War II)
3092:Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union
2117:Rape during the liberation of France
791:The encirclement of the Italians on
41:East African Campaign (World War II)
945:north were three battalions of the
920:irregulars towards the ravines of "
3318:German invasion of the Netherlands
1591:Weather events during World War II
25:
3949:Northern Burma and Western Yunnan
529:was fought near Culqualber Pass,
4509:
1132:Playfair, Major-General I. S. O.
934:Medaglia d'Oro al valor Militare
326:
319:
234:
218:
204:
190:
177:
164:
150:
135:
47:
617:(160 men) under the command of
4196:Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945
1899:Territorial changes of Germany
1807:Indonesian National Revolution
1:
3596:Japanese invasion of Thailand
3547:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran
3311:German invasion of Luxembourg
1685:Mediterranean and Middle East
282:
3503:Invasion of the Soviet Union
3192:Occupation of Czechoslovakia
2503:Independent State of Croatia
732:were turned into improvised
683:Gold Medal of Military Valor
4487:End of World War II in Asia
4327:Western invasion of Germany
3834:Chinese famine of 1942–1943
3811:Second Battle of El Alamein
3381:Hundred Regiments Offensive
3353:Battle of the Mediterranean
3206:Italian invasion of Albania
1373:Air warfare of World War II
1056:La battaglia di Culqualber.
68:6 August – 21 November 1941
4614:
4413:Naval bombardment of Japan
3781:First Battle of El Alamein
3700:Battle of Christmas Island
3645:Japanese invasion of Burma
3409:Italian invasion of Greece
3325:German invasion of Belgium
3297:German invasion of Denmark
3270:1939–1940 Winter Offensive
3139:Second Italo-Ethiopian War
1396:Comparative military ranks
1071:La battaglia di Culqualber
772:of the Italian positions.
734:armoured fighting vehicles
4502:
4334:Bratislava–Brno offensive
4265:Dutch famine of 1944–1945
3889:Allied invasion of Sicily
3749:Aleutian Islands campaign
3721:Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign
3659:Greek famine of 1941–1944
3554:Second Battle of Changsha
3459:German invasion of Greece
3304:Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang
1639:North and Central Pacific
1282:
851:British counter-offensive
843:beyond the Gumera river.
569:, military operations in
439:British Somaliland (1941)
412:British Somaliland (1940)
402:
314:
297:
274:
250:
127:
60:
46:
38:
3926:Allied invasion of Italy
3903:Solomon Islands campaign
3652:Third Battle of Changsha
3249:First Battle of Changsha
3155:Second Sino-Japanese War
2088:German military brothels
1954:United States war crimes
1088:Hinsley, F. H. (1994) .
860:Colin Frederick Blackden
738:Schwarzlose machine guns
4348:Second Guangxi campaign
4203:Philippines (1944–1945)
3707:Battle of the Coral Sea
3610:Fall of the Philippines
3256:Battle of South Guangxi
3162:Battles of Khalkhin Gol
2561:Italian Social Republic
1171:; et al. (2004) .
883:South African Air Force
592:), intersected by deep
545:forces. Along with the
310:about 100 civilian dead
3933:Armistice of Cassibile
3735:Battle of Dutch Harbor
3686:Battle of the Java Sea
3589:Attack on Pearl Harbor
3489:Syria–Lebanon campaign
3482:Battle of South Shanxi
3452:Invasion of Yugoslavia
3235:Battle of the Atlantic
2849:Korean Liberation Army
2555:(until September 1943)
2512:(until September 1944)
2490:(until September 1944)
1134:; et al. (1954).
940:Final assault and fall
634:
577:region, where General
251:Commanders and leaders
4588:September 1941 events
4097:Second Battle of Guam
3993:Bengal famine of 1943
3963:Second Battle of Kiev
3919:Battle of the Dnieper
3624:Battle of Wake Island
3496:East African campaign
3438:Battle of South Henan
3083:atrocities by Germans
2856:Korean Volunteer Army
1830:Occupation of Germany
1584:Music in World War II
1211:. London: Brassey's.
1207:Raugh, H. E. (1993).
947:King's African Rifles
864:psychological warfare
664:Austro-Hungarian Army
298:Casualties and losses
4598:November 1941 events
4383:Surrender of Germany
3861:Battle of West Hubei
3818:Guadalcanal campaign
3788:Battle of Stalingrad
3714:Battle of Madagascar
2481:Albania protectorate
2268:(formerly Swaziland)
1977:Wehrmacht war crimes
1793:Expulsion of Germans
1577:Art and World War II
1475:British contribution
1424:Governments in exile
1226:Stewart, A. (2016).
975:Costone dei Roccioni
922:Costone dei Roccioni
742:Fiat 35 machine guns
706:Costone dei Roccioni
601:and armoured units.
551:East Africa Campaign
527:Battle of Culqualber
342:class=notpageimage|
334:Culqualber/Kulkalber
34:Battle of Culqualber
4593:October 1941 events
4473:Potsdam Declaration
4362:Italy (Spring 1945)
4125:Liberation of Paris
3582:Siege of Sevastopol
2593:(until August 1944)
2496:Wang Jingwei regime
2318:from September 1943
2278:from September 1944
2216:from September 1944
2076:Romanian war crimes
2067:Persecution of Jews
2053:Croatian war crimes
2023:Japanese war crimes
1837:Occupation of Japan
1786:First Indochina War
1498:Military production
1410:Declarations of war
910:hand-to-hand combat
571:Italian East Africa
541:forces and British
502:East Indies Station
476:Associated articles
242:Italian East Africa
96: /
79:Italian East Africa
4583:August 1941 events
4466:Surrender of Japan
4299:Battle of Iwo Jima
4148:Belgrade offensive
3561:Siege of Leningrad
3445:Battle of Shanggao
3374:British Somaliland
3339:Dunkirk evacuation
3290:Norwegian campaign
3228:Invasion of Poland
3055:Japanese prisoners
2016:Italian war crimes
1947:British war crimes
1862:Soviet occupations
1646:South-West Pacific
1533:Allied cooperation
1491:Military equipment
1169:Playfair, I. S. O.
1112:Mackenzie, Compton
971:Mk III light tanks
951:Lieutenant Colonel
573:moved towards the
4563:Conflicts in 1941
4540:
4539:
4498:
4497:
4341:Battle of Okinawa
4240:Burma (1944–1945)
4074:Mariana and Palau
3854:Tunisian campaign
3679:Fall of Singapore
3603:Fall of Hong Kong
3346:Battle of Britain
3199:Operation Himmler
3108:
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2772:Dutch East Indies
2408:Southern Rhodesia
2160:
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2060:Genocide of Serbs
1963:German war crimes
1940:Soviet war crimes
1933:Allied war crimes
1779:Division of Korea
1758:Chinese Civil War
1556:Strategic bombing
1468:Manhattan Project
1237:978-0-300-20855-9
1218:978-0-08-040983-2
1192:978-1-84574-066-5
1103:978-0-11-630961-7
887:Gloster Gladiator
857:Brigadier General
779:river and on the
699:military chaplain
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507:East Africa Force
424:French Somaliland
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100:12.600°N 37.467°E
77:Culqualber Pass,
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660:First World War
622:Augusto Ugolini
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3868:Battle of Attu
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3540:Battle of Kiev
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2439:
2436:British Empire
2429:United Kingdom
2425:
2418:
2411:
2404:
2397:
2390:
2378:
2371:
2364:
2357:
2350:
2343:
2336:
2329:
2322:
2310:
2303:
2296:
2289:
2282:
2270:
2262:
2255:
2248:
2245:Czechoslovakia
2241:
2234:
2227:
2220:
2208:
2201:
2194:
2187:
2179:
2177:
2168:
2162:
2161:
2158:
2157:
2155:
2154:
2153:
2152:
2145:
2142:Rape of Manila
2138:
2131:
2124:
2113:
2098:
2091:
2079:
2072:
2071:
2070:
2063:
2049:
2048:
2047:
2040:
2033:
2019:
2012:
2011:
2010:
2003:
2002:
2001:
1994:
1980:
1973:
1959:
1958:
1957:
1950:
1943:
1928:
1926:
1920:
1919:
1917:
1916:
1913:United Nations
1909:
1902:
1895:
1894:
1893:
1886:
1879:
1872:
1858:
1849:
1840:
1833:
1826:
1819:
1810:
1803:
1796:
1789:
1782:
1775:
1772:Decolonization
1768:
1761:
1753:
1751:
1745:
1744:
1742:
1741:
1734:
1733:
1732:
1718:
1711:
1710:
1709:
1702:
1695:
1681:
1680:
1679:
1672:
1658:
1657:
1656:
1649:
1642:
1635:
1628:
1621:
1606:
1604:
1598:
1597:
1595:
1594:
1587:
1580:
1573:
1566:
1559:
1552:
1545:
1544:
1543:
1536:
1522:
1515:
1508:
1501:
1494:
1487:
1480:
1479:
1478:
1464:
1457:
1456:
1455:
1448:
1445:United Kingdom
1441:
1427:
1420:
1413:
1406:
1399:
1392:
1385:
1384:
1383:
1368:
1366:
1357:
1353:
1352:
1350:
1349:
1342:
1335:
1334:
1333:
1326:
1319:
1307:
1306:
1305:
1291:
1283:
1280:
1279:
1274:
1272:
1271:
1264:
1257:
1249:
1243:
1242:
1236:
1223:
1217:
1204:
1191:
1165:
1128:
1108:
1102:
1083:
1080:
1079:
1078:
1073:
1060:
1059:
1047:
1046:
1038:
1037:
1027:
1026:
1019:
1016:
1015:
1014:
1009:
1003:
996:
993:
987:
984:
941:
938:
906:field hospital
898:
895:
852:
849:
840:bayonet charge
836:Sub-Lieutenant
826:
823:
801:drinking water
749:
746:
656:field hospital
644:Carlo Garbieri
606:
603:
579:Guglielmo Nasi
558:
555:
518:
517:
515:
514:
509:
504:
499:
494:
489:
484:
472:
471:
466:
461:
456:
451:
446:
441:
436:
431:
426:
421:
420:
419:
409:
403:
400:
399:
390:
388:
387:
380:
373:
365:
357:
356:
345:
340:
339:
333:
332:
325:
324:
318:
317:
316:
315:
312:
311:
304:
300:
299:
295:
294:
289:
277:
276:
272:
271:
259:
257:Colin Blackden
253:
252:
248:
247:
246:
245:
213:
202:
201:
186:
174:
161:
143:United Kingdom
130:
129:
125:
124:
121:
120:
119:Allied victory
117:
113:
112:
105:12.600; 37.467
76:
74:
70:
69:
66:
58:
57:
44:
43:
36:
35:
29:
28:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4610:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4550:
4548:
4532:
4528:
4525:
4521:
4518:
4517:
4512:
4505:
4504:
4501:
4488:
4484:
4481:
4477:
4474:
4470:
4469:
4467:
4463:
4458:
4454:
4453:
4451:
4450:Kuril Islands
4447:
4444:
4440:
4435:
4431:
4430:
4428:
4424:
4421:
4417:
4414:
4410:
4407:
4403:
4400:
4396:
4391:
4387:
4386:
4384:
4380:
4377:
4373:
4370:
4366:
4363:
4359:
4356:
4352:
4349:
4345:
4342:
4338:
4335:
4331:
4328:
4324:
4321:
4317:
4314:
4310:
4307:
4303:
4300:
4296:
4293:
4289:
4286:
4282:
4281:
4279:
4277:
4273:
4266:
4262:
4257:
4256:
4251:
4250:
4248:
4244:
4241:
4237:
4232:
4228:
4227:
4225:
4221:
4218:
4217:Syrmian Front
4214:
4211:
4207:
4204:
4200:
4197:
4193:
4190:
4189:
4184:
4181:
4180:
4175:
4172:
4168:
4165:
4164:
4163:Market Garden
4159:
4156:
4152:
4149:
4145:
4142:
4138:
4135:
4134:
4129:
4126:
4122:
4119:
4115:
4112:
4108:
4105:
4101:
4098:
4094:
4091:
4087:
4084:
4083:
4078:
4075:
4071:
4068:
4067:
4062:
4059:
4058:
4053:
4050:
4049:
4044:
4041:
4037:
4034:
4030:
4027:
4023:
4022:Monte Cassino
4019:
4016:
4015:
4010:
4009:
4007:
4005:
4001:
3994:
3990:
3985:
3981:
3978:
3974:
3973:
3971:
3967:
3964:
3960:
3957:
3953:
3950:
3946:
3943:
3939:
3934:
3930:
3929:
3927:
3923:
3920:
3916:
3913:
3912:
3907:
3904:
3900:
3897:
3893:
3890:
3886:
3883:
3879:
3876:
3872:
3869:
3865:
3862:
3858:
3855:
3851:
3850:
3848:
3846:
3842:
3835:
3831:
3828:
3827:
3822:
3819:
3815:
3812:
3808:
3805:
3804:
3799:
3796:
3792:
3789:
3785:
3782:
3778:
3775:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3760:
3757:
3753:
3752:
3750:
3746:
3743:
3739:
3736:
3732:
3729:
3725:
3722:
3718:
3715:
3711:
3708:
3704:
3701:
3697:
3694:
3690:
3687:
3683:
3680:
3676:
3675:
3673:
3671:
3667:
3660:
3656:
3653:
3649:
3646:
3642:
3639:
3635:
3632:
3628:
3625:
3621:
3618:
3614:
3611:
3607:
3604:
3600:
3597:
3593:
3590:
3586:
3583:
3579:
3576:
3572:
3569:
3565:
3562:
3558:
3555:
3551:
3548:
3544:
3541:
3537:
3534:
3530:
3526:
3525:
3520:
3516:
3511:
3507:
3506:
3504:
3500:
3497:
3493:
3490:
3486:
3483:
3479:
3476:
3472:
3467:
3463:
3462:
3460:
3456:
3453:
3449:
3446:
3442:
3439:
3435:
3434:
3432:
3430:
3426:
3419:
3418:
3413:
3410:
3406:
3403:
3399:
3396:
3392:
3389:
3388:Baltic states
3385:
3382:
3378:
3375:
3371:
3368:
3364:
3361:
3357:
3354:
3350:
3347:
3343:
3340:
3336:
3333:
3329:
3326:
3322:
3319:
3315:
3312:
3308:
3305:
3301:
3298:
3294:
3291:
3287:
3286:
3284:
3282:
3278:
3271:
3267:
3264:
3260:
3257:
3253:
3250:
3246:
3243:
3239:
3236:
3232:
3229:
3225:
3224:
3222:
3220:
3216:
3207:
3203:
3200:
3196:
3193:
3189:
3186:
3182:
3179:
3175:
3174:
3172:
3168:
3163:
3159:
3156:
3152:
3151:
3149:
3145:
3140:
3136:
3135:
3133:
3129:
3128:
3126:
3124:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3111:
3100:
3096:
3093:
3089:
3084:
3080:
3077:
3073:
3072:
3068:
3063:
3059:
3058:
3056:
3052:
3049:
3045:
3040:
3036:
3033:
3032:United States
3029:
3024:
3020:
3019:
3017:
3013:
3012:
3008:
3005:
3001:
3000:
2998:
2996:
2992:
2985:
2981:
2976:
2972:
2969:
2968:Quốc dân Đảng
2965:
2964:
2960:
2957:
2953:
2950:
2946:
2943:
2939:
2936:
2932:
2929:
2925:
2922:
2918:
2915:
2911:
2908:
2904:
2901:
2897:
2894:
2890:
2887:
2883:
2880:
2876:
2873:
2869:
2866:
2862:
2857:
2853:
2850:
2846:
2845:
2843:
2839:
2836:
2832:
2829:
2825:
2822:
2818:
2815:
2811:
2808:
2804:
2801:
2797:
2794:
2790:
2787:
2783:
2780:
2776:
2773:
2769:
2766:
2762:
2759:
2755:
2752:
2748:
2745:
2741:
2738:
2734:
2731:
2727:
2726:
2724:
2722:
2718:
2711:
2707:
2704:
2700:
2697:
2693:
2690:
2686:
2683:
2679:
2676:
2672:
2669:
2668:Liechtenstein
2665:
2662:
2658:
2655:
2651:
2648:
2644:
2641:
2637:
2636:
2634:
2632:
2628:
2621:
2620:Collaboration
2617:
2614:
2610:
2607:
2603:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2585:
2581:
2578:
2574:
2571:
2567:
2562:
2558:
2557:
2554:
2550:
2547:
2543:
2540:
2536:
2533:
2529:
2526:
2522:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2504:
2500:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2482:
2478:
2477:
2475:
2473:
2469:
2462:
2458:
2453:
2449:
2448:
2446:
2445:United States
2442:
2437:
2433:
2432:
2430:
2426:
2423:
2419:
2416:
2412:
2409:
2405:
2402:
2398:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2376:
2372:
2369:
2365:
2362:
2358:
2355:
2351:
2348:
2344:
2341:
2337:
2334:
2330:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2308:
2304:
2301:
2297:
2294:
2290:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2260:
2256:
2253:
2249:
2246:
2242:
2239:
2235:
2232:
2228:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2206:
2202:
2199:
2195:
2192:
2188:
2185:
2181:
2180:
2178:
2176:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2163:
2150:
2146:
2143:
2139:
2136:
2135:Comfort women
2132:
2129:
2125:
2122:
2119: /
2118:
2114:
2111:
2108: /
2107:
2104: /
2103:
2099:
2096:
2095:Camp brothels
2092:
2089:
2085:
2084:
2080:
2077:
2073:
2068:
2064:
2061:
2057:
2056:
2054:
2050:
2045:
2041:
2038:
2034:
2031:
2027:
2026:
2024:
2020:
2017:
2013:
2008:
2004:
1999:
1995:
1992:
1988:
1987:
1985:
1984:The Holocaust
1981:
1978:
1974:
1971:
1970:forced labour
1967:
1966:
1964:
1960:
1955:
1951:
1948:
1944:
1941:
1937:
1936:
1934:
1930:
1929:
1927:
1925:
1921:
1914:
1910:
1907:
1903:
1900:
1896:
1891:
1887:
1884:
1880:
1877:
1873:
1870:
1866:
1865:
1863:
1859:
1856:
1855:
1850:
1847:
1846:
1841:
1838:
1834:
1831:
1827:
1824:
1823:Marshall Plan
1820:
1817:
1816:
1811:
1808:
1804:
1801:
1797:
1794:
1790:
1787:
1783:
1780:
1776:
1773:
1769:
1766:
1762:
1759:
1755:
1754:
1752:
1750:
1746:
1739:
1735:
1730:
1726:
1725:
1723:
1719:
1716:
1712:
1707:
1703:
1700:
1696:
1693:
1689:
1688:
1686:
1682:
1677:
1676:Eastern Front
1673:
1670:
1669:Western Front
1666:
1665:
1663:
1659:
1654:
1650:
1647:
1643:
1640:
1636:
1633:
1629:
1626:
1622:
1619:
1615:
1614:
1612:
1608:
1607:
1605:
1603:
1599:
1592:
1588:
1585:
1581:
1578:
1574:
1571:
1567:
1564:
1563:Puppet states
1560:
1557:
1553:
1550:
1546:
1541:
1537:
1534:
1530:
1529:
1527:
1523:
1520:
1516:
1513:
1509:
1506:
1505:Naval history
1502:
1499:
1495:
1492:
1488:
1485:
1481:
1476:
1472:
1471:
1469:
1465:
1462:
1458:
1453:
1452:United States
1449:
1446:
1442:
1439:
1435:
1434:
1432:
1428:
1425:
1421:
1418:
1414:
1411:
1407:
1404:
1400:
1397:
1393:
1390:
1386:
1381:
1377:
1376:
1374:
1370:
1369:
1367:
1365:
1361:
1358:
1354:
1347:
1343:
1340:
1336:
1331:
1327:
1324:
1320:
1317:
1313:
1312:
1308:
1303:
1299:
1298:
1296:
1292:
1289:
1285:
1284:
1281:
1277:
1270:
1265:
1263:
1258:
1256:
1251:
1250:
1247:
1239:
1233:
1229:
1224:
1220:
1214:
1210:
1205:
1194:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1179:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1142:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1086:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1068:
1067:
1066:
1057:
1052:
1049:
1045:
1044:
1032:
1029:
1025:
1024:
1017:
1013:
1010:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
998:
994:
992:
985:
983:
980:
979:hand grenades
976:
972:
968:
965:supported by
964:
959:
956:
952:
948:
939:
937:
935:
931:
930:Poliuto Penzo
925:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
902:
896:
894:
890:
888:
884:
880:
876:
871:
869:
865:
861:
858:
850:
848:
844:
841:
837:
832:
824:
822:
820:
816:
812:
807:
802:
798:
794:
789:
787:
782:
778:
773:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
747:
745:
743:
739:
736:, armed with
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
702:
700:
695:
691:
686:
684:
680:
676:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
636:
631:
627:
623:
620:
616:
612:
604:
602:
600:
595:
591:
586:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
556:
554:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
513:
510:
508:
505:
503:
500:
498:
495:
493:
490:
488:
485:
483:
480:
479:
478:
477:
470:
469:Guerrilla war
467:
465:
462:
460:
457:
455:
452:
450:
447:
445:
442:
440:
437:
435:
432:
430:
427:
425:
422:
418:
415:
414:
413:
410:
408:
405:
404:
401:
396:
386:
381:
379:
374:
372:
367:
366:
363:
349:
348:Amhara Region
343:
322:
313:
305:
302:
301:
296:
290:
279:
278:
273:
269:
263:
260:
258:
255:
254:
249:
243:
231:
230:
229:
227:
214:
212:
199:
187:
185:
175:
173:
162:
159:
147:
146:
145:
144:
132:
131:
126:
118:
115:
114:
109:
80:
75:
72:
71:
67:
64:
63:
59:
56:
50:
45:
42:
37:
32:
27:
19:
4524:Bibliography
4507:
4320:Project Hula
4285:Vistula–Oder
4254:
4187:
4178:
4162:
4132:
4081:
4065:
4056:
4047:
4013:
3910:
3825:
3801:
3771:
3522:
3415:
3360:North Africa
3062:Soviet Union
3016:Soviet Union
2942:Soviet Union
2710:Vatican City
2613:Vichy France
2518:German Reich
2415:Soviet Union
2401:South Africa
2394:Sierra Leone
2347:Newfoundland
2166:Participants
2149:Marocchinate
1853:
1844:
1814:
1692:North Africa
1653:Indian Ocean
1512:Nazi plunder
1403:Cryptography
1276:World War II
1227:
1208:
1196:. Retrieved
1177:
1157:. Retrieved
1140:
1115:
1089:
1064:
1063:
1051:
1042:
1041:
1031:
1022:
1021:
1018:Bibliography
989:
974:
960:
943:
926:
921:
903:
900:
891:
872:
854:
845:
828:
796:
790:
774:
751:
730:caterpillars
717:
705:
703:
693:
687:
642:under Major
608:
605:Preparations
587:
560:
543:Commonwealth
526:
524:
482:Gideon Force
475:
474:
458:
215:
198:South Africa
133:
128:Belligerents
26:
4255:Bodenplatte
4141:Gothic Line
3367:West Africa
2914:Philippines
2893:Netherlands
2758:Czech lands
2696:Switzerland
2640:Afghanistan
2584:Philippines
2452:Puerto Rico
2368:Philippines
2354:New Zealand
2340:Netherlands
2293:Free France
2044:Prosecution
1845:Osoaviakhim
1715:West Africa
1699:East Africa
1346:Conferences
1159:3 September
969:(including
831:Amba Mariam
825:Amba Mariam
770:bombardment
714:Debra Tabor
668:Debra Tabor
628:; the CCXL
611:Carabinieri
429:Convoy BN 7
350:of Ethiopia
103: /
4547:Categories
4355:West Hunan
4188:Pointblank
3524:Silver Fox
3510:Summer War
3263:Winter War
3242:Phoney War
3023:Azerbaijan
2984:Yugoslavia
2879:Luxembourg
2721:Resistance
2461:Yugoslavia
2326:Luxembourg
2128:Sook Ching
1924:War crimes
1526:Technology
1519:Opposition
1461:Lend-Lease
1438:Australian
1431:Home front
1389:Blitzkrieg
1339:Casualties
1330:Commanders
1302:Operations
1065:References
955:Gold Coast
875:Fiat CR.42
766:encampment
722:embrasures
630:Blackshirt
624:and Major
567:Amba Alagi
557:Background
459:Culqualber
454:Amba Alagi
293:2 aircraft
286: 100
280:22,500 men
172:Gold Coast
18:Culqualber
4420:Manchuria
4306:Indochina
4082:Bagration
3533:Lithuania
3178:Anschluss
2975:Viet Minh
2872:Lithuania
2814:Hong Kong
2577:Manchukuo
2532:Azad Hind
2191:Australia
1991:Aftermath
1854:Paperclip
1749:Aftermath
1549:Total war
1417:Diplomacy
1380:In Europe
1154:494123451
1043:citations
986:Aftermath
806:flow rate
690:Lake Tana
679:minefield
652:engineers
648:howitzers
599:artillery
487:Arbegnoch
417:Tug Argan
291:2,900 men
4531:Category
4480:document
4390:document
4247:Ardennes
4231:Budapest
4179:Crossbow
4057:Overlord
3896:Smolensk
3114:Timeline
2949:Slovakia
2935:Thailand
2786:Ethiopia
2751:Bulgaria
2675:Portugal
2606:Thailand
2488:Bulgaria
2266:Eswatini
2259:Ethiopia
2212:Bulgaria
2037:Unit 731
1998:Response
1815:Keelhaul
1765:Cold War
1738:Americas
1729:timeline
1722:Atlantic
1602:Theaters
1124:59637091
1114:(1951).
995:See also
963:infantry
918:Sudanese
897:November
815:humidity
797:bargutta
786:Fercaber
781:Danguriè
754:ambushes
726:tractors
539:colonial
531:Ethiopia
288:aircraft
275:Strength
73:Location
55:hedgehog
39:Part of
4457:Shumshu
4224:Hungary
4171:Estonia
4155:Lapland
4133:Dragoon
4066:Neptune
4048:Ichi-Go
4014:Tempest
3956:Changde
3911:Cottage
3803:Jubilee
3519:Finland
3417:Compass
3123:Prelude
3076:Finland
2962:Vietnam
2928:Romania
2800:Germany
2779:Estonia
2765:Denmark
2744:Belgium
2737:Austria
2730:Albania
2661:Ireland
2647:Andorra
2631:Neutral
2591:Romania
2525:Hungary
2510:Finland
2382:Romania
2274:Finland
2252:Denmark
2198:Belgium
2184:Algeria
1890:Romania
1876:Hungary
1632:Pacific
1356:General
1310:Leaders
1295:Battles
1288:Outline
1198:25 June
1175:(ed.).
1138:(ed.).
819:sorties
718:Costone
694:Seniore
635:Seniore
619:Colonel
594:ravines
535:Italian
434:Agordat
303:Unknown
264: (
91:37°28′E
88:12°36′N
4434:Debate
4406:Taipei
4399:Borneo
3977:Tarawa
3171:Europe
3132:Africa
2921:Poland
2907:Norway
2886:Malaya
2865:Latvia
2807:Greece
2793:France
2689:Sweden
2654:Bhutan
2375:Poland
2361:Norway
2333:Mexico
2300:Greece
2286:France
2224:Canada
2205:Brazil
2175:Allies
2121:Serbia
2110:Poland
1883:Poland
1869:Baltic
1662:Europe
1364:Topics
1316:Allied
1234:
1215:
1189:
1152:
1122:
1100:
914:Kikuyu
811:towels
777:Guarnò
762:askari
758:Gondar
710:Dessie
672:Muntaz
640:askari
615:Zaptié
583:Gondar
575:Amhara
464:Gondar
239:
223:
195:
169:
155:
140:
116:Result
4210:Leyte
4040:Narva
4026:Anzio
3984:Makin
3942:Burma
3826:Torch
3795:Rzhev
3756:Kiska
2842:Korea
2828:Japan
2821:Italy
2703:Tibet
2682:Spain
2553:Italy
2314:Italy
2307:India
2231:China
2106:Japan
1706:Italy
1618:China
1570:Women
1023:Notes
967:tanks
748:Siege
590:ambas
563:Keren
444:Keren
407:Sudan
226:Italy
184:Kenya
158:Sudan
4276:1945
4004:1944
3845:1943
3773:Blue
3763:Attu
3670:1942
3429:1941
3281:1940
3219:1939
3148:Asia
2995:POWs
2835:Jews
2546:Iraq
2472:Axis
2422:Tuva
2238:Cuba
1323:Axis
1232:ISBN
1213:ISBN
1200:2014
1187:ISBN
1183:HMSO
1161:2015
1150:OCLC
1146:HMSO
1120:OCLC
1098:ISBN
1094:HMSO
916:and
881:and
868:Copt
740:and
728:and
565:and
537:and
525:The
449:Saïo
65:Date
267:POW
4549::
4024:/
1185:.
1148:.
1096:.
788:.
744:.
685:.
553:.
283:c.
3527:)
3521:(
2388:)
2384:(
2320:)
2316:(
2280:)
2276:(
2218:)
2214:(
1268:e
1261:t
1254:v
1240:.
1221:.
1202:.
1163:.
1126:.
1106:.
834:(
712:–
384:e
377:t
370:v
270:)
20:)
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