3454:
that the "crucial question" is where the real power lay. In his view, this can only be shown by the political narrative of events. Bushkovitch placed the balance of power between the tsar, the individual boyars, and the tsar's favorites at the center of political decision-making. In so doing, Bushkovitch found that on the one hand, the tsar's relative power fluctuated per monarch, and on the other hand, that the nobility was all but unified; the balance of power changed with each tsar as well as the rise of boyars and in the case of Peter I even shifted multiple times.
3438:
elites and the bureaucracy as its pillars. For example, Sergey M. Troitskii claimed that the
Russian monarchs held sway of the nobility which was reduced to state service. According to Troitskii, absolutism in Russia was the same as everywhere else. This led to a difficult position within Marxism because absolutism revolves around institutions and laws, which were fundamentally less important than the socioeconomic base of society. This raises the question of how absolutism could be the same when socioeconomic circumstances in Russia were not the same as elsewhere.
53:
1818:
3446:
not a unified and powerful whole (commanded by the economically dominant class), they likewise tackled common (Marxist) conceptions of
Russian autocracy. While like Troitskii, they studied the nobility and bureaucracy (in a later period), Zaionchkovskii and Zakharova painted a different picture of the tsar's position. Coinciding with Western scholars like Robert Crummey, they lay bare the interdependence of monarch and nobility in the practice of rule.
3450:
in by any form of constitution, but he emphasizes, for example, the limitations of
Christian morality and court customs. The so-called "American school" of the 1980s and 1990s argued for the important role of elite networks and their power in court. Edward Keenan went even further in his well-known piece on Muscovite political culture, claiming that the tsar was merely a puppet in the hands of boyars who wielded the actual power behind the scenes.
923:
3052:
1757:
935:
3584:: Today, the autocrat is usually seen as synonymous with despot, tyrant, and/or dictator, though each of these terms originally had a separate and distinct meaning. Overall, out of the available terms, "tsarist autocracy" is the one that seems most correct for the entire period discussed, but it is worth keeping in mind that there are no
3445:
Similarly struggling with
Marxist conceptions, Soviet historian Petr A. Zaionchkovskii and his student Larisa G. Zakharova focused on the importance of the political convictions of Russian officials and bureaucrats to explain nineteenth-century political decision-making. By showing that the state was
3383:
is described as "the most consistent" defender of the position that the uniqueness of
Russian political heritage is inseparable from its ethnic identity. In White's opinion, autocracy is the defining factor in the history of Russian politics. He wrote that Russian political culture is "rooted in the
3301:
authority, stood at the center of the tsarist autocracy, with full power over the state and its people. The autocrat delegated power to persons and institutions acting on his orders, and within the limits of his laws, for the common good of all Russia. The tsar was metaphorically a father and all of
3449:
Outside Russia and the Soviet Union, Hans-Joachim Torke among others tried to counter the notion of an all-powerful autocratic state by pointing at the mutual dependency of service elites and the state (coining the term "state-conditioned society"). Torke acknowledges that the tsars were not reined
3437:
Regarding the substance of the autocracy model, its equation with despotism and its supposed origins in Mongol rule, as well as its supposed rise in medieval
Muscovy, have been heavily debated. For one, Marxist Soviet scholars were concerned with prerevolutionary absolutism and identified the boyar
3433:
Historians of different backgrounds have criticized the concept of tsarist autocracy in its various forms. Their complaints range from the different names of the model being too vague, to its chronological implications (it is impossible to consider Russia in different centuries the same) as well as
3453:
For others, like David Ransel and Paul
Bushkovitch, it goes too far to portray relations between tsar and nobility like Keenan does, because it does not appreciate their complexity. Bushkovitch argues that the theoretic lack of limitations on the power of the tsar is irrelevant and instead claims
3441:
In order to reconcile the non-socioeconomic nature of absolutism with
Marxist theory, Soviet scholar Alexander N. Chistozvonov proposed to group the Russian monarchy with the Prussian and Austrian ones, forming a distinct mix of Western European absolutism and "oriental despotism". In the eyes of
3457:
Charles J. Halperin cautioned against views that too easily claim tsar and state dominance in politics or society. While acknowledging the institutional differences between
Muscovy and Western European monarchies, Halperin nevertheless stresses that these differences should not be considered
3250:, legally affirming the rights and privileges they had acquired in preceding years, and the Charter of the Towns, establishing municipal self-government. This placated the powerful classes of society but left real power in the hands of the state bureaucracy. Building on this,
3396:
is another influential historian among non-specialists who holds the position about the distinctness of
Russian history and political system, describing the absolutism of the Muscovite political system as "patrimonial", and saw the stability of the
3420:
influences during its history, and biographies of Russian leaders often stressed their possible Asiatic ancestries. In the tradition of the racist ideology of the Nazis, they maintained that Asiatic influences rendered the Russians, along with the
3164:
Imperial autocracy, Russian autocracy, Muscovite autocracy, tsarist absolutism, imperial absolutism, Russian absolutism, Muscovite absolutism, Muscovite despotism, Russian despotism, tsarist despotism or imperial despotism.
3211:("assembly of the land"). During Michael's reign, when the Romanov dynasty was still weak, such assemblies were summoned annually. The Romanov dynasty consolidated absolute power in Russia during the reign of
3313:
Furthermore, contrary to the movement for separation of church and state in West European monarchies, the Russian Empire combined monarchy with the supreme authority on religious issues (see
2303:
4719:
1785:
965:
3442:
Chistozvonov, whatever absolutist or autocratic elements were indeed present in Russia, they were not unique and do not warrant Russia's exclusive categorization.
702:
624:
4712:
1002:
3148:
counterbalanced by legislative authority, as well as a more religious authority than Western monarchs. The institution originated during the time of
1216:
5134:
2944:
1778:
4597:
5139:
3434:
to its content (the question how Russian or "tsarist" autocracy differs from "regular" autocracy or from European absolutism for that matter).
2910:
4667:
3482:
2537:
2511:
873:
285:
5124:
4705:
3080:
958:
2096:
3380:
2496:
4583:
4638:
4241:
4190:
4142:
2219:
1771:
665:
4399:
4166:
4653:
4579:
4413:
4382:
4351:
4312:
4288:
4261:
4237:
4213:
4186:
4162:
4138:
4114:
4090:
4066:
4042:
4018:
3989:
3965:
3938:
3914:
3887:
3860:
3825:
868:
823:
4316:
3267:
3255:
4070:
3331:
The tsarist autocracy had many supporters within Russia. Major Russian advocates and theorists of the autocracy included writer
4804:
3942:
3379:. They see the traditions of autocracy and patrimonialism as dominating Russia's political culture for centuries; for example,
2951:
2542:
2338:
1656:
951:
34:
3829:
3580:, however, the very use of the word despotism has problems (see following note). Finally, care should be taken with the term
3458:
absolute. In his view, the practice of rule, a matter of human interactions, is more important than theory and abstractions.
2666:
2259:
1817:
1463:
1418:
660:
4292:
4217:
4046:
4022:
3918:
3665:
3181:
2378:
1887:
1289:
675:
3795:
3649:
3601:
5083:
3328:. In Russia, the tsar owned a much higher proportion of the state (lands, enterprises, etc.) than did Western monarchs.
3180:
traditions and laid foundations for the tsarist autocracy which with some variations would govern Russia for centuries.
735:
4368:
5098:
5078:
4787:
4605:
3352:
2728:
1483:
998:
895:
717:
599:
137:
4445:(Cambridge 1998) 91-95; M. Poe, 'The Consequences of the Military Revolution in Muscovy: A Comparative Perspective',
3384:
historical experience of centuries of absolutism". Those views had been challenged by other historians, for example,
3697:
5129:
5073:
4908:
4691:
3713:
3633:
3371:
Some historians see the traditions of tsarist autocracy as partially responsible for laying the groundwork for the
3282:
3153:
2900:
2723:
2532:
2412:
2081:
1304:
707:
614:
4094:
3681:
5144:
5042:
4772:
3779:
3763:
3617:
3513:
2905:
2760:
2506:
2166:
2111:
52:
5068:
4940:
4405:
4374:
3348:
3314:
3073:
2249:
2199:
2006:
1054:
670:
569:
363:
195:
175:
2348:
3242:
Peter's reforms provoked a series of palace coups seeking to restore the power of the nobility. To end them,
3235:
had abolished in 1682 at the request of the highest boyars. Peter I also strengthened state control over the
4952:
4885:
4809:
4782:
3236:
3106:
2622:
2229:
1897:
1712:
1279:
776:
504:
467:
457:
4991:
4826:
4620:
3259:
3246:, whose reign (1762â1796) is often regarded as the high point of absolutism in Russia, in 1785 issued the
3145:
2993:
2740:
2501:
2308:
1964:
1727:
1294:
848:
828:
393:
42:
4816:
4799:
3734:
3557:
3266:) and an independent judicial system, but Russia did not have a national-level representative assembly (
3251:
3247:
3189:
3129:
2826:
2770:
1845:
1722:
1585:
1182:
680:
559:
499:
477:
233:
111:
4957:
2333:
2121:
4594:
4697:
3303:
2853:
2483:
2472:
2422:
2383:
2373:
2323:
2313:
2131:
883:
634:
554:
79:
3355:. They all argued that a strong and prosperous Russia needed a strong tsar and that philosophies of
5093:
5003:
4821:
4736:
3742:, have been criticized as misleading, since Muscovy, and Russia, never had characteristics of pure
3243:
3066:
2998:
2456:
2443:
2430:
2156:
2106:
1954:
1646:
1555:
1512:
1299:
1064:
927:
890:
388:
368:
353:
243:
190:
185:
101:
91:
3477:
3472:
3340:
3332:
3149:
3018:
2895:
2836:
2765:
2563:
2550:
2524:
2181:
2026:
1892:
1284:
1069:
1044:
878:
804:
629:
514:
418:
318:
106:
4118:
5119:
5058:
4750:
4663:
4649:
4575:
4409:
4378:
4347:
4308:
4284:
4257:
4233:
4209:
4182:
4158:
4134:
4110:
4086:
4062:
4038:
4014:
3985:
3961:
3934:
3910:
3883:
3856:
3821:
3561:
3492:
3360:
3204:
3133:
3125:
3023:
3008:
2927:
2617:
2488:
2435:
2363:
2343:
2328:
2318:
2151:
2136:
2086:
2066:
1934:
1882:
1877:
1855:
1850:
1802:
1717:
1438:
1269:
1221:
1049:
982:
900:
863:
589:
579:
529:
323:
223:
205:
200:
4355:
4331:
4265:
3993:
3969:
3891:
3864:
4838:
4728:
3413:
3385:
3344:
3216:
3200:
3196:
3097:
3035:
2934:
2883:
2368:
2283:
1979:
1949:
1902:
1550:
1473:
1443:
1317:
1059:
1039:
783:
604:
438:
408:
403:
383:
343:
129:
116:
4863:
4848:
4767:
4732:
4630:
4601:
3372:
3275:
3212:
3056:
2627:
2555:
2519:
2451:
2358:
2353:
2298:
2171:
2146:
2091:
1761:
1734:
1590:
1580:
1377:
1274:
790:
549:
398:
358:
328:
4996:
4679:
3902:
3336:
3325:
3224:
3137:
2865:
2787:
2293:
2051:
1974:
1929:
1739:
1670:
1575:
1408:
1322:
833:
609:
594:
584:
574:
544:
428:
413:
378:
373:
348:
300:
290:
278:
266:
3051:
1756:
5113:
4981:
4873:
3393:
3356:
3318:
3228:
3220:
2983:
2878:
2858:
2848:
2661:
2186:
2176:
2116:
2076:
2071:
1912:
1626:
1521:
1423:
1413:
1254:
939:
843:
838:
740:
685:
655:
619:
564:
534:
524:
433:
423:
228:
180:
4572:
Muscovy and the Mongols: Cross-Cultural Influences on the Steppe Frontier, 1304â1589
3401:
in the fact that Russians accepted the legitimacy of this patrimonial organization.
3227:
but theoretically open to all classes of the society, in place of the nobility-only
4890:
4858:
4777:
4514:
Crummey, âRussian Absolutismâ, 466; R.O. Crummey, 'Hans-Joachim Torke, 1938-2000',
4443:
Muscovy and the Mongols: Cross-Cultural Influence on the Steppe Frontier, 1304-1589
3487:
3398:
3389:
3376:
3271:
3208:
2843:
2718:
2683:
2467:
2288:
2161:
2126:
1984:
1675:
1602:
1596:
1570:
1565:
1541:
1531:
1468:
1357:
1177:
1101:
858:
853:
539:
519:
509:
333:
271:
238:
2777:
4635:"Russian despotism": the origins and dissemination of an early modern commonplace
5025:
5018:
4945:
4833:
4793:
3467:
3184:
in Russia gradually developed during the 17th and 18th centuries, replacing the
3013:
2978:
2750:
2708:
2654:
2612:
2582:
2407:
2141:
2021:
1922:
1680:
1665:
1607:
1478:
1342:
1141:
1136:
1116:
1106:
1096:
218:
165:
123:
67:
4370:
Dominance by design: technological imperatives and America's civilizing mission
5063:
5035:
5013:
4923:
4685:
3585:
3232:
2870:
2821:
2745:
2676:
2239:
2061:
1989:
1840:
1685:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1617:
1458:
1249:
1131:
1126:
990:
769:
338:
295:
213:
4986:
4962:
4918:
4913:
4868:
4853:
4755:
3743:
3581:
3298:
3219:
and strengthened the central power of the tsar, establishing a bureaucratic
3185:
3177:
3121:
3003:
2988:
2939:
2890:
2799:
2755:
2735:
2703:
2647:
2637:
2592:
2587:
2209:
2016:
1999:
1969:
1488:
1382:
1372:
1367:
1352:
1347:
1337:
1211:
1172:
1161:
1156:
1146:
1111:
1079:
1023:
1018:
697:
160:
155:
3907:
A Military History of Russia: From Ivan the Terrible to the War in Chechnya
4449:
38 4 (1996) 603-604; R.O. Crummey, 'Russian Absolutism and the Nobility',
4928:
4843:
3409:
3173:
2973:
2917:
2782:
2642:
2402:
2011:
1944:
1809:
1560:
1121:
1091:
1034:
759:
96:
72:
4344:
The Rebirth of Russian Democracy: An Interpretation of Political Culture
4305:
The Catholic Church and Russia: Popes, Patriarchs, Tsars, and Commissars
4254:
The Rebirth of Russian Democracy: An Interpretation of Political Culture
3982:
The Rebirth of Russian Democracy: An Interpretation of Political Culture
3958:
The Rebirth of Russian Democracy: An Interpretation of Political Culture
3880:
The Rebirth of Russian Democracy: An Interpretation of Political Culture
3302:
his subjects were his children; this metaphor even appeared in Orthodox
5088:
5008:
3263:
3030:
2922:
2831:
2713:
2671:
2632:
2101:
1959:
1939:
1907:
1835:
1362:
1199:
1189:
906:
248:
17:
4682:. By the Chancery of the Committee of Ministers, St. Petersburg. 1896.
4083:
Russia's Economic Transitions: From Late Tsarism to the New Millennium
5030:
4967:
4933:
4880:
3417:
3405:
2961:
1994:
1526:
797:
712:
3306:, and is remembered in the common Russian expression "ŃĐ°ŃŃ-баŃŃŃĐșĐ°"
3262:(1855â1881) established a system of elected local self-government (
4973:
4230:
Russian Conservatism and Its Critics: A Study in Political Culture
4131:
Russian Conservatism and Its Critics: A Study in Political Culture
3747:
3422:
3144:
possessed in principle authority and wealth, with more power than
2966:
2956:
2056:
1917:
4531:(Cambridge 2004) 4; E.L. Keenan, 'Muscovite Political Folkways',
4035:
For Prophet and Tsar: Islam and Empire in Russia and Central Asia
3549:
3294:
3141:
2794:
170:
4701:
4059:
Negotiation in International Conflict: Understanding Persuasion
3544:
in all possible combinations, rarely giving clear definitions.
4428:
C.J. Halperin, 'Muscovy as a Hypertrophic State: A Critique',
3588:
and that the Russian political system evolved through time.
3853:
Conservative Thinkers: From John Adams to Winston Churchill
4011:
Russia and the USSR, 1855â1991: Autocracy and Dictatorship
4179:
Russian Path Dependence: A People with a Troubled History
4490:
Pravitel'stvennyi apparat samoderzhavnoi Rossii v XIX v.
3548:
can be indeed applicable to the entire period (see also
4561:
Halperin, 'Muscovy as a Hypertrophic State', 501-507.
3111:
3416:, linked the Soviet government's autocratic rule to
3207:(reigned 1613â1645), was elected to the throne by a
5051:
4901:
4743:
4546:
The Politics of Catherinian Russia: The Panin Party
4529:Peter the Great: The Struggle for Power, 1671-1725
4462:A. Gerschenkron, 'Soviet Marxism and Absolutism',
3931:Peter the Great: The Struggle for Power, 1671â1725
3215:(reigned 1682â1725), who reduced the power of the
4494:Aleksandr II i otmena krepostnogo prava v Rossii
27:Form of autocracy specific to Russian monarchies
4713:
4680:Excerpts from Statesman's Handbook for Russia
4206:Dostoevsky the Thinker: A Philosophical Study
4155:Russian Politics and Society: An Introduction
3074:
1779:
959:
276:
8:
4109:, the University of California Press, 1977,
3746:, such as the ruler being identified with a
703:Liberal Democratic Party of the Soviet Union
4625:The Making of Russian Absolutism, 1613â1801
3952:
3950:
3874:
3872:
4720:
4706:
4698:
4646:The Russian Tragedy: The Burden of History
4447:Comparative Studies in Society and History
4200:
4198:
3081:
3067:
1797:
1786:
1772:
1706:
1508:
1242:
1014:
977:
966:
952:
29:
3847:
3845:
3843:
3841:
3839:
3837:
1003:List of countries by system of government
4326:
4324:
3572:are applicable. Further, we can look at
3556:is applicable only to the period of the
3528:The existing literature pairs the words
3152:(1462â1505) and was abolished after the
4687:The Origins of Russian Authoritarianism
4550:Peter the Great: The Struggle for Power
4505:Crummey, 'Russian Absolutism', 466-467.
4475:Crummey, 'Russian Absolutism', 458-459.
3806:
1808:
1655:
1616:
1540:
1511:
1434:
1391:
1313:
1245:
1198:
1155:
1078:
1017:
988:
41:
4275:
4273:
3408:in the concept. For example, American
3199:(1598â1613), the first monarch of the
2512:Proclamation of the Republic in Brazil
4005:
4003:
4001:
3483:Orthodoxy, Autocracy, and Nationality
874:Mass killings under communist regimes
286:Orthodoxy, Autocracy, and Nationality
7:
4574:, Cambridge University Press, 2002,
4085:, Cambridge University Press, 2003,
3933:, Cambridge University Press, 2001,
3909:, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2006,
3818:Russia First: Breaking with the West
3812:
3810:
3254:(reigned 1801â1825) established the
4488:(Moscow 1968); P.A. Zaionchkovski,
4107:Max Weber: An Intellectual Portrait
3550:historical usage of the term "tsar"
3281:The system was abolished after the
2444:Establishment of the Dutch monarchy
4639:University of California, Berkeley
4401:Modernization from the other shore
4346:, Harvard University Press, 1995,
4307:, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2004,
4256:, Harvard University Press, 1995,
4208:, Cornell University Press, 2002,
4057:Deborah Goodwin, Matthew Midlane,
4037:, Harvard University Press, 2006,
3984:, Harvard University Press, 1995,
3960:, Harvard University Press, 1995,
3882:, Harvard University Press, 1995,
3404:Some historians have pointed to a
666:Liberal Democratic Party of Russia
25:
4486:Otmena krepostnogo prava v Rossii
4281:Stalinism: The Essential Readings
3943:Google Print, p. 80 & 118-119
3258:as an advisory legislative body.
869:Criticism of communist party rule
3855:, Transaction Publishers, 2005,
3050:
2413:Foundation of the Ottoman Empire
1816:
1755:
933:
921:
51:
4548:(New Haven 1975); Bushkovitch,
4492:(Moscow 1978); L.G. Zakharova,
4232:, Yale University Press, 2007,
4133:, Yale University Press, 2007,
3564:, a period for which the words
3324:Another key feature related to
3176:(reigned 1462â1505) built upon
2543:Spanish transition to democracy
2220:Les Six livres de la RĂ©publique
5135:Politics of the Russian Empire
4283:, Blackwell Publishing, 2003,
4061:, Taylor & Francis, 2002,
3789:
3773:
3757:
3723:
3707:
3691:
3675:
3659:
3643:
3627:
3611:
3595:
3523:
3507:
3132:and its successor states, the
2260:Democracy: The God That Failed
1464:Intergovernmental organisation
1419:Separation of church and state
1:
5140:Society of the Russian Empire
4637:. Thesis (Ph.D. in history).
2538:Birth of the Italian Republic
5084:Social dominance orientation
1261:(socio-political ideologies)
5125:Political history of Russia
5099:List of totalitarian states
5079:Right-wing authoritarianism
4660:Russia under the Old Regime
4606:Western New England College
4157:, Pearson Education, 2001,
3530:Russian, tsarist, Muscovite
3297:himself, the embodiment of
3112:
2497:Austro-Hungarian Compromise
2423:Birth of the Dutch Republic
1329:(socio-economic ideologies)
999:List of forms of government
896:Russia under Vladimir Putin
718:Union of the Russian People
138:Traditionalist conservatism
5161:
5074:Left-wing authoritarianism
4909:Authoritarian conservatism
4604:Professor Gerhard Rempel,
4398:David C. Engerman (2003).
3283:Russian Revolution of 1917
3154:Russian Revolution of 1917
2533:Siamese revolution of 1932
676:Russian All-People's Union
4773:Counterintelligence state
4451:Journal of Modern History
3732:and its development, the
3101:
2507:5 October 1910 Revolution
2403:Birth of the Roman Empire
1450:(geo-cultural ideologies)
736:All-Russia People's Front
5069:Inverted totalitarianism
4941:Authoritarian capitalism
4406:Harvard University Press
4375:Harvard University Press
3560:, which was replaced by
3429:Criticism of the concept
3392:(as cited by Hoffmann).
3349:Konstantin Pobedonostsev
3315:Church reform of Peter I
3113:tsarskoye samoderzhaviye
2250:Considerations on France
176:Economic interventionism
33:This article is part of
4953:Authoritarian socialism
4218:Google Print, p.171-172
4204:James Patrick Scanlan,
4119:Google Print, p.356-358
3865:Google Print, pp. 84â86
3576:as a precursor for the
3237:Russian Orthodox Church
3146:constitutional monarchs
2866:Emperor system of Japan
1713:Administrative division
1657:International relations
928:Conservatism portal
468:Sociology of Revolution
458:St Petersburg Dialogues
4279:David Lloyd Hoffmann,
3820:, I. B. Tauris, 1997,
3310:("tsar-dear father").
2741:Enlightened absolutism
277:
44:Conservatism in Russia
4817:Dominant-party system
4648:, M.E. Sharpe, 1996,
4484:P.A. Zaionchkovskii,
4367:Michael Adas (2006).
4293:Google Print, p.67-68
4095:Google Print, p.27-28
3970:Google Print, p.36-39
3892:Google Print, p.34-36
3558:Grand Duchy of Moscow
3538:despotism, absolutism
3248:Charter to the Gentry
3190:Grand Duchy of Moscow
3130:Grand Duchy of Moscow
1846:Divine right of kings
1723:Democratic transition
1586:Self-governing colony
1183:Military dictatorship
681:Union of Right Forces
478:The Gulag Archipelago
4535:45 2 (1986) 115-181.
4453:49 3 (1977) 456-459.
4377:. pp. 230â231.
4153:Catherine J. Danks,
3412:analysts, including
3102:ŃĐ°ŃŃĐșĐŸĐ” ŃĐ°ĐŒĐŸĐŽĐ”ŃжаĐČОД
2484:Unification of Italy
2473:Second French Empire
5004:Ecoauthoritarianism
4822:Illiberal democracy
4242:Google Print, p.124
4191:Google Print, p.161
4181:, Routledge, 2005,
4143:Google Print, p.181
4071:Google Print, p.158
4023:Google Print, p.1-3
4013:, Routledge, 2006.
3574:Muscovite despotism
3244:Catherine the Great
3128:localised with the
3057:Politics portal
2457:First French Empire
2431:Glorious Revolution
1762:Politics portal
1647:Supranational union
1556:Dependent territory
1469:National government
891:Russia for Russians
244:Sovereign democracy
102:Russian nationalism
4662:, (Penguin 1995),
4600:2007-09-30 at the
4584:Google Print, p.85
4570:Donald Ostrowski,
4356:Google Print, p.15
4342:Nicolai N. Petro,
4330:Nicolai N. Petro,
4317:Google Print, p.72
4266:Google Print, p.90
4252:Nicolai N. Petro,
4167:Google Print, p.21
4047:Google Print, p.77
3994:Google Print, p.48
3980:Nicolai N. Petro,
3956:Nicolai N. Petro,
3929:Paul Bushkovitch,
3919:Google Print, p.59
3878:Nicolai N. Petro,
3830:Google Print, p.17
3796:those publications
3780:those publications
3764:those publications
3730:oriental despotism
3714:those publications
3698:those publications
3682:those publications
3666:those publications
3650:those publications
3634:those publications
3618:those publications
3602:those publications
3578:tsarist absolutism
3514:those publications
3478:Oriental despotism
3473:King-in-Parliament
3363:were alien to it.
3341:Konstantin Aksakov
3333:Fyodor Dostoyevsky
3195:After the chaotic
2896:List of monarchies
2697:Related ideologies
2564:Nepalese Civil War
2551:Iranian Revolution
2525:Russian Revolution
2520:Chinese Revolution
2502:German unification
879:Politics of Russia
5130:Tsardom of Russia
5107:
5106:
5059:Democracy indices
4751:Absolute monarchy
4668:978-0-14-024768-8
4105:Reinhard Bendix,
4081:Nicolas Spulber,
4033:Robert D. Crews,
3740:Russian despotism
3562:tsardom of Russia
3493:Royal prerogative
3425:, untrustworthy.
3361:liberal democracy
3205:Michael of Russia
3160:Alternative names
3134:Tsardom of Russia
3126:absolute monarchy
3110:
3094:Tsarist autocracy
3091:
3090:
2489:Meiji Restoration
2436:French Revolution
2418:Tsarist autocracy
2379:Popescu-TÄriceanu
1878:Abdication system
1856:Royal prerogative
1851:Mandate of Heaven
1796:
1795:
1747:
1746:
1718:Democracy indices
1693:
1692:
1496:
1495:
1305:Semi-presidential
1230:
1229:
976:
975:
940:Russia portal
901:Serfdom in Russia
864:Anti-Ukrainianism
206:Nuclear Orthodoxy
16:(Redirected from
5152:
5145:Authoritarianism
4958:MarxismâLeninism
4839:Managerial state
4722:
4715:
4708:
4699:
4688:
4609:
4592:
4586:
4568:
4562:
4559:
4553:
4542:
4536:
4527:P. Bushkovitch,
4525:
4519:
4512:
4506:
4503:
4497:
4482:
4476:
4473:
4467:
4466:30 4 (1971) 855.
4460:
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4433:
4426:
4420:
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4395:
4389:
4388:
4364:
4358:
4340:
4334:
4328:
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4303:Dennis J. Dunn,
4301:
4295:
4277:
4268:
4250:
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4226:
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4193:
4177:Stefan Hedlund,
4175:
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4151:
4145:
4127:
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4097:
4079:
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4025:
4007:
3996:
3978:
3972:
3954:
3945:
3927:
3921:
3900:
3894:
3876:
3867:
3849:
3832:
3816:Peter Truscott,
3814:
3793:
3777:
3761:
3727:
3711:
3695:
3679:
3663:
3647:
3631:
3615:
3599:
3527:
3511:
3386:Nicolai N. Petro
3345:Nikolay Karamzin
3197:Time of Troubles
3115:
3105:
3103:
3083:
3076:
3069:
3055:
3054:
2935:Philosopher king
2265:
2255:
2245:
2235:
2225:
2215:
2205:
2167:Kuehnelt-Leddihn
1903:Crowned republic
1888:Chinese Legalist
1827:Central concepts
1820:
1798:
1788:
1781:
1774:
1760:
1759:
1707:
1551:Associated state
1509:
1484:Internationalism
1474:World government
1451:
1330:
1262:
1243:
1217:Free association
1204:
1165:
1084:
1027:
1015:
978:
968:
961:
954:
938:
937:
936:
926:
925:
924:
824:Anti-Americanism
784:Nash Sovremennik
765:
483:
473:
463:
282:
234:Social hierarchy
130:Pochvennichestvo
55:
45:
30:
21:
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5154:
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5109:
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5047:
4897:
4864:Socialist state
4849:One-party state
4768:Communist state
4739:
4726:
4686:
4676:
4658:Richard Pipes,
4644:Hugh Ragsdale,
4631:Marshall T. Poe
4627:, Longman, 1986
4617:
4615:Further reading
4612:
4602:Wayback Machine
4593:
4589:
4569:
4565:
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4556:
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4526:
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4509:
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4457:
4440:
4436:
4432:3 3 (2002) 501.
4427:
4423:
4416:
4408:. p. 260.
4397:
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4228:Richard Pipes,
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4129:Richard Pipes,
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4056:
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4032:
4028:
4009:Stephen J. Lee
4008:
3999:
3979:
3975:
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3948:
3928:
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3897:
3877:
3870:
3851:Peter Viereck,
3850:
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3722:
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3690:
3674:
3658:
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3626:
3610:
3594:
3522:
3506:
3501:
3464:
3431:
3373:totalitarianism
3369:
3291:
3276:1905 Revolution
3213:Peter the Great
3201:Romanov dynasty
3171:
3162:
3116:), also called
3087:
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2688:
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2598:
2597:
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2556:Modern Cambodia
2529:
2493:
2477:
2461:
2452:Trienio Liberal
2440:
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2270:
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2041:
2033:
2032:
2031:
2007:Self-proclaimed
1872:
1864:
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1860:
1828:
1803:Politics series
1792:
1754:
1749:
1748:
1735:Democratisation
1728:Autocratization
1704:
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1591:Tributary state
1581:Satellite state
1536:
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1505:Power structure
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1378:Totalitarianism
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1011:Source of power
989:Basic forms of
983:Politics series
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934:
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912:
829:Anti-Chechenism
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791:Russkoye Znamya
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4802:
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4788:Constitutional
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4727:
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4674:External links
4672:
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4656:
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4554:
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4533:Russian Review
4520:
4518:2 3 (2001) 702
4507:
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4496:(Moscow 2011).
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4441:D. Ostrowski,
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3406:racial element
3368:
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3353:Pyotr Semyonov
3337:Mikhail Katkov
3326:patrimonialism
3321:for details).
3308:tsar-batyushka
3290:
3287:
3225:Table of Ranks
3170:
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3138:Russian Empire
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2815:Related topics
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2729:Traditionalist
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2606:Administration
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2112:Crétineau-Joly
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2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
2003:
2002:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1975:Personal union
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1930:Dynastic union
1927:
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1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1898:Constitutional
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1740:Hybrid regimes
1737:
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1720:
1715:
1705:
1702:
1701:
1698:
1697:
1691:
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1678:
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1671:Regional power
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1629:
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1620:
1614:
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1611:
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1600:
1593:
1588:
1583:
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1576:Puppet monarch
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1409:State religion
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1280:Constitutional
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1239:Power ideology
1238:
1237:
1234:
1233:
1228:
1227:
1225:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1206:
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1203:(rule by none)
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1055:Representative
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834:Anti-communism
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818:Related topics
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812:
809:
808:
801:
794:
787:
780:
773:
766:
755:
752:
751:
748:
747:
744:
743:
738:
732:
729:
728:
725:
724:
721:
720:
715:
713:Pamyat Society
710:
708:People's Union
705:
700:
689:
688:
683:
678:
673:
668:
663:
658:
649:
646:
645:
642:
641:
638:
637:
632:
627:
622:
617:
612:
607:
602:
597:
592:
587:
582:
577:
572:
567:
562:
557:
552:
547:
542:
537:
532:
527:
522:
517:
512:
507:
502:
496:
493:
492:
489:
488:
485:
484:
474:
464:
453:
450:
449:
446:
445:
442:
441:
436:
431:
426:
421:
416:
411:
406:
401:
396:
391:
386:
381:
376:
371:
366:
361:
356:
351:
346:
341:
336:
331:
326:
321:
315:
312:
311:
308:
307:
304:
303:
301:White movement
298:
293:
291:Russian Empire
288:
283:
274:
269:
267:Black Hundreds
263:
260:
259:
256:
255:
252:
251:
246:
241:
236:
231:
226:
221:
216:
210:
209:
208:
198:
193:
188:
183:
178:
173:
168:
163:
158:
152:
149:
148:
145:
144:
141:
140:
135:
134:
133:
121:
120:
119:
114:
109:
99:
94:
89:
88:
87:
77:
76:
75:
64:
61:
60:
57:
56:
48:
47:
39:
38:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5157:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5117:
5115:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5056:
5054:
5050:
5044:
5043:ShĆwa Statism
5041:
5037:
5034:
5033:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5011:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5002:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4989:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4982:Caesaropapism
4980:
4976:
4975:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4955:
4954:
4951:
4947:
4944:
4943:
4942:
4939:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4911:
4910:
4907:
4906:
4904:
4900:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4883:
4882:
4879:
4875:
4874:Islamic state
4872:
4871:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4828:
4825:
4824:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4795:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4780:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4762:
4759:
4758:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4748:
4746:
4742:
4738:
4734:
4730:
4729:Authoritarian
4723:
4718:
4716:
4711:
4709:
4704:
4703:
4700:
4693:
4689:
4684:
4681:
4678:
4677:
4673:
4669:
4665:
4661:
4657:
4655:
4654:1-56324-755-0
4651:
4647:
4643:
4640:
4636:
4632:
4629:
4626:
4622:
4619:
4618:
4614:
4607:
4603:
4599:
4596:
4591:
4588:
4585:
4581:
4580:0-521-89410-7
4577:
4573:
4567:
4564:
4558:
4555:
4551:
4547:
4544:D.L. Ransel,
4541:
4538:
4534:
4530:
4524:
4521:
4517:
4511:
4508:
4502:
4499:
4495:
4491:
4487:
4481:
4478:
4472:
4469:
4465:
4464:Slavic Review
4459:
4456:
4452:
4448:
4444:
4438:
4435:
4431:
4425:
4422:
4417:
4415:0-674-01151-1
4411:
4407:
4403:
4402:
4394:
4391:
4386:
4384:0-674-01867-2
4380:
4376:
4372:
4371:
4363:
4360:
4357:
4353:
4352:0-674-75001-2
4349:
4345:
4339:
4336:
4333:
4327:
4325:
4321:
4318:
4314:
4313:0-7546-3610-0
4310:
4306:
4300:
4297:
4294:
4290:
4289:0-631-22891-8
4286:
4282:
4276:
4274:
4270:
4267:
4263:
4262:0-674-75001-2
4259:
4255:
4249:
4246:
4243:
4239:
4238:0-300-12269-1
4235:
4231:
4225:
4222:
4219:
4215:
4214:0-8014-3994-9
4211:
4207:
4201:
4199:
4195:
4192:
4188:
4187:0-415-35400-5
4184:
4180:
4174:
4171:
4168:
4164:
4163:0-582-47300-4
4160:
4156:
4150:
4147:
4144:
4140:
4139:0-300-12269-1
4136:
4132:
4126:
4123:
4120:
4116:
4115:0-520-03194-6
4112:
4108:
4102:
4099:
4096:
4092:
4091:0-521-81699-8
4088:
4084:
4078:
4075:
4072:
4068:
4067:0-7146-8193-8
4064:
4060:
4054:
4051:
4048:
4044:
4043:0-674-02164-9
4040:
4036:
4030:
4027:
4024:
4020:
4019:0-415-33577-9
4016:
4012:
4006:
4004:
4002:
3998:
3995:
3991:
3990:0-674-75001-2
3987:
3983:
3977:
3974:
3971:
3967:
3966:0-674-75001-2
3963:
3959:
3953:
3951:
3947:
3944:
3940:
3939:0-521-80585-6
3936:
3932:
3926:
3923:
3920:
3916:
3915:0-275-98502-4
3912:
3908:
3904:
3899:
3896:
3893:
3889:
3888:0-674-75001-2
3885:
3881:
3875:
3873:
3869:
3866:
3862:
3861:1-4128-0526-0
3858:
3854:
3848:
3846:
3844:
3842:
3840:
3838:
3834:
3831:
3827:
3826:1-86064-199-7
3823:
3819:
3813:
3811:
3807:
3801:
3799:
3797:
3792:
3791:
3787:
3783:
3781:
3776:
3775:
3771:
3767:
3765:
3760:
3759:
3755:
3751:
3749:
3745:
3741:
3737:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3725:
3721:
3717:
3715:
3710:
3709:
3705:
3701:
3699:
3694:
3693:
3689:
3685:
3683:
3678:
3677:
3673:
3669:
3667:
3662:
3661:
3657:
3653:
3651:
3646:
3645:
3641:
3637:
3635:
3630:
3629:
3625:
3621:
3619:
3614:
3613:
3609:
3605:
3603:
3598:
3597:
3593:
3589:
3587:
3583:
3579:
3575:
3571:
3567:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3551:
3547:
3543:
3539:
3535:
3531:
3526:
3525:
3521:
3517:
3515:
3510:
3509:
3505:
3498:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3465:
3461:
3459:
3455:
3451:
3447:
3443:
3439:
3435:
3428:
3426:
3424:
3419:
3415:
3414:George Kennan
3411:
3407:
3402:
3400:
3395:
3394:Richard Pipes
3391:
3387:
3382:
3381:Stephen White
3378:
3374:
3366:
3364:
3362:
3358:
3357:republicanism
3354:
3350:
3346:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3329:
3327:
3322:
3320:
3319:caesaropapism
3316:
3311:
3309:
3305:
3300:
3296:
3288:
3286:
3284:
3279:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3256:State council
3253:
3249:
3245:
3240:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3229:mestnichestvo
3226:
3223:based on the
3222:
3221:civil service
3218:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3193:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3168:
3166:
3159:
3157:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3140:. In it, the
3139:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3114:
3108:
3099:
3095:
3084:
3079:
3077:
3072:
3070:
3065:
3064:
3062:
3061:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3047:
3037:
3034:
3033:
3032:
3029:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3001:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2984:Regnal number
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2959:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2946:
2943:
2942:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2920:
2919:
2916:
2912:
2911:Non-sovereign
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2898:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2876:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2846:
2845:
2842:
2838:
2835:
2834:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2819:
2812:
2811:
2801:
2798:
2797:
2796:
2793:
2789:
2786:
2785:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2763:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2724:Authoritarian
2722:
2721:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2701:
2694:
2693:
2685:
2682:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2667:Crown Council
2665:
2664:
2663:
2662:Privy council
2660:
2656:
2653:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2635:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2615:
2614:
2611:
2610:
2603:
2602:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2580:
2573:
2572:
2565:
2562:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2548:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2517:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2481:
2479:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2465:
2463:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2449:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2428:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2400:
2394:
2393:
2385:
2384:Zourabichvili
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2281:
2274:
2273:
2262:
2261:
2257:
2252:
2251:
2247:
2242:
2241:
2237:
2232:
2231:
2227:
2222:
2221:
2217:
2212:
2211:
2207:
2202:
2201:
2197:
2196:
2195:
2194:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2097:Chateaubriand
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2049:
2048:
2047:
2037:
2036:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2001:
1998:
1997:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1965:Non-sovereign
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1924:
1921:
1920:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1875:
1868:
1867:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1833:
1831:
1830:
1824:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1814:
1811:
1807:
1804:
1800:
1799:
1789:
1784:
1782:
1777:
1775:
1770:
1769:
1767:
1766:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1752:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1729:
1726:
1725:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1710:
1709:
1708:
1700:
1699:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1663:
1662:
1661:
1658:
1654:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1627:Confederation
1625:
1624:
1623:
1622:
1619:
1615:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1598:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1548:
1547:
1546:
1543:
1539:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1522:Unitary state
1520:
1519:
1518:
1517:
1514:
1510:
1502:
1501:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1456:
1455:
1454:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1436:
1433:
1425:
1424:State atheism
1422:
1420:
1417:
1416:
1415:
1414:Secular state
1412:
1410:
1407:
1406:
1405:
1404:
1397:
1394:
1393:
1390:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1335:
1334:
1333:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1318:Authoritarian
1316:
1315:
1312:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1295:Parliamentary
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1267:
1266:
1265:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1247:
1244:
1236:
1235:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1209:
1208:
1207:
1201:
1197:
1191:
1188:
1184:
1181:
1180:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1170:
1169:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1154:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1089:
1088:
1087:
1083:(rule by few)
1081:
1077:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1032:
1031:
1030:
1025:
1020:
1016:
1008:
1007:
1004:
1001:
1000:
996:
995:
992:
987:
984:
980:
979:
969:
964:
962:
957:
955:
950:
949:
947:
946:
941:
931:
929:
919:
918:
917:
916:
909:
908:
904:
902:
899:
897:
894:
892:
889:
885:
882:
881:
880:
877:
875:
872:
870:
867:
865:
862:
860:
857:
855:
854:Anti-Tatarism
852:
850:
847:
845:
844:Anti-Polonism
842:
840:
839:Anti-Islamism
837:
835:
832:
830:
827:
825:
822:
821:
815:
814:
807:
806:
802:
800:
799:
795:
793:
792:
788:
786:
785:
781:
779:
778:
774:
772:
771:
767:
762:
761:
757:
756:
750:
749:
742:
741:Izborsky Club
739:
737:
734:
733:
730:Organisations
727:
726:
719:
716:
714:
711:
709:
706:
704:
701:
699:
696:
695:
694:
693:
687:
686:United Russia
684:
682:
679:
677:
674:
672:
669:
667:
664:
662:
659:
657:
656:Eurasia Party
654:
653:
652:
644:
643:
636:
633:
631:
628:
626:
623:
621:
618:
616:
613:
611:
608:
606:
603:
601:
598:
596:
593:
591:
588:
586:
583:
581:
578:
576:
573:
571:
570:Pobedonostsev
568:
566:
563:
561:
558:
556:
553:
551:
548:
546:
543:
541:
538:
536:
533:
531:
528:
526:
523:
521:
518:
516:
513:
511:
508:
506:
505:Alexander III
503:
501:
498:
497:
491:
490:
480:
479:
475:
470:
469:
465:
460:
459:
455:
454:
448:
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430:
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412:
410:
407:
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397:
395:
392:
390:
387:
385:
382:
380:
377:
375:
372:
370:
367:
365:
364:Pobedonostsev
362:
360:
357:
355:
352:
350:
347:
345:
342:
340:
337:
335:
332:
330:
327:
325:
322:
320:
317:
316:
313:Intellectuals
310:
309:
302:
299:
297:
294:
292:
289:
287:
284:
281:
280:
275:
273:
270:
268:
265:
264:
258:
257:
250:
247:
245:
242:
240:
237:
235:
232:
230:
229:Russification
227:
225:
222:
220:
217:
215:
211:
207:
204:
203:
202:
199:
197:
196:Law and order
194:
192:
189:
187:
184:
182:
181:Family values
179:
177:
174:
172:
169:
167:
164:
162:
159:
157:
154:
153:
147:
146:
139:
136:
132:
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127:
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125:
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115:
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110:
108:
105:
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81:
78:
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71:
70:
69:
66:
65:
59:
58:
54:
50:
49:
46:
40:
36:
32:
31:
19:
4972:
4886:Majoritarian
4859:Police state
4827:Totalitarian
4792:
4778:Dictatorship
4760:
4733:totalitarian
4659:
4645:
4634:
4624:
4590:
4571:
4566:
4557:
4549:
4545:
4540:
4532:
4528:
4523:
4515:
4510:
4501:
4493:
4489:
4485:
4480:
4471:
4463:
4458:
4450:
4446:
4442:
4437:
4429:
4424:
4400:
4393:
4369:
4362:
4343:
4338:
4304:
4299:
4280:
4253:
4248:
4229:
4224:
4205:
4178:
4173:
4154:
4149:
4130:
4125:
4106:
4101:
4082:
4077:
4058:
4053:
4034:
4029:
4010:
3981:
3976:
3957:
3930:
3925:
3906:
3898:
3879:
3852:
3817:
3790:
3785:
3784:
3774:
3769:
3768:
3758:
3753:
3752:
3739:
3733:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3718:
3708:
3703:
3702:
3692:
3687:
3686:
3676:
3671:
3670:
3660:
3655:
3654:
3644:
3639:
3638:
3628:
3623:
3622:
3612:
3607:
3606:
3596:
3591:
3590:
3577:
3573:
3569:
3565:
3553:
3545:
3541:
3537:
3533:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3518:
3508:
3503:
3502:
3488:Royal assent
3456:
3452:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3403:
3399:Soviet Union
3390:Martin Malia
3377:Soviet Union
3370:
3330:
3323:
3312:
3307:
3292:
3280:
3272:constitution
3260:Alexander II
3241:
3209:Zemsky Sobor
3194:
3172:
3163:
3124:, a form of
3117:
3093:
3092:
2859:Illegitimate
2854:Family trees
2719:Conservatism
2684:Royal assent
2468:Liberal Wars
2417:
2258:
2248:
2238:
2228:
2218:
2208:
2198:
2192:
2191:
2046:Philosophers
2045:
2044:
1985:Principality
1801:Part of the
1676:Middle power
1603:Vassal state
1597:Buffer state
1595:
1571:Puppet state
1566:Protectorate
1542:Client state
1532:Principality
1358:Distributism
1300:Presidential
1178:Dictatorship
1102:Gerontocracy
1024:rule by many
997:
981:Part of the
905:
859:Anti-Turkism
849:Antisemitism
803:
796:
789:
782:
775:
768:
758:
691:
690:
661:Great Russia
650:
476:
466:
456:
394:Solzhenitsyn
272:Great Russia
239:Social order
128:
84:
5026:Imperialism
4992:Enlightened
4946:Pinochetism
4834:Mafia state
4805:Proletarian
4794:Dictablanda
4595:Tartar Yoke
3794:As used in
3778:As used in
3762:As used in
3712:As used in
3696:As used in
3680:As used in
3664:As used in
3648:As used in
3632:As used in
3616:As used in
3600:As used in
3586:ideal types
3512:As used in
3468:Byzantinism
3252:Alexander I
3014:Interregnum
2979:Regnal list
2884:presumptive
2709:Bonapartism
2655:Royal guard
2618:Appointment
2583:Aristocracy
2408:Magna Carta
2374:Zhirinovsky
2277:Politicians
2204:(1265-1266)
2132:Kierkegaard
1681:Great power
1666:Small power
1608:Viceroyalty
1479:Nationalism
1343:Colonialism
1323:Libertarian
1285:Directorial
1162:rule by one
1142:Technocracy
1137:Stratocracy
1117:Meritocracy
1107:Kleptocracy
1097:Aristocracy
777:Kozma Minin
635:Zhirinovsky
560:Nicholas II
500:Alexander I
494:Politicians
389:Shcherbatov
384:Shafarevich
219:Reactionism
191:Irredentism
186:Imperialism
166:Bureaucracy
124:Slavophilia
107:All-Russian
68:Eurasianism
5114:Categories
5064:Deep state
4924:Khomeinism
4902:Ideologies
4844:Ochlocracy
4810:Right-wing
4783:Benevolent
4737:government
4621:Paul Dukes
3802:References
3728:The terms
3367:Influences
3274:until the
3233:Feodor III
3182:Absolutism
2999:Succession
2871:Figurehead
2822:Coronation
2771:Luxembourg
2751:Legitimism
2746:Jacobitism
2309:Metternich
2240:Patriarcha
2137:Dostoevsky
2067:Bellarmine
2040:Philosophy
1990:Real union
1955:Hereditary
1841:Monarchism
1686:Superpower
1642:Superstate
1637:Federation
1632:Devolution
1618:Federalism
1459:City-state
1132:Plutocracy
1127:Particracy
991:government
884:Liberalism
770:Kievlyanin
615:von Ungern
590:Rostopchin
555:Nicholas I
451:Literature
414:Tikhomirov
324:Dostoevsky
296:White Army
214:Patriotism
150:Principles
80:Monarchism
62:Ideologies
5094:Strongman
4987:Despotism
4963:Stalinism
4919:Francoism
4914:Chiangism
4869:Theocracy
4854:Oligarchy
4756:Autocracy
4735:forms of
3744:despotism
3735:Muscovite
3582:autocracy
3554:Muscovite
3542:autocracy
3299:sovereign
3186:despotism
3178:Byzantine
3122:autocracy
3120:, was an
3107:romanized
3019:Rebellion
3004:Anti-king
2989:Sovereign
2940:Pretender
2891:Kingmaker
2827:Criticism
2778:Orléanism
2756:Miguelism
2736:Despotism
2704:Alfonsism
2648:Favourite
2638:Camarilla
2628:Household
2593:Oligarchy
2588:Autocracy
2364:Churchill
2230:Leviathan
2210:Monarchia
2152:Bainville
2027:Universal
2000:Coregency
1970:Pentarchy
1893:Composite
1513:Unitarism
1489:Globalism
1395:Religious
1383:Tribalism
1373:Socialism
1368:Feudalism
1353:Despotism
1348:Communism
1338:Anarchism
1275:Communist
1222:Stateless
1212:Anarchism
1173:Despotism
1157:Autocracy
1147:Theocracy
1112:Kritarchy
1080:Oligarchy
1065:Socialist
1019:Democracy
764:(Defunct)
698:For Truth
580:Rodzianko
545:Malyshkin
439:Zhukovsky
369:Prokhanov
359:Obolensky
161:Autocracy
156:Authority
112:Christian
5120:Monarchy
5052:See also
4929:Putinism
4800:Military
4694:by Kraut
4598:Archived
3566:imperial
3534:imperial
3462:See also
3410:Cold War
3289:Features
3217:nobility
3174:Ivan III
3150:Ivan III
3136:and the
2974:Regicide
2918:Nobility
2879:apparent
2783:Royalism
2761:Orangism
2643:Courtier
2369:Renouvin
2344:Bismarck
2339:Castillo
2329:Disraeli
2319:Polignac
2299:Consalvi
2200:De Regno
2172:Bogdanor
2022:Triarchy
2017:Tetrarch
2012:Signoria
1945:Ethnarch
1935:Elective
1883:Absolute
1810:Monarchy
1561:Dominion
1290:Legalist
1270:Absolute
1255:Republic
1250:Monarchy
1122:Noocracy
1092:Anocracy
1045:Economic
1035:Demarchy
760:Elementy
625:Vladimir
550:Mizulina
535:Kornilov
515:Dubrovin
404:Strakhov
379:Semyonov
354:Leontiev
344:Karamzin
97:Putinism
92:Populism
73:Duginism
35:a series
5089:Statism
5009:Fascism
4881:Tyranny
4761:Tsarist
4692:YouTube
4641:, 1993.
4516:Kritika
4430:Kritika
3570:Russian
3552:), but
3546:Tsarist
3423:Chinese
3375:in the
3304:primers
3270:) or a
3264:Zemstvo
3188:of the
3169:History
3118:Tsarism
3109::
3098:Russian
3031:Usurper
2923:Peerage
2901:Current
2849:Descent
2832:Dynasty
2795:Toryism
2766:Belgium
2714:Carlism
2677:RiksrÄd
2672:Makhzen
2633:Retinue
2397:History
2359:Metaxas
2354:Maurras
2324:Decazes
2314:VillĂšle
2304:Plessis
2289:Pius VI
2284:Mazarin
2177:Scruton
2147:Maurras
2102:Novalis
2087:Maistre
2082:Bossuet
2052:Aquinas
1995:Regency
1980:Popular
1960:Khanate
1950:Federal
1940:Emirate
1908:Diarchy
1836:Monarch
1703:Related
1398:Secular
1363:Fascism
1200:Anarchy
1190:Tyranny
1050:Liberal
907:Silovik
692:Defunct
647:Parties
630:Volodin
610:Tolstoy
600:Slutsky
595:Shulgin
585:Rogozin
540:Luzhkov
530:Kolchak
525:Gryzlov
520:Durnovo
434:Wrangel
429:Vikulov
399:Sorokin
374:Rozanov
319:Aksakov
261:History
249:Statism
85:Tsarism
18:Czarist
5031:Nazism
4968:Maoism
4934:Ziaism
4666:
4652:
4578:
4412:
4381:
4350:
4311:
4287:
4260:
4236:
4212:
4185:
4161:
4137:
4113:
4089:
4065:
4041:
4017:
3988:
3964:
3937:
3913:
3886:
3859:
3824:
3231:which
3009:Crisis
2962:Empire
2906:Former
2844:Family
2576:Polity
2334:Cortés
2264:(2001)
2254:(1796)
2244:(1680)
2234:(1651)
2224:(1576)
2214:(1313)
2187:Yarvin
2142:Youwei
2127:Balmes
2122:Cortés
2107:Balzac
2092:Bonald
2077:Hobbes
2072:Filmer
1527:Empire
1439:Global
1070:Others
1060:Social
1040:Direct
805:Znamya
798:Zavtra
671:Rodina
651:Active
620:Uvarov
605:Surkov
565:Pikhno
510:Butina
482:(1973)
462:(1821)
424:Uvarov
419:Tikhon
409:Surkov
349:Katkov
212:
4974:Juche
4744:Forms
4552:, 29.
4332:p. 29
3536:with
3499:Notes
3418:Tatar
2994:Style
2967:Reich
2957:Realm
2928:Realm
2875:Heir
2837:Lists
2788:Ultra
2613:Court
2349:Mella
2294:Ruffo
2193:Works
2182:Hoppe
2162:Evola
2117:Gogol
2062:Bodin
2057:Dante
1923:Grand
1918:Duchy
1871:Types
1444:Local
753:Media
575:Putin
339:Ilyin
334:Frank
329:Dugin
117:Ultra
4997:Soft
4891:Soft
4731:and
4664:ISBN
4650:ISBN
4576:ISBN
4410:ISBN
4379:ISBN
4348:ISBN
4309:ISBN
4285:ISBN
4258:ISBN
4234:ISBN
4210:ISBN
4183:ISBN
4159:ISBN
4135:ISBN
4111:ISBN
4087:ISBN
4063:ISBN
4039:ISBN
4015:ISBN
3986:ISBN
3962:ISBN
3935:ISBN
3911:ISBN
3884:ISBN
3857:ISBN
3822:ISBN
3568:and
3540:and
3532:and
3388:and
3359:and
3351:and
3317:and
3295:tsar
3293:The
3268:Duma
3142:Tsar
3036:list
2952:Rank
2945:List
2800:High
2157:Seca
1913:Dual
472:1925
171:Duty
5036:Neo
5019:Neo
5014:Eco
4690:on
3750:).
3748:god
3738:or
3024:War
5116::
4633:,
4623:,
4582:,
4404:.
4373:.
4354:,
4323:^
4315:,
4291:,.
4272:^
4264:,
4240:,
4216:,
4197:^
4189:,
4165:,
4141:,
4117:,
4093:,
4069:,
4045:,
4021:,
4000:^
3992:,
3968:,
3949:^
3941:,
3917:,
3905:,
3890:,
3871:^
3863:,
3836:^
3828:,
3809:^
3798:.
3782:.
3766:.
3716:.
3700:.
3684:.
3668:.
3652:.
3636:.
3620:.
3604:.
3516:.
3347:,
3343:,
3339:,
3335:,
3285:.
3278:.
3239:.
3203:,
3192:.
3156:.
3104:,
3100::
37:on
4721:e
4714:t
4707:v
4608:.
4418:.
4387:.
3786:n
3770:m
3754:l
3720:k
3704:j
3688:i
3672:h
3656:g
3640:f
3624:e
3608:d
3592:c
3520:b
3504:a
3096:(
3082:e
3075:t
3068:v
1787:e
1780:t
1773:v
1164:)
1160:(
1026:)
1022:(
967:e
960:t
953:v
20:)
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