831:
373:
31:
846:
205:
779:
799:
767:
755:
731:
719:
707:
695:
743:
1337:. The book is a work on cryptography, and fingerspelling was referred to as one method of "secret discoursing, by signes and gestures". Wilkins gave an example of such a system: "Let the tops of the fingers signifie the five vowels; the middle parts, the first five consonants; the bottomes of them, the five next consonants; the spaces betwixt the fingers the foure next. One finger laid on the side of the hand may signifie T. Two fingers V the consonant; Three W. The little finger crossed X. The wrist Y. The middle of the hand Z." (1641:116-117)
815:
187:(BSL) is often rapid so that the individual letters become difficult to distinguish and the word is grasped from the overall hand movement. Most of the letters of the BSL alphabet are produced with two hands but when one hand is occupied the dominant hand may fingerspell onto an imaginary subordinate hand and the word can be recognised by the movement. As with written words, the first and last letters and the length of the word are the most significant factors for recognition.
343:
564:, in which he presented his own method of deaf education, including an arthropological alphabet. Charles de La Fin published a book in 1692 describing an alphabetic system where pointing to a body part represented the first letter of the part (e.g. Brow=B), and vowels were located on the fingertips as with the other British systems. He described codes for both English and Latin.
462:
583:, a pamphlet by an anonymous author who was himself unable to speak. He suggested that the manual alphabet could also be used by mutes, for silence and secrecy, or purely for entertainment. Nine of its letters can be traced to earlier alphabets, and 17 letters of the modern two-handed alphabet can be found among the two sets of 26 handshapes depicted.
216:
British-origin Group, a French-origin Group, a Polish Group, a
Russian Group, a Spanish Group, and a Swedish Group. Notably, several defunct versions of German, Austrian, Hungarian and Danish manual alphabets were part of the Austrian-origin group, while the current MAs of these sign languages are closely related to the French, American,
5414:
458:, did just that. While the usual purpose of the Latin and Greek finger alphabets described by Bede is unknown, they were unlikely to have been used by deaf people for communication â even though Bede lost his own hearing later in life. Historian Lois Bragg concludes that these alphabets were "only a bookish game."
131:
Fingerspelling has been introduced into certain sign languages by educators and as such has some structural properties that are unlike the visually motivated and multi-layered signs that are typical in deaf sign languages. In many ways fingerspelling serves as a bridge between the sign language and
520:
began tutoring deaf children of wealthy patrons â in some places, literacy was a requirement for legal recognition as an heir â and the manual alphabets found a new purpose. They were originally part of the earliest known Mouth Hand
Systems. The first book on deaf education, published in 1620 by
215:
Power et al. (2020) conducted a large-scale data study into the evolution and contemporary character of 76 current and defunct manual alphabets (MAs) of sign languages, postulating the existence of eight groups: an AfghanâJordanian Group, an
Austrian-origin Group (with a Danish Subgroup), a
413:
Letters are formed by a dominant hand, which is on top of or alongside the other hand at the point of contact, and a subordinate hand, which uses either the same or a simpler handshape as the dominant hand. Either the left or right hand can be dominant. In a modified tactile form used by
166:
was found to be fingerspelling. Fingerspelling did not become a part of NZSL until the 1980s. Before that words could be spelled or initialised by tracing letters in the air. Fingerspelling does not seem to be used much in the sign languages of
Eastern Europe except in schools, and
798:
190:
When people fluent in sign language read fingerspelling they do not usually look at the signer's hand(s) but maintain eye contact, as is normal for sign language. People who are learning fingerspelling often find it impossible to understand it using just their
830:
845:
272:
6104:
5767:
Sign-language names reflect the region of origin. Natural sign languages are not related to the spoken language used in the same region. For example, French Sign
Language originated in France, but is not related to French. Conversely,
532:'s deaf school in Paris in the 18th century and then spread to deaf communities around the world in the 19th and 20th centuries via educators who had learned it in Paris. Over time variations have emerged, brought about by the natural
512:
for discreet or secret communication. Clear antecedents of many of the manual alphabets in use today can be seen from the 16th century in books published by friars in Spain and Italy. From the same time, monks such as the
Benedictine
1384:
Sermo mirabilis, or, The silent language whereby one may learn ... how to impart his mind to his friend, in any language ... being a wonderful art kept secret for several ages in Padua, and now published only to the wise and prudent
195:
and must look straight at the hand of someone who is fingerspelling. Often they must also ask the signer to fingerspell slowly. It frequently takes years of expressive and receptive practice to become skilled with fingerspelling.
263:. Although all participants in her survey had learnt and could still produce the BANZSL fingerspelling, they had difficulty doing so, and all participants indicated that it had been a long time since they last used it.
1346:
John Bulwer's "Chirologia: or the natural language of the hand.", published in 1644, London, mentions that alphabets are in use by Deaf people, although Bulwer presents a different system which is focused on public
304:), Hebrew, Greek, Thai and Russian alphabets are based to some extent on the one-handed Latin alphabet described above. In some cases, however, the 'basis' is more theory than practice. Thus, for example, in the
182:
The speed and clarity of fingerspelling also vary among different signing communities. In
Italian Sign Language fingerspelled words are produced relatively slowly and clearly, whereas fingerspelling in standard
442:" systems were widespread, and capable of representing numbers up to 10,000; they are still in use today in parts of the Middle East. The practice of substituting letters for numbers and vice versa, known as
551:
described "Master
Babington", a deaf man proficient in the use of a manual alphabet, "contryved on the joynts of his fingers", whose wife could converse with him easily, even in the dark through the use of
814:
473:
is represented, with three additional letters making a total of 27, by the first three columns of numbers. The first two columns are produced on the left hand, and the next two columns on the right.
107:. The simplest visual form of fingerspelling is tracing the shape of letters in the air and the simplest tactual form is tracing them on the hand. Fingerspelling can be one-handed such as in
1495:
139:
for different purposes. It may be used to represent words from an oral language that have no sign equivalent or for emphasis or clarification or when teaching or learning a sign language.
278:
277:
274:
273:
279:
547:
Meanwhile, in
Britain, manual alphabets were also in use for a number of purposes, such as secret communication, public speaking, or used for communication by deaf people. In 1648,
308:
only the five vowels (ăą /a/,ă〠/i/,ă㊠/u/,ăăš /e/,ăăȘ /o/) and the Ca (consonant plus "a' vowel) letters (ă« /ka/, ă” /sa/, ă /na/, ă /ha/, ă /ma/, 〠/ya/, ă© /ra/, 㯠/wa/, but notably
5669:
293:
in the modern world. The more common of the two is mostly produced on one hand and can be traced back to alphabetic signs used in Europe from at least the early 15th century.
6532:
1730:
1705:
150:
use fingerspelling to a greater or lesser degree. At the high end of the scale fingerspelling makes up about 8.7% of casual signing in ASL and 10% of casual signing in
6228:
1125:
446:, was also common, and it is possible that the two practices were combined to produce a finger calculus alphabet. The earliest known manual alphabet, described by the
276:
5684:
2968:
5986:
5674:
4858:
4813:
1835:
804:
Alphabetic gestures have been discovered in hundreds of medieval and renaissance paintings. The above is from
Fernando Gallego's retablo panels, 1480â1488, in
1454:
5705:
4870:
1921:
1916:
3198:
6290:
83:. There are about forty manual alphabets around the world. Historically, manual alphabets have had a number of additional applicationsâincluding use as
1206:
Translated by Paul Broneer. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1969. (p. 201). Originally published as Zahlwort und Ziffer (Gottingen: Vandenhoeck and Ruprecht).
477:
modified the finger alphabet to the form shown above, where the handshapes for 1 and 10 on the left hand correspond to the 100s and 1000s on the right.
6393:
1558:
1446:
From a University of Arizona press release: "An accidental discovery in 1991 of a manual alphabet in a 1444 painting of King Charles VII of France by
6512:
5834:
438:
Some writers have suggested that the body and hands were used to represent alphabets in Greek, Roman, Egyptian and Assyrian antiquity. Certainly, "
5582:
5479:
1492:
372:
171:
is also said to use very little fingerspelling, and mainly for foreign words. Sign languages that make no use of fingerspelling at all include
30:
6333:
6099:
1698:
275:
6484:
6131:
6109:
2221:
410:. Some of the letters are represented by iconic shapes and in the BANZSL languages the vowels are represented by pointing to the fingertips.
6452:
1756:
204:
6457:
5724:
5131:
2335:
482:
5550:
6356:
5979:
5177:
4755:
2919:
1237:
Visual-Kinetic Communication in Europe Before 1600: A Survey of Sign Lexicons and Finger Alphabets Prior to the Rise of Deaf Education
6473:
6094:
5126:
3604:
1691:
1133:
5623:
778:
529:
6414:
5233:
5202:
5121:
4770:
3573:
6648:
6174:
4924:
3973:
3234:
3208:
2075:
1417:
Moser H.M., O'Neill J.J., Oyer H.J., Wolfe S.M., Abernathy E.A., and Schowe, B.M. "Historical Aspects of Manual Communication"
990:
146:(ASL) more lexical items are fingerspelled in casual conversation than in formal or narrative signing. Different sign language
930:
Paper presented at the 7th International Conference on Theoretical Issues in Sign Language Research. Amsterdam. July 23rd-27th
6567:
5952:
5729:
5223:
5116:
4803:
4389:
3443:
2282:
2087:
1999:
694:
571:
of these early British manual alphabets, across the tips of the fingers, have survived in the contemporary alphabets used in
766:
754:
730:
718:
706:
6583:
6259:
5972:
5643:
4606:
4601:
3513:
2870:
2135:
1551:
6619:
6468:
6069:
5827:
5719:
5577:
4865:
4721:
4471:
4222:
3926:
2824:
2713:
2354:
2122:
1962:
1882:
1859:
233:
229:
851:
Antique hand memory system, three variants. Originally published in "Thesavrvs Artificiosae Memoriae", in Venice, 1579.
6507:
6478:
6447:
6125:
6089:
5292:
5246:
4929:
4919:
4509:
3841:
3562:
3550:
3493:
3351:
3014:
2796:
2723:
2492:
2250:
2112:
387:
380:
136:
742:
236:(whose lexicon and grammar have independent origins) currently used a two-handed manual alphabet of British origin.
6463:
6035:
5887:
5679:
5367:
5254:
4463:
4111:
2418:
2267:
1672:
1636:
1451:
1024:
668:
248:
5789:
Denotes the number (if known) of languages within the family. No further information is given on these languages.
4708:
1324:("The Adaptation of Letters and Art of Teaching Mutes to Speak"). Published by Francisco Abarca de Angulo, Madrid.
6191:
6019:
5362:
5332:
5322:
5307:
5197:
5187:
4896:
4828:
4765:
4622:
4209:
4174:
4151:
4119:
3705:
3688:
3503:
3381:
3316:
3271:
2986:
2907:
2759:
2102:
1935:
1895:
1819:
1651:
1616:
1606:
1596:
628:
525:
in Madrid, included a detailed account of the use of a manual alphabet to teach deaf students to read and speak.
399:
346:
332:
305:
297:
163:
6643:
6490:
5927:
5638:
5489:
5352:
5287:
5250:
5242:
5182:
5167:
5063:
5037:
5029:
5021:
4875:
4703:
4695:
4682:
4659:
4630:
4582:
4413:
4381:
4357:
3988:
3939:
3849:
3699:
3678:
3619:
3579:
3556:
3543:
3508:
3498:
3448:
3408:
3346:
3326:
3244:
3213:
2996:
2434:
2317:
2294:
2140:
1867:
1802:
1656:
1581:
1544:
1019:
836:
593:
328:
321:
313:
256:
34:
4992:
3398:
3363:
2509:
6653:
5820:
5734:
5555:
5459:
5388:
5357:
5347:
5302:
5297:
5207:
5089:
5055:
5008:
4982:
4966:
4838:
4833:
4517:
4489:
4447:
4397:
4317:
4309:
4156:
4064:
4038:
3908:
3892:
3770:
3693:
3632:
3468:
3281:
3276:
3265:
3254:
2976:
2741:
2736:
2590:
2570:
2394:
2304:
2289:
2180:
1854:
1848:
1842:
1808:
1646:
1641:
1591:
1586:
658:
648:
603:
598:
500:, including alphabetic gestures, for a number of reasons: communication among the monastery while observing
364:
script use handshapes that are more or less iconic representations of the characters in the writing system.
336:
5776:
both originated in English-speaking countries but are not related to each other; ASL however is related to
4251:
3181:
3173:
5915:
5872:
5769:
5749:
5474:
5342:
5337:
5317:
5312:
5172:
5108:
5042:
4974:
4934:
4888:
4880:
4823:
4818:
4777:
4745:
4716:
4690:
4651:
4556:
4551:
4525:
4429:
4341:
4275:
4259:
4238:
4201:
4193:
4166:
4095:
4087:
4072:
4056:
4048:
4030:
4006:
3996:
3978:
3783:
3754:
3749:
3683:
3584:
3538:
3523:
3483:
3357:
3341:
3336:
3259:
3239:
3143:
3004:
2981:
2878:
2767:
2731:
2692:
2671:
2625:
2611:
2575:
2405:
2349:
2325:
2272:
2262:
2231:
2130:
2097:
1947:
1872:
1825:
1789:
1779:
1725:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1601:
643:
638:
633:
613:
517:
317:
301:
244:
240:
176:
143:
108:
38:
418:
people the signer's hand acts as the dominant hand and the receiver's hand becomes the subordinate hand.
6638:
6409:
6313:
5773:
5529:
5469:
5327:
5192:
5162:
5000:
4843:
4808:
4750:
4674:
4664:
4643:
4571:
4481:
4455:
4442:
4437:
4421:
4365:
4349:
4333:
4267:
4230:
4217:
4143:
4135:
4077:
3983:
3965:
3952:
3921:
3900:
3884:
3865:
3857:
3775:
3657:
3645:
3614:
3609:
3594:
3567:
3533:
3518:
3488:
3453:
3435:
3388:
3306:
3286:
3159:
2840:
2814:
2708:
2687:
2666:
2650:
2595:
2585:
2539:
2369:
2299:
2236:
2211:
2172:
2164:
2150:
2145:
2082:
2034:
1952:
1900:
1813:
1795:
1784:
1611:
663:
623:
575:, Auslan and New Zealand Sign Language. The earliest known printed pictures of consonants of the modern
572:
407:
391:
376:
225:
221:
184:
168:
120:
6378:
6154:
6014:
5777:
5484:
5228:
4987:
4947:
4909:
4853:
4596:
4591:
4561:
4476:
4405:
4293:
4280:
4246:
4127:
4043:
4022:
4014:
4001:
3916:
3833:
3804:
3791:
3762:
3673:
3652:
3528:
3463:
3428:
3423:
3413:
3403:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3249:
3229:
2888:
2883:
2854:
2809:
2804:
2777:
2746:
2580:
2526:
2472:
2413:
2311:
2107:
1967:
1957:
1890:
1830:
1037:
497:
209:
112:
100:
6383:
5709:
5653:
5569:
5157:
5047:
4939:
4914:
4848:
4669:
4635:
4614:
4566:
4373:
4325:
4301:
4285:
4103:
4082:
3960:
3825:
3817:
3799:
3624:
3599:
3589:
3478:
3473:
3458:
3393:
3376:
3321:
3311:
2932:
2772:
2645:
2534:
2277:
2044:
2039:
1989:
1773:
576:
283:
116:
342:
6223:
5700:
5598:
5079:
4904:
4161:
3931:
3812:
3712:
3637:
3331:
2782:
1478:
1166:
217:
159:
1450:
has led Joseph Castronovo to decipher the "artistic signatures" in over 500 pieces of art work."
961:
915:
Sociolinguistic variation in fingerspelling in Australian Sign Language (Auslan): A pilot study.
5603:
5264:
1388:
1280:
1129:
1065:
986:
957:
192:
52:
1520:
1509:
in The Works of George Dalgarno of Aberdeen (Maitland Club publications 29) pp. 110â160.
540:(which are sometimes represented with the other hand) and avoidance of handshapes considered
536:
that have occurred over time, adaptations for local written forms with special characters or
6599:
6388:
5802:
5613:
5608:
5444:
5425:
1158:
1055:
1045:
943:
Deaf Studies Research Unit, Occasional Publication No. 3, Victoria University of Wellington.
618:
522:
147:
6207:
5739:
5534:
5514:
5393:
1499:
1458:
557:
553:
541:
439:
353:
104:
357:
1041:
6233:
5843:
5648:
5633:
5524:
5509:
1198:
The finger calculus in antiquity and in the Middle Ages: Studies on Roman game counters
1060:
805:
501:
470:
290:
260:
76:
60:
56:
6632:
5933:
5921:
5909:
5882:
5618:
5519:
5504:
5499:
5136:
1714:
1275:
1033:
252:
80:
1170:
1096:
975:
461:
5903:
5494:
5439:
1447:
884:
533:
474:
465:
1494 illustration of a finger alphabet and counting system originally described by
390:
are used by a number of deaf communities; one such alphabet is shared by users of
6105:
Dr. M. G. R. Home and Higher Secondary School for the Speech and Hearing Impaired
1526:
1513:
1506:
5867:
5857:
5628:
5398:
608:
548:
455:
447:
1226:("On the reckoning of time"). Illustrated in AD 1140, National Library, Madrid.
5744:
5383:
4726:
4535:
3944:
3418:
2359:
956:
Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education. Volume 8, Number 1, January 2003.
172:
155:
493:
alphabet system, was derived from a finger alphabet that predates even Bede.
208:
Relationships between the manual alphabets of sign languages, expressed as a
6559:
5269:
5238:
5094:
4530:
653:
537:
415:
1404:
1069:
17:
1162:
5449:
5408:
5259:
5013:
1392:
1387:
London, Printed for Tho. Salusbury... and sold by Randal Taylor... 1692.
1293:
Cosma-Rossellios R.P.F. (1579) "Thesavrvs Artificiosae Memoriae", Venice.
1000:
505:
443:
88:
1050:
496:
European monks from at least the time of Bede have made use of forms of
5964:
5877:
5084:
1147:"New Evidence for Early Modern Ottoman Arabic and Turkish Sign Systems"
1018:
Power, Justin M.; Grimm, Guido W.; List, Johann-Mattis (January 2020).
490:
1146:
312:ăż /ta/, which would resemble a somewhat rude gesture) derive from the
5713:
4798:
2070:
2058:
509:
403:
395:
361:
151:
84:
79:
and have subsequently been adopted as a distinct part of a number of
5413:
485:
in 1938, several writers have speculated that the 5th century Irish
1536:
1435:
A Pictorial History of the evolution of the British Manual Alphabet
891:
Sign Language Studies, Volume 3, Number 2, Winter 2003, pp. 213â25
568:
514:
486:
460:
371:
341:
296:
Some manual representations of non-Roman scripts such as Chinese,
270:
203:
29:
5812:
1481:
A free, printable ASL fingerspelling chart & other resources.
5403:
1683:
1493:
Reducción de las letras y arte para enseñar a hablar a los mudos
1215:
684:
Reducción de las letras y arte para enseñar a hablar a los mudos
466:
451:
5968:
5816:
3732:
1748:
1687:
1540:
1204:
Number words and number symbols: A cultural history of numbers.
289:
Two families of manual alphabets are used for representing the
224:'s MA dangled somewhere between the Polish and Russian Groups,
1502:. Scan from Biblioteca HistĂłrica de la Universidad de Sevilla.
1322:
Reducción de las letras y Arte para enseñar å hablar los Mudos
1250:
Writing on Hands: Memory and Knowledge in Early Modern Europe.
1437:(British Deaf History Society Publications: Middlesex, 2004)
1239:. Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education 2:1 Winter 1997
880:
878:
1020:"Evolutionary dynamics in the dispersal of sign languages"
421:
Some signs, such as the sign commonly used for the letter
1464:
Chaucer's Monogram and the 'Hoccleve Portrait' Tradition,
1222:("Of counting or speaking with the fingers"), preface to
872:. (Sign speech. Dactylology.) Vlados. Moscow. 2004. p. 12
839:(1882). Letters are shown from a variety of orientations.
154:. The proportion is higher in older signers. Across the
904:, Sign Language Studies, 4.1. Gallaudet University Press
954:
The ABCs of New Zealand Sign Language: Aerial Spelling.
135:
Fingerspelling is used in different sign languages and
1309:
A Silent Minority: Deaf Education in Spain, 1550-1835.
247:
in various ways, including the fact that the original
5670:
Association of Visual Language Interpreters of Canada
1405:"DCAL History of BSL 17 Charles de la Fin or la Fin"
889:
Frequency Characteristics of American Sign Language.
6592:
6576:
6552:
6545:
6525:
6500:
6440:
6431:
6402:
6369:
6349:
6342:
6326:
6306:
6299:
6283:
6276:
6252:
6245:
6216:
6200:
6184:
6167:
6147:
6140:
6118:
6082:
6062:
6055:
6048:
6028:
6007:
6000:
5943:
5896:
5850:
5693:
5662:
5591:
5568:
5543:
5458:
5424:
5376:
5278:
5216:
5145:
5107:
5072:
4956:
4788:
4498:
4183:
3874:
3739:
3725:
3666:
3222:
3197:
3158:
3141:
3013:
2995:
2967:
2931:
2897:
2869:
2823:
2795:
2758:
2722:
2701:
2680:
2659:
2638:
2604:
2563:
2554:
2524:
2507:
2490:
2451:
2427:
2334:
2249:
2220:
2198:
2163:
2121:
2057:
2027:
1998:
1976:
1934:
1909:
1881:
1755:
1739:
1665:
1574:
902:
How the alphabet came to be used in a sign language
1507:Didascalocophus, Or the Deaf and Dumb Man's Tutor
1371:Didascalocophus, or, The deaf and dumb mans tutor
562:Didascalocophus, or, The deaf and dumb mans tutor
103:, fingerspelling can be comprehended visually or
6229:Manila Christian Computer Institute for the Deaf
1126:National Association of the Deaf (United States)
5685:World Association of Sign Language Interpreters
1358:Philocopus", or "the Deaf and Dumbe Mans Friend
1200:part I. Friihmiltelalterliche Studien, 6, 1-9.
1104:(PhD thesis). Winnipeg: University of Manitoba
822:Philocophus, or the Deaf and Dumbe Mans Friend
200:Families of manual alphabets in sign languages
5980:
5828:
5675:International Center on Deafness and the Arts
1699:
1552:
941:A guide to New Zealand Sign Language grammar.
928:Corpus analysis of New Zealand Sign Language.
682:
27:Form of communication using one or both hands
8:
913:Schembri, A. & Johnston, T. (in press).
6291:Institut National de Jeunes Sourds de Paris
1521:Mercvry, or, the Secret and Swift Messenger
1220:De Computo vel Loguela per Gestum Digitorum
1013:
1011:
6589:
6549:
6497:
6437:
6399:
6346:
6303:
6280:
6249:
6144:
6059:
6052:
6004:
5987:
5973:
5965:
5835:
5821:
5813:
5432:
3729:
3019:
2560:
2342:
2255:
2204:
2063:
1982:
1940:
1878:
1745:
1706:
1692:
1684:
1559:
1545:
1537:
820:Plate from John Bulwer's 1648 publication
243:is influencing the lexicon and grammar of
220:and other MAs in the French-origin Group.
6533:Schools for the deaf in the United States
1311:Berkeley: University of California Press.
1059:
1049:
926:McKee, David and Kennedy, Graeme (2000).
887:Patterson, and MacFarlane, James (2003).
508:devices. They also may have been used as
6513:Montreal Institute for the Deaf and Mute
1252:The Trout Gallery: Pennsylvania. p.168-9
976:"The Signed Languages of Eastern Europe"
406:language family) and another is used in
255:and has been replaced by the one-handed
6100:Parkash Memorial Deaf & Dumb School
5480:Manually coded language in South Africa
1419:Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders
1335:Mercury, the Swift and Silent Messenger
1090:
1088:
1086:
861:
794:
690:
6394:St John's Catholic School for the Deaf
6334:Antonio Provolo Institute for the Deaf
6110:Vatika High School for Deaf & Dumb
939:McKee, R. L., & McKee, D. (2002).
6485:Sir James Whitney School for the Deaf
6132:Fukui Prefectural School for the Deaf
132:the oral language that surrounds it.
119:, or it can be two-handed such as in
7:
6453:British Columbia School for the Deaf
1145:Richardson, Kristina (Winter 2017).
320:only four 'letters' derive from the
6458:Ernest C. Drury School for the Deaf
2517:Creole Hawaiʻi Sign Language (CHSL)
1123:International hand alphabet charts.
504:, administering to the ill, and as
324:: à€
/a/, à€Ź /b/, à€ź /m/, and à€° /r/).
6357:St Petersburg College for the Deaf
3830:Somalia, Somaliland & Djibouti
3444:Jamaican Country (KS/Konchri Sain)
91:and in silent religious settings.
25:
6474:Metro Toronto School for the Deaf
6095:Patiala School for the Deaf-blind
1185:Dactylologie et langage primitif.
790:Other historical manual alphabets
528:This alphabet was adopted by the
249:BANZSL two-handed manual alphabet
6415:Centre for Deaf Studies, Bristol
5412:
5203:Sandy River Valley Sign Language
1202:See also: Menninger, K. (1958).
1187:Paris 1850; Firmin Didot freres.
996:from the original on 2008-04-06.
844:
829:
813:
797:
777:
765:
753:
741:
729:
717:
705:
693:
232:) had a French-origin MA, while
127:Fingerspelling in sign languages
6175:SMK Pendidikan Khas Persekutuan
5793:
5784:
5762:
5730:U.S. Army hand and arm signals
4814:Far North Queensland Indigenous
3436:Keresan Pueblo (KPISL/Keresign)
1514:Thesaurus Artificiosae Memoriae
1360:, London: Humphrey and Moseley.
1098:Canada's Maritime Sign Language
331:represents characters from the
51:) is the representation of the
6568:Victorian College for the Deaf
5953:Christian Mission for the Deaf
5551:Bilingualâbicultural education
4871:Western Torres Strait Islander
3945:Kata Kolok (Benkala, Balinese)
1922:Western Torres Strait Islander
1462:See also: Bragg, Lois (1996).
1295:Fray Melchor de Yebra, (1593)
1196:Alföldi-Rosenbaum, E. (1971).
870:Jestovaia rech. Dak't'ilologia
352:Manual alphabets based on the
239:Yoel (2009) demonstrated that
63:, using only the hands. These
1:
6584:Kelston Deaf Education Centre
6260:Singapore School for the Deaf
4623:Greenlandic (Ussersuataarneq)
3771:Adamorobe (AdaSL / Mumu kasa)
3633:Adamorobe (AdaSL / Mumu kasa)
3382:Greenlandic (Ussersuataarneq)
2889:Taiwanese (TSL/Taiwan Shouyu)
1261:Macalister, R. A. S. (1928).
259:, which has been influencing
6620:List of schools for the deaf
6469:Manitoba School for the Deaf
6070:Lutheran School For The Deaf
3209:Providence Island (Provisle)
2859:North West Frontier Province
1466:Word and Image 12 (1996): 12
1248:Richter Sherman, C. (2000).
1128:; 2nd edition. (June 1982).
974:Bickford, J. Albert (2005).
234:Indo-Pakistani Sign Language
230:Swedish Sign Language family
6508:Halifax School for the Deaf
6479:Robarts School for the Deaf
6448:Alberta School for the Deaf
6126:Central School for the Deaf
6090:Patiala School for the Deaf
4809:Akitiri (Eltye eltyarrenke)
1512:Rossellius, Cosmas (1579).
1263:The Archaeology of Ireland.
429:History of manual alphabets
402:(collectively known as the
388:Two-handed manual alphabets
6670:
6464:MacKay School for the Deaf
6036:Tabora Deaf-Mute Institute
5888:Simultaneous communication
5680:Mimics and Gesture Theatre
4889:HawaiÊ»an (Haoilona Ê»Ćlelo)
4819:Arrernte (Iltyeme iltyeme)
3605:Trinidad and Tobago (TTSL)
3459:Hausa (HSL/Magannar Hannu)
2879:Japanese (JSL/Nihon Shuwa)
2273:Estonian (Eesti viipekeel)
1491:Bonet, Juan Pablo (1620).
1382:Charles de La Fin (1692).
1025:Royal Society Open Science
669:Two-handed manual alphabet
75:) have often been used in
6616:
6192:Naxal School for the Deaf
6020:Kisii School for the Deaf
5758:
5435:
4925:Papua New Guinean (PNGSL)
3364:HawaiÊ»i (Hoailona Ê»Ćlelo)
3174:Ktunaxa (ÊŸa·qanⱥiⱥⱥitnam)
3022:
2581:Kazakh-Russian (KSL/KRSL)
2345:
2258:
2207:
2076:Papua New Guinean (PNGSL)
2066:
1985:
1943:
1731:List by number of signers
1721:
1525:de Yebra, Melchor (1593)
1505:Dalgarno, George (1834).
1320:Juan Pablo Bonet (1620).
900:Padden, Carol A. (2003).
629:Japanese manual syllabary
400:New Zealand Sign Language
347:Ukrainian manual alphabet
333:Serbian Cyrillic alphabet
306:Japanese manual syllabary
164:New Zealand Sign Language
95:Forms of manual alphabets
6491:W. Ross Macdonald School
5490:Paget Gorman Sign System
4944:Samoa and American Samoa
3734:Sign languages by region
3519:Ottoman (Seraglio/Harem)
3245:Albarradas Sign Language
3235:Al-Sayyid Bedouin (ABSL)
3068:Meciciya ka pekiskwakehk
2920:Martha's Vineyard (MVSL)
2884:Korean (KSL/Hanguk Sueo)
2136:Finland-Swedish (FinSSL)
1750:Sign languages by family
1479:ASL Fingerspelling Chart
983:Electronic Survey Report
837:American Manual Alphabet
594:American manual alphabet
329:Yugoslav manual alphabet
322:American manual alphabet
314:American manual alphabet
257:American manual alphabet
35:American manual alphabet
5735:Monastic sign languages
5583:Television shows (list)
5556:Manually coded language
5389:Hamburg Notation System
3182:Shuswap (Secwepemcékst)
2428:Indonesian (Nusantaric)
2151:Finnish (Viittomakieli)
2088:Northern Ireland (NISL)
1373:. Oxford: Halton, 1680.
659:Spanish manual alphabet
649:Russian manual alphabet
604:Chilean manual alphabet
599:Catalan manual alphabet
300:, Devanagari (e.g. the
99:As with other forms of
6649:Education for the deaf
6493:(for deafblind people)
5916:Edward Miner Gallaudet
5873:Manually coded English
5706:CHCI chimpanzee center
5475:Manually coded English
5173:Henniker Sign Language
4839:Warumungu (Warramunga)
4824:Warlpiri (Rdaka rdaka)
3818:Hausa (Magannar Hannu)
1726:List of sign languages
1333:Wilkins, John (1641).
1307:Plann, Susan. (1997).
1121:Carmel, Simon (1982).
917:Sign Language Studies.
683:
644:Polish manual alphabet
639:Nepali manual alphabet
634:Korean manual alphabet
614:French manual alphabet
579:appeared in 1698 with
478:
384:
349:
302:Nepali manual alphabet
286:
245:Maritime Sign Language
241:American Sign Language
228:(which belongs to the
212:
177:Ban Khor Sign Language
144:American Sign Language
109:American Sign Language
41:
39:American Sign Language
6410:Ovingdean Hall School
6314:Claremont Institution
5530:Signing Exact English
5470:Indian Signing System
5193:Plateau Sign Language
4567:Inuit (Atgangmuurniq)
4144:Tibetan (Bökyi lagda)
3674:Amami Shuwa languages
3347:Guatemalan (Lensegua)
3287:Tibetan (Bökyi lagda)
3266:Caucasian (Harsneren)
3214:Old Cayman (Guyanese)
2742:Norwegian (TegnsprÄk)
2714:French Belgian (LSFB)
2146:Swedish (TeckensprÄk)
1519:Wilkins, John (1641)
1163:10.1353/sls.2017.0001
1151:Sign Language Studies
1095:Yoel, Judith (2009).
952:Forman, Wayne (2003)
664:Turkish Sign Language
624:Irish manual alphabet
573:British Sign Language
464:
434:Latin manual alphabet
425:, may be one-handed.
408:Turkish Sign Language
392:British Sign Language
377:British Sign Language
375:
345:
284:Dutch manual alphabet
282:
251:is no longer used in
226:Finnish Sign Language
222:Latvian Sign Language
207:
185:British Sign Language
169:Italian Sign Language
121:British Sign Language
33:
6155:Gwangju Inhwa School
6015:Humble Hearts School
5995:Schools for the deaf
5778:French Sign Language
5485:Manually Coded Malay
5293:British (two-handed)
5229:Bimodal bilingualism
4859:Far North Queensland
4167:Ban Khor (Pasa kidd)
3689:Sri Lankan languages
3620:Venezuelan (LSV/VSL)
3524:Ban Khor (Pasa kidd)
3035:Chaticks si Chaticks
3015:Plains Sign Language
2933:Mayan (Meemul Tziij)
2435:Indonesian (Bisindo)
2113:South African (SASL)
1836:Far North Queensland
1433:Hay, A. and Lee, R.
1235:Bragg, Lois (1997).
1183:Barrois, J. (1850).
498:manual communication
337:Gaj's Latin alphabet
318:Nepali Sign Language
210:phylogenetic network
113:French Sign Language
101:manual communication
6384:Jordanstown Schools
3700:Tanzanian languages
3679:Ethiopian languages
3646:Nanabin (NanabinSL)
2737:Icelandic (TĂĄknmĂĄl)
2452:Francophone African
2410:Puerto Rican (PRSL)
2268:Swiss-German (DSGS)
2199:Chilean-Paraguayan-
1527:Refugium Infirmorum
1297:Refugium Infirmorum
1224:De temporum ratione
1051:10.1098/rsos.191100
1042:2020RSOS....791100P
577:two-handed alphabet
518:Pedro Ponce de LeĂłn
483:R. A. S. Macalister
381:two-handed alphabet
117:Irish Sign Language
6379:Donaldson's School
6224:Bohol Deaf Academy
5701:Baby sign language
5599:Jabbar Baghtcheban
5080:International Sign
4983:Brazilian (Libras)
4897:New Zealand (NZSL)
4844:Mudbura (Mudburra)
4772:Sandy River Valley
4751:Keresan (Keresign)
4342:Yugoslav (Kosovar)
3713:International Sign
3694:Sudanese languages
3317:Navajo/Diné Family
3131:WĂyut'a / WĂblut'e
2969:Original Thai Sign
2747:Danish (Tegnsprog)
2290:Brazilian (Libras)
2103:New Zealand (NZSL)
1531:Refuge of the Sick
1498:2011-07-18 at the
1457:2007-05-13 at the
1369:Dalgarno, George.
1356:Bulwer, J. (1648)
1274:See, for example:
868:Zaitseva, Galina.
544:in some cultures.
479:
385:
350:
287:
218:International Sign
213:
148:speech communities
42:
6626:
6625:
6612:
6611:
6608:
6607:
6564:
6541:
6540:
6521:
6520:
6427:
6426:
6423:
6422:
6365:
6364:
6322:
6321:
6272:
6271:
6268:
6267:
6238:
6237:Deaf-mute program
6163:
6162:
6078:
6077:
6044:
6043:
5962:
5961:
5810:
5809:
5803:extinct languages
5725:Legal recognition
5604:Jeanette Berglind
5564:
5563:
5265:Nonmanual feature
5178:Martha's Vineyard
5103:
5102:
4757:Martha's Vineyard
4252:Faroese (TeknmĂĄl)
3974:Al-Sayyid Bedouin
3784:Bouakako (LaSiBo)
3721:
3720:
3706:Zimsign languages
3684:Laotian languages
3568:Rwandan (AKR/AMR)
3327:Ecuadorian (LSEC)
3272:Azerbaijani (AÄ°D)
3193:
3192:
2791:
2790:
2634:
2633:
2550:
2549:
2540:Cypriot (ÎÎÎ/KNG)
2245:
2244:
2173:Chinese (CSL/ZGS)
2159:
2158:
2053:
2052:
2023:
2022:
1930:
1929:
1785:Eltye eltyarrenke
1765:
1764:multiple families
1681:
1680:
1281:The White Goddess
987:SIL International
489:script, with its
280:
193:peripheral vision
158:only 2.5% of the
16:(Redirected from
6661:
6600:Van Asch College
6590:
6562:
6550:
6498:
6438:
6400:
6389:Mary Hare School
6347:
6304:
6281:
6250:
6236:
6145:
6060:
6053:
6005:
5989:
5982:
5975:
5966:
5837:
5830:
5823:
5814:
5797:
5788:
5766:
5654:Pierre PĂ©lissier
5639:Thomas Gallaudet
5614:Thomas Braidwood
5445:Initialized sign
5433:
5416:
4901:Papua New Guinea
4804:Australian-Irish
4510:Plains Sign Talk
4390:Northern Ireland
4386:Northern Ireland
3909:Hong Kong (HKSL)
3730:
3509:Nicaraguan (ISN)
3424:Kenyan (KSL/LAK)
3240:Albanian (AlbSL)
3020:
2834:Bangalore-Madras
2815:Israeli (Shassi)
2783:Thai (TSL/MSTSL)
2693:Honduran (LESHO)
2561:
2419:Singapore (SgSL)
2355:Black ASL (BASL)
2343:
2283:Australian-Irish
2256:
2205:
2181:Hong Kong (HKSL)
2141:Portuguese (LGP)
2131:Eritrean (EriSL)
2064:
1983:
1941:
1879:
1763:
1746:
1708:
1701:
1694:
1685:
1568:Manual alphabets
1561:
1554:
1547:
1538:
1516:p. 101-105.
1467:
1444:
1438:
1431:
1425:
1415:
1409:
1408:
1401:
1395:
1380:
1374:
1367:
1361:
1354:
1348:
1344:
1338:
1331:
1325:
1318:
1312:
1305:
1299:
1291:
1285:
1272:
1266:
1259:
1253:
1246:
1240:
1233:
1227:
1213:
1207:
1194:
1188:
1181:
1175:
1174:
1142:
1136:
1119:
1113:
1112:
1110:
1109:
1103:
1092:
1081:
1080:
1078:
1076:
1063:
1053:
1015:
1006:
1004:
997:
995:
980:
971:
965:
950:
944:
937:
931:
924:
918:
911:
905:
898:
892:
882:
873:
866:
848:
833:
817:
801:
781:
769:
757:
745:
733:
721:
709:
697:
686:
619:Initialized sign
534:phonetic changes
523:Juan Pablo Bonet
356:, the Ethiopian
281:
69:finger alphabets
65:manual alphabets
59:, and sometimes
21:
6669:
6668:
6664:
6663:
6662:
6660:
6659:
6658:
6644:Manual alphabet
6629:
6628:
6627:
6622:
6604:
6588:
6572:
6537:
6517:
6496:
6433:
6419:
6398:
6371:
6361:
6338:
6318:
6295:
6264:
6241:
6212:
6208:Ida Rieu School
6196:
6180:
6159:
6136:
6114:
6074:
6040:
6024:
5996:
5993:
5963:
5958:
5945:
5939:
5892:
5846:
5841:
5811:
5806:
5791:
5782:
5760:
5754:
5740:Tactile signing
5689:
5658:
5587:
5560:
5539:
5515:Signed Japanese
5461:
5454:
5427:
5420:
5394:Stokoe notation
5372:
5274:
5234:Phonology (ASL)
5212:
5147:
5141:
5099:
5068:
4967:Argentine (LSA)
4952:
4784:
4607:New Costa Rican
4602:Old Costa Rican
4502:
4500:
4494:
4378:North Macedonia
4179:
3870:
3805:Bamako (LaSiMa)
3735:
3717:
3667:Other groupings
3662:
3514:Old Costa Rican
3489:Burkina (Mossi)
3469:Mauritian (MSL)
3342:Ghardaia (AJSL)
3255:Argentine (LSA)
3218:
3200:
3189:
3154:
3137:
3009:
2991:
2963:
2927:
2893:
2865:
2826:
2819:
2787:
2754:
2724:Danish (Tegnic)
2718:
2697:
2676:
2655:
2630:
2605:Yugoslavic Sign
2600:
2571:Bulgarian (ĐĐĐ)
2556:
2546:
2535:Greek (ÎÎÎ/ENG)
2520:
2510:Hoailona Ê»Ćlelo
2503:
2486:
2473:Bamako (LaSiMa)
2454:(Françafrosign)
2453:
2447:
2423:
2395:Malaysian (BIM)
2337:
2330:
2305:Valencian (LSV)
2241:
2232:Paraguay (LSPY)
2223:
2216:
2200:
2194:
2155:
2117:
2049:
2019:
1994:
1978:
1972:
1936:Arab (Ishaaric)
1926:
1905:
1877:
1790:Iltyeme iltyeme
1761:
1758:
1751:
1741:
1735:
1717:
1712:
1682:
1677:
1661:
1570:
1565:
1500:Wayback Machine
1488:
1475:
1470:
1461:
1459:Wayback Machine
1445:
1441:
1432:
1428:
1424:(1960) 145-151.
1416:
1412:
1403:
1402:
1398:
1381:
1377:
1368:
1364:
1355:
1351:
1345:
1341:
1332:
1328:
1319:
1315:
1306:
1302:
1294:
1292:
1288:
1273:
1269:
1265:London: Meuthen
1260:
1256:
1247:
1243:
1234:
1230:
1214:
1210:
1201:
1195:
1191:
1182:
1178:
1144:
1143:
1139:
1120:
1116:
1107:
1105:
1101:
1094:
1093:
1084:
1074:
1072:
1017:
1016:
1009:
998:
993:
978:
973:
972:
968:
951:
947:
938:
934:
925:
921:
912:
908:
899:
895:
883:
876:
867:
863:
859:
852:
849:
840:
834:
825:
818:
809:
802:
793:
785:
782:
773:
770:
761:
758:
749:
746:
737:
734:
725:
722:
713:
710:
701:
698:
689:
678:
673:
589:
558:George Dalgarno
554:tactile signing
502:vows of silence
481:Beginning with
454:in 8th century
440:finger calculus
436:
431:
370:
360:and the Korean
354:Arabic alphabet
271:
269:
202:
129:
97:
67:(also known as
61:numeral systems
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6667:
6665:
6657:
6656:
6654:Deaf education
6651:
6646:
6641:
6631:
6630:
6624:
6623:
6617:
6614:
6613:
6610:
6609:
6606:
6605:
6603:
6602:
6596:
6594:
6587:
6586:
6580:
6578:
6574:
6573:
6571:
6570:
6565:
6556:
6554:
6547:
6543:
6542:
6539:
6538:
6536:
6535:
6529:
6527:
6523:
6522:
6519:
6518:
6516:
6515:
6510:
6504:
6502:
6495:
6494:
6488:
6482:
6476:
6471:
6466:
6461:
6455:
6450:
6444:
6442:
6435:
6429:
6428:
6425:
6424:
6421:
6420:
6418:
6417:
6412:
6406:
6404:
6397:
6396:
6391:
6386:
6381:
6375:
6373:
6367:
6366:
6363:
6362:
6360:
6359:
6353:
6351:
6344:
6340:
6339:
6337:
6336:
6330:
6328:
6324:
6323:
6320:
6319:
6317:
6316:
6310:
6308:
6301:
6297:
6296:
6294:
6293:
6287:
6285:
6278:
6274:
6273:
6270:
6269:
6266:
6265:
6263:
6262:
6256:
6254:
6247:
6243:
6242:
6240:
6239:
6234:Miriam College
6231:
6226:
6220:
6218:
6214:
6213:
6211:
6210:
6204:
6202:
6198:
6197:
6195:
6194:
6188:
6186:
6182:
6181:
6179:
6178:
6171:
6169:
6165:
6164:
6161:
6160:
6158:
6157:
6151:
6149:
6142:
6138:
6137:
6135:
6134:
6129:
6122:
6120:
6116:
6115:
6113:
6112:
6107:
6102:
6097:
6092:
6086:
6084:
6080:
6079:
6076:
6075:
6073:
6072:
6066:
6064:
6057:
6050:
6046:
6045:
6042:
6041:
6039:
6038:
6032:
6030:
6026:
6025:
6023:
6022:
6017:
6011:
6009:
6002:
5998:
5997:
5994:
5992:
5991:
5984:
5977:
5969:
5960:
5959:
5957:
5956:
5949:
5947:
5941:
5940:
5938:
5937:
5931:
5925:
5919:
5913:
5907:
5900:
5898:
5894:
5893:
5891:
5890:
5885:
5880:
5875:
5870:
5865:
5863:Fingerspelling
5860:
5854:
5852:
5848:
5847:
5844:Deaf education
5842:
5840:
5839:
5832:
5825:
5817:
5808:
5807:
5759:
5756:
5755:
5753:
5752:
5747:
5742:
5737:
5732:
5727:
5722:
5717:
5703:
5697:
5695:
5691:
5690:
5688:
5687:
5682:
5677:
5672:
5666:
5664:
5660:
5659:
5657:
5656:
5651:
5649:William Stokoe
5646:
5641:
5636:
5634:Valerie Sutton
5631:
5626:
5624:AbbĂ© de l'ĂpĂ©e
5621:
5616:
5611:
5606:
5601:
5595:
5593:
5589:
5588:
5586:
5585:
5580:
5574:
5572:
5566:
5565:
5562:
5561:
5559:
5558:
5553:
5547:
5545:
5541:
5540:
5538:
5537:
5535:Signed Swedish
5532:
5527:
5525:Signed Spanish
5522:
5517:
5512:
5510:Signed Italian
5507:
5502:
5497:
5492:
5487:
5482:
5477:
5472:
5466:
5464:
5456:
5455:
5453:
5452:
5447:
5442:
5436:
5430:
5422:
5421:
5419:
5418:
5406:
5401:
5396:
5391:
5386:
5380:
5378:
5374:
5373:
5371:
5370:
5365:
5360:
5355:
5353:Serbo-Croatian
5350:
5345:
5340:
5335:
5330:
5325:
5320:
5315:
5310:
5305:
5300:
5295:
5290:
5284:
5282:
5280:Fingerspelling
5276:
5275:
5273:
5272:
5267:
5262:
5257:
5236:
5231:
5226:
5220:
5218:
5214:
5213:
5211:
5210:
5205:
5200:
5195:
5190:
5185:
5180:
5175:
5170:
5165:
5160:
5155:
5151:
5149:
5143:
5142:
5140:
5139:
5134:
5129:
5124:
5119:
5113:
5111:
5105:
5104:
5101:
5100:
5098:
5097:
5092:
5087:
5082:
5076:
5074:
5070:
5069:
5067:
5066:
5061:
5058:
5053:
5050:
5045:
5040:
5035:
5032:
5027:
5024:
5019:
5016:
5011:
5006:
5003:
4998:
4995:
4990:
4985:
4980:
4977:
4972:
4969:
4964:
4960:
4958:
4954:
4953:
4951:
4950:
4945:
4942:
4937:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4917:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4899:
4894:
4891:
4886:
4883:
4878:
4873:
4868:
4866:Western Desert
4863:
4862:
4861:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4796:
4792:
4790:
4786:
4785:
4783:
4782:
4775:
4768:
4763:
4760:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4740:
4737:
4734:
4731:
4730:
4729:
4724:
4717:American (ASL)
4714:
4711:
4709:Old Salvadoran
4706:
4701:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4685:
4680:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4654:
4649:
4646:
4641:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4625:
4620:
4617:
4612:
4609:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4589:
4586:
4579:
4576:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4557:Maritime (MSL)
4554:
4549:
4546:
4543:
4540:
4539:
4538:
4533:
4526:American (ASL)
4523:
4520:
4515:
4512:
4506:
4504:
4496:
4495:
4493:
4492:
4487:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4472:Central Taurus
4469:
4466:
4461:
4458:
4453:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4432:
4427:
4424:
4419:
4416:
4411:
4408:
4403:
4400:
4395:
4392:
4387:
4384:
4379:
4376:
4371:
4368:
4363:
4360:
4355:
4352:
4347:
4344:
4339:
4336:
4331:
4328:
4323:
4320:
4315:
4312:
4307:
4304:
4299:
4296:
4291:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4270:
4265:
4262:
4257:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4241:
4236:
4233:
4228:
4227:United Kingdom
4225:
4223:French Belgian
4220:
4215:
4212:
4207:
4204:
4199:
4196:
4191:
4187:
4185:
4181:
4180:
4178:
4177:
4172:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4146:
4141:
4138:
4133:
4130:
4125:
4122:
4117:
4114:
4109:
4106:
4101:
4098:
4093:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4067:
4062:
4059:
4054:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4033:
4028:
4025:
4023:Kazakh-Russian
4020:
4017:
4012:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3955:
3950:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3934:
3929:
3927:Indo-Pakistani
3924:
3919:
3914:
3911:
3906:
3903:
3898:
3895:
3890:
3887:
3882:
3878:
3876:
3872:
3871:
3869:
3868:
3863:
3860:
3855:
3852:
3847:
3844:
3839:
3836:
3831:
3828:
3823:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3794:
3789:
3786:
3781:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3765:
3760:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3743:
3741:
3737:
3736:
3733:
3727:
3723:
3722:
3719:
3718:
3716:
3715:
3709:
3708:
3703:
3697:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3670:
3668:
3664:
3663:
3661:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3649:
3648:
3643:
3640:
3635:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3553:
3548:
3547:
3546:
3539:Peruvian (LSP)
3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3484:Miyakubo Shuwa
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3438:
3433:
3432:
3431:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3385:
3384:
3379:
3371:
3370:
3369:
3361:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3322:Dogon/Douentza
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3226:
3224:
3220:
3219:
3217:
3216:
3211:
3205:
3203:
3195:
3194:
3191:
3190:
3188:
3187:
3184:
3179:
3176:
3171:
3168:
3164:
3162:
3156:
3155:
3153:
3152:
3148:
3146:
3144:American (ASL)
3139:
3138:
3136:
3135:
3132:
3129:
3126:
3123:
3120:
3117:
3114:
3111:
3108:
3105:
3102:
3099:
3096:
3093:
3090:
3087:
3084:
3081:
3078:
3075:
3072:
3069:
3066:
3063:
3060:
3057:
3054:
3051:
3048:
3045:
3042:
3039:
3036:
3033:
3030:
3027:
3023:
3017:
3011:
3010:
3008:
3007:
3005:Namibian (NSL)
3001:
2999:
2993:
2992:
2990:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2973:
2971:
2965:
2964:
2962:
2961:
2960:
2959:
2956:
2953:
2950:
2947:
2941:
2937:
2935:
2929:
2928:
2926:
2925:
2924:
2923:
2911:
2903:
2901:
2895:
2894:
2892:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2875:
2873:
2867:
2866:
2864:
2863:
2860:
2857:
2852:
2849:
2846:
2843:
2838:
2835:
2831:
2829:
2825:Indo-Pakistani
2821:
2820:
2818:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2801:
2799:
2793:
2792:
2789:
2788:
2786:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2764:
2762:
2756:
2755:
2753:
2752:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2728:
2726:
2720:
2719:
2717:
2716:
2711:
2705:
2703:
2699:
2698:
2696:
2695:
2690:
2684:
2682:
2678:
2677:
2675:
2674:
2672:Tunisian (TSL)
2669:
2663:
2661:
2657:
2656:
2654:
2653:
2648:
2642:
2640:
2636:
2635:
2632:
2631:
2629:
2628:
2626:Yugoslav (YSL)
2623:
2620:
2617:
2614:
2612:Croatian (HZJ)
2608:
2606:
2602:
2601:
2599:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2567:
2565:
2558:
2552:
2551:
2548:
2547:
2545:
2544:
2543:
2542:
2531:
2529:
2522:
2521:
2519:
2518:
2514:
2512:
2505:
2504:
2502:
2501:
2497:
2495:
2488:
2487:
2485:
2484:
2483:Sierra Leonean
2481:
2478:
2475:
2470:
2467:
2464:
2461:
2457:
2455:
2449:
2448:
2446:
2445:
2444:
2443:
2440:
2431:
2429:
2425:
2424:
2422:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2408:
2406:Filipino (FSL)
2403:
2400:
2397:
2392:
2389:
2386:
2383:
2380:
2379:
2378:
2375:
2367:
2364:
2363:
2362:
2357:
2350:American (ASL)
2346:
2340:
2332:
2331:
2329:
2328:
2326:Romanian (LSR)
2323:
2322:
2321:
2309:
2308:
2307:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2286:
2285:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2263:Algerian (LSA)
2259:
2253:
2247:
2246:
2243:
2242:
2240:
2239:
2234:
2228:
2226:
2224:Uruguayan Sign
2218:
2217:
2215:
2214:
2212:Chilean (LSCh)
2208:
2202:
2201:Uruguayan Sign
2196:
2195:
2193:
2192:
2191:
2190:
2189:
2188:
2187:
2186:
2169:
2167:
2161:
2160:
2157:
2156:
2154:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2127:
2125:
2119:
2118:
2116:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2098:Maritime (MSL)
2095:
2092:
2091:
2090:
2080:
2079:
2078:
2067:
2061:
2055:
2054:
2051:
2050:
2048:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2031:
2029:
2025:
2024:
2021:
2020:
2018:
2017:
2014:
2011:
2008:
2004:
2002:
1996:
1995:
1993:
1992:
1986:
1980:
1974:
1973:
1971:
1970:
1965:
1963:Qatari Unified
1960:
1955:
1950:
1944:
1938:
1932:
1931:
1928:
1927:
1925:
1924:
1919:
1913:
1911:
1910:Zendath Kesign
1907:
1906:
1904:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1887:
1885:
1883:Western Desert
1876:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1862:
1860:Worora Kinship
1857:
1852:
1845:
1840:
1839:
1838:
1828:
1823:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1799:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1769:
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1563:
1556:
1549:
1541:
1535:
1534:
1523:
1517:
1510:
1503:
1487:
1486:Historic texts
1484:
1483:
1482:
1474:
1473:External links
1471:
1469:
1468:
1439:
1426:
1410:
1396:
1375:
1362:
1349:
1339:
1326:
1313:
1300:
1286:
1276:Graves, Robert
1267:
1254:
1241:
1228:
1208:
1189:
1176:
1157:(2): 172â192.
1137:
1114:
1082:
1007:
966:
945:
932:
919:
906:
893:
874:
860:
858:
855:
854:
853:
850:
843:
841:
835:
828:
826:
819:
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810:
806:Ciudad Rodrigo
803:
796:
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771:
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735:
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716:
714:
711:
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702:
699:
692:
688:(Bonet, 1620):
681:Engravings of
679:
677:
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672:
671:
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646:
641:
636:
631:
626:
621:
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611:
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585:
530:AbbĂ© de l'ĂpĂ©e
471:Greek alphabet
435:
432:
430:
427:
369:
366:
291:Latin alphabet
268:
265:
261:lexicalisation
201:
198:
128:
125:
96:
93:
81:sign languages
77:deaf education
73:hand alphabets
57:writing system
45:Fingerspelling
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
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4:
3:
2:
6666:
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6531:
6530:
6528:
6526:United States
6524:
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6506:
6505:
6503:
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6325:
6315:
6312:
6311:
6309:
6305:
6302:
6298:
6292:
6289:
6288:
6286:
6282:
6279:
6275:
6261:
6258:
6257:
6255:
6251:
6248:
6244:
6235:
6232:
6230:
6227:
6225:
6222:
6221:
6219:
6215:
6209:
6206:
6205:
6203:
6199:
6193:
6190:
6189:
6187:
6183:
6176:
6173:
6172:
6170:
6166:
6156:
6153:
6152:
6150:
6146:
6143:
6139:
6133:
6130:
6127:
6124:
6123:
6121:
6117:
6111:
6108:
6106:
6103:
6101:
6098:
6096:
6093:
6091:
6088:
6087:
6085:
6081:
6071:
6068:
6067:
6065:
6063:Hong Kong SAR
6061:
6058:
6054:
6051:
6047:
6037:
6034:
6033:
6031:
6027:
6021:
6018:
6016:
6013:
6012:
6010:
6006:
6003:
5999:
5990:
5985:
5983:
5978:
5976:
5971:
5970:
5967:
5954:
5951:
5950:
5948:
5946:organizations
5942:
5935:
5934:Clayton Valli
5932:
5929:
5928:Andrew Foster
5926:
5923:
5922:Sophia Alcorn
5920:
5917:
5914:
5911:
5910:Laurent Clerc
5908:
5905:
5902:
5901:
5899:
5895:
5889:
5886:
5884:
5883:Sign language
5881:
5879:
5876:
5874:
5871:
5869:
5866:
5864:
5861:
5859:
5856:
5855:
5853:
5851:Communication
5849:
5845:
5838:
5833:
5831:
5826:
5824:
5819:
5818:
5815:
5804:
5800:
5796:
5795:
5790:
5787:
5786:
5779:
5775:
5771:
5765:
5764:
5757:
5751:
5748:
5746:
5743:
5741:
5738:
5736:
5733:
5731:
5728:
5726:
5723:
5721:
5718:
5715:
5711:
5707:
5704:
5702:
5699:
5698:
5696:
5694:Miscellaneous
5692:
5686:
5683:
5681:
5678:
5676:
5673:
5671:
5668:
5667:
5665:
5663:Organisations
5661:
5655:
5652:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5642:
5640:
5637:
5635:
5632:
5630:
5627:
5625:
5622:
5620:
5619:Laurent Clerc
5617:
5615:
5612:
5610:
5609:PĂ€r Aron Borg
5607:
5605:
5602:
5600:
5597:
5596:
5594:
5590:
5584:
5581:
5579:
5576:
5575:
5573:
5571:
5567:
5557:
5554:
5552:
5549:
5548:
5546:
5542:
5536:
5533:
5531:
5528:
5526:
5523:
5521:
5520:Signed Polish
5518:
5516:
5513:
5511:
5508:
5506:
5505:Signed German
5503:
5501:
5500:Signed French
5498:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5488:
5486:
5483:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5468:
5467:
5465:
5463:
5457:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5438:
5437:
5434:
5431:
5429:
5423:
5415:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5397:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5387:
5385:
5382:
5381:
5379:
5375:
5369:
5366:
5364:
5361:
5359:
5356:
5354:
5351:
5349:
5346:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5336:
5334:
5331:
5329:
5326:
5324:
5321:
5319:
5316:
5314:
5311:
5309:
5306:
5304:
5301:
5299:
5296:
5294:
5291:
5289:
5286:
5285:
5283:
5281:
5277:
5271:
5268:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5252:
5248:
5244:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5224:Grammar (ASL)
5222:
5221:
5219:
5215:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5186:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5156:
5153:
5152:
5150:
5144:
5138:
5135:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5114:
5112:
5110:
5106:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5078:
5077:
5075:
5073:International
5071:
5065:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4962:
4961:
4959:
4957:South America
4955:
4949:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4930:Rossel Island
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4920:Mount Avejaha
4918:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4860:
4857:
4856:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4794:
4793:
4791:
4787:
4781:
4780:
4776:
4774:
4773:
4769:
4767:
4766:Navajo Family
4764:
4761:
4759:
4758:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4741:
4738:
4735:
4732:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4719:
4718:
4715:
4713:United States
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4584:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4574:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4547:
4544:
4541:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4528:
4527:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4507:
4505:
4497:
4491:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4189:
4188:
4186:
4182:
4176:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3880:
3879:
3877:
3873:
3867:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3842:South African
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3745:
3744:
3742:
3738:
3731:
3728:
3724:
3714:
3711:
3710:
3707:
3704:
3701:
3698:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3671:
3669:
3665:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3653:Yoruban (YSL)
3651:
3647:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3638:Bura (Burasl)
3636:
3634:
3631:
3630:
3629:West African
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3615:Ugandan (USL)
3613:
3611:
3610:Turkish (TÄ°D)
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3595:Spanish (LSE)
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3575:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3563:Rossel Island
3561:
3559:
3558:
3554:
3552:
3551:Qahveh Khaneh
3549:
3545:
3542:
3541:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3494:Mount Avejaha
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3454:Maltese (LSM)
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3430:
3427:
3426:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3377:Atgangmuurniq
3375:
3374:
3372:
3367:
3366:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3359:
3355:
3353:
3352:Guinea-Bissau
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3267:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3227:
3225:
3221:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3206:
3204:
3202:
3196:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3169:
3166:
3165:
3163:
3161:
3157:
3150:
3149:
3147:
3145:
3140:
3133:
3130:
3127:
3124:
3121:
3118:
3115:
3112:
3109:
3106:
3103:
3100:
3097:
3094:
3091:
3088:
3085:
3082:
3079:
3076:
3073:
3070:
3067:
3064:
3061:
3058:
3055:
3052:
3049:
3046:
3043:
3040:
3037:
3034:
3031:
3028:
3025:
3024:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3012:
3006:
3003:
3002:
3000:
2998:
2994:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2974:
2972:
2970:
2966:
2958:Cepeda Peraza
2957:
2954:
2951:
2948:
2945:
2944:
2942:
2940:Highland Maya
2939:
2938:
2936:
2934:
2930:
2922:
2921:
2917:
2916:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2909:
2905:
2904:
2902:
2900:
2896:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2876:
2874:
2872:
2871:Japanese Sign
2868:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2850:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2836:
2833:
2832:
2830:
2828:
2822:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2802:
2800:
2798:
2794:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2765:
2763:
2761:
2757:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2729:
2727:
2725:
2721:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2709:Flemish (VGT)
2707:
2706:
2704:
2700:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2688:Mexican (LSM)
2686:
2685:
2683:
2679:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2667:Italian (LIS)
2665:
2664:
2662:
2658:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2643:
2641:
2637:
2627:
2624:
2621:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2609:
2607:
2603:
2597:
2596:Russian (Đ ĐĐŻ)
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2586:Latvian (LSL)
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2568:
2566:
2562:
2559:
2553:
2541:
2538:
2537:
2536:
2533:
2532:
2530:
2528:
2523:
2516:
2515:
2513:
2511:
2506:
2499:
2498:
2496:
2494:
2489:
2482:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2468:
2465:
2462:
2459:
2458:
2456:
2450:
2441:
2438:
2437:
2436:
2433:
2432:
2430:
2426:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2390:
2387:
2384:
2381:
2376:
2373:
2372:
2371:
2368:
2365:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2352:
2351:
2348:
2347:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2333:
2327:
2324:
2320:
2319:
2315:
2314:
2313:
2310:
2306:
2303:
2302:
2301:
2300:Catalan (LSC)
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2284:
2281:
2280:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2260:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2248:
2238:
2237:Uruguay (LSU)
2235:
2233:
2230:
2229:
2227:
2225:
2219:
2213:
2210:
2209:
2206:
2203:
2197:
2184:
2183:
2182:
2179:
2178:
2176:
2175:
2174:
2171:
2170:
2168:
2166:
2162:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2128:
2126:
2124:
2120:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2093:
2089:
2086:
2085:
2084:
2083:British (BSL)
2081:
2077:
2074:
2073:
2072:
2069:
2068:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2056:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2032:
2030:
2026:
2015:
2012:
2009:
2006:
2005:
2003:
2001:
1997:
1991:
1988:
1987:
1984:
1981:
1975:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1945:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1933:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1914:
1912:
1908:
1902:
1901:Ngaatjatjarra
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
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1754:
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1738:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1723:
1720:
1716:
1715:Sign language
1709:
1704:
1702:
1697:
1695:
1690:
1689:
1686:
1674:
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1670:
1668:
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1465:
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1456:
1453:
1452:LISTSERV 14.4
1449:
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1199:
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1138:
1135:
1134:0-9600886-2-8
1131:
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1100:
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1089:
1087:
1083:
1071:
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1062:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1034:Royal Society
1031:
1027:
1026:
1021:
1014:
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1002:
992:
988:
984:
977:
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916:
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907:
903:
897:
894:
890:
886:
885:Morford, Jill
881:
879:
875:
871:
865:
862:
856:
847:
842:
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832:
827:
823:
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811:
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612:
610:
607:
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600:
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591:
586:
584:
582:
581:Digiti Lingua
578:
574:
570:
565:
563:
559:
555:
550:
545:
543:
539:
535:
531:
526:
524:
519:
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476:
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468:
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319:
315:
311:
307:
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299:
294:
292:
285:
266:
264:
262:
258:
254:
253:the Maritimes
250:
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235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
211:
206:
199:
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194:
188:
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118:
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94:
92:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
40:
37:, as used in
36:
32:
19:
6639:Deaf culture
5904:Jean Massieu
5862:
5798:
5792:
5783:
5781:
5761:
5578:Films (list)
5495:Signed Dutch
5440:Contact sign
5279:
4885:Hawaii (USA)
4778:
4771:
4756:
4581:
4572:
4464:Swiss-German
4100:Saudi Arabia
3838:South Africa
3572:
3555:
3429:Somali (SSL)
3356:
3264:
3199:Providenciaâ
3178:Nesilextcl'n
3151:Oneida (OSL)
3113:Tickanwaâątic
3101:Schitsu'umsh
3083:NĆłmÄ
ÌkhĆłÌ·ki
2997:Paget Gorman
2918:
2913:
2906:
2898:
2862:Punjab-Sindh
2810:Polish (PJM)
2805:German (DGS)
2681:Mexican Sign
2660:Italian Sign
2564:Russian Sign
2527:French (LSF)
2500:Oneida (OSL)
2414:Quebec (LSQ)
2399:Oneida (OSL)
2316:
2312:French (LSF)
2165:Chinese Sign
2123:Swedish Sign
1847:
1818:
1801:
1794:
1772:
1567:
1530:
1463:
1448:Jean Fouquet
1442:
1434:
1429:
1421:
1418:
1413:
1399:
1383:
1378:
1370:
1365:
1357:
1352:
1342:
1334:
1329:
1321:
1316:
1308:
1303:
1296:
1289:
1279:
1270:
1262:
1257:
1249:
1244:
1236:
1231:
1223:
1219:
1218:. (AD 710).
1211:
1203:
1197:
1192:
1184:
1179:
1154:
1150:
1140:
1122:
1117:
1106:. Retrieved
1097:
1073:. Retrieved
1029:
1023:
982:
969:
953:
948:
940:
935:
927:
922:
914:
909:
901:
896:
888:
869:
864:
821:
789:
680:
580:
566:
561:
546:
527:
495:
480:
475:Luca Pacioli
469:in 710. The
437:
422:
420:
412:
386:
358:Ge'ez script
351:
326:
309:
295:
288:
238:
214:
189:
181:
141:
134:
130:
98:
72:
68:
64:
48:
44:
43:
6577:New Zealand
6217:Philippines
6141:South Korea
5868:Lip reading
5858:Cued speech
5720:Open Outcry
5644:Abbé Sicard
5629:Roger Fouts
5460:Signed Oral
5399:SignWriting
5247:Orientation
5217:Linguistics
5198:Pitha Pitha
4893:New Zealand
4829:Manjiljarra
4700:El Salvador
4460:Switzerland
4370:Netherlands
4210:Azerbaijani
4152:Old Bangkok
4092:Philippines
3780:Ivory Coast
3574:Sandy River
3312:Cuban (LSC)
3201:Cayman Sign
3050:Hinono'eino
3041:Coahuilteco
3026:Anishinaabe
2987:Old Bangkok
2908:Old Kentish
2837:Beluchistan
2797:German Sign
2778:Ho Chi Minh
2702:Old Belgian
2646:Dutch (NGT)
2385:Costa Rican
2278:Irish (ISL)
2222:Paraguayan-
2013:Palestinian
1896:Manjiljarra
1891:Kartutjarra
1826:Rdaka rdaka
1820:Pitha Pitha
609:Cued Speech
556:. In 1680,
549:John Bulwer
456:Northumbria
448:Benedictine
335:as well as
49:dactylology
18:Dactylology
6633:Categories
6618:See also:
5745:Protactile
5384:ASL-phabet
5368:Portuguese
5270:Sign names
5255:Expression
5183:Old French
5168:Kalkutungu
5137:Name signs
5127:Literature
5064:Venezuelan
5038:Inmaculada
5030:Paraguayan
5022:Ecuadorian
4876:Yir Yoront
4727:Protactile
4704:Salvadoran
4696:Panamanian
4683:Nicaraguan
4660:Albarradas
4631:Guatemalan
4588:Costa Rica
4583:Old Cayman
4536:Protactile
4414:Portuguese
4382:Macedonian
4358:Lithuanian
4206:Azerbaijan
4175:Vietnamese
4132:Tajikistan
4120:Sri Lankan
4019:Kazakhstan
3989:Kafr Qasem
3940:Indonesian
3642:Mofu-Gudur
3580:Salvadoran
3557:Rennellese
3544:Inmaculada
3499:Mozambican
3449:Macedonian
3419:Kata Kolok
3409:Kafr Qasim
3368:Creole HSL
3119:Tsuu T'ina
3080:NiitsĂtapi
3074:Ni Mii Puu
3065:Maagiadawa
3029:ApsĂĄalooke
2955:Trascorral
2639:Dutch Sign
2442:Yogyakarta
2402:Panamanian
2360:Protactile
2318:Old French
2295:Lithuanian
2251:Francosign
1868:Yir Yoront
1855:Warramunga
1803:Kalkutungu
1759:Aboriginal
1757:Australian
1673:Two-handed
1637:Portuguese
1278:, (1948).
1108:2020-01-23
1036:: 191100.
857:References
784:V, X, Y, Z
560:published
538:diacritics
368:Two-handed
267:One-handed
173:Kata Kolok
156:Tasman Sea
6560:NextSense
6553:Australia
6246:Singapore
5944:Religious
5936:(b. 1951)
5930:(b. 1925)
5924:(b. 1883)
5918:(b. 1837)
5912:(b. 1785)
5906:(b. 1772)
5897:Educators
5801:indicate
5462:Languages
5363:Ukrainian
5323:Hungarian
5308:Esperanto
5239:Handshape
5208:Warluwara
5148:languages
5132:Profanity
5095:Signalong
5060:Venezuela
5056:Uruguayan
5009:Colombian
4963:Argentina
4834:Warlmanpa
4795:Australia
4733:Blackfeet
4722:Black ASL
4679:Nicaragua
4627:Guatemala
4619:Greenland
4542:Blackfoot
4531:Black ASL
4499:North and
4490:Ukrainian
4448:Valencian
4430:Slovenian
4398:Norwegian
4354:Lithuania
4318:Icelandic
4310:Hungarian
4157:Chiangmai
4128:Taiwanese
4116:Sri Lanka
4112:Singapore
4108:Singapore
4065:Mongolian
4039:Malaysian
3936:Indonesia
3905:Hong Kong
3893:Cambodian
3850:Tanzanian
3726:By region
3282:Bhutanese
3077:NiimĂipuu
3059:Karankawa
2982:Hai Phong
2977:Chiangmai
2768:Hai Phong
2760:Viet-Thai
2622:Slovenian
2591:Mongolian
2557:Hungarian
2493:Hand Talk
2460:Ethiopian
2388:Dominican
2382:Cambodian
2177:Shanghai
2007:Jordanian
2000:Levantine
1979:Levantine
1864:Yan-nhaĆu
1849:Warluwara
1843:Warlmanpa
1809:Miriwoong
1652:Ukrainian
1607:Hungarian
1597:Esperanto
1575:Alphabets
1347:speaking.
962:1081-4159
654:Sign name
416:deafblind
316:. In the
137:registers
105:tactually
89:mnemonics
6563:multiple
6201:Pakistan
6177:(Penang)
6168:Malaysia
6029:Tanzania
5955:(Africa)
5450:Mouthing
5426:Language
5409:ASLwrite
5333:Japanese
5288:American
5260:Mouthing
5251:Movement
5243:Location
5188:Old Kent
5154:Chilmark
5090:Monastic
5043:Peruvian
5026:Paraguay
5014:Provisle
5005:Colombia
4975:Bolivian
4935:Sinasina
4779:Henniker
4739:Cheyenne
4691:Chiriqui
4652:Honduran
4648:Honduras
4518:Belizean
4426:Slovenia
4410:Portugal
4276:Ghardaia
4260:Estonian
4239:Croatian
4202:Austrian
4194:Armenian
4148:Thailand
4096:Filipino
4088:Nepalese
4073:Ghandruk
4061:Mongolia
4057:Maldives
4053:Maldives
4049:Selangor
4035:Malaysia
4007:Miyakubo
3997:Japanese
3979:Ghardaia
3889:Cambodia
3846:Tanzania
3759:Cameroon
3755:Ghardaia
3750:Algerian
3585:Sinasina
3358:Henniker
3337:Ghandruk
3277:Belizean
3260:Armenian
3223:Isolates
3170:Kalispel
3167:A'aninin
3125:Wazhazhe
3122:Umatilla
3104:Shiwinna
3095:Piipaash
3044:Dane-zaa
3038:Cheyenne
2943:Yucatec
2914:Chilmark
2848:Calcutta
2732:Malagasy
2576:Georgian
2480:Nigerian
2477:Moroccan
2466:Ghanaian
2391:Jamaican
2377:Mandalay
2366:Bolivian
2336:American
2028:Possible
2010:Lebanese
1948:Egyptian
1814:Mudburra
1780:Djingili
1742:families
1740:Language
1657:Yugoslav
1617:Japanese
1582:American
1496:Archived
1455:Archived
1393:27245872
1171:44038104
1070:32218940
991:Archived
824:(London)
587:See also
506:mnemonic
444:gematria
298:Japanese
6546:Oceania
6434:America
6372:Kingdom
6300:Ireland
6128:(Tokyo)
5878:Oralism
5799:Italics
5750:Tic-tac
5592:Persons
5428:contact
5377:Writing
5358:Spanish
5348:Russian
5303:Chilean
5298:Catalan
5163:Jaralde
5146:Extinct
5117:Grammar
5085:Makaton
5052:Uruguay
5018:Ecuador
5001:Chilean
4993:Ka'apor
4971:Bolivia
4789:Oceania
4675:Mexican
4665:Chatino
4644:Haitian
4573:Plateau
4503:America
4501:Central
4486:Ukraine
4482:Turkish
4456:Swedish
4443:Spanish
4438:Catalan
4422:Russian
4366:Russian
4362:Moldova
4350:Latvian
4334:Italian
4322:Ireland
4314:Iceland
4306:Hungary
4290:Germany
4268:Finnish
4264:Finland
4256:Estonia
4243:Denmark
4235:Croatia
4231:British
4218:Flemish
4214:Belgium
4198:Austria
4190:Armenia
4171:Vietnam
4136:Russian
4078:Jhankot
4031:Laotian
3984:Israeli
3966:Kurdish
3953:Persian
3922:Bengali
3901:Chinese
3885:Bengali
3866:Zambian
3858:Ugandan
3822:Senegal
3809:Nigeria
3776:Nanabin
3746:Algeria
3658:Zambian
3534:Persian
3440:Kisindo
3399:Ka'apor
3389:Jhankot
3307:Chatino
3160:Plateau
3142:Mixed,
3134:Wyandot
3128:Wichita
3116:ThĂĄumgĂĄ
3098:PpĂĄâżkka
3086:NÊmÊnÊÊ
3062:Liksiyu
3053:HiraacĂĄ
3032:Arikara
2899:Kentish
2841:Bengali
2751:TeknmĂĄl
2651:Gambian
2619:Serbian
2616:Kosovar
2555:Austro-
2525:Mixed,
2508:Mixed,
2491:Mixed,
2469:Guinean
2463:Chadian
2439:Jakarta
2370:Burmese
2338:(ASLic)
2035:Emirati
1953:Kuwaiti
1796:Jaralde
1647:Spanish
1642:Russian
1592:Chilean
1587:Catalan
1075:26 June
1061:7029929
1038:Bibcode
772:R, S, T
760:O, P, Q
736:H, I, L
724:E, F, G
712:B, C, D
676:Gallery
542:obscene
510:ciphers
491:quinary
379:uses a
85:ciphers
53:letters
6593:Closed
6501:Closed
6441:Canada
6403:Closed
6370:United
6350:Closed
6343:Russia
6307:Closed
6284:France
6277:Europe
6253:Closed
6148:Closed
6001:Africa
5714:Loulis
5710:Washoe
5544:Others
5343:Polish
5338:Korean
5318:German
5313:French
5158:Diyari
5122:Idioms
4979:Brazil
4948:Samoan
4910:Kailge
4854:Umpila
4799:Auslan
4762:Navajo
4746:Oneida
4742:Ojibwa
4687:Panama
4656:Mexico
4597:Brunca
4592:Bribri
4578:Cayman
4562:Quebec
4552:Oneida
4548:Ojibwa
4522:Canada
4514:Belize
4477:Mardin
4468:Turkey
4452:Sweden
4418:Russia
4406:Polish
4402:Poland
4394:Norway
4346:Latvia
4338:Kosovo
4298:Greece
4294:German
4281:French
4272:France
4247:Danish
4184:Europe
4124:Taiwan
4044:Penang
4015:Korean
4002:Koniya
3970:Israel
3917:Alipur
3881:Bengal
3862:Zambia
3854:Uganda
3834:Somali
3792:Kenyan
3763:Maroua
3740:Africa
3696:(~150)
3529:Penang
3474:M'bour
3464:Mardin
3414:Kailge
3404:Kajana
3373:Inuit
3297:Brunca
3292:Bribri
3250:Alipur
3230:Afghan
3186:Sqeliz
3071:Nakota
2949:Nohkop
2946:ChicĂĄn
2855:Nepali
2845:Bombay
2374:Yangon
2108:Samoan
2094:Fijian
2071:Auslan
2059:BANZSL
2016:Syrian
1977:Iraqiâ
1968:Yemeni
1958:Libyan
1917:Meriam
1831:Umpila
1774:Diyari
1632:Polish
1627:Nepali
1622:Korean
1602:French
1391:
1169:
1132:
1068:
1058:
999:(8.62
960:
569:vowels
404:BANZSL
396:Auslan
362:Hangul
160:corpus
152:Auslan
6432:North
6327:Italy
6185:Nepal
6119:Japan
6083:India
6056:China
6008:Kenya
5570:Media
5328:Irish
5048:Sivia
4997:Chile
4940:Wanib
4915:Mehek
4881:YolĆu
4849:Ngada
4670:Mayan
4640:Haiti
4636:Mayan
4615:Cuban
4434:Spain
4374:Dutch
4330:Italy
4326:Irish
4302:Greek
4286:Lyons
4140:Tibet
4104:Saudi
4083:Jumla
4069:Nepal
4011:Korea
3993:Japan
3961:Iraqi
3913:India
3897:China
3826:Mbour
3800:Tebul
3788:Kenya
3767:Ghana
3625:Wanib
3600:Tebul
3590:Sivia
3479:Mehek
3394:Jumla
3107:Sioux
3092:Palus
3089:Omaha
2952:Nohya
2851:Delhi
2773:Hanoi
2185:Macau
2045:Omani
2040:Saudi
1990:Iraqi
1873:YolĆu
1666:Types
1612:Irish
1167:S2CID
1102:(PDF)
1032:(1).
994:(PDF)
979:(PDF)
487:Ogham
450:monk
87:, as
55:of a
6487:(ON)
6481:(ON)
6460:(ON)
6049:Asia
5772:and
5404:si5s
5034:Peru
4988:Cena
4905:Enga
4736:Cree
4611:Cuba
4545:Cree
4162:Thai
4027:Laos
3957:Iraq
3949:Iran
3932:Naga
3875:Asia
3813:Bura
3796:Mali
3702:(7+)
3504:Naga
3332:Enga
3302:Cena
3110:Taos
3056:IcÄk
3047:Diné
2827:Sign
1389:OCLC
1216:Bede
1130:ISBN
1077:2020
1066:PMID
958:ISSN
748:M, N
567:The
515:Fray
467:Bede
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