Cybercrime - Knowledge (XXG)

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cyber attacks and cyber crime are going to expand as threat actors will continue to exploit weaknesses in protection and existing vulnerabilities to achieve their end goals, often being data theft or exfiltration. To combat cybercrime, the United States Secret Service maintains an Electronic Crimes Task Force which extends beyond the United States as it helps to locate threat actors that are located globally and performing cyber related crimes within the United States. The Secret Service is also responsible for the National Computer Forensic Institute which allows law enforcement and people of the court to receive cyber training and information on how to combat cyber crime. The United States Immigration and Customs Enforcement is responsible for the Cyber Crimes Center (C3) providing cyber crime related services for federal, state, local and international agencies. Finally, the United States also has resources relating to Law Enforcement Cyber Incident Reporting to allow local and state agencies to understand how, when, and what should be reported as a cyber incident to the federal government.

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protect information and the tactics criminals use to steal that information is paramount. However, despite cybercrime becoming a mounting problem, many people are not aware of the severity of this problem. This could be attributed to a lack of experience and knowledge of technological issues. There are 1.5 million cyber-attacks annually, which means that there are over 4,000 attacks a day, 170 attacks every hour, or nearly three attacks every minute, with studies showing that only 16 percent of victims had asked the people who were carrying out the attacks to stop. Comparitech's 2023 study shows that cybercrime victims have peaked to 71 million annually, which means there is a cyberattack every 39 seconds. Anybody who uses the internet for any reason can be a victim, which is why it is important to be aware of how to be protected while online.

1378: 1075:. With thousands of people dying each year due to drug overdose, investigators have made internet drug sales a priority. Many vendors do not realize the extra criminal charges that go along with selling drugs online, such as money laundering and illegal use of the mail. In 2019, a vendor was sentenced to 10 years in prison after selling cocaine and methamphetamine under the name JetSetLife. But despite the large amount of time investigators spend tracking down people, in 2018 only 65 suspects who bought and sold illegal goods on some of the biggest markets were identified. Meanwhile, thousands of transactions take place daily on these markets. 1551:

of stolen content, and so forth. A few of the leading cybersecurity companies have the skills and resources to follow the activities of these individuals and groups. A wide variety of information that can be used for defensive purposes is available from these sources, for example, technical indicators such as hashes of infected files and malicious IPs/URLs, as well as strategic information profiling the goals and techniques of the profiled groups. Much of it is freely available, but consistent, ongoing access typically requires a subscription. Some in the corporate sector see a crucial role for

1533:. A possible counter to this is for courts to ban convicted hackers from using the internet or computers, even after they have been released from prison – though as computers and the internet become more and more central to everyday life, this type of punishment becomes more and more draconian. Nuanced approaches have been developed that manage cyber offenders' behavior without resorting to total computer or internet bans. These approaches involve restricting individuals to specific devices which are subject to monitoring or searches by probation or parole officers. 1481:

Enhancement Act of 2014. Although the Federal Information Security Modernization Act of 2014 was just an update of an older version of the act, it focused on the practices federal agencies were to abide by relating to cybersecurity. While the National Cybersecurity Protection Act of 2014 was aimed toward increasing the amount of information sharing that occurs across the federal and private sector to improve cybersecurity amongst the industries. Finally, the Cybersecurity Enhancement Act of 2014 relates to cybersecurity research and education.

40: 950:, which states that sending messages or letters electronically that the government deems "indecent or grossly offensive" and/or language intended to cause "distress and anxiety" can lead to a prison sentence of six months and a potentially large fine. Australia, while not directly addressing the issue of harassment, includes most forms of online harassment under the Criminal Code Act of 1995. Using telecommunication to send threats, harass, or cause offense is a direct violation of this act. 1067:, which re-opened in August 2021 under the control of DeSnake, one of the original administrators. Investigators pose as buyers and order products from darknet vendors in the hope that the vendors leave a trail the investigators can follow. In one case an investigator posed as a firearms seller, and for six months people purchased from them and provided home addresses. The FBI was able to make over a dozen arrests during this six-month investigation. Another crackdown targeted vendors selling 563:. Cyberextortionists demand money in return for promising to stop the attacks and provide "protection". According to the FBI, cyberextortionists are increasingly attacking corporate websites and networks, crippling their ability to operate, and demanding payments to restore their service. More than 20 cases are reported each month to the FBI, and many go unreported in order to keep the victim's name out of the public domain. Perpetrators often use a 852: 5753: 337:. These crimes involve the use of technology to commit fraud, identity theft, data breaches, computer viruses, scams, and expanded upon in other malicious acts. Cybercriminals exploit vulnerabilities in computer systems and networks to gain unauthorized access, steal sensitive information, disrupt services, and cause financial or reputational harm to individuals, organizations, and governments. 812:; click farms (companies where low-wage employees are paid to click or engage in conversations); incentivized browsing; video placement abuse (delivered in display banner slots); hidden ads (which will never be viewed by real users); domain spoofing (ads served on a fake website); and clickjacking, in which the user is forced to click on an ad. 1342:

there has been a 17.75% increase in vulnerabilities across all online devices. The internet's expansive reach causes the damage inflicted to people to be magnified since many methods of cybercrime have the opportunity to reach many people. The availability of virtual spaces has allowed cybercrime to become an everyday occurrence. In 2018, the

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implemented, but there is still a gap in responding to current cyber related crime. The most recent cyber related law, according to NIST, was the NIST Small Business Cybersecurity Act, which came out in 2018, and provides guidelines to small businesses to ensure that cybersecurity risks are being identified and addressed accurately.

1468:, laws against cybercrime are weak or sometimes nonexistent. Cybercriminals can then strike from across international borders and remain undetected. Even when identified, these criminals can typically avoid being extradited to a country such as the US that has laws that allow for prosecution. For this reason, agencies such as the 1044:. Darknet markets entice customers by making them feel comfortable. Although people can easily gain access to a Tor browser, actually gaining access to an illicit market is not as simple as typing it in on a search engine, as one would with Google. Darknet markets have special links that change frequently, ending in 1402:

to train professionals in law enforcement at the National Computer Forensic Institute. The NCFI provides "state and local members of the law enforcement community with training in cyber incident response, investigation, and forensic examination in cyber incident response, investigation, and forensic examination."

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The first cyber related law in the United States was the Privacy Act of 1974 which was only required for federal agencies to follow to ensure privacy and protection of personally identifiable information (PII). However, since 1974, in the United States other laws and regulations have been drafted and

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to "persuade, induce, entice, coerce, or facilitate the travel of, the minor to engage in prohibited sexual conduct." Kramer appealed the sentence on the grounds that there was insufficient evidence to convict him under this statute because his charge included persuading through a computer device and

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Ad-fraud services include all online infrastructure and hosting services that might be needed to undertake identity or attribution fraud. Services can involve the creation of spam websites (fake networks of websites that provide artificial backlinks); link building services; hosting services; or fake

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Ransomware is a type of malware used in cyberextortion to restrict access to files, sometimes threatening permanent data erasure unless a ransom is paid. Ransomware is a global issue, with more than 300 million attacks worldwide in 2021. According to the 2022 Unit 42 Ransomware Threat Report, in 2021

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The World Economic Forum’s 2023 Global Risks Report ranks cybercrime as one of the top 10 risks facing the world today and for the next 10 years. If cybercrime were viewed as a nation state, cybercrime would count as the third largest economy in the world. In numbers, cybercrime is predicted to cause

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has a Cyber Intelligence Section that works to target financial cybercrimes. They combat international cybercrime and work to protect institutions such as banks from intrusions and information breaches. Based in Alabama, the Secret Service and the Alabama Office of Prosecution Services work together

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As cybercrime proliferated, a professional ecosystem evolved to support individuals and groups seeking to profit from cybercrime activities. The ecosystem has become quite specialized, and includes malware developers, botnet operators, professional cybercrime groups, groups specializing in the sale

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A problem that marketplace users sometimes face is exit scamming. That is, a vendor with a high rating acts as if they are selling on the market and have users pay for products they never receive. The vendor then closes their account after receiving money from multiple buyers and never sending what

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for mail is a scalable and inexpensive bulk e-mail-sending service for marketing purposes that could be easily set up for spam. Cloud computing could help cybercriminals leverage their attacks, whether brute-forcing a password, improving the reach of a botnet, or facilitating a spamming campaign.

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The Department of Homeland Security also instituted the Continuous Diagnostics and Mitigation (CDM) Program. The CDM Program monitors and secures government networks by tracking network risks and informing system personnel so that they can take action. In an attempt to catch intrusions before the

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Investigating cyber crime within the United States and globally often requires partnerships. Within the United States, cyber crime may be investigated by law enforcement, the Department of Homeland Security, among other federal agencies. However, as the world becomes more dependent on technology,

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Darknet markets have had a rise in traffic in recent years for many reasons, such as the anonymous purchases and often a system of reviews by other buyers. There are many ways in which darknet markets can financially drain individuals. Vendors and customers alike go to great lengths to keep their

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Interpol's Cyber Fusion Center began a collaboration with key cybersecurity players to distribute information on the latest online scams, cyber threats, and risks to internet users. Since 2017, reports on social engineering frauds, ransomware, phishing, and other attacks have been distributed to

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Cybercrime is becoming more of a threat in our society. According to Accenture's State of Cybersecurity, security attacks increased 31% from 2020 to 2021. The number of attacks per company increased from 206 to 270. Due to this rising threat, the importance of raising awareness about measures to

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Due to cybercriminals using the internet for cross-border attacks and crimes, the process of prosecuting cybercriminals has been difficult. The number of vulnerabilities that a cybercriminal could use as points of opportunity to exploit has also increased over the years. From 2008 to 2014 alone,

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have used deception and subterfuge to catch criminals. For example, two Russian hackers had been evading the FBI for some time. The FBI set up a fake computing company based in Seattle, Washington. They proceeded to lure the two Russian men into the United States by offering them work with this

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Illicit access to camera sensors, microphone sensors, phonebook contacts, all internet-enabled apps, and metadata of mobile telephones running Android and iOS was reportedly provided by Israeli spyware that was found to be in operation in at least 46 nation-states around the world. Journalists,

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Cyberbullying has increased drastically with the growing popularity of online social networking. As of January 2020, 44 percent of adult internet users in the United States had "personally experienced online harassment". Online harassment of children often has negative and even life-threatening

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trace; however, that does not necessarily enable detectives to solve a case. Different types of high-tech crime may also include elements of low-tech crime, and vice versa, making cybercrime investigators an indispensable part of modern law enforcement. Methods of cybercrime detective work are

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During President Barack Obama's presidency three cybersecurity related bills were signed into order in December 2014. The first was the Federal Information Security Modernization Act of 2014, the second was the National Cybersecurity Protection Act of 2014, and the third was the Cybersecurity

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In the United States, at least 41 states have passed laws and regulations that regard extreme online harassment as a criminal act. These acts can also be prosecuted on the federal level, because of US Code 18 Section 2261A, which states that using computers to threaten or harass can lead to a

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climbed 144 percent to $ 2.2 million, and there was an 85 percent increase in the number of victims who had their personal information shown on dark web information dumps. A loss of nearly $ 400 million in 2021 and 2022 is just one of the statistics showing the impact of ransomware attacks on

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When an individual is the target of cybercrime, the computer is often the tool rather than the target. These crimes, which typically exploit human weaknesses, usually do not require much technical expertise. These are the types of crimes which have existed for centuries in the offline world.

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was paid for. The vendors, all of whom are involved in illegal activities, have no reason not to engage in exit scamming when they no longer want to be a vendor. In 2019, an entire market known as Wall Street Market allegedly exit scammed, stealing $ 30 million dollars in bitcoin.

763:, or offensive for a variety of reasons. In some instances, it may be illegal. What content is unlawful varies greatly between countries, and even within nations. It is a sensitive area in which the courts can become involved in arbitrating between groups with strong beliefs. 1193:(RBN) was registered as an internet site in 2006. Initially, much of its activity was legitimate. But apparently the founders soon discovered that it was more profitable to host illegitimate activities and to offer its services to criminals. The RBN has been described by 4700: 1024:, which started operations in 2011, was the first major online marketplace for drugs. It was permanently shut down in October 2013 by the FBI and Europol. After Silk Road 2.0 went down, Silk Road 3 Reloaded emerged. However, it was just an older marketplace named 1570:

Hacking has become less complex as hacking communities disseminate their knowledge through the internet. Blogs and social networks have contributed substantially to information sharing, so that beginners can benefit from older hackers' knowledge and advice.

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placed cyber crimes into five categories: unauthorized access, damage to computer data or programs, sabotage to hinder the functioning of a computer system or network, unauthorized interception of data within a system or network, and computer espionage.

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Herrero, J., Torres, A., Vivas, P., & Urueña, A. (2022). Smartphone Addiction, Social Support, and Cybercrime Victimization: A Discrete Survival and Growth Mixture Model: Psychosocial Intervention. Psychosocial Intervention, 31(1), 59–66.

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era, in order to spam or scam, one needed a variety of resources, such as a dedicated server; skills in server management, network configuration, and network maintenance; and knowledge of internet service provider standards. By comparison, a

2439: 804:; falsification of user characteristics, such as location and browser type; fake social traffic (misleading users on social networks into visiting the advertised website); and fake social media accounts that make a bot appear legitimate. 2715: 1473:

company. Upon completion of the interview, the suspects were arrested. Clever tricks like that are sometimes a necessary part of catching cybercriminals when weak laws and limited international cooperation make it impossible otherwise.

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on webcam. Victims are abducted, threatened, or deceived and transferred to "cybersex dens". The dens can be in any location where the cybersex traffickers have a computer, tablet, or phone with an internet connection. Perpetrators use

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Phishing is mostly propagated via email. Phishing emails may contain links to other websites that are affected by malware. Or they may contain links to fake online banking or other websites used to steal private account information.

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confirmed that organized cybercrime groups are joining forces to commit criminal activities online, while estimating the likelihood of their detection and prosecution to be less than 1 percent in the US. There are also many

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can range from a fine and a short period of jail time for a Class A misdemeanor, such as unauthorized use of a computer, up to 3 to 15 years in prison for a Class C felony, such as computer tampering in the first degree.

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is protected by law in most democratic societies, it does not include all types of speech. Spoken or written threats can be criminalized because they harm or intimidate. This applies to online or network-related threats.

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Identity fraud aims to impersonate real users and inflate audience numbers. The techniques used for identity fraud include traffic from bots (coming from a hosting company, a data center, or compromised devices);

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Because cybercriminals commonly use encryption and other techniques to hide their identity and location, it can be difficult to trace a perpetrator after a crime is committed, so prevention measures are crucial.

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tool for the UAE. An investigation revealed that the Emirati government was attempting to track every conversation, movement, relationship, appointment, sound, and image of those who installed the app on their

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Attribution fraud impersonates the activities of real users, such as clicks and conversations. Many ad-fraud techniques belong to this category: the use of hijacked and malware-infected devices as part of a

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his cellular phone technically is not a computer. Although Kramer tried to argue this point, the U.S. Sentencing Guidelines Manual states that the term "computer" means "an electronic, magnetic, optical,

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However, some former cybercriminals have been hired as information security experts by private companies due to their inside knowledge of computer crime, a phenomenon which theoretically could create

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has argued that individual companies using a combination of products for security is not a scalable approach and has advocated for the use of cybersecurity technology primarily at the platform level.

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On 2 March 2010, Spanish investigators arrested three men suspected of infecting over 13 million computers around the world. The botnet of infected computers included PCs inside more than half of the

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In April 2015, then-President Barack Obama released an executive order that allows the US to freeze the assets of convicted cybercriminals and block their economic activity within the United States.

4790: 2805: 543:(IT) security specialists have documented a significant increase in network problems and server scams since early 2001. In the United States there is an increasing concern from agencies such as the 5120: 1197:

as "the baddest of the bad". It provides web hosting services and internet access to all kinds of criminal and objectionable activities that earn up to $ 150 million in one year. It specializes in

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Computer fraud is the act of using a computer to take or alter electronic data, or to gain unlawful use of a computer or system. Computer fraud that involves the use of the internet is also called

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royalty, and government officials were among the targets. Earlier accusations that Israeli weapons companies were meddling in international telephony and smartphones have been eclipsed by the

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to hide their identities. Millions of reports of cybersex incidents are sent to authorities annually. New legislation and police procedures are needed to combat this type of cybercrime.

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It is not only the US and the European Union that have been introducing measures against cybercrime. On 31 May 2017, China announced that its new cybersecurity law was taking effect.

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of child pornography (roughly equivalent to 16,000 DVDs). To date this is the single largest US prosecution of an international child pornography ring; 52 arrests were made worldwide.

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There are an estimated 6.3 million victims of cybersex trafficking, according to a recent report by the International Labour Organization. This number includes about 1.7 million

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On 23 April 2013, the Twitter account of the Associated Press was hacked. The hacker posted a hoax tweet about fictitious attacks on the White House that they claimed left then-

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website experienced a denial-of-service attack that potentially compromised 70 million customers and 8.5 million active viewers. Other banks thought to be compromised included

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Several countries besides the US have also created laws to combat online harassment. In China, a country with over 20 percent of the world's internet users, in response to the

2838: 7928: 7008: 6595: 2584: 4016: 2300: 1397:(DHS) are government agencies that combat cybercrime. The FBI has trained agents and analysts in cybercrime placed in their field offices and headquarters. In the DHS, the 4051: 2949: 3821: 2062: 3994: 862: 4537: 3628: 1420: 3922: 3522: 2894: 1084:

One of the highest-profile banking computer crimes occurred over a course of three years beginning in 1970. The chief teller at the Park Avenue branch of New York's

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Fraud and identity theft (although this increasingly uses malware, hacking or phishing, making it an example of "computer as target" as well as "computer as tool")

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Cybersecurity professionals have been skeptical of prevention-focused strategies. The mode of use of cybersecurity products has also been called into question.

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experienced a security breach compromising the credit card numbers, personal information, and billing and shipping addresses of as many as 24 million customers.

356:, and other cross-border crimes. Cybercrimes crossing international borders and involving the actions of at least one nation-state are sometimes referred to as 4221: 2562: 5520: 3790: 4470: 683:. Fearing that such attacks may become a normal part of future warfare among nation-states, military commanders see a need to develop cyberspace operations. 2797: 1377: 5128: 4081: 962:

effects. According to a 2021 survey, 41 percent of children develop social anxiety, 37 percent develop depression, and 26 percent have suicidal thoughts.

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Ad-frauds are particularly popular among cybercriminals, as such frauds are lucrative and unlikely to be prosecuted. Jean-Loup Richet, a professor at the

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Csonka P. (2000) Internet Crime; the Draft council of Europe convention on cyber-crime: A response to the challenge of crime in the age of the internet?

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Cyberextortion occurs when a website, e-mail server, or computer system is subjected to or threatened with attacks by malicious hackers, often through

7170: 6706: 6191: 5158: 4640: 2617: 3408: 675:, cyberspace has emerged as an arena for national-security threats through several recent events of geostrategic importance, including the attack on 7941: 7142: 6488: 155: 5514: 4593: 3968: 3755: 3378: 422:. The legal definition of computer fraud varies by jurisdiction, but typically involves accessing a computer without permission or authorization. 1099:, and other telephone companies as well as several big credit agencies and two major universities. The damage caused was extensive; one company, 946:

bullying incident, the Legislative Affairs Office of the State Council passed a strict law against cyberbullying. The United Kingdom passed the

6750: 6562: 2389: 1358:). Even when a computer is not directly used for criminal purposes, it may contain records of value to criminal investigators in the form of a 4270: 3497: 3168: 1917: 6718: 6640: 6532: 6168: 5454: 5392: 5353: 5309: 5292: 4899: 4873: 4765: 4683: 3250: 3138: 1637: 1464:

Because of weak laws, cybercriminals operating from developing countries can often evade detection and prosecution. In countries such as the

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Criminals have simply been given a tool that increases their pool of potential victims and makes them all the harder to trace and apprehend.

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domain extensions. To add to privacy, the most prevalent currency on these markets is Bitcoin, which allows transactions to be anonymous.

5606: 4128: 2204: 7817: 6620: 6199: 5596: 5587: 5048: 4932: 4813: 3290: 1755: 1198: 672: 145: 3944: 6230: 5640: 5377: 4814:"Analysis of Directive 2013/40/EU on attacks against information systems in the context of approximation of law at the European level" 4541: 1643: 1609: 918: 744: 282: 2647: 7989: 6445: 6409: 6353: 6131: 4942: 4193: 3707: 2827: 2180: 1881: 1598: 947: 923: 892: 6859: 5023: 3570: 3022: 2871: 2592: 1110: 4993: 4248: 7994: 6978: 6391: 5927: 2472: 2251: 576: 4043: 3457: 2307: 7946: 7882: 7807: 6696: 6181: 2927: 1655: 1469: 1343: 982: 679:'s infrastructure in 2007, allegedly by Russian hackers. In August 2008, Russia again allegedly conducted cyberattacks against 544: 176: 105: 3595: 2941: 2054: 7386: 7043: 6844: 6344: 5300: 3990: 1603: 1132:

infected a document on a victim's computer, then automatically emailed that document and a copy of the virus to other people.

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Robertson, J. (2 March 2010). Authorities bust 3 in infection of 13m computers. Retrieved 26 March 2010, from Boston News:

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was one of the many high-profile female journalists and activists who were targeted. She filed a lawsuit against UAE ruler

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Richet, Jean-Loup (2012). "How to Become a Black Hat Hacker? An Exploratory Study of Barriers to Entry Into Cybercrime".

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attacks. On 3 August 2000, Canadian federal prosecutors charged MafiaBoy with 54 counts of illegal access to computers.

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In 1983, a 19-year-old UCLA student used his PC to break into a Defense Department International Communications system.

7376: 6947: 6739: 6528: 6493: 6435: 6348: 6186: 6107: 5907: 4734: 3347: 1510: 1506: 994: 548: 181: 3190: 5287:", in B. Hebenton, SY Shou, & J. Liu (eds), Asian Handbook of Criminology (pp. 49–64). New York: Springer ( 4217: 2554: 1567:

The increasing prevalence of cybercrime has resulted in more attention to computer crime detection and prosecution.

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The FBI has cracked down on these markets. In July 2017, the FBI seized one of the biggest markets, commonly called

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Barnard-Wills, David; Ashenden, Debi (21 March 2012). "Securing Virtual Space: Cyber War, Cyber Terror, and Risk".

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dynamic and constantly improving, whether in closed police units or in the framework of international cooperation.

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concerns surrounding cybercrime when confidential information is intercepted or disclosed, legally or otherwise.

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were compromised. Thirty thousand passwords were cracked, and 1.5 million eHarmony passwords were posted online.

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has said that cybercrime is the "number one problem with mankind" and that it "poses real risks to humanity".

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index, and the temporary suspension of AP's Twitter account. The Dow Jones later restored its session gains.

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Cybercrime in the Greater China Region: Regulatory Responses and Crime Prevention across the Taiwan Strait

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Bowker, Art (2012) "The Cybercrime Handbook for Community Corrections: Managing Risk in the 21st Century"

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Do not give out personal information over the internet unless you can verify that the destination is safe

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approves the private partners that provide intrusion detection and prevention services through the ECS.

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between a pan-European hacking group and Newscorp. The original motivation of the hackers was to watch

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that used the Silk Road name in order to get more exposure from the Silk Road brand's earlier success.

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Cybersex trafficking is the transportation of victims for such purposes as coerced prostitution or the

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Feinberg, T (2008). "Whether it happens at school or off-campus, cyberbullying disrupts and affects".

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reruns in Germany, which was something which Newscorp did not have the copyright permission to allow.

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for mass surveillance and a campaign of harassment of prominent activists and journalists, including

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A hacking group called MOD (Masters of Deception) allegedly stole passwords and technical data from

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Carback, Joshua T. (2018). "Cybersex Trafficking: Toward a More Effective Prosecutorial Response".

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Committing a crime using a computer can lead to an enhanced sentence. For example, in the case of

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Balkin, J., Grimmelmann, J., Katz, E., Kozlovski, N., Wagman, S. & Zarsky, T. (2006) (eds)

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identities a secret while online. Commonly used tools for hiding their online presence include

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directs obscenities and derogatory comments at specific individuals, often focusing on gender,

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Richet, Jean-Loup (2011). "Adoption of deviant behavior and cybercrime 'Know how' diffusion".

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The European Union adopted cybercrime directive 2013/40/EU, which was elaborated upon in the

490:

Fraud factory is a collection of large fraud organizations usually involving cyber fraud and

7792: 7754: 7682: 7617: 7546: 7536: 7496: 7426: 7366: 7266: 7251: 7246: 7241: 7033: 6924: 6874: 6745: 6681: 6542: 6143: 6083: 5847: 5837: 5732: 5484: 5409: 4671: 4155: 4112: 3689: 3488: 2984: 2135: 2093: 1869: 1797: 1729: 1522: 1382: 1202: 932: 639: 595: 521: 517: 450: 377: 334: 110: 4533: 3251:"'I will not be silenced': Women targeted in hack-and-leak attacks speak out about spyware" 1369:

There are many ways for cybercrime to take place, and investigations tend to start with an

7852: 7822: 7749: 7732: 7597: 7401: 7261: 6729: 6610: 6600: 6308: 6270: 6034: 6014: 5737: 5727: 5420: 1812: 1575: 1386: 1257: 1168: 1013: 874: 829: 801: 704: 461: 393: 330: 241: 59: 5473:"How cybercriminal communities grow and change: An investigation of ad-fraud communities" 3715: 2244:"Botnets, Cybercrime, and Cyberterrorism: Vulnerabilities and Policy Issues for Congress" 2124:"How cybercriminal communities grow and change: An investigation of ad-fraud communities" 1223:

Dreamboard. The website had approximately 600 members and may have distributed up to 123

1020:

messaging tools to communicate with drug mules or potential customers. The dark web site

5015: 4017:"Phone hackers for hire: A peek into the discreet, lucrative business tapped by the FBI" 3862: 3030: 2863: 1167:, along with computers at the University of California at Santa Barbara, were among the 7774: 7759: 7576: 7481: 7461: 7396: 7115: 7063: 6998: 6904: 6899: 6894: 6824: 6806: 6765: 6653: 6567: 6461: 6419: 6265: 6204: 6102: 5952: 5902: 5877: 5842: 5822: 5702: 5690: 5343: 5236:

Cyber Crime. (n.d.). . Federal Bureau of Investigation. Retrieved April 24, 2024, from

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Proceedings of the 1st annual conference on Information security curriculum development

1433:

On a personal level, there are some strategies available to defend against cybercrime:

1220: 1025: 1005: 841: 692: 635: 627: 614: 503: 476:. These types of crimes often result in the loss of personal or financial information. 465: 434: 419: 413: 361: 2464: 2243: 7968: 7887: 7857: 7687: 7486: 7451: 7436: 7291: 7271: 7203: 7023: 6478: 6280: 6114: 6075: 6044: 6039: 5892: 5882: 5852: 5506: 5363: 4167: 3285: 2157: 1827: 1745: 1714: 1246: 978: 833: 825: 650: 525: 516:

committed through the use of cyberspace or computer resources. Acts of disruption of

485: 430: 130: 20: 4934:

The Cybercrime Handbook for Community Corrections: Managing Risk in the 21st Century

2084:

Gordon, Sarah (25 July 2006). "On the definition and classification of cybercrime".

1891: 7877: 7842: 7779: 7717: 7712: 7697: 7667: 7612: 7556: 7466: 7416: 7311: 7276: 7110: 7096: 6919: 6148: 6004: 5707: 5489: 5472: 2919: 2140: 2123: 2105: 1739: 1530: 1276: 1265: 1261: 1219:

In August 2010, the US Department of Homeland Security shut down the international

1213: 1206: 1092: 910: 837: 666: 623: 572: 357: 1437:

Keeping your software and operating system update to benefit from security patches

392:

Computer crime encompasses a broad range of activities, including computer fraud,

348:

Internationally, both state and non-state actors engage in cybercrimes, including

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United Nations Congress on the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders

7802: 7744: 7662: 7652: 7632: 7607: 7521: 7446: 7441: 7431: 7421: 7331: 7256: 7218: 6374: 6088: 5922: 5897: 5862: 5697: 5019: 4594:"Report: 74% of security leaders say that prevention-first strategies will fail" 4571: 1465: 1320: 1253: 1041: 990: 787: 759:

The content of websites and other electronic communications may be distasteful,

726: 654: 196: 120: 31: 4410: 1419:

damage is done, the DHS created the Enhanced Cybersecurity Services (ECS). The

1366:

are required by law to keep their logfiles for a predetermined amount of time.

7739: 7692: 7637: 7602: 7476: 7411: 7336: 7296: 7286: 7155: 7134: 7101: 7078: 6819: 6605: 6302: 6153: 5969: 5917: 5800: 4440: 2708:"Webcam slavery: tech turns Filipino families into cybersex child traffickers" 2097: 1709: 1370: 1291: 1284: 1231: 1148: 927: 906: 588: 457: 216: 160: 5498: 5093: 4636: 4203: 4159: 4124: 2996: 2618:"Cheap tech and widespread internet access fuel rise in cybersex trafficking" 2149: 1861: 7321: 7106: 7053: 6884: 6879: 6849: 6029: 5984: 5979: 5827: 5795: 1873: 1837: 1346:

received 351,937 complaints of cybercrime, which led to $ 2.7 billion lost.

1328: 1118: 970: 713:

Crimes that use computer networks or devices to advance other ends include:

513: 469: 349: 4726: 3343: 2988: 1443:

Use strong passwords with a variety of characters that aren't easy to guess

329:

encompasses a wide range of criminal activities that are carried out using

4663: 7707: 7677: 7506: 7371: 7356: 7086: 7048: 6952: 6854: 6314: 5989: 5947: 5810: 5385:

Cybercrime and the Victimization of Women: Laws, Rights, and Regulations.

5319:", in M. Gill (ed) Handbook of Security (pp. 321–339). NY: Palgrave. 4675: 4116: 1724: 1620: 1354:

In a criminal investigation, a computer can be a source of evidence (see

1295: 1269: 1242: 1238: 1224: 1194: 1136: 1068: 1064: 997:

along with other defendants, accusing them of sharing her photos online.

783: 700: 696: 631: 529: 446: 429:

into computers to alter information, distributing malicious code such as

401: 5523:, Latin American's New Security Thinking, Clacso, 2014, pp. 167/182 5237: 4319: 2678:"Global taskforce tackles cybersex child trafficking in the Philippines" 1279:

injured. The hoax tweet resulted in a brief plunge of 130 points in the

456:

Other forms of fraud may be committed using computer systems, including

7213: 6973: 6968: 6942: 6834: 6790: 6630: 6580: 6414: 6215: 5999: 5974: 5937: 5625: 4104: 3659:. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Education Press. p. 150. 1719: 1615: 1359: 1183: 1179: 1152: 1072: 760: 676: 536:, hardware, or programming scripts can all be forms of cyberterrorism. 442: 438: 6572:

Attempting to choke, &c. in order to commit any indictable offence

4105:"Global Cyberspace Is Safer than You Think: Real Trends in Cybercrime" 2828:"Global Estimates of Modern Slavery Forced Labour and Forced Marriage" 1440:

Using anti-virus software that can detect and remove malicious threats

7812: 7672: 6686: 5912: 5857: 5772: 3221:"All the Latest Cyber Bullying Statistics and What They Mean In 2021" 2738:"How the internet fuels sexual exploitation and forced labor in Asia" 1704: 1182:

worm corrupted SCADA microprocessors, particularly the types used in

1144: 1045: 809: 568: 3845:"Cyber attacks against Wells Fargo "significant," handled well: CFO" 3344:"Guide: What is Bitcoin and how does Bitcoin work? - CBBC Newsround" 770:

that has been the target of the strongest efforts at curtailment is

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Cyber Criminology: Exploring Internet Crimes and Criminal behavior.

5244: 1216:

companies and more than 40 major banks, according to investigators.

7208: 6839: 6814: 4900:"Managing the Risks Posed by Offender Computer Use - Perspectives" 3432:"Did A Bitcoin Exit Scam Cause Dark Web Wall Street Market Crash?" 2055:"Cybercrime To Cost The World $ 9.5 trillion USD annually in 2024" 1593: 1376: 1096: 740: 353: 5465:

International Journal of Technology and Human Interaction (IJTHI)

4670:. Institution of Engineering and Technology. pp. 01 (43 .). 3965:"Researchers find hints of Israeli spyware around globe - SFGate" 3814:"Like LinkedIn, eHarmony is hacked; 1.5 million passwords stolen" 3670:

Mann, David; Sutton, Mike (6 November 2011). ">>Netcrime".

3191:"U.S. internet users who have experienced online harassment 2020" 2585:"Norwegian national, partner nabbed; 4 rescued from cybersex den" 1117:

service was hacked several times during an ongoing technological

7198: 7091: 6760: 6676: 5535:

Cybercrimes: The transformation of crime in the information age,

5016:"Dridex: Tidal waves of spam pushing dangerous financial Trojan" 4846: 3945:"Israeli spyware found on phones in 45 countries, U.S. included" 1172: 1156: 1053: 1049: 922:, the defendant was given an enhanced sentence according to the 618: 7159: 6219: 5629: 5449:(3 November 1999 ed.). Routledge; 1 edition. p. 200. 5121:"This company uses A.I. to stop cyberattacks before they start" 3571:"The Consequences of Mailing Drugs and Other Banned Substances" 2275:"Cybercrime To Cost The World $ 10.5 Trillion Annually By 2025" 1455:

Contact companies about suspicious requests of your information

5583: 4701:"Diffusion and Effects of Cyber Crime in Developing Countries" 1160: 845: 4783:"U.S. Creates First Sanctions Program Against Cybercriminals" 4471:"The Importance of Understanding Encryption in Cybersecurity" 3314:"Council Post: Five Key Reasons Dark Web Markets Are Booming" 2326:"Latest Sony Pictures Breach : A Deadly Cyber Extortion" 5751: 4664:"ICS Threats. A Kaspersky Lab view, predictions and reality" 3885:"Fake Tweet Erasing $ 136 Billion Shows Markets Need Humans" 3281:"We talked to the opportunist imitator behind Silk Road 3.0" 1501:

In Australia, legislation to combat cybercrime includes the

4760:. Nutshell series. St. Paul, MN: West Academic Publishing. 4501:"Continuous Diagnostics and Mitigation Program | CISA" 4500: 2525:"Senator warns of possible surge in child cybersex traffic" 5542:

Virtually Criminal: Crime, Deviance and Regulation Online,

3863:"AP Twitter Hack Falsely Claims Explosions at White House" 3079:"Chinese Authorities Address Online Bullying – Cybersmile" 567:. However, other cyberextortion techniques exist, such as 5401:

Boca Raton, FL, US: CRC Press, Taylor, and Francis Group.

2382:"100+ ransomware statistics for 2023 and beyond - Norton" 5521:

Control, vigilancia y respuesta penal en el ciberespacio

4727:"NIST Cybersecurity Program History and Timeline | CSRC" 3738:"Spanish police crack massive 'zombie computer' network" 1918:"BUFFETT: This is 'the number one problem with mankind'" 905:

Whereas content may be offensive in a non-specific way,

5439:

Information Technology and the Criminal Justice System,

3484:"He Escaped the Dark Web's Biggest Bust. Now He's Back" 1088:

embezzled over $ 1.5 million from hundreds of accounts.

870: 774:, which is illegal in most jurisdictions in the world. 5593:

National Institute of Justice Electronic Crime Program

2352:"The Growing Ransomware Threat: 4 Trends and Insights" 1948:"Warren Buffett: 'Cyber poses real risks to humanity'" 1574:

Furthermore, hacking is cheaper than ever. Before the

1135:

In February 2000, an individual going by the alias of

649:. An example of cybersex trafficking is the 2018–2020 4625:"You Can't Secure 100% of Your Data 100% of the Time" 3621:"Feds Crack Down on Darknet Vendors of Illicit Goods" 2768:"1st Session, 42nd Parliament, Volume 150, Issue 194" 384:

over 9 trillion in damages worldwide in 2024.

5463:

Richet, J.L. (2013) From Young Hackers to Crackers,

5211:"ASEAN Declaration to Prevent and Combat Cybercrime" 2648:"Senate to probe rise in child cybersex trafficking" 1385:

touring the National Computer Forensic Institute in

7911: 7773: 7575: 7227: 7191: 7077: 7009:

Assaulting a constable in the execution of his duty

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Assaulting a constable in the execution of his duty

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Cybercrime: Digital Cops in a Networked Environment

4218:"Facts + Statistics: Identity theft and cybercrime" 3991:"Your Smartphone could be running Israeli Spyware!" 2555:"Duterte's drug war and child cybersex trafficking" 5345:DarkMarket : cyberthieves, cybercops, and you 4842:"China's new cybersecurity law takes effect today" 4186:Cybercrime : criminal threats from cyberspace 3596:"Darknet drug vendor sentenced to 10 years prison" 3545:"America's Drug Overdose Epidemic: Data to Action" 2175:(2 ed.). Detroit: Thomson/Gale. p. 137. 7004:Assault with intent to resist lawful apprehension 6591:Assault with intent to resist lawful apprehension 5337:Computer Misuse: Response, regulation and the law 4044:"Israeli firm accused of creating iPhone spyware" 3458:"The golden age of dark web drug markets is over" 2900:. Center for Strategic Leadership. Archived from 1446:Refrain from opening attachments from spam emails 1421:Cyber Security and Infrastructure Security Agency 5317:Cybercrime and establishing a secure cyber world 4986:"The Ultimate List of Cyber Attack Stats (2024)" 4538:Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency 3915:"Unprecedented cyber attacks wreak global havoc" 3401:"The 'Exit Scam' Is the Darknet's Perfect Crime" 3371:"The 'Exit Scam' Is the Darknet's Perfect Crime" 2013:Heading, Sophie; Zahidi, Saadia (January 2023). 1855: 1853: 913:, religion, nationality, or sexual orientation. 5315:Chang, Lennon Y.C., & Grabosky, P. (2014) " 5283:Broadhurst, R., and Chang, Lennon Y.C. (2013) " 5043: 5041: 3515:"7 Ways the Cops Will Bust You on the Dark Web" 2971:Wilbur, Kenneth C.; Zhu, Yi (24 October 2008). 2495:"Cyber-sex trafficking: A 21st century scourge" 594:the average ransom demand in cases handled by 7171: 6231: 5641: 5348:, New York, NY : Alfred A. Knopf, 2011. 4668:Cyber Security for Industrial Control Systems 4074:"Chat App ToTok Is Spy Tool For UAE – Report" 1323:, a messaging application widely used in the 859:The examples and perspective in this section 816:and scam pages impersonating a famous brand. 307: 8: 2864:"What is 'Nth Room' case and why it matters" 2301:"Cyberextortion by Denial-of-Service Attack" 2015:"The Global Risks Report 2023, 18th Edition" 1868:. New York, NY, USA: ACM. pp. 128–132. 1555:in the future development of cybersecurity. 5528:Computer Crimes and Digital Investigations, 5477:Technological Forecasting and Social Change 4874:"Criminal Justice System for Adults in NYS" 4758:Cybersecurity and privacy law in a nutshell 2173:West's Encyclopedia of American Law, Vol. 3 2128:Technological Forecasting and Social Change 1205:and an alleged operator of the now defunct 743:for commercial purposes (spam) is unlawful 7929:Criminal enterprises, gangs and syndicates 7178: 7164: 7156: 6238: 6224: 6216: 5648: 5634: 5626: 5562:International Journal of Cyber Criminology 4821:Journal of Law and Administrative Sciences 3650: 3648: 3646: 3549:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2171:Lehman, Jeffrey; Phelps, Shirelle (2005). 877:, or create a new section, as appropriate. 314: 300: 38: 27: 6192:Security information and event management 5488: 5368:Halder, D., & Jaishankar, K. (2016). 5285:Cybercrime in Asia: trends and challenges 4623:Ghosemajumder, Shuman (4 December 2017). 3683: 2139: 1559:security agencies in over 150 countries. 1521:Penalties for computer-related crimes in 1143:against high-profile websites, including 893:Learn how and when to remove this message 630:, dating pages, online chat rooms, apps, 6558:Wounding or causing grievous bodily harm 5383:Halder, D., & Jaishankar, K. (2011) 5331:Computer Crime Investigation and the Law 4528: 4526: 2459: 2457: 1283:, the removal of $ 136 billion from the 16:Type of crime based in computer networks 4756:Kesan, Jay P.; Hayes, Carol M. (2019). 4534:"Enhanced Cybersecurity Services (ECS)" 3500:from the original on 23 September 2021. 2612: 2610: 2117: 2115: 1849: 259: 168: 97: 46: 30: 6751:Preventing the lawful burial of a body 6563:Assault occasioning actual bodily harm 5406:Understanding and Managing Cybercrime, 5100:from the original on 20 September 2018 4421:from the original on 16 September 2017 4301:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 4294: 3997:from the original on 24 September 2018 3509: 3507: 2718:from the original on 12 September 2018 2254:from the original on 29 September 2022 1994:from the original on 27 September 2023 1987:. 15th Edition: 102. 15 January 2020. 1860:Sukhai, Nataliya B. (8 October 2004). 1449:Do not click on links from spam emails 1393:In the United States, the FBI and the 6719:Incitement to ethnic or racial hatred 6169:Host-based intrusion detection system 5447:Hackers: Crime in the Digital Sublime 5238:https://www.fbi.gov/investigate/cyber 4544:from the original on 23 February 2023 4405: 4403: 4342: 4340: 4314: 4312: 4251:from the original on 17 December 2018 4179: 4177: 4084:from the original on 27 December 2019 3482:Greenberg, Andy (23 September 2021). 3456:Brandom, Russell (17 February 2019). 2844:from the original on 22 December 2022 2658:from the original on 13 November 2019 2628:from the original on 24 November 2020 634:sites, and other platforms. They use 7: 7828:High-yield investment program (HYIP) 6626:Offences Against the Person Act 1861 5078:Janofsky, Adam (19 September 2018). 4481:from the original on 4 December 2019 4245:"Mandatory Data Retention Worldwide" 3824:from the original on 28 October 2018 3657:Current Controversies in Criminology 2918:Joseph, Aghatise E. (28 June 2006). 2324:Mohanta, Abhijit (6 December 2014). 2122:Richet, Jean-Loup (1 January 2022). 2065:from the original on 1 February 2024 2048: 2046: 2031:from the original on 5 February 2024 1201:for resale. It is the originator of 731:Propagation of illegal, obscene, or 565:distributed denial-of-service attack 7818:Foundation for New Era Philanthropy 6200:Runtime application self-protection 5597:United States Department of Justice 5588:United States Department of Justice 5370:Cyber Crimes against Women in India 5080:"How AI Can Help Stop Cyberattacks" 5059:from the original on 6 October 2019 5026:from the original on 6 January 2024 4643:from the original on 28 August 2023 3843:Rothacker, Rick (12 October 2012). 3812:Rodriguez, Salvador (6 June 2012). 3714:. 30 September 2007. Archived from 3293:from the original on 5 October 2016 3131:"Malicious Communications Act 1988" 3003:from the original on 5 October 2022 2778:from the original on 27 August 2021 2207:from the original on 10 August 2022 1756:Immigration and Customs Enforcement 1290:In May 2017, 74 countries logged a 575:. An example of cyberextortion was 5324:Computer Law & Security Report 5275:Law in an Era of Smart Technology, 5268:Charles C. Thomas Publishers, Ltd. 5217:. 14 November 2017. Archived from 5161:from the original on 28 April 2023 4996:from the original on 23 March 2024 4188:. Santa Barbara, Calif.: Praeger. 4042:Beaumont, Peter (26 August 2016). 3895:from the original on 23 April 2013 3793:from the original on 18 April 2012 3694:10.1093/oxfordjournals.bjc.a014232 3369:Christian, Jon (4 February 2015). 3261:from the original on 1 August 2021 3231:from the original on 23 April 2021 2930:from the original on 18 July 2024. 2748:from the original on 29 April 2020 2688:from the original on 16 April 2019 2535:from the original on 18 April 2020 2442:from the original on 17 April 2017 2273:cybercrimemag (21 February 2018). 1644:National White Collar Crime Center 1610:Cyber Crime Unit (Hellenic Police) 919:United States v. Neil Scott Kramer 735:, including harassment and threats 169:Subfields and other major theories 14: 6132:Security-focused operating system 5612:Australian High Tech Crime Centre 5602:FBI Cyber Investigators home page 4854:from the original on 18 July 2024 4793:from the original on 18 July 2024 4737:from the original on 18 July 2024 4604:from the original on 28 July 2022 4564:"Detection and Prevention | CISA" 4511:from the original on 6 April 2022 4451:from the original on 18 July 2024 4358:from the original on 18 July 2024 4224:from the original on 18 July 2024 4131:from the original on 18 July 2024 4054:from the original on 18 July 2024 3925:from the original on 18 July 2024 3762:from the original on 17 June 2023 3631:from the original on 14 July 2020 3525:from the original on 15 July 2020 3411:from the original on 24 June 2020 3381:from the original on 18 July 2024 3350:from the original on 7 April 2023 3324:from the original on 29 July 2020 3201:from the original on 18 July 2024 3171:from the original on 18 July 2024 3141:from the original on 18 July 2024 3111:from the original on 18 July 2024 3085:from the original on 18 July 2024 3023:"Federal CyberStalking Bill Info" 2952:from the original on 5 March 2016 2835:International Labour Organization 2505:from the original on 18 July 2013 2392:from the original on 18 July 2024 2362:from the original on 18 July 2024 2201:LII / Legal Information Institute 1898:from the original on 18 July 2024 1751:Economic and industrial espionage 1599:Australian High Tech Crime Centre 924:U.S. Sentencing Guidelines Manual 7019:Encouraging or assisting a crime 6979:Perverting the course of justice 6400:Encouraging or assisting a crime 5928:Insecure direct object reference 5607:US Secret Service Computer Fraud 5530:Oxford: Oxford University Press. 5245:https://doi.org/10.5093/pi2022a3 4023:from the original on 16 May 2017 3865:. Samantha Murphy. 23 April 2013 3781:Li, David K. (17 January 2012). 3105:"Legal Perspective – Cybersmile" 2893:Murphy, Dennis (February 2010). 2874:from the original on 19 May 2020 2808:from the original on 16 May 2020 2565:from the original on 22 May 2020 2475:from the original on 21 May 2020 1958:from the original on 2 June 2023 1928:from the original on 9 June 2023 1606:, a wing of Mumbai Police, India 1511:Enhancing Online Safety Act 2015 1304:2018 Pegasus spyware revelations 1113:satellite pay-to-view encrypted 969:was found to have purchased the 850: 739:The unsolicited sending of bulk 425:Forms of computer fraud include 7883:Saradha Group financial scandal 7143:History of English criminal law 7034:Obstruction of a police officer 6697:Fear or provocation of violence 6182:Information security management 5417:The Encyclopedia of Cybercrime, 4905:. December 2011. Archived from 4812:Moise, Adrian Cristian (2015). 4441:"Combatting Cyber Crime | CISA" 4352:Department of Homeland Security 4324:Federal Bureau of Investigation 1612:, established in Greece in 2004 1395:Department of Homeland Security 1344:Internet Crime Complaint Center 1103:, suffered losses of $ 370,000. 1034:virtual private networks (VPNs) 545:Federal Bureau of Investigation 520:and personal computers through 474:theft of classified information 7044:Refusing to assist a constable 6860:Taking without owner's consent 5490:10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121282 5372:. New Delhi: SAGE Publishing. 4781:Northam, Jackie (April 2015). 3672:British Journal of Criminology 2141:10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121282 2053:Freeze, Di (12 October 2023). 1658:- Japan National Police Agency 1652:- Korea National Police Agency 1604:Cyber Crime Investigation Cell 1245:were attacked, and 65 million 926:§2G1.3(b)(3) for his use of a 1: 7237:1992 Indian stock market scam 7064:Fabrication of false evidence 6776:Misconduct in a public office 6702:Harassment, alarm or distress 6276:Regulatory (lowered mens rea) 5572:Countering ransomware attacks 5567:Common types of cyber attacks 5397:Jaishankar, K. (Ed.) (2011). 5387:Hershey, PA, US: IGI Global. 5304:. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar. ( 4243:Zehra Ali (21 January 2018). 2197:"Computer and Internet Fraud" 1978:"The Global Risk Report 2020" 1173:distributed denial-of-service 7512:Strip search phone call scam 7327:Extraterrestrial real estate 6781:Misfeasance in public office 6381:Ignorantia juris non excusat 5617:UK National Cyber Crime Unit 5151:"Cybercrime threat response" 2591:. 1 May 2020. Archived from 2086:Journal in Computer Virology 1823:United States Secret Service 1803:Police National E-Crime Unit 1670:Computer Fraud and Abuse Act 1650:Cyber Terror Response Center 1281:Dow Jones Industrial Average 948:Malicious Communications Act 939:sentence of up to 20 years. 755:Obscene or offensive content 7387:Intellectual property scams 7377:Indian coal allocation scam 7186:Scams and confidence tricks 6948:Cheating the public revenue 6740:Effecting a public mischief 6586:Assault with intent to rape 6187:Information risk management 6108:Multi-factor authentication 5664:Related security categories 1638:National Special Crime Unit 1507:Telecommunications Act 1997 995:Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan 873:, discuss the issue on the 549:Central Intelligence Agency 8011: 7873:Pyramid schemes in Albania 7833:Investors Overseas Service 7765:Website reputation ratings 7024:Escape from lawful custody 6910:Fraud by abuse of position 6576:Assault with intent to rob 6500:Category:Criminal defences 6164:Intrusion detection system 6122:Computer security software 5778:Advanced persistent threat 4184:Brenner, Susan W. (2010). 3758:. Dhs.gov. 3 August 2011. 1782:List of computer criminals 1777:Legal aspects of computing 1695:Cybercrime countermeasures 1364:Internet Service Providers 1109:Between 1995 and 1998 the 1048:as opposed to the typical 823: 781: 690: 664: 617:of coerced sexual acts or 606: 586: 501: 483: 411: 18: 7903:Welsh Thrasher faith scam 7848:Madoff investment scandal 7342:Foreclosure rescue scheme 7140:For obsolete aspects see 7129: 6875:Misappropriation of funds 6807:Offences against property 6489:Diminished responsibility 5749: 5743:Digital rights management 5261:New York University Press 3708:"A walk on the dark side" 2098:10.1007/s11416-006-0015-z 1626:National Cyber Crime Unit 1311:US intelligence officials 1141:denial-of-service attacks 1008:are used to buy and sell 944:Human Flesh Search Engine 561:denial-of-service attacks 539:Government officials and 7990:Organized crime activity 7898:Stanford Financial Group 7703:Russian Business Network 7492:Slavery reparations scam 6962:Offences against justice 6735:Outraging public decency 6659:Sexual Offences Act 2003 6460:inc. participation in a 6370:Lesser included offences 6326:Intention in English law 6321:Intention (criminal law) 5888:Denial-of-service attack 5783:Arbitrary code execution 5441:Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. 5428:Fighting Computer Crime, 5415:McQuade, S. (ed) (2009) 5182:York Deviancy Conference 4160:10.1177/1206331211430016 3655:Weitzer, Ronald (2003). 3625:www.bankinfosecurity.com 3161:"Criminal Code Act 1995" 2802:South China Morning Post 2742:South China Morning Post 2227:Fighting Computer Crime, 1862:"Hacking and cybercrime" 1690:Convention on Cybercrime 1685:Cloud computing security 1632:National Security Agency 1493:Convention on Cybercrime 1337:Combating computer crime 1191:Russian Business Network 1163:. About 50 computers at 794:Sorbonne Business School 80:Structural functionalism 65:Differential association 19:Not to be confused with 7995:Harassment and bullying 7868:Petters Group Worldwide 6098:Computer access control 6050:Rogue security software 5713:Electromagnetic warfare 5549:Cybercrime and Society, 5432:Charles Scribner's Sons 5279:Oxford University Press 5085:The Wall Street Journal 4937:. Springfield: Thomas. 4629:Harvard Business Review 4348:"Combating Cyber Crime" 4109:SSRN Electronic Journal 3494:Condé Nast Publications 2920:"Cybercrime definition" 2231:Charles Scribner's Sons 1874:10.1145/1059524.1059553 1656:Cyber Police Department 1628:, in the United Kingdom 1553:artificial intelligence 1199:personal identity theft 1186:centrifuge controllers. 1086:Union Dime Savings Bank 90:Symbolic interactionism 70:Integrative criminology 7562:White van speaker scam 7527:Technical support scam 7502:SSA impersonation scam 7457:Redemption/A4V schemes 7382:IRS impersonation scam 7347:Foreign exchange fraud 7079:Other common law areas 7029:Obstruction of justice 6771:Accessory (legal term) 6533:Corporate manslaughter 6144:Obfuscation (software) 5873:Browser Helper Objects 5757: 5298:Chang, L.Y. C. (2012) 4103:Jardine, Eric (2015). 3165:www.legislation.gov.au 3135:www.legislation.gov.uk 2989:10.1287/mksc.1080.0397 2924:www.crime-research.org 2465:"Cybersex Trafficking" 2248:www.everycrsreport.com 1646:, in the United States 1634:, in the United States 1503:Criminal Code Act 1995 1390: 1270:PNC Financial Services 1252:In December 2012, the 1128:On 26 March 1999, the 671:According to the U.S. 636:online payment systems 541:information technology 369:World Economic Forum's 75:Rational choice theory 7362:Get-rich-quick scheme 7352:Fortune telling fraud 6994:Misprision of treason 6915:Conspiracy to defraud 6870:Handling stolen goods 6714:Public Order Act 1986 6669:Public order offences 6139:Data-centric security 6020:Remote access trojans 5755: 5621:National Crime Agency 5471:Richet, J.L. (2022). 5445:Taylor, Paul (1999). 4662:Nikishin, A. (2015). 4415:www.secretservice.gov 3783:"Zappos cyber attack" 2804:. 11 September 2019. 2413:Criminal Law Bulletin 1792:National Crime Agency 1772:Internet suicide pact 1762:Initial access broker 1581:software-as-a-service 1380: 1362:. In many countries, 1171:sending pings in the 745:in some jurisdictions 673:Department of Defense 577:the Sony Hack of 2014 187:Biosocial criminology 126:Uniform Crime Reports 7838:Kapa investment scam 7658:Internet vigilantism 7648:Email authentication 7623:Cryptocurrency scams 7517:Swampland in Florida 7014:Harboring a fugitive 6984:Witness intimidation 6934:Forgery, personation 6553:Concealment of birth 6247:English criminal law 6071:Application security 5965:Privilege escalation 5833:Cross-site scripting 5686:Cybersex trafficking 5657:Information security 5578:Government resources 5540:Williams, M. (2006) 5358:Grabosky, P. (2006) 5335:Fafinski, S. (2009) 5131:on 20 September 2018 5022:. 16 February 2016. 4931:Bowker, Art (2012). 4676:10.1049/ic.2015.0003 4117:10.2139/ssrn.2634590 4080:. 27 December 2019. 4078:Silicon UK Tech News 3971:on 24 September 2018 3950:The Washington Times 3057:World Economic Forum 2654:. 11 November 2019. 2438:. 28 November 2016. 2332:on 25 September 2015 2022:World Economic Forum 1985:World Economic Forum 1818:Trespass to chattels 1700:Cyber defamation law 1563:Spread of cybercrime 1428:Shuman Ghosemajumder 1325:United Arab Emirates 967:United Arab Emirates 871:improve this section 861:may not represent a 768:internet pornography 609:Cybersex trafficking 603:Cybersex trafficking 398:cybersex trafficking 7942:Film and television 7663:Lenny anti-scam bot 7567:Work-at-home scheme 7532:Telemarketing fraud 7392:Kansas City Shuffle 7317:Embarrassing cheque 7069:Rescuing a prisoner 7039:Wasting police time 6797:Dereliction of duty 6756:Breach of the peace 6474:Prevention of crime 6336:Criminal negligence 5718:Information warfare 5676:Automotive security 5437:Pattavina, A. (ed) 5404:McQuade, S. (2006) 5329:Easttom, C. (2010) 5273:Brenner, S. (2007) 4992:. 7 February 2022. 4880:on 17 December 2018 4830:on 8 December 2015. 4475:Florida Tech Online 4388:on 31 December 2019 3718:on 10 November 2007 3407:. 4 February 2015. 3289:. 7 November 2014. 3225:BroadbandSearch.net 2652:The Philippine Star 2561:. 18 October 2019. 2529:The Philippine Star 2279:Cybercrime Magazine 2059:Cybercrime Magazine 1735:Electronic evidence 1531:perverse incentives 1294:cybercrime called " 1165:Stanford University 720:Information warfare 687:Computers as a tool 373:Global Risks Report 340:In 2000, the tenth 252:Radical criminology 7893:Scott W. Rothstein 7788:Aman Futures Group 7307:Coin rolling scams 7302:Coin-matching game 7135:English law portal 7121:Criminal procedure 6786:Abuse of authority 6616:False imprisonment 6467:Medical procedures 6295:Elements of crimes 6127:Antivirus software 5995:Social engineering 5960:Polymorphic engine 5913:Fraudulent dialers 5818:Hardware backdoors 5758: 5544:Routledge, London. 5537:Cambridge: Polity. 5533:Wall, D.S. (2007) 5526:Walden, I. (2007) 5483:(121282): 121282. 5339:Cullompton: Willan 5197:17th AIM Symposium 5119:Noyes, Katherine. 4912:on 5 November 2013 4707:on 18 October 2015 4574:on 7 November 2019 4477:. 18 August 2016. 3993:. September 2018. 3575:www.cottenfirm.com 2356:Palo Alto Networks 2134:(121282): 121282. 1833:White-collar crime 1808:Protected computer 1787:Metasploit Project 1391: 1316:The New York Times 1309:In December 2019, 1139:began a series of 1010:recreational drugs 973:'s mobile spyware 534:malicious software 512:refers to acts of 85:Subcultural theory 7985:Computer security 7962: 7961: 7924:Confidence tricks 7643:Domain name scams 7542:Thai zig zag scam 7407:Miracle cars scam 7230:confidence tricks 7228:Notable scams and 7153: 7152: 7059:Contempt of court 6989:Witness tampering 6707:intent aggravates 6692:Unlawful assembly 6548:Child destruction 6392:Inchoate offences 6254:Classes of crimes 6213: 6212: 6175:Anomaly detection 6080:Secure by default 5933:Keystroke loggers 5868:Drive-by download 5756:vectorial version 5723:Internet security 5671:Computer security 5456:978-0-415-18072-6 5410:Allyn & Bacon 5393:978-1-60960-830-9 5360:Electronic Crime, 5354:978-0-307-59293-4 5310:978-0-85793-667-7 5293:978-1-4614-5217-1 4767:978-1-63460-272-3 4685:978-1-78561-010-3 4600:. 26 April 2022. 4382:www.ncfi.usss.gov 4152:Space and Culture 4019:. 29 April 2016. 3891:. 23 April 2013. 3818:Los Angeles Times 3033:on 6 January 2020 3027:www.haltabuse.org 2977:Marketing Science 2907:on 20 March 2012. 2870:. 24 April 2020. 2774:. 18 April 2018. 2684:. 15 April 2019. 2531:. 13 April 2020. 2358:. 25 March 2022. 1954:. 30 April 2019. 1952:finance.yahoo.com 1767:Internet homicide 1680:Computer trespass 1675:Computer security 1489:Council of Europe 1356:digital forensics 1230:In January 2012, 1101:Southwestern Bell 1079:Notable incidents 955:freedom of speech 903: 902: 895: 820:Online harassment 772:child pornography 733:offensive content 628:video conferences 599:everyday people. 518:computer networks 492:human trafficking 451:advance-fee scams 324: 323: 136:Positivist school 8002: 7793:Bernard Cornfeld 7755:Stock Generation 7683:Referer spoofing 7547:Three-card monte 7537:Thai tailor scam 7497:Spanish Prisoner 7427:Overpayment scam 7367:Green goods scam 7267:Black money scam 7252:Art student scam 7247:Advance-fee scam 7242:2G spectrum case 7180: 7173: 7166: 7157: 6925:Webcam blackmail 6746:disorderly house 6682:Violent disorder 6543:Unlawful killing 6511:Offences against 6349:Strict liability 6240: 6233: 6226: 6217: 6084:Secure by design 6015:Hardware Trojans 5848:History sniffing 5838:Cross-site leaks 5733:Network security 5650: 5643: 5636: 5627: 5510: 5492: 5460: 5426:Parker D (1983) 5231: 5230: 5228: 5226: 5207: 5201: 5200: 5192: 5186: 5185: 5177: 5171: 5170: 5168: 5166: 5155:www.interpol.int 5147: 5141: 5140: 5138: 5136: 5127:. Archived from 5116: 5110: 5109: 5107: 5105: 5075: 5069: 5068: 5066: 5064: 5045: 5036: 5035: 5033: 5031: 5012: 5006: 5005: 5003: 5001: 4990:Exploding Topics 4982: 4976: 4975: 4967: 4961: 4960: 4958: 4956: 4947:. Archived from 4928: 4922: 4921: 4919: 4917: 4911: 4904: 4896: 4890: 4889: 4887: 4885: 4876:. Archived from 4870: 4864: 4863: 4861: 4859: 4838: 4832: 4831: 4829: 4823:. Archived from 4818: 4809: 4803: 4802: 4800: 4798: 4778: 4772: 4771: 4753: 4747: 4746: 4744: 4742: 4723: 4717: 4716: 4714: 4712: 4703:. Archived from 4696: 4690: 4689: 4659: 4653: 4652: 4650: 4648: 4620: 4614: 4613: 4611: 4609: 4590: 4584: 4583: 4581: 4579: 4570:. Archived from 4560: 4554: 4553: 4551: 4549: 4530: 4521: 4520: 4518: 4516: 4497: 4491: 4490: 4488: 4486: 4467: 4461: 4460: 4458: 4456: 4437: 4431: 4430: 4428: 4426: 4407: 4398: 4397: 4395: 4393: 4384:. Archived from 4374: 4368: 4367: 4365: 4363: 4354:. 19 June 2012. 4344: 4335: 4334: 4332: 4330: 4316: 4307: 4306: 4300: 4292: 4290: 4288: 4283:on 19 March 2015 4282: 4276:. Archived from 4275: 4267: 4261: 4260: 4258: 4256: 4240: 4234: 4233: 4231: 4229: 4214: 4208: 4207: 4181: 4172: 4171: 4147: 4141: 4140: 4138: 4136: 4100: 4094: 4093: 4091: 4089: 4070: 4064: 4063: 4061: 4059: 4039: 4033: 4032: 4030: 4028: 4013: 4007: 4006: 4004: 4002: 3987: 3981: 3980: 3978: 3976: 3967:. Archived from 3961: 3955: 3954: 3941: 3935: 3934: 3932: 3930: 3911: 3905: 3904: 3902: 3900: 3881: 3875: 3874: 3872: 3870: 3859: 3853: 3852: 3840: 3834: 3833: 3831: 3829: 3809: 3803: 3802: 3800: 3798: 3778: 3772: 3771: 3769: 3767: 3752: 3746: 3745: 3734: 3728: 3727: 3725: 3723: 3704: 3698: 3697: 3687: 3667: 3661: 3660: 3652: 3641: 3640: 3638: 3636: 3617: 3611: 3610: 3608: 3606: 3592: 3586: 3585: 3583: 3581: 3567: 3561: 3560: 3558: 3556: 3541: 3535: 3534: 3532: 3530: 3521:. 26 June 2016. 3511: 3502: 3501: 3479: 3473: 3472: 3470: 3468: 3453: 3447: 3446: 3444: 3442: 3427: 3421: 3420: 3418: 3416: 3397: 3391: 3390: 3388: 3386: 3366: 3360: 3359: 3357: 3355: 3340: 3334: 3333: 3331: 3329: 3309: 3303: 3302: 3300: 3298: 3277: 3271: 3270: 3268: 3266: 3247: 3241: 3240: 3238: 3236: 3217: 3211: 3210: 3208: 3206: 3187: 3181: 3180: 3178: 3176: 3157: 3151: 3150: 3148: 3146: 3127: 3121: 3120: 3118: 3116: 3101: 3095: 3094: 3092: 3090: 3075: 3069: 3068: 3066: 3064: 3049: 3043: 3042: 3040: 3038: 3029:. Archived from 3019: 3013: 3012: 3010: 3008: 2968: 2962: 2961: 2959: 2957: 2938: 2932: 2931: 2915: 2909: 2908: 2906: 2899: 2890: 2884: 2883: 2881: 2879: 2860: 2854: 2853: 2851: 2849: 2843: 2832: 2824: 2818: 2817: 2815: 2813: 2794: 2788: 2787: 2785: 2783: 2772:Senate of Canada 2764: 2758: 2757: 2755: 2753: 2734: 2728: 2727: 2725: 2723: 2714:. 17 June 2018. 2704: 2698: 2697: 2695: 2693: 2674: 2668: 2667: 2665: 2663: 2644: 2638: 2637: 2635: 2633: 2624:. 30 June 2018. 2614: 2605: 2604: 2602: 2600: 2581: 2575: 2574: 2572: 2570: 2551: 2545: 2544: 2542: 2540: 2521: 2515: 2514: 2512: 2510: 2501:. 18 July 2013. 2491: 2485: 2484: 2482: 2480: 2461: 2452: 2451: 2449: 2447: 2428: 2422: 2420: 2408: 2402: 2401: 2399: 2397: 2378: 2372: 2371: 2369: 2367: 2348: 2342: 2341: 2339: 2337: 2328:. Archived from 2321: 2315: 2314: 2312: 2306:. Archived from 2305: 2296: 2290: 2289: 2287: 2285: 2270: 2264: 2263: 2261: 2259: 2240: 2234: 2225:Parker D (1983) 2223: 2217: 2216: 2214: 2212: 2193: 2187: 2186: 2168: 2162: 2161: 2143: 2119: 2110: 2109: 2081: 2075: 2074: 2072: 2070: 2050: 2041: 2040: 2038: 2036: 2030: 2019: 2010: 2004: 2003: 2001: 1999: 1993: 1982: 1974: 1968: 1967: 1965: 1963: 1944: 1938: 1937: 1935: 1933: 1922:Business Insider 1914: 1908: 1907: 1905: 1903: 1857: 1798:Penetration test 1730:Domain hijacking 1383:Tommy Tuberville 1169:zombie computers 1014:drug traffickers 1001:Drug trafficking 898: 891: 887: 884: 878: 854: 853: 846: 640:cryptocurrencies 394:financial crimes 316: 309: 302: 111:Crime statistics 42: 28: 8010: 8009: 8005: 8004: 8003: 8001: 8000: 7999: 7965: 7964: 7963: 7958: 7907: 7853:Make Money Fast 7823:Franchise fraud 7778: 7769: 7750:Spoofing attack 7733:Scammer Payback 7581:countermeasures 7580: 7571: 7262:Bait-and-switch 7229: 7223: 7187: 7184: 7154: 7149: 7125: 7073: 6957: 6935: 6929: 6845:Criminal damage 6801: 6730:Public nuisance 6663: 6641:Sexual offences 6635: 6611:Child abduction 6512: 6505: 6451:Loss of control 6424: 6386: 6358: 6290: 6249: 6244: 6214: 6209: 6059: 5759: 5747: 5738:Copy protection 5728:Mobile security 5659: 5654: 5580: 5558: 5547:Yar, M. (2006) 5470: 5457: 5444: 5421:Greenwood Press 5252: 5250:Further reading 5234: 5224: 5222: 5209: 5208: 5204: 5194: 5193: 5189: 5179: 5178: 5174: 5164: 5162: 5149: 5148: 5144: 5134: 5132: 5118: 5117: 5113: 5103: 5101: 5077: 5076: 5072: 5062: 5060: 5047: 5046: 5039: 5029: 5027: 5014: 5013: 5009: 4999: 4997: 4984: 4983: 4979: 4969: 4968: 4964: 4954: 4952: 4951:on 2 April 2015 4945: 4930: 4929: 4925: 4915: 4913: 4909: 4902: 4898: 4897: 4893: 4883: 4881: 4872: 4871: 4867: 4857: 4855: 4840: 4839: 4835: 4827: 4816: 4811: 4810: 4806: 4796: 4794: 4780: 4779: 4775: 4768: 4755: 4754: 4750: 4740: 4738: 4725: 4724: 4720: 4710: 4708: 4698: 4697: 4693: 4686: 4661: 4660: 4656: 4646: 4644: 4622: 4621: 4617: 4607: 4605: 4592: 4591: 4587: 4577: 4575: 4562: 4561: 4557: 4547: 4545: 4532: 4531: 4524: 4514: 4512: 4499: 4498: 4494: 4484: 4482: 4469: 4468: 4464: 4454: 4452: 4439: 4438: 4434: 4424: 4422: 4411:"Investigation" 4409: 4408: 4401: 4391: 4389: 4376: 4375: 4371: 4361: 4359: 4346: 4345: 4338: 4328: 4326: 4318: 4317: 4310: 4293: 4286: 4284: 4280: 4273: 4271:"Archived copy" 4269: 4268: 4264: 4254: 4252: 4242: 4241: 4237: 4227: 4225: 4216: 4215: 4211: 4196: 4183: 4182: 4175: 4149: 4148: 4144: 4134: 4132: 4102: 4101: 4097: 4087: 4085: 4072: 4071: 4067: 4057: 4055: 4041: 4040: 4036: 4026: 4024: 4015: 4014: 4010: 4000: 3998: 3989: 3988: 3984: 3974: 3972: 3963: 3962: 3958: 3943: 3942: 3938: 3928: 3926: 3921:. 13 May 2017. 3913: 3912: 3908: 3898: 3896: 3883: 3882: 3878: 3868: 3866: 3861: 3860: 3856: 3842: 3841: 3837: 3827: 3825: 3811: 3810: 3806: 3796: 3794: 3780: 3779: 3775: 3765: 3763: 3754: 3753: 3749: 3744:. 3 March 2010. 3736: 3735: 3731: 3721: 3719: 3706: 3705: 3701: 3685:10.1.1.133.3861 3669: 3668: 3664: 3654: 3653: 3644: 3634: 3632: 3619: 3618: 3614: 3604: 3602: 3594: 3593: 3589: 3579: 3577: 3569: 3568: 3564: 3554: 3552: 3551:. 24 March 2020 3543: 3542: 3538: 3528: 3526: 3513: 3512: 3505: 3481: 3480: 3476: 3466: 3464: 3455: 3454: 3450: 3440: 3438: 3430:Winder, Davey. 3429: 3428: 3424: 3414: 3412: 3399: 3398: 3394: 3384: 3382: 3368: 3367: 3363: 3353: 3351: 3342: 3341: 3337: 3327: 3325: 3311: 3310: 3306: 3296: 3294: 3279: 3278: 3274: 3264: 3262: 3257:. August 2021. 3249: 3248: 3244: 3234: 3232: 3219: 3218: 3214: 3204: 3202: 3189: 3188: 3184: 3174: 3172: 3159: 3158: 3154: 3144: 3142: 3129: 3128: 3124: 3114: 3112: 3103: 3102: 3098: 3088: 3086: 3077: 3076: 3072: 3062: 3060: 3051: 3050: 3046: 3036: 3034: 3021: 3020: 3016: 3006: 3004: 2970: 2969: 2965: 2955: 2953: 2942:"Save browsing" 2940: 2939: 2935: 2917: 2916: 2912: 2904: 2897: 2892: 2891: 2887: 2877: 2875: 2862: 2861: 2857: 2847: 2845: 2841: 2830: 2826: 2825: 2821: 2811: 2809: 2796: 2795: 2791: 2781: 2779: 2766: 2765: 2761: 2751: 2749: 2736: 2735: 2731: 2721: 2719: 2706: 2705: 2701: 2691: 2689: 2676: 2675: 2671: 2661: 2659: 2646: 2645: 2641: 2631: 2629: 2616: 2615: 2608: 2598: 2596: 2595:on 29 July 2020 2589:Manila Bulletin 2583: 2582: 2578: 2568: 2566: 2553: 2552: 2548: 2538: 2536: 2523: 2522: 2518: 2508: 2506: 2493: 2492: 2488: 2478: 2476: 2463: 2462: 2455: 2445: 2443: 2430: 2429: 2425: 2410: 2409: 2405: 2395: 2393: 2380: 2379: 2375: 2365: 2363: 2350: 2349: 2345: 2335: 2333: 2323: 2322: 2318: 2313:on 6 July 2011. 2310: 2303: 2299:Lepofsky, Ron. 2298: 2297: 2293: 2283: 2281: 2272: 2271: 2267: 2257: 2255: 2242: 2241: 2237: 2224: 2220: 2210: 2208: 2195: 2194: 2190: 2183: 2170: 2169: 2165: 2121: 2120: 2113: 2083: 2082: 2078: 2068: 2066: 2052: 2051: 2044: 2034: 2032: 2028: 2017: 2012: 2011: 2007: 1997: 1995: 1991: 1980: 1976: 1975: 1971: 1961: 1959: 1946: 1945: 1941: 1931: 1929: 1916: 1915: 1911: 1901: 1899: 1884: 1859: 1858: 1851: 1847: 1842: 1813:Techno-thriller 1665: 1590: 1576:cloud computing 1565: 1548: 1539: 1519: 1462: 1416: 1387:Hoover, Alabama 1352: 1339: 1277:President Obama 1258:Bank of America 1247:password hashes 1081: 1026:Diabolus Market 1006:Darknet markets 1003: 983:Princess Latifa 933:electrochemical 899: 888: 882: 879: 868: 855: 851: 844: 830:Online predator 822: 802:cookie stuffing 790: 780: 757: 707: 705:Carding (fraud) 691:Main articles: 689: 669: 663: 611: 605: 591: 585: 557: 506: 500: 488: 482: 445:to steal data, 416: 410: 390: 388:Classifications 354:financial theft 331:digital devices 320: 182:Anthropological 60:Criminalization 55:Conflict theory 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 8008: 8006: 7998: 7997: 7992: 7987: 7982: 7977: 7967: 7966: 7960: 7959: 7957: 7956: 7951: 7950: 7949: 7944: 7936: 7931: 7926: 7921: 7915: 7913: 7909: 7908: 7906: 7905: 7900: 7895: 7890: 7885: 7880: 7875: 7870: 7865: 7860: 7855: 7850: 7845: 7840: 7835: 7830: 7825: 7820: 7815: 7810: 7805: 7800: 7795: 7790: 7784: 7782: 7771: 7770: 7768: 7767: 7762: 7760:Voice phishing 7757: 7752: 7747: 7742: 7737: 7736: 7735: 7730: 7725: 7720: 7710: 7705: 7700: 7695: 7690: 7685: 7680: 7675: 7670: 7665: 7660: 7655: 7650: 7645: 7640: 7635: 7630: 7625: 7620: 7615: 7610: 7605: 7600: 7595: 7593:Pig Butchering 7590: 7584: 7582: 7577:Internet scams 7573: 7572: 7570: 7569: 7564: 7559: 7554: 7549: 7544: 7539: 7534: 7529: 7524: 7519: 7514: 7509: 7504: 7499: 7494: 7489: 7484: 7482:Sick baby hoax 7479: 7474: 7469: 7464: 7462:Reloading scam 7459: 7454: 7449: 7444: 7439: 7434: 7429: 7424: 7419: 7414: 7409: 7404: 7399: 7397:Locksmith scam 7394: 7389: 7384: 7379: 7374: 7369: 7364: 7359: 7354: 7349: 7344: 7339: 7334: 7329: 7324: 7319: 7314: 7309: 7304: 7299: 7294: 7289: 7284: 7279: 7274: 7269: 7264: 7259: 7254: 7249: 7244: 7239: 7233: 7231: 7225: 7224: 7222: 7221: 7216: 7211: 7206: 7201: 7195: 7193: 7189: 7188: 7185: 7183: 7182: 7175: 7168: 7160: 7151: 7150: 7148: 7147: 7138: 7130: 7127: 7126: 7124: 7123: 7118: 7113: 7104: 7099: 7094: 7089: 7083: 7081: 7075: 7074: 7072: 7071: 7066: 7061: 7056: 7051: 7046: 7041: 7036: 7031: 7026: 7021: 7016: 7011: 7006: 7001: 6999:Jury tampering 6996: 6991: 6986: 6981: 6976: 6971: 6965: 6963: 6959: 6958: 6956: 6955: 6950: 6945: 6939: 6937: 6931: 6930: 6928: 6927: 6922: 6917: 6912: 6907: 6905:Fraud Act 2006 6902: 6900:Theft Act 1978 6897: 6895:Theft Act 1968 6892: 6887: 6882: 6877: 6872: 6867: 6862: 6857: 6852: 6847: 6842: 6837: 6832: 6827: 6825:Cheating (law) 6822: 6817: 6811: 6809: 6803: 6802: 6800: 6799: 6794: 6788: 6783: 6778: 6773: 6768: 6766:Forcible entry 6763: 6758: 6753: 6748: 6742: 6737: 6732: 6726: 6721: 6716: 6711: 6710: 6709: 6699: 6694: 6689: 6684: 6679: 6673: 6671: 6665: 6664: 6662: 6661: 6656: 6654:Sexual assault 6651: 6645: 6643: 6637: 6636: 6634: 6633: 6628: 6623: 6618: 6613: 6608: 6603: 6598: 6593: 6588: 6583: 6578: 6573: 6570: 6568:Common assault 6565: 6560: 6555: 6550: 6545: 6540: 6517: 6515: 6507: 6506: 6504: 6503: 6496: 6491: 6486: 6481: 6476: 6471: 6470: 6469: 6464: 6462:sporting event 6453: 6448: 6443: 6438: 6432: 6430: 6426: 6425: 6423: 6422: 6420:Common purpose 6417: 6412: 6407: 6402: 6396: 6394: 6388: 6387: 6385: 6384: 6377: 6372: 6366: 6364: 6360: 6359: 6357: 6356: 6351: 6338: 6333: 6328: 6323: 6318: 6311: 6306: 6298: 6296: 6292: 6291: 6289: 6288: 6283: 6278: 6273: 6268: 6263: 6257: 6255: 6251: 6250: 6245: 6243: 6242: 6235: 6228: 6220: 6211: 6210: 6208: 6207: 6205:Site isolation 6202: 6197: 6196: 6195: 6189: 6179: 6178: 6177: 6172: 6161: 6156: 6151: 6146: 6141: 6136: 6135: 6134: 6129: 6119: 6118: 6117: 6112: 6111: 6110: 6103:Authentication 6095: 6094: 6093: 6092: 6091: 6081: 6078: 6067: 6065: 6061: 6060: 6058: 6057: 6052: 6047: 6042: 6037: 6032: 6027: 6022: 6017: 6012: 6007: 6002: 5997: 5992: 5987: 5982: 5977: 5972: 5967: 5962: 5957: 5956: 5955: 5945: 5940: 5935: 5930: 5925: 5920: 5915: 5910: 5905: 5903:Email spoofing 5900: 5895: 5890: 5885: 5880: 5875: 5870: 5865: 5860: 5855: 5850: 5845: 5843:DOM clobbering 5840: 5835: 5830: 5825: 5823:Code injection 5820: 5815: 5814: 5813: 5808: 5803: 5798: 5790: 5785: 5780: 5775: 5769: 5767: 5761: 5760: 5750: 5748: 5746: 5745: 5740: 5735: 5730: 5725: 5720: 5715: 5710: 5705: 5703:Cyberterrorism 5700: 5695: 5694: 5693: 5691:Computer fraud 5688: 5678: 5673: 5667: 5665: 5661: 5660: 5655: 5653: 5652: 5645: 5638: 5630: 5624: 5623: 5614: 5609: 5604: 5599: 5590: 5584:Cybercrime.gov 5579: 5576: 5575: 5574: 5569: 5564: 5557: 5556:External links 5554: 5553: 5552: 5545: 5538: 5531: 5524: 5517: 5511: 5468: 5467:, 9(3), 53–62. 5461: 5455: 5442: 5435: 5424: 5419:Westport, CT: 5413: 5402: 5395: 5381: 5378:978-9385985775 5366: 5356: 5340: 5333: 5327: 5320: 5313: 5296: 5281: 5271: 5264: 5251: 5248: 5233: 5232: 5221:on 3 July 2021 5202: 5187: 5172: 5142: 5111: 5070: 5037: 5007: 4977: 4962: 4943: 4923: 4891: 4865: 4833: 4804: 4773: 4766: 4748: 4718: 4699:Kshetri, Nir. 4691: 4684: 4654: 4615: 4585: 4555: 4522: 4492: 4462: 4432: 4399: 4378:"NCFI - About" 4369: 4336: 4308: 4262: 4235: 4209: 4194: 4173: 4142: 4095: 4065: 4034: 4008: 3982: 3956: 3936: 3906: 3876: 3854: 3835: 3804: 3773: 3747: 3729: 3699: 3678:(2): 201–229. 3662: 3642: 3612: 3587: 3562: 3536: 3503: 3474: 3448: 3422: 3392: 3361: 3335: 3312:Arora, Beenu. 3304: 3272: 3242: 3212: 3182: 3152: 3122: 3096: 3070: 3059:. 27 June 2019 3044: 3014: 2983:(2): 293–308. 2963: 2933: 2910: 2885: 2855: 2819: 2789: 2759: 2744:. 2 May 2019. 2729: 2699: 2669: 2639: 2606: 2576: 2559:The ASEAN Post 2546: 2516: 2486: 2453: 2423: 2403: 2373: 2343: 2316: 2291: 2265: 2235: 2218: 2188: 2181: 2163: 2111: 2076: 2042: 2005: 1969: 1939: 1909: 1882: 1848: 1846: 1843: 1841: 1840: 1835: 1830: 1825: 1820: 1815: 1810: 1805: 1800: 1795: 1789: 1784: 1779: 1774: 1769: 1764: 1759: 1753: 1748: 1742: 1737: 1732: 1727: 1722: 1717: 1712: 1707: 1702: 1697: 1692: 1687: 1682: 1677: 1672: 1666: 1664: 1661: 1660: 1659: 1653: 1647: 1641: 1635: 1629: 1623: 1618: 1613: 1607: 1601: 1596: 1589: 1586: 1564: 1561: 1547: 1544: 1538: 1535: 1523:New York State 1518: 1515: 1461: 1458: 1457: 1456: 1453: 1450: 1447: 1444: 1441: 1438: 1415: 1412: 1399:Secret Service 1351: 1348: 1338: 1335: 1334: 1333: 1319:revealed that 1307: 1299: 1288: 1273: 1250: 1237:In June 2012, 1235: 1228: 1221:pedophile ring 1217: 1210: 1187: 1176: 1133: 1126: 1107: 1104: 1089: 1080: 1077: 1002: 999: 989:, and others. 901: 900: 865:of the subject 863:worldwide view 858: 856: 849: 842:Internet troll 821: 818: 779: 776: 756: 753: 737: 736: 729: 724: 723:Phishing scams 721: 718: 693:Internet fraud 688: 685: 665:Main article: 662: 659: 615:live streaming 607:Main article: 604: 601: 587:Main article: 584: 581: 556: 555:Cyberextortion 553: 547:(FBI) and the 510:cyberterrorism 504:Cyberterrorism 502:Main article: 499: 498:Cyberterrorism 496: 484:Main article: 481: 478: 466:identity theft 431:computer worms 420:internet fraud 414:Computer fraud 412:Main article: 409: 408:Computer fraud 406: 389: 386: 362:Warren Buffett 322: 321: 319: 318: 311: 304: 296: 293: 292: 291: 290: 285: 280: 275: 270: 262: 261: 257: 256: 255: 254: 249: 244: 239: 237:Organizational 234: 229: 224: 219: 214: 209: 204: 199: 194: 189: 184: 179: 171: 170: 166: 165: 164: 163: 158: 153: 148: 143: 138: 133: 128: 123: 118: 113: 108: 100: 99: 95: 94: 93: 92: 87: 82: 77: 72: 67: 62: 57: 49: 48: 44: 43: 35: 34: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8007: 7996: 7993: 7991: 7988: 7986: 7983: 7981: 7980:Crime by type 7978: 7976: 7973: 7972: 7970: 7955: 7954:Ponzi schemes 7952: 7948: 7945: 7943: 7940: 7939: 7938:In the media 7937: 7935: 7932: 7930: 7927: 7925: 7922: 7920: 7917: 7916: 7914: 7910: 7904: 7901: 7899: 7896: 7894: 7891: 7889: 7888:Secret Sister 7886: 7884: 7881: 7879: 7876: 7874: 7871: 7869: 7866: 7864: 7861: 7859: 7858:Matrix scheme 7856: 7854: 7851: 7849: 7846: 7844: 7841: 7839: 7836: 7834: 7831: 7829: 7826: 7824: 7821: 7819: 7816: 7814: 7811: 7809: 7806: 7804: 7801: 7799: 7796: 7794: 7791: 7789: 7786: 7785: 7783: 7781: 7780:Ponzi schemes 7776: 7772: 7766: 7763: 7761: 7758: 7756: 7753: 7751: 7748: 7746: 7743: 7741: 7738: 7734: 7731: 7729: 7726: 7724: 7721: 7719: 7716: 7715: 7714: 7711: 7709: 7706: 7704: 7701: 7699: 7696: 7694: 7691: 7689: 7688:Ripoff Report 7686: 7684: 7681: 7679: 7676: 7674: 7671: 7669: 7666: 7664: 7661: 7659: 7656: 7654: 7651: 7649: 7646: 7644: 7641: 7639: 7636: 7634: 7631: 7629: 7626: 7624: 7621: 7619: 7616: 7614: 7611: 7609: 7606: 7604: 7601: 7599: 7596: 7594: 7591: 7589: 7586: 7585: 7583: 7578: 7574: 7568: 7565: 7563: 7560: 7558: 7555: 7553: 7550: 7548: 7545: 7543: 7540: 7538: 7535: 7533: 7530: 7528: 7525: 7523: 7520: 7518: 7515: 7513: 7510: 7508: 7505: 7503: 7500: 7498: 7495: 7493: 7490: 7488: 7487:SIM swap scam 7485: 7483: 7480: 7478: 7475: 7473: 7470: 7468: 7465: 7463: 7460: 7458: 7455: 7453: 7452:Pump and dump 7450: 7448: 7445: 7443: 7440: 7438: 7437:Pig in a poke 7435: 7433: 7430: 7428: 7425: 7423: 7420: 7418: 7415: 7413: 7410: 7408: 7405: 7403: 7400: 7398: 7395: 7393: 7390: 7388: 7385: 7383: 7380: 7378: 7375: 7373: 7370: 7368: 7365: 7363: 7360: 7358: 7355: 7353: 7350: 7348: 7345: 7343: 7340: 7338: 7335: 7333: 7330: 7328: 7325: 7323: 7320: 7318: 7315: 7313: 7310: 7308: 7305: 7303: 7300: 7298: 7295: 7293: 7292:Charity fraud 7290: 7288: 7285: 7283: 7280: 7278: 7275: 7273: 7272:Blessing scam 7270: 7268: 7265: 7263: 7260: 7258: 7255: 7253: 7250: 7248: 7245: 7243: 7240: 7238: 7235: 7234: 7232: 7226: 7220: 7217: 7215: 7212: 7210: 7207: 7205: 7204:Error account 7202: 7200: 7197: 7196: 7194: 7190: 7181: 7176: 7174: 7169: 7167: 7162: 7161: 7158: 7146: 7144: 7139: 7137: 7136: 7132: 7131: 7128: 7122: 7119: 7117: 7114: 7112: 7108: 7105: 7103: 7100: 7098: 7095: 7093: 7090: 7088: 7085: 7084: 7082: 7080: 7076: 7070: 7067: 7065: 7062: 7060: 7057: 7055: 7052: 7050: 7047: 7045: 7042: 7040: 7037: 7035: 7032: 7030: 7027: 7025: 7022: 7020: 7017: 7015: 7012: 7010: 7007: 7005: 7002: 7000: 6997: 6995: 6992: 6990: 6987: 6985: 6982: 6980: 6977: 6975: 6972: 6970: 6967: 6966: 6964: 6960: 6954: 6951: 6949: 6946: 6944: 6941: 6940: 6938: 6932: 6926: 6923: 6921: 6918: 6916: 6913: 6911: 6908: 6906: 6903: 6901: 6898: 6896: 6893: 6891: 6888: 6886: 6883: 6881: 6878: 6876: 6873: 6871: 6868: 6866: 6863: 6861: 6858: 6856: 6853: 6851: 6848: 6846: 6843: 6841: 6838: 6836: 6833: 6831: 6828: 6826: 6823: 6821: 6818: 6816: 6813: 6812: 6810: 6808: 6804: 6798: 6795: 6792: 6789: 6787: 6784: 6782: 6779: 6777: 6774: 6772: 6769: 6767: 6764: 6762: 6759: 6757: 6754: 6752: 6749: 6747: 6743: 6741: 6738: 6736: 6733: 6731: 6727: 6725: 6722: 6720: 6717: 6715: 6712: 6708: 6705: 6704: 6703: 6700: 6698: 6695: 6693: 6690: 6688: 6685: 6683: 6680: 6678: 6675: 6674: 6672: 6670: 6666: 6660: 6657: 6655: 6652: 6650: 6647: 6646: 6644: 6642: 6638: 6632: 6629: 6627: 6624: 6622: 6619: 6617: 6614: 6612: 6609: 6607: 6604: 6602: 6599: 6597: 6594: 6592: 6589: 6587: 6584: 6582: 6579: 6577: 6574: 6571: 6569: 6566: 6564: 6561: 6559: 6556: 6554: 6551: 6549: 6546: 6544: 6541: 6538: 6534: 6530: 6526: 6522: 6519: 6518: 6516: 6514: 6508: 6502: 6501: 6497: 6495: 6492: 6490: 6487: 6485: 6482: 6480: 6479:Lawful excuse 6477: 6475: 6472: 6468: 6465: 6463: 6459: 6458: 6457: 6454: 6452: 6449: 6447: 6444: 6442: 6439: 6437: 6434: 6433: 6431: 6427: 6421: 6418: 6416: 6413: 6411: 6408: 6406: 6403: 6401: 6398: 6397: 6395: 6393: 6389: 6383: 6382: 6378: 6376: 6373: 6371: 6368: 6367: 6365: 6361: 6355: 6352: 6350: 6346: 6342: 6339: 6337: 6334: 6332: 6329: 6327: 6324: 6322: 6319: 6317: 6316: 6312: 6310: 6307: 6305: 6304: 6300: 6299: 6297: 6293: 6287: 6284: 6282: 6279: 6277: 6274: 6272: 6269: 6267: 6264: 6262: 6259: 6258: 6256: 6252: 6248: 6241: 6236: 6234: 6229: 6227: 6222: 6221: 6218: 6206: 6203: 6201: 6198: 6193: 6190: 6188: 6185: 6184: 6183: 6180: 6176: 6173: 6170: 6167: 6166: 6165: 6162: 6160: 6157: 6155: 6152: 6150: 6147: 6145: 6142: 6140: 6137: 6133: 6130: 6128: 6125: 6124: 6123: 6120: 6116: 6115:Authorization 6113: 6109: 6106: 6105: 6104: 6101: 6100: 6099: 6096: 6090: 6087: 6086: 6085: 6082: 6079: 6077: 6076:Secure coding 6074: 6073: 6072: 6069: 6068: 6066: 6062: 6056: 6053: 6051: 6048: 6046: 6045:SQL injection 6043: 6041: 6038: 6036: 6033: 6031: 6028: 6026: 6025:Vulnerability 6023: 6021: 6018: 6016: 6013: 6011: 6010:Trojan horses 6008: 6006: 6005:Software bugs 6003: 6001: 5998: 5996: 5993: 5991: 5988: 5986: 5983: 5981: 5978: 5976: 5973: 5971: 5968: 5966: 5963: 5961: 5958: 5954: 5951: 5950: 5949: 5946: 5944: 5941: 5939: 5936: 5934: 5931: 5929: 5926: 5924: 5921: 5919: 5916: 5914: 5911: 5909: 5906: 5904: 5901: 5899: 5896: 5894: 5893:Eavesdropping 5891: 5889: 5886: 5884: 5883:Data scraping 5881: 5879: 5876: 5874: 5871: 5869: 5866: 5864: 5861: 5859: 5856: 5854: 5853:Cryptojacking 5851: 5849: 5846: 5844: 5841: 5839: 5836: 5834: 5831: 5829: 5826: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5816: 5812: 5809: 5807: 5804: 5802: 5799: 5797: 5794: 5793: 5791: 5789: 5786: 5784: 5781: 5779: 5776: 5774: 5771: 5770: 5768: 5766: 5762: 5754: 5744: 5741: 5739: 5736: 5734: 5731: 5729: 5726: 5724: 5721: 5719: 5716: 5714: 5711: 5709: 5706: 5704: 5701: 5699: 5696: 5692: 5689: 5687: 5684: 5683: 5682: 5679: 5677: 5674: 5672: 5669: 5668: 5666: 5662: 5658: 5651: 5646: 5644: 5639: 5637: 5632: 5631: 5628: 5622: 5618: 5615: 5613: 5610: 5608: 5605: 5603: 5600: 5598: 5594: 5591: 5589: 5585: 5582: 5581: 5577: 5573: 5570: 5568: 5565: 5563: 5560: 5559: 5555: 5551:London: Sage. 5550: 5546: 5543: 5539: 5536: 5532: 5529: 5525: 5522: 5519:Rolón, D. N. 5518: 5516: 5512: 5508: 5504: 5500: 5496: 5491: 5486: 5482: 5478: 5474: 5469: 5466: 5462: 5458: 5452: 5448: 5443: 5440: 5436: 5433: 5429: 5425: 5422: 5418: 5414: 5411: 5407: 5403: 5400: 5396: 5394: 5390: 5386: 5382: 5379: 5375: 5371: 5367: 5365: 5364:Prentice Hall 5361: 5357: 5355: 5351: 5347: 5346: 5341: 5338: 5334: 5332: 5328: 5325: 5321: 5318: 5314: 5311: 5307: 5303: 5302: 5297: 5294: 5290: 5286: 5282: 5280: 5276: 5272: 5269: 5265: 5262: 5258: 5254: 5253: 5249: 5247: 5246: 5240: 5239: 5220: 5216: 5212: 5206: 5203: 5198: 5191: 5188: 5183: 5176: 5173: 5160: 5156: 5152: 5146: 5143: 5130: 5126: 5125:Computerworld 5122: 5115: 5112: 5099: 5095: 5091: 5087: 5086: 5081: 5074: 5071: 5058: 5054: 5050: 5044: 5042: 5038: 5025: 5021: 5017: 5011: 5008: 4995: 4991: 4987: 4981: 4978: 4973: 4972:Cyberbullying 4966: 4963: 4950: 4946: 4944:9780398087289 4940: 4936: 4935: 4927: 4924: 4908: 4901: 4895: 4892: 4879: 4875: 4869: 4866: 4853: 4850:. June 2017. 4849: 4848: 4843: 4837: 4834: 4826: 4822: 4815: 4808: 4805: 4792: 4788: 4784: 4777: 4774: 4769: 4763: 4759: 4752: 4749: 4736: 4732: 4731:csrc.nist.gov 4728: 4722: 4719: 4706: 4702: 4695: 4692: 4687: 4681: 4677: 4673: 4669: 4665: 4658: 4655: 4642: 4638: 4634: 4630: 4626: 4619: 4616: 4603: 4599: 4595: 4589: 4586: 4573: 4569: 4565: 4559: 4556: 4543: 4539: 4535: 4529: 4527: 4523: 4510: 4506: 4502: 4496: 4493: 4480: 4476: 4472: 4466: 4463: 4450: 4446: 4442: 4436: 4433: 4420: 4416: 4412: 4406: 4404: 4400: 4387: 4383: 4379: 4373: 4370: 4357: 4353: 4349: 4343: 4341: 4337: 4325: 4321: 4320:"Cyber Crime" 4315: 4313: 4309: 4304: 4298: 4279: 4272: 4266: 4263: 4250: 4246: 4239: 4236: 4223: 4219: 4213: 4210: 4205: 4201: 4197: 4195:9780313365461 4191: 4187: 4180: 4178: 4174: 4169: 4165: 4161: 4157: 4153: 4146: 4143: 4130: 4126: 4122: 4118: 4114: 4110: 4106: 4099: 4096: 4083: 4079: 4075: 4069: 4066: 4053: 4049: 4045: 4038: 4035: 4022: 4018: 4012: 4009: 3996: 3992: 3986: 3983: 3970: 3966: 3960: 3957: 3952: 3951: 3946: 3940: 3937: 3924: 3920: 3919:Straits Times 3916: 3910: 3907: 3894: 3890: 3886: 3880: 3877: 3864: 3858: 3855: 3850: 3846: 3839: 3836: 3823: 3819: 3815: 3808: 3805: 3792: 3788: 3787:New York Post 3784: 3777: 3774: 3761: 3757: 3751: 3748: 3743: 3739: 3733: 3730: 3717: 3713: 3712:The Economist 3709: 3703: 3700: 3695: 3691: 3686: 3681: 3677: 3673: 3666: 3663: 3658: 3651: 3649: 3647: 3643: 3630: 3626: 3622: 3616: 3613: 3601: 3597: 3591: 3588: 3576: 3572: 3566: 3563: 3550: 3546: 3540: 3537: 3524: 3520: 3516: 3510: 3508: 3504: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3490: 3485: 3478: 3475: 3463: 3459: 3452: 3449: 3437: 3433: 3426: 3423: 3410: 3406: 3402: 3396: 3393: 3380: 3376: 3372: 3365: 3362: 3349: 3345: 3339: 3336: 3323: 3319: 3315: 3308: 3305: 3292: 3288: 3287: 3286:The Daily Dot 3282: 3276: 3273: 3260: 3256: 3252: 3246: 3243: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3216: 3213: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3186: 3183: 3170: 3166: 3162: 3156: 3153: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3126: 3123: 3110: 3106: 3100: 3097: 3084: 3080: 3074: 3071: 3058: 3054: 3048: 3045: 3032: 3028: 3024: 3018: 3015: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2973:"Click Fraud" 2967: 2964: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2937: 2934: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2914: 2911: 2903: 2896: 2889: 2886: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2859: 2856: 2840: 2836: 2829: 2823: 2820: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2793: 2790: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2763: 2760: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2733: 2730: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2703: 2700: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2673: 2670: 2657: 2653: 2649: 2643: 2640: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2613: 2611: 2607: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2580: 2577: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2550: 2547: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2520: 2517: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2490: 2487: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2460: 2458: 2454: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2427: 2424: 2418: 2414: 2407: 2404: 2391: 2387: 2386:us.norton.com 2383: 2377: 2374: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2347: 2344: 2331: 2327: 2320: 2317: 2309: 2302: 2295: 2292: 2280: 2276: 2269: 2266: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2239: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2222: 2219: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2192: 2189: 2184: 2182:9780787663742 2178: 2174: 2167: 2164: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2142: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2118: 2116: 2112: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2080: 2077: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2049: 2047: 2043: 2027: 2023: 2016: 2009: 2006: 1990: 1986: 1979: 1973: 1970: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1943: 1940: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1913: 1910: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1883:1-59593-048-5 1879: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1856: 1854: 1850: 1844: 1839: 1836: 1834: 1831: 1829: 1828:Virtual crime 1826: 1824: 1821: 1819: 1816: 1814: 1811: 1809: 1806: 1804: 1801: 1799: 1796: 1793: 1790: 1788: 1785: 1783: 1780: 1778: 1775: 1773: 1770: 1768: 1765: 1763: 1760: 1757: 1754: 1752: 1749: 1747: 1746:drop catching 1743: 1741: 1738: 1736: 1733: 1731: 1728: 1726: 1723: 1721: 1718: 1716: 1715:Data diddling 1713: 1711: 1708: 1706: 1703: 1701: 1698: 1696: 1693: 1691: 1688: 1686: 1683: 1681: 1678: 1676: 1673: 1671: 1668: 1667: 1662: 1657: 1654: 1651: 1648: 1645: 1642: 1640:, in Denmark. 1639: 1636: 1633: 1630: 1627: 1624: 1622: 1619: 1617: 1614: 1611: 1608: 1605: 1602: 1600: 1597: 1595: 1592: 1591: 1587: 1585: 1582: 1577: 1572: 1568: 1562: 1560: 1556: 1554: 1545: 1543: 1536: 1534: 1532: 1527: 1524: 1516: 1514: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1499: 1496: 1494: 1490: 1485: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1471: 1467: 1459: 1454: 1451: 1448: 1445: 1442: 1439: 1436: 1435: 1434: 1431: 1429: 1424: 1422: 1413: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1400: 1396: 1388: 1384: 1379: 1375: 1372: 1367: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1350:Investigation 1349: 1347: 1345: 1336: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1317: 1312: 1308: 1305: 1300: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1233: 1229: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1215: 1211: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1131: 1127: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1105: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1087: 1083: 1082: 1078: 1076: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1061: 1057: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1029: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1012:online. Some 1011: 1007: 1000: 998: 996: 992: 988: 987:Princess Haya 984: 980: 979:Ahmed Mansoor 976: 972: 968: 963: 959: 956: 951: 949: 945: 940: 936: 934: 929: 925: 921: 920: 914: 912: 908: 897: 894: 886: 876: 872: 866: 864: 857: 848: 847: 843: 839: 835: 834:Cyberstalking 831: 827: 826:Cyberbullying 819: 817: 813: 811: 805: 803: 797: 795: 789: 785: 777: 775: 773: 769: 764: 762: 754: 752: 748: 746: 742: 734: 730: 728: 725: 722: 719: 716: 715: 714: 711: 706: 702: 698: 694: 686: 684: 682: 678: 674: 668: 660: 658: 656: 652: 651:Nth room case 648: 647:child victims 643: 641: 637: 633: 629: 625: 620: 616: 610: 602: 600: 597: 590: 582: 580: 578: 574: 570: 566: 562: 554: 552: 550: 546: 542: 537: 535: 531: 527: 523: 519: 515: 511: 505: 497: 495: 493: 487: 486:Fraud Factory 480:Fraud Factory 479: 477: 475: 471: 467: 463: 459: 454: 452: 448: 444: 440: 437:, installing 436: 432: 428: 423: 421: 415: 407: 405: 403: 399: 395: 387: 385: 381: 379: 374: 370: 365: 363: 359: 355: 351: 346: 343: 338: 336: 332: 328: 317: 312: 310: 305: 303: 298: 297: 295: 294: 289: 286: 284: 283:Organizations 281: 279: 276: 274: 271: 269: 266: 265: 264: 263: 258: 253: 250: 248: 245: 243: 240: 238: 235: 233: 230: 228: 227:Environmental 225: 223: 220: 218: 215: 213: 210: 208: 205: 203: 200: 198: 195: 193: 190: 188: 185: 183: 180: 178: 175: 174: 173: 172: 167: 162: 159: 157: 154: 152: 149: 147: 144: 142: 139: 137: 134: 132: 131:Crime mapping 129: 127: 124: 122: 119: 117: 114: 112: 109: 107: 104: 103: 102: 101: 96: 91: 88: 86: 83: 81: 78: 76: 73: 71: 68: 66: 63: 61: 58: 56: 53: 52: 51: 50: 47:Main Theories 45: 41: 37: 36: 33: 29: 26: 22: 21:virtual crime 7878:Reed Slatkin 7843:Kubus scheme 7723:Jim Browning 7718:419eater.com 7713:Scam baiting 7698:Romance scam 7668:Lottery scam 7627: 7613:Clickjacking 7557:Wash trading 7552:Trojan horse 7467:Return fraud 7417:Mock auction 7312:Drop swindle 7277:Bogus escrow 7141: 7133: 6936:and cheating 6920:Fare evasion 6889: 6529:Manslaughter 6498: 6494:Intoxication 6436:Self-defence 6379: 6331:Recklessness 6313: 6301: 6149:Data masking 5708:Cyberwarfare 5680: 5548: 5541: 5534: 5527: 5480: 5476: 5464: 5446: 5438: 5427: 5416: 5405: 5362:New Jersey: 5359: 5344: 5336: 5330: 5326:Vol.16 no.5. 5323: 5299: 5274: 5270:Springfield. 5256: 5241: 5235: 5223:. 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Retrieved 2330:the original 2319: 2308:the original 2294: 2282:. Retrieved 2278: 2268: 2256:. Retrieved 2247: 2238: 2226: 2221: 2209:. Retrieved 2200: 2191: 2172: 2166: 2131: 2127: 2089: 2085: 2079: 2067:. Retrieved 2058: 2033:. Retrieved 2021: 2008: 1996:. Retrieved 1984: 1972: 1960:. Retrieved 1951: 1942: 1930:. Retrieved 1921: 1912: 1900:. Retrieved 1865: 1740:Hacking back 1573: 1569: 1566: 1557: 1549: 1546:Intelligence 1540: 1528: 1520: 1500: 1497: 1486: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1463: 1432: 1425: 1417: 1408: 1404: 1392: 1368: 1353: 1340: 1314: 1262:J. P. Morgan 1214:Fortune 1000 1207:Storm botnet 1130:Melissa worm 1122: 1093:Pacific Bell 1062: 1058: 1052:, .net, and 1030: 1004: 964: 960: 952: 941: 937: 917: 915: 904: 889: 880: 860: 838:Cyber Racism 814: 806: 798: 791: 766:One area of 765: 758: 749: 738: 712: 708: 670: 667:Cyberwarfare 661:Cyberwarfare 644: 624:social media 612: 592: 573:bug poaching 558: 538: 509: 507: 494:operations. 489: 455: 424: 417: 391: 382: 366: 358:cyberwarfare 347: 339: 326: 325: 268:Bibliography 232:Experimental 211: 146:Quantitative 25: 7919:Con artists 7803:Dona Branca 7745:Spoofed URL 7653:Email fraud 7633:CyberThrill 7608:Click fraud 7522:Tarmac scam 7447:Pork barrel 7442:Pigeon drop 7432:Patent safe 7422:Moving scam 7332:Fiddle game 7282:Boiler room 7257:Badger game 7219:Sucker list 7192:Terminology 6537:Infanticide 6375:Concurrence 6089:Misuse case 5923:Infostealer 5898:Email fraud 5863:Data breach 5698:Cybergeddon 5342:Glenny, M. 5263:, New York. 4884:17 December 4741:17 February 4598:VentureBeat 4455:17 February 4255:17 December 4135:10 December 4088:27 December 3828:20 February 3797:14 February 3766:10 November 3600:www.dea.gov 2848:22 December 2436:PR Newswire 2258:5 September 1902:10 December 1466:Philippines 1460:Legislation 1285:S&P 500 1254:Wells Fargo 1042:Tor Browser 991:Ghada Owais 788:Click fraud 655:South Korea 371:(WEF) 2020 222:Development 197:Criminology 141:Qualitative 121:Ethnography 106:Comparative 32:Criminology 7975:Cybercrime 7969:Categories 7947:Literature 7808:Earl Jones 7740:ShadowCrew 7693:Rock Phish 7638:DarkMarket 7628:Cybercrime 7603:Catfishing 7477:Shell game 7412:Mismarking 7337:Fine print 7297:Clip joint 7287:Bride scam 6890:Cybercrime 6820:Dishonesty 6744:Keeping a 6621:Harassment 6606:Kidnapping 6513:the person 6405:Conspiracy 6303:Actus reus 6286:Common law 6266:Either way 6261:Indictable 6154:Encryption 6030:Web shells 5970:Ransomware 5918:Hacktivism 5681:Cybercrime 5515:Boston.com 4955:25 January 4916:25 January 4858:11 January 4578:1 November 4485:4 December 4425:3 December 4392:4 December 4362:1 November 4329:4 December 4228:2 December 3175:2 November 3145:2 November 3115:2 November 3089:2 November 3063:4 December 3037:4 December 3007:30 October 2211:1 November 2069:3 February 2035:3 February 1845:References 1744:(Illegal) 1710:Cyberheist 1509:, and the 1414:Prevention 1371:IP Address 1292:ransomware 1232:Zappos.com 1149:Dell, Inc. 1040:, and the 928:cell phone 907:harassment 883:March 2016 824:See also: 782:See also: 626:networks, 589:Ransomware 583:Ransomware 458:bank fraud 327:Cybercrime 217:Demography 161:Recidivism 7934:Impostors 7588:Avalanche 7402:Long firm 7322:Exit scam 7054:Espionage 6885:Extortion 6880:Blackmail 6865:Deception 6850:Squatting 6446:Necessity 6410:Accessory 6363:Doctrines 6354:Omissions 6345:Vicarious 6341:Corporate 6309:Causation 6281:Statutory 5985:Shellcode 5980:Scareware 5828:Crimeware 5788:Backdoors 5619:from the 5595:from the 5586:from the 5507:239962449 5499:0040-1625 5094:0099-9660 5063:3 January 5030:6 January 4637:0017-8012 4548:6 January 4204:464583250 4168:146501914 4125:1556-5068 3889:Bloomberg 3742:France 24 3680:CiteSeerX 3462:The Verge 3297:4 October 2997:0732-2399 2956:5 October 2158:239962449 2150:0040-1625 2092:: 13–20. 1838:Web shell 1537:Awareness 1517:Penalties 1389:, in 2021 1266:U.S. Bank 1225:terabytes 1123:Star Trek 1119:arms race 1022:Silk Road 1018:encrypted 971:NSO Group 953:Although 875:talk page 514:terrorism 508:The term 470:extortion 396:, scams, 350:espionage 242:Political 116:Profiling 7708:SaferNet 7678:Phishing 7618:Cramming 7507:SSC Scam 7372:Hustling 7357:Gem scam 7116:Evidence 7097:Property 7087:Contract 7049:Sedition 6953:Uttering 6855:Trespass 6830:Burglary 6728:Causing 6724:Nuisance 6521:Homicide 6484:Insanity 6429:Defences 6315:Mens rea 6159:Firewall 6064:Defenses 5990:Spamming 5975:Rootkits 5948:Phishing 5908:Exploits 5408:Boston: 5277:Oxford: 5159:Archived 5098:Archived 5057:Archived 5024:Archived 5020:Symantec 5000:23 March 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