Dardani - Knowledge

2056:, p. 218: "This statement is not without importance for our problem, for it too confirms that in mid-fifth century the lands north of Macedonia were considered to be Illyrian. There is, however, another statement in Herodotus, which N. Vulić insists on as clear evidence that in Herodotus' time the territory of the Dardanians was reckoned as Illyrian . It is a passage from the well - known section on the tributaries of the Danube , in which Herodotus says that the river Angrus flows " from the land of the Illyrians " 267 As the Angrus could be either the Southern Morava or the Ibar , and both rivers in their upper courses flowed through Dardania , Vulić's conclusion looks very reasonable . From all we have said above , the evidence of the ancient writers as to the ethnic origin of the Dardanians seems pretty unanimous and its interpretation offers no special difficulties The tradition according to which the Dardanians , like their neighbours the Autariatae and the Ardiaei , were Illyrians , is preserved in Strabo and Appian . It must be an old tradition , from the times when the three tribes were neighbours . In historians before Strabo ( Polybius , Livy ) and in historians who copied from earlier sources ( Justin , Pompeius Trogus ) , there is nothing to contradict that tradition . The mention of the Darda- nians alongside the Illyrians only shows that the name Illyrian , in addition to its wider ethnic sense , very early acquired a narrower political one . According to Herodotus indeed , for whom the name Illyrian could only have its general meaning , the lands north of Macedonia , round the sources of the Southern Morava and Ibar , were inhabited by Illyrians . This fact shows that ancient tradition considered the Dardanians to be Illyrians ." 1812:

carried out by Dan Dana in the 2010s, also taking into consideration current Balkan historical linguistics. Dana concludes that the Illyrian character of Dardanian onomastics is unquestionable and that it is appropriate to definitively rule out the idea of a Thracian origin or participation (at least appreciable) in the ethnogenesis of the Dardani. Since the Dardani were neighbored to the east by the Thracians, the eastern parts of Dardania were at the Thraco-Illyrian contact zone. As shown by archaeological research Illyrian names are predominant in western Dardania (present-day Kosovo), and occasionally appear in eastern Dardania (present-day south-eastern Serbia), while Thracian names are found in the eastern parts, but are absent from the western parts. The correspondence of Illyrian onomastics in Dardania – including those of the Dardanian ruling dynasty – with those of the southern Illyrians suggests "thracianization" of parts of Dardania at a later date. The linguistic relationship between '

2260:- 'The Ardiaei were called by the men of later times "Vardiaei." Because they pestered the sea through their piratical bands, the Romans pushed them back from it into the interior and forced them to till the soil. But the country is rough and poor and not suited to a farming population, and therefore the tribe has been utterly ruined and in fact has almost been obliterated. And this is what befell the rest of the peoples in that part of the world; for those who were most powerful in earlier times were utterly humbled or were obliterated, as, for example, among the Galatae the Boii and the Scordistae, and among the Illyrians the Autariatae, Ardiaei, and Dardanii, and among the Thracians the Triballi; 316that is, they were reduced in warfare by one another at first and then later by the Macedonians and the Romans' 2041:- 'The Ardiaei were called by the men of later times "Vardiaei." Because they pestered the sea through their piratical bands, the Romans pushed them back from it into the interior and forced them to till the soil. But the country is rough and poor and not suited to a farming population, and therefore the tribe has been utterly ruined and in fact has almost been obliterated. And this is what befell the rest of the peoples in that part of the world; for those who were most powerful in earlier times were utterly humbled or were obliterated, as, for example, among the Galatae the Boii and the Scordistae, and among the Illyrians the Autariatae, Ardiaei, and Dardanii, and among the Thracians the Triballi; 316that is, they were reduced in warfare by one another at first and then later by the Macedonians and the Romans' 2821:, p. 73: "Until recently, our knowledge of the Brnjica cultural group (or cultural group Donja Brnjica – Gornja Stra`ava) was based on the research results from fifteen or so sites, mainly necropolises.1 There were no data on settlements and habitations.2 The total archaeological collection of the Brnjica community amounted to less than three hundred objects, mostly ceramic vessels.3 This cultural group was characterized as the final phase, »… of a long evolution to be followed with certainty through the entire Bronze Age, while closely connected to the Balkan–Danube complex and elements the linguists mark as Dako–Moesian. Therefore, this group’s finds could be identified with the non-Illyrian component in the Dardanian ethnogenesis.«4" 2073:, p. 81; p. 92: "Dardania was an Illyrian land by tradition. Dardanians were considered Illyrians by Strabo and Appian and so a number of modern scholars, while others believe that at a later date the Dardanians were “Thracisized”... Most of the place-names especially in eastern Dardania turn out to be Thracian. The Thracian element in majority presumably following an expansion westwards seems to have intermingled with the Illyrian one. The ethnic frontier between Thracians and Dardanians was traced on the Morava (Margus) River until the Danube to the north splitting in two the Dardanian lands, with the eastern part significantly “thracisized”." 1141:, it constructed a glorious Trojan past for the Romans, who were claimed to be descendants of Trojan Dardanians. In the years before the Trojan origin story became the official Roman narrative about their origins, the Romans came into conflict in the Balkans with the Dardani. In public discourse this created the problem that the Roman army could be seen as fighting against a people who could be related to the ancestors of the Romans. The image of the historical Dardani in the 1st century BC was that of Illyrian barbarians who raided their Macedonian frontier and had to be dealt with. In this context, the name of a people known as the 1446: 2123:, p. 505: "Regardless of this episode, some sources clearly distinguish the Dardani from the rest of Illyrians, and Dardanian land from Illyria (Polyb. 2.6.4, 28.8.3; Liv. 43.20.1), and some take for granted that they are but one of the Illyrian tribes (Strab. 7.5.6, 12; App. Ill. 1.2). This is not the place to analyze this topic in detail, but, while the Dardani are obviously ethnically and linguistically a part of the Illyrian world, they seem to be separated from other Illyrian peoples by their geography and peculiar socio-political development." 1358: 1872: 1287: 1506: 990:"yellow, golden, bright/shiny"). This phenomenon reflects the uncertainty of the Ancient Greek and Roman authors in transcribing the Proto-Albanian affricates, which were unfamiliar to them. Indeed, many similar examples of Palaeo-Balkan names with alternating spellings in ancient literature using both dentals and sibilants can be connected to an earlier stage of Albanian and furthermore provide strong support for 6741: 3266:

ranging from notions of Thracianization' (in part) of an existing Illyrian population to the precise opposite. In favour of the latter may be the close correspondence of Illyrian names in Dardania with those of the southern 'real' lllyrians to their west, including the names of Dardanian rulers, Longarus, Bato, Monunius and Etuta, and those on later epitaphs, Epicadus, Scerviaedus, Tuta, Times and Cinna.

43: 1820:' is uncertain due to the paucity of the available written material of those languages, consisting only of onomastic and toponymic evidence in the case of Illyrian, and the same for Thracian except for a few short inscriptions of difficult interpretation. Dardanian in the context of a distinct language is considered in recent decades as potentially significant for the history of the 4956: 1278:" linguistic component of the later Dardani. Before that change, Yugoslavian scholars had regarded the Dardani as of Illyrian origin. The narrative of a distinct "Daco-Moesian" concept developed as a response to Albanian and Bulgarian researchers, and especially to changes inside Yugoslavia due to increasing local nationalisms. 2439:"Names of individuals peoples may have been formed in a similar fashion, Taulantii from 'swallow' (cf. the Albanian tallandushe) or Erchelei the 'eel-men' and Chelidoni the 'snail-men'. The name of the Delmatae appears connected with the Albanian word for 'sheep' delmë) and the Dardanians with for 'pear' ( 1345:, Dardania was raided by several Celtic tribes on their campaigns that were undertaken to plunder the treasuries of Greek temples. During these events an unnamed Dardanian king offered to help the Macedonians with 20,000 soldiers to counteract the invading Celts, but it was refused by the Macedonian king 1353:

the Celts eventually arrested and were defeated. Afterwards they withdrew in the north passing through Dardania, however they were completely destroyed by the Dardani. Further references to the Dardani are provided in the ancient sources describing Dardanian constant wars against Macedonians from the

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Kosovo: A Short History p. 363 'As Papazoglu notes, most ancient sources classify Dardanians as Illyrians. Her reasons for rejecting this identification in a later essay, ‘Les Royaumes’, are obscure. There were Thracian names in the eastern strip of Dardania, but Illyrian names dominated the rest;

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There must have been some reason why it was said of the Dardanians, and not of any other people, that they only bathed three times in their lives ...like the Dardanians', which was applied not to dirty folk, as might be expected, but to the miserly (ἐπὶ τῶν φειδωλῶν)! For the Greeks, obviously, to

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Whether the Dardanians were an Illyrian or a Thracian people has been much debated and one view suggests that the area was originally populated with Thracians who then exposed to direct contact with Illyrians over a long period. The meaning of this state of affairs has been variously interpreted,

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consisting of most of former Yugoslavia, north of southern Montenegro to the west of Morava, excepting ancient Liburnia in the northwest, but perhaps extending into Pannonia in the north). Another extensive study based on onomastics in Thrace, eastern Macedonia, Moesia, Dacia and Bithynia has been

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which definitively disappeared from history, and to some territories of the southern Illyrians. The Dardanians strongly pressured the Macedonians, using every opportunity to attack them. However the Macedonians quickly recovered and consolidated their state, and the Dardanians lost their important

2014:

the Dardanians ... living in the frontiers of the Illyrian and the Thracian worlds retained their individuality and, alone among the peoples of that region, succeeded in maintaining themselves as an ethnic unity even when they were militarily and politically subjected by the Roman arms and when,

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rose to the Macedonian throne, skirmishing with Dardani began in 220-219 BC and he managed to capture Bylazora from them in 217 BC. Skirmishes continued in 211 and in 209 when a force of Dardani under Aeropus, probably a pretender to the Macedonian throne, captured Lychnidus and looted Macedonia

3191:

Here the old name of Dardania appears as a new province formed out of Moesia, along with Moesia Prima, Dacia (not Trajan's old province but a... Though its line is far from certain there seems little doubt that most of the Dardanians were excluded from Illyricum and were to become a part of the

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tribes migrated and settled in the region alongside the existing Neolithic population. New practices in agriculture and cattle breeding appear in this period and new settlements formed in Kosovo. Co-existence and intermingling of the Neolithic population and the PIE-speakers gave rise to the

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By the 3rd century the location of the Dardani had resolved itself into the Kingdom of Dardania, which is shown in yellow. The solid lines give modern borders: Republic of Kosovo in the center, Serbia across the north, Macedonia across the south, Albania to the SW, and Montenegro to the

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in Roman discourse became linked to the ancestors of the Romans, the actual Dardani began to be covered in Roman literature by other names. After the death of Augustus, their name in connection to the Balkans became a political problem. After the death of Augustus, the new emperor was

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after their settlement there. They were among the oldest Balkan peoples, and their society was very complex. The Dardani were the most stable and conservative ethnic element among the peoples of the central Balkans, retaining an enduring presence in the region for several centuries.

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cultural group was a Late Bronze Age cultural manifestation in what was to become Dardania, closely connected to the Balkan-Danubian complex. It dates between the 14th and 10th centuries BCE, and appears in Kosovo, Morava valley, Sandzak, Macedonia and South-East Serbia. In

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The Romans found an ancient formed economy in Dardania, based on agriculture and animal husbandry, mining and metallurgy, in different handicrafts and in trade. The Romans focused especially in exploitation of mines, same as in other provinces, and in road construction.

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withdrew his forces from the campaign. The Bastarnae crossed the Danube in huge numbers and although they didn't meet the Macedonians, they continued the campaign. Some 30,000 Bastarnae under the command of Clondicus seem to have defeated the Dardani. In 179 BC, the

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neighbors, in pre-Roman times the Dardani were not Hellenized. From the Greek point of view, they were barbarians. Because of this prejudice they received some bad press in the Ancient Greek and Roman historiography. The tribe was viewed of as "extremely barbaric".

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contain long iron bars which were placed in the tombs are a means of payment to the afterlife. They indicate that the tribe of the Dardani had developed a concept about the afterlife as shown later in other archaeological material like the votive monument of

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Ferri, Naser (2006). "Simpoziumi ndërkombëtar mbi Dioklecianin dhe epokën e tij (i mbajtur në Split më 18-22 shtator 2005)" [International Symposium on Diocletian and his period (held in Split from 18-22 September 2005)]. In Drançolli, Jahja (ed.).

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A monument representing a round labyrinth that was dedicated to the "Dardanian Goddess" was found in Smira. This monument provides evidence for cosmogonic and cosmologic knowledges among the Dardani. The labyrinth was realized based on the concept of the

1627:. Little data exists about the territory of the Dardani prior to Roman conquest, especially on its southern extent which has been contested with Macedon, so scholars use information provided in Roman times to define the bounds of Dardanian territory. 2015:

towards the end of the ancient world, the Balkans were involved in far-reaching ethnic perturbations, the Dardanians, of all the Central Balkan tribes, played the greatest part in the genesis of the new peoples who took the place of the old

1890:. There is used a numerological and geometric approach through a multidimensional holographic field, which illustrates the Dardanian perception of the cosmic order and the interconnection between the material world and the higher realm. 1432:

conquered the Dardani, who later in 174 pushed them out, in a war which proved catastrophic, with a few years later, in 170 BC, the Macedonians defeating the Dardani. Macedonia and Illyria became Roman protectorates in 168 BC. The

1168:, whose name had been constructed as the name of the mythical progenitors of the Romans. Thus, the decision to create a new name for Dardania and the Dardani was made. Despite this decision and the administrative use of the names 1125:

and/or as a distinct grouping in the region of Dardania. As such, the Dardani were Illyrians from an ethno-linguistic perspective, but they had followed their own peculiar geographical, social and political development in

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along with Pleuratus the Illyrian and Amynander king of Athamania, cooperated with Roman consul Sulpicius in his expedition against Philip V. Being always under the menace of Dardanian attacks on Macedonia, around 183 BC

1052:. These parallels indicate closer links than simply a correlation of names. According to a current explanation, the connection is likely related to the large-scale movement of peoples that occurred at the end of the 3598:, "The Dardanians are so utterly wild that they dig caves beneath their dung-hills and live there, but still they care for music, always making use of musical instruments, both flutes and stringed instruments" 1325:

managed to have the full control of the kingdom and its army after succeeding his father to the Macedonian throne. Indeed, the Dardani have not been mentioned in the ancient accounts concerning the events of

697:"thorny, grain, barley". However it has been suggested that this connection is only conceivable assuming an ancient common Balkano-Aegean substrate word for Albanian and Greek. A proposed Indo-European root 2029:- 'The Bessi live in huts and lead a wretched life; and their country borders on Mount Rhodope, on the country of the Paeonians, and on that of two Illyrian peoples — the Autariatae, and the Dardanians' 994:'s thesis about the Proto-Albanoid dialects, spoken in the central-western Balkans including the historical regions of Dardania, Illyria proper, Paeonia, Upper Moesia, western Dacia and western Thrace. 1423:

and invited them to settle in Polog, the region of Dardania closest to Macedonia. A joint campaign of the Bastarnae and Macedonians against the Dardanians was organized, but Philip V died and his son

832:). Slavic toponyms with "Kruševo" (from Proto-Slavic kruša, "pear") and other related toponyms particularly found in the area of the ancient Dardani have been proposed as South Slavic translations of 4672: 1740:

were Dardanian, however this is considered an old fallacy because it is unsupported by any ancient source, while some facts and ancient geographical locations go squarely against it. Nevertheless,

3286:... including the names of Dardanian rulers, Longarus, Bato, Monunius and Etuta, and those on later epitaphs, Epicadus, Scerviaedus, Tuta, Times and Cinna. Other Dardanian names are linked with... 6777: 1233:

Archaeological research in the territory of Dardania greatly expanded since 2000. In contemporary research, a periodization of four phases of development of pre-Roman Dardania is being utilized:

3975:. Meletēmata / Kentron Hellēnikēs kai Rōmaïkēs Archaiotētos (in French). Vol. 70. Centre de recherche de l'antiquité grecque et romaine, Fondation nationale de la recherche scientifique. 1164:, his stepson and the most senior Roman general in the Balkans. As Tiberius had played a key role in the Roman conquest of the Balkans, as emperor he couldn't be portrayed as the conqueror of 1770:

refers to them as wild and dwelling in dirty caves under dung-hills. This however may have had to do not with cleanliness, as bathing had to do with monetary status from the viewpoint of the

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Katicic has shown that these belong with two other Illyrian “‘onomastic provinces’ (see his summary in Ancient Languages, pp. 179-81, and the evidence in Papazoglu, ‘Dardanska onomastika’).'

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Crossland, R. A. (1982). "Linguistic problems of the Balkan area in late prehistoric and early classical periods". In J. Boardman; I. E. S. Edwards; N. G. L. Hammond; E. Sollberger (eds.).

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material culture which developed in the Iron Age western Balkans. The Dardani - as they became known in classical antiquity - were one of the particular groups of the Glasinac-Mat culture.

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who managed to subdue them and their neighbors, probably during the early period of his reign. The Dardani have remained quiet until Philip II's death, after which they were planning

204:, a main source about the history of the Macedonian kings, refers to an 'lllyrian war' between 346 and the end of 343 BC, fought by 'Dardani and other neighbouring peoples' against 189:, but Illyrian names dominated the rest. Nevertheless, ancient authors have not identified Dardanians with Thracians, and Strabo explicitly makes a clear distinction between them. 4457:. Djela - Akademija nauka i umjetnosti Bosne i Hercegovine. Odjeljenje društvenih nauka (in Croatian). Vol. 30. Sarajevo: Akademija nauka i umjetnosti Bosne i Hercegovine. 1463:

Illyria and Macedonia became Roman protectorates in 168 BC. In 97 BC, the Dardani are mentioned again, defeated by the Macedonian Roman army. In 88 BC, the Dardani invaded the

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were created from the 7th century BC onwards. The proto-urban development was followed by the creation of urban centers and the emergence of craftsmanship, and a Dardanian

894:, which should have been spelled in Greek/Latin documents with /z/, /s/, or a similar letter, instead of /d/, is refutable by the attestation of the Proto-Albanoid term 1385:

in an important battle. After obtaining a great victory over the Macedonian army the Dardani invaded Macedon proper. The Dardanian expansion in Macedon, similar to the

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It seems quite probable that the Dardani actually lost independence in 28 BC thus, the final occupation of Dardania by Rome has been connected with the beginnings of

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began to develop from the 4th century BC. Material culture and accounts in classical sources suggest that Dardanian society reached an advanced phase of development.

8200: 1897:. The lamentation of the dead is represented on the stelae through the depiction of the mourners with raised hands, grabbing their heads and beating their chests. 4604:Šašel Kos, Marjeta (2010). "Peoples on the northern fringes of the Greek world: Illyria as seen by Strabo". In Jean-Luc Lamboley, Maria Paola Castiglioni (ed.). 2106:, the Albanian for 'pear') but also linked with Thracians and with Asia Minor, inhabited the upper Vardar valley and the Kosovo region in the southern Balkans." 4016: 3553: 4687: 6763: 3209:

The assumption that the Dardanian kingdom was composed of a considerable number of tribes and tribal groups, finds confirmation in Strabo's statement about

3142:... Autariatae at the expense of the Triballi until, as Strabo remarks, they in their turn were overcome by the Celtic Scordisci in the early third century 1922: 1227: 1893:

Dardanian funerary stelae portray representations of their mourning practice, which accurately mirrors the Albanian traditional lamentation of the dead –

863:, see above), Gkreek δάρδα · μέλισσα "bee", sometimes interpreted as μόλυσμα "stain", δαρδαίνει · μολύνει "to stain", both late antique attestations from 8170: 7910: 1437:, a tribe of Celtic origin, most likely subdued the Dardani in the mid-2nd century BC, after which there was no mention of the Dardani for a long time. 1151:

are mentioned only in three ancient sources in the period after the death of Emperor Augustus in 14 CE. The name itself was taken from the name of the

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in Asia Minor. The choice seems to be related to the fact that the Trojan-era Mysians lived close to the Trojan-era Dardanians. As the name of the

245: 4906: 4883: 4760: 4573: 4364: 4343: 4286: 4265: 4112: 3846: 3681: 3577: 3556:"...whence it is said of the Dardanians, an Illyrian people, that they bathe only thrice in their lives—at birth, marriage, and after death." 3517: 3478: 3326: 2999: 2920: 1676: 1639: 1491: 926:"sun", being so named because of its yellow leaves), displaying a characteristic Albanian phonetic change in which the voiced palatal velar 8165: 6223: 1630:

An unnamed Dardanian king is mentioned in ancient sources describing the events of the region of the early 3rd century BC. He offered the

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and the Latin language was soon adopted as the main language of the tribe as many other conquered and Romanized. After the Roman emperor

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is attested outside the Dardanian region and the Trojan-Dardanian area in several other ancient ethnonyms, personal names, and toponyms:

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was attested since the 4th century BC in ancient sources reporting the wars the Dardanians waged against their south-eastern neighbor –

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In Dardania tribal aristocracy and pre-urban development emerged from the 6th–5th centuries BC. The contacts of the Dardanians with the

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was attested since the 4th century BC in ancient sources reporting the wars the Dardanians waged against their south-eastern neighbor –

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The Cambridge Ancient History: The Prehistory of the Balkans; and the Middle East and the Aegean world, tenth to eighth centuries B.C.

552:("pear, pear-tree"). This is suggested by the fact that toponyms related to fruits or animals are not unknown in the region (cf. Alb. 3862:

Ad Ripam Fluminis Danuvi: Papers of the 3rd International Conference on the Roman Danubian Provinces, Vienna, 11th–14th November 2015

8195: 8185: 8175: 7432: 6707: 6680: 4791:

Vranić, Ivan (2014b). "'Hellenisation' and Ethnicity in the Continental Balkan Iron Age". In Popa, Catalin; Stoddart, Simon (eds.).

4781: 4739: 4615: 4517: 4473: 4438: 4406: 4385: 4133: 4088: 4035: 4001: 3980: 3901: 2991: 2986:

A history of Macedonia Volume 5 of Hellenistic culture and society, Robert Malcolm Errington, University of California Press, 1990,

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which developed in the Bronze Age (2100-1100 BCE) in settlements including Vlashnjë, Korishë, Pogragjë, Bardhi i Madh and Topanicë.

1955: 7857: 7108: 5991: 4770:

Vranić, Ivan (2014a). "The "Hellenization" process and the Balkan Iron Age archaeology". In Staša Babić, Marko Jankovic (ed.).

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Fingerprinting the Iron Age: Approaches to identity in the European Iron Age: Integrating South-Eastern Europe into the debate

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Vladimir Georgiev (Gheorghiev), Raporturile dintre limbile dacă, tracă şi frigiană, "Studii Clasice" Journal, II, 1960, 39-58.

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origin, according to their personal names. It has been noted that personal names were mostly of the "Central-Dalmatian type".

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and other writers wrote that they bathed only three times in their lives. At birth, when they were wed and after they died.

1327: 161:, some ancient sources also distinguish them from those Illyrians dwelling in the central and southern coast of the eastern 6841:

established after 584. After massive territorial losses in the 7th century, the remaining provinces were superseded by the

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historiography, starting from Milutin Garašanin in the 1970s and 1980s, the Brnjica culture came to be interpreted as the "

233:) state on their western borders also contributed to the restriction of Dardanian warlike actions towards their neighbors. 7243: 6877: 6444: 5910: 4310: 3972:

Onomasticon Thracicum (OnomThrac): Répertoire des noms indigènes de Thrace, Macédoine Orientale, Mésies, Dacie et Bithynie

1369:, the political and military role of the Dardanians began to grow in the region. They expanded their state to the area of 220:, the political and military role of the Dardanians began to grow in the region. They expanded their state to the area of 7680: 6786: 6734: 6522: 5382: 1188:

was not used for several hundred years after this period in an administrative context. It was only recreated by Emperor

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L'Illyrie méridionale et l'Épire dans l'Antiquité V: Actes du Ve colloque international de Grenoble (8–11 octobre 2008)

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as Dardanian tribes, and describes the Dardani as one of the three strongest Illyrian peoples, the other two being the

7920: 7163: 6367: 5785: 5322: 511:, which is attested since Roman times for a tribe close to the Dardani or living in Dardania, is considered to be the 2536:

Baliu, Begzad (2012). Onomastika e Kosoves: Ndermjet miteve dhe identiteteve (PDF). Era. p. 73. ISBN 978-9951040556.

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6th-4th century BCE, Iron Age II phase, during which contacts with the Mediterranean and imports from Greece increase

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as Dardanian tribes – describes the Dardani as one of the three strongest Illyrian peoples, the other two being the

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expansion in Epirus around the same years, may have been part of a general movement among the Illyrian peoples.

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from the Paeonians. Taking advantage of Macedonian weakness, in 229 the Dardani attacked Macedonia and defeated

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in consistency with the phonetic change of voiced palatal velars that are a characteristic trait of Albanian.

4610:. L'Illyrie méridionale et l'Épire dans l'Antiquité (V). Vol. 2. De Boccard Editions. pp. 617–629. 1576:– until the 2nd century BC. The Dardanian kingdom was made up of many tribes and tribal groups, confirmed by 1067:

In ancient historiography, the Dardani of the Balkans are mentioned as a people in the second century BCE by

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in a 1671 ecclesiastical report and on a 1688 map by a Venetian cartographer. Dardha is also the name of an

1623:." The term was used to describe the Dardanian political status as a semi-independent country in the later 1286: 788:"to mumble, to gumble" (the semantic development of "pear" that occurs in Albanian can also be seen in the 7710: 7153: 7037: 6675: 6389: 6274: 6170: 2775: 1783: 1314: 1080: 1007: 122: 102: 2136: 1804: 1502:

into Moesia Superior and Moesia Inferior in 86 AD, the Dardani were located in southern Moesia Superior.

1396:, joining the Dardani under Longarus and forcing Teuta to call off her expedition forces in Epirus. When 7725: 7494: 7307: 7233: 6826: 6292: 6165: 6132: 5397: 5367: 5332: 4335:

Brill's Companion to Ancient Macedon: Studies in the Archaeology and History of Macedon, 650 BC – 300 AD

1967: 1533:

administration (in the 6th century), there was a Byzantine province of Dardania that included cities of

855:"to rattle", "chatter" (which however is regarded by Orel as an onomatopoeic form connected to Albanian 533: 293: 6439: 5919: 7148: 5668: 4465:

The Central Balkan Tribes in pre-Roman Times: Triballi, Autariatae, Dardanians, Scordisci and Moesians

1133:

In the late 1st century BCE, in Rome a new ideological discourse was formed. Propagated by poets like

1075:

in the third century BC. Historians of Hellenistic and Roman antiquity who mention the Dardanians are

7863: 7380: 7032: 6864: 6834: 6560: 6461: 5628: 5242: 4529:"Dardania in late antiquity: An overview of 4th-6th century fortification in the territory of Kosovo" 2257: 2038: 2026: 1331: 1222: 903: 745: 205: 8150: 7869: 7824: 7642: 7632: 7294: 7123: 7070: 7065: 6838: 6555: 6412: 5658: 5577: 5472: 5422: 5357: 5337: 5292: 4236:

Epirus: the Geography, the Ancient Remains, the History and Topography of Epirus and Adjacent Areas

3917: 1879: 1569: 1554: 1416: 1397: 1322: 1299: 1295: 1221:

are two of the most significant sites in the Neolithic period. During the late 3rd millennium BCE,

1127: 762: 213: 193: 158: 126: 157:. As Dardanians had followed their own peculiar geographical, social and political development in 7720: 7695: 7602: 7577: 7466: 7350: 7200: 7012: 6809: 6744: 6427: 6155: 6063: 5889: 5417: 5352: 4973: 4843: 4550: 4332:(2011). "Philip of Macedon: Accession, Ambitions, and Self-Presentation". In Lane Fox, R. (ed.). 4221: 4213: 4174: 4104:

Rome Enters the Greek East From Anarchy to Hierarchy in the Hellenistic Mediterranean, 230–170 BC

1910: 1868:("Dardanian Goddess"). They are attested in votive inscriptions of the Roman period in Dardania. 1725: 1424: 1361:

Kingdom of the Dardanians, late 3rd century BC, prior to their conquest of Paeonia and Macedonia.

1036: 201: 6240: 6043: 3153:

Michael Rostovtzeff, The Social and Economic History of the Roman Empire (Oxford 1957), 242-243

1905:

Strabo writes that Dardanians cared about music, always using musical instruments, both of the

902:". This term was mentioned as a "Thracian-Dacian" phytonym by the Ancient Greek pharmacologist 7847: 7554: 7544: 7539: 7443: 7413: 7210: 7060: 6951: 6941: 6916: 6911: 6702: 6668: 6635: 6615: 6542: 6517: 6451: 6394: 6359: 6282: 6203: 6198: 6079: 5812: 5722: 5517: 5477: 5452: 5287: 5247: 4936: 4902: 4894: 4879: 4835: 4798: 4777: 4756: 4735: 4611: 4590: 4569: 4513: 4469: 4434: 4402: 4381: 4360: 4339: 4282: 4261: 4240: 4166: 4129: 4128:. Hellenistic culture and society. Vol. 5. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. 4108: 4084: 4031: 3997: 3976: 3955: 3936: 3897: 3876: 3842: 3677: 3573: 3567: 3513: 3474: 3322: 3171: 2995: 2987: 2916: 2428: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1763: 1392:

In this period Dardanian influence on the region grew and some other Illyrian tribes deserted

1370: 1275: 649: 490: 425: 221: 174: 7888: 5877: 1513:

At first, Dardania was not a separate Roman province, but became a region in the province of

1338:'empire. Thereafter the Dardani became a constant threat to Macedon on its northern borders. 165:

and its hinterland, who had constituted their own socio-political formation, referred to as '

7783: 7778: 7735: 7690: 7597: 7342: 7332: 7322: 7270: 7007: 6999: 6630: 6550: 6422: 6355: 6215: 6160: 6145: 6033: 6002: 5950: 5775: 5754: 5594: 5432: 5237: 5194: 4856: 4825: 4648: 4638: 4540: 4492: 4448: 4314: 4205: 4156: 3926: 3002: 2912: 1906: 1857: 1672: 1635: 1542: 1411: 1346: 1251: 1210: 1076: 789: 771: 371: 166: 72: 4454:

Srednjobalkanska plemena u predrimsko doba. Tribali, Autarijati, Dardanci, Skordisci i Mezi

4196:

Hammond, Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière (1966). "The Kingdoms in Illyria circa 400-167 B.C.".

1028:

is derived. Other parallel ethnic names in the Balkans and Anatolia, respectively include:

867:(5th century CE) and with aberrant semantics. Another link has been made with the PIE root 8180: 7763: 7753: 7660: 7612: 7567: 7486: 7408: 7393: 7312: 7055: 6959: 6931: 6906: 6888: 6605: 6499: 6494: 6417: 6399: 6377: 6188: 5979: 5962: 5956: 5915: 5849: 5832: 5021: 4098: 1514: 1262: 1011: 938:, passing through intermediate stages represented by the palato-alveolar affricate voiced 645: 273: 261: 257: 241: 676:"wild pear", a common Indo-European root has been tentatively reconstructed by scholars: 4059: 4030:. Leiden Studies in Indo-European (in German). Vol. 7. Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi. 7773: 7768: 7758: 7705: 7650: 7461: 7355: 7327: 7317: 7195: 6984: 6979: 6936: 6926: 6625: 6620: 6245: 6175: 5796: 5790: 5673: 5542: 5342: 5137: 4398:

Pannonia and Upper Moesia: A History of the Middle Danube Provinces of the Roman Empire

4329: 4161: 4144: 1861: 1771: 1744:, if not Dardanian, probably had some kind of hegemony on Dardanians during his reign. 1624: 1599:

The Dardanians, in all their history, always had separate domains from the rest of the

1030: 847:"bee", maybe originally with the meaning of "noise", "chatter", compared with Sanskrit 780: 716: 668: 289: 237: 110: 3633:

Die neuesten Forschungen über die einhemiche Sprachschist in den Illyrischen Provinzen

8144: 7655: 7607: 7572: 7562: 7471: 7171: 6974: 6969: 6921: 6901: 6830: 6814: 6489: 6235: 6150: 5537: 5497: 5058: 4847: 4554: 4225: 4178: 1875: 1865: 1061: 4653: 1490:' rule in 6 AD, when they were finally conquered by Rome. Dardania was conquered by 1349:

who, underestimating the Celtic strength, died fighting them. Only at the oracle of

906:(1st century AD), and it has a clear etymological connection with the Albanian word 8125: 8062: 7853: 7670: 7665: 7617: 7403: 7370: 7365: 7190: 6964: 6842: 6534: 6302: 6180: 6085: 5930: 5507: 5492: 4074: 3990:

Drançolli, Jahja (2020). "Kosova: Archaeological Heritage". In Claire Smith (ed.).

3473:] (in Albanian) (1st ed.). Prishtina: Instituti Albanologjik. p. 48. 1651: 1505: 1464: 1365:

After the Celtic invasion of the Balkans weakened the state of the Macedonians and

1271: 741: 285: 265: 162: 19:

This article is about the ancient tribe in the Balkans. For the Trojan allies, see

6116: 4935:. Instituti i Trashëgimisë Shpirtërore e Kulturore të Shqiptarëve – Shkup: 13–20. 4927:

Zeqo, Moikom (2016). "Zef Mirdita, dijetari i madh shqiptar i formatit evropian".

4123: 2906: 1453:

into two provinces in 86 AD, the Dardani were located in southern Moesia Superior.

4919:

The Thracians in the Roman Imperial Army: From the First to the Third Century A.D

4917: 4873: 4792: 4771: 4750: 4725: 4707: 4605: 4584: 4563: 4507: 4463: 4452: 4428: 4417: 4396: 4375: 4354: 4333: 4276: 4255: 4234: 4102: 4078: 4025: 3991: 3970: 3949: 3671: 3507: 3333:

Grabos became the most powerful Illyrian king after the death of Bardylis in 358.

3316: 7876: 7748: 7715: 7627: 7582: 7456: 7398: 6121: 5727: 5653: 5638: 5487: 5442: 5317: 5282: 5088: 5048: 4643: 4626: 4278:

Who's Who in the Age of Alexander the Great: Prosopography of Alexander's Empire

1846: 1729: 1705: 1693: 1401:

taking 20.000 prisoners and retreating before Philip's forces could reach them.

1218: 1057: 1024: 878:

The opinion criticising the etymologies based on roots that originally included

297: 6849:

and parts of Greece they survived under the themes until the early 9th century.

3856:

Boteva, Dilyana (2021). Mitthof, Fritz; Cenati, Chiara; Zerbini, Livio (eds.).

1782:

Dardanian slaves or freedmen at the time of the Roman conquest were clearly of

42: 8057: 7990: 7743: 7587: 6989: 6818: 6658: 6319: 6309: 6297: 6210: 6058: 6048: 5633: 5584: 5567: 5362: 5312: 5184: 5167: 5162: 5127: 5068: 5053: 4209: 3880: 1800: 1620: 1593: 1518: 1335: 1267: 1189: 1053: 277: 154: 4940: 4839: 4830: 4755:. Archaeopress Roman Archaeology. Vol. 78. Archaeopress Publishing LTD. 4509:

Les voies et agglomérations romaines au cœur des Balkans: Le cas de la Serbie

4170: 3940: 3648:

Katičić, Radoslav. Ancient languages of the Balkans. The Hague - Paris (1976)

3637:

Zur frage der keltischen und panonischen Namengebieten im römischen Dalmatien

1237:

11th-9th century BCE, a transitory period between the Bronze and the Iron Age

547: 8078: 8005: 7982: 7954: 7529: 7418: 7027: 7022: 6008: 5967: 5802: 5759: 5737: 5648: 5599: 5457: 5407: 5272: 5214: 5209: 5204: 5152: 5083: 5036: 4996: 4922:. The Center for Roman Military Studies. Vol. 1. Mega Publishing House. 3931: 3912: 1937: 1932: 1758: 1600: 1530: 1472: 1434: 1429: 1420: 1366: 1318: 1298:

began early and intensified during the Iron Age. Trade connections with the

1255: 1122: 1114: 1048: 991: 429: 217: 186: 182: 170: 134: 6018: 5806: 4319: 4298: 1833: 637: 609: 4955: 1184:, the original use of the name persisted by authors like Appian. The name 8094: 8028: 8013: 7944: 7622: 7592: 7514: 7223: 7138: 6846: 6610: 6341: 6314: 6110: 6068: 5973: 5940: 5870: 5866: 5822: 5817: 5780: 5732: 5705: 5688: 5683: 5678: 5562: 5527: 5502: 5447: 5437: 5402: 5387: 5302: 5277: 5267: 5262: 5199: 5189: 5157: 5120: 5098: 5093: 5073: 5063: 5041: 5026: 4662:

Savić, M. M. (2015). "Material culture of Dardan's in pre-roman period".

4545: 4497: 4485:"Pre-roman and Roman Dardania historical and geographical considerations" 4484: 1894: 1838: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1717: 1682: 1643: 1585: 1495: 1487: 1378: 1374: 1161: 1109: 1068: 1019: 1015: 629: 617: 613: 507: 435: 253: 230: 146: 20: 4217: 3915:[Diellina, a Thracian-Dacian plant with a Proto-Albanoid name]. 8120: 8115: 8099: 7964: 7949: 7819: 7675: 7534: 7476: 7133: 7128: 7118: 6640: 6471: 6287: 6258: 6100: 6053: 6038: 5996: 5945: 5905: 5854: 5747: 5742: 5643: 5609: 5589: 5558: 5467: 5412: 5392: 5179: 5147: 5142: 5132: 5115: 5105: 5031: 5016: 4716:]. Biblioteka "Fryma" (in Albanian). Vol. 13. Pejë: Dukagjini. 1887: 1853: 1713: 1668: 1655: 1631: 1589: 1581: 1573: 1534: 1522: 1521:

later (284) made Dardania into a separate province with its capital at

1386: 1310: 1250:

In the Iron Age habitation further developed with the emergence of the

1209:

which formed the core area of the Dardani has been inhabited since the

1152: 1121:(Δάρδανοι). In ancient sources the Dardani are mentioned as one of the 1088: 1072: 915: 899: 633: 625: 621: 601: 226: 197: 178: 150: 142: 4916:

Zahariade, Mihail (2009). Ovidiu Țentea, Florian Matei-Popescu (ed.).

2137:

http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0239

1373:

which definitively disappeared from history. In 230 the Dardani under

728: 7829: 6476: 6466: 6456: 6329: 6324: 6193: 6105: 6095: 6090: 6073: 6028: 6013: 5935: 5900: 5860: 5827: 5770: 5764: 5717: 5711: 5663: 5532: 5512: 5482: 5427: 5372: 5347: 5307: 5257: 5252: 5174: 5078: 3817: 1842: 1807:

which puts the Dardanian language area in the Central Illyrian area (

1767: 1721: 1577: 1565: 1499: 1450: 1350: 1303: 1206: 1134: 1100: 1092: 1084: 1042: 568:"wolf" etc.). Albanian typical toponyms formed with the same root as 559: 478: 466: 440: 385: 381: 335: 325: 319: 313: 249: 138: 4813: 4027:

Albanische Etymologien: Untersuchungen zum albanischen Erbwortschatz

3870: 3857: 1526: 1330:. It appears that the Dardani evaded the Macedonian rule during the 7875: Affected (i.e. boundaries modified, abolished or renamed) by 4897:. In Hornblower, Simon; Spawforth, Antony; Eidinow, Esther (eds.). 3888:

Cabanes, Pierre (2002) . Dinko Čutura; Bruna Kuntić-Makvić (eds.).

1799:

The Dardanians had their own language. An extensive study based on

8023: 7972: 7936: 7524: 7519: 7499: 6023: 5925: 5895: 5883: 5843: 5837: 5700: 5694: 5623: 5522: 5377: 5219: 4060:"Dendronymica Albanica: A survey of Albanian tree and shrub names" 2102:, an Illyrian people (their name may derive from the same root as 1870: 1709: 1701: 1538: 1504: 1476: 1393: 1285: 1214: 1143: 1003: 605: 512: 444: 392: 269: 264:

in 86 AD, the Dardani were located in southern Moesia Superior. A

7239:

Numidia (divided as Cirtensis and Militiana during the Tetrarchy)

3954:

Vol. III (part 1) (2 ed.). Cambridge University Press.

3819:

Les habitats de l'Age du fer sur le territoire de l'actuel Kosovo

2742: 2740: 1845:), which might have been used in a ritualistic manner related to 1321:. However an open war have not been caused by their riots, since 177:

names in the eastern strip of Dardania, and several Thracian and

6481: 5986: 4752:

Ex Asia et Syria Oriental Religions in the Roman Central Balkans

4299:"Turning night into day: Milieu and semantic change in Albanian" 3542:

bathe or not was only a question of expense and financial means.

1609:), while other tribal areas had more unspecified terms, such as 1138: 704:"a thorny plant", with the Proto-Albanian form reconstructed as 7892: 7808: 7268: 6862: 6798: 6759: 4969: 3872:

Recherche sur les Dardaniens : VIe- Ier siècles av. J.- C.

1958:

Dardanioi, Georg Autenrieth, "A Homeric Dictionary", at Perseus

1667:

Unnamed Dardanian king (early 3rd century BC), who offered the

1099:

and others. According to a mythological tradition reported by

1002:

The name of the Dardani is mentioned for the first time in the

818:"to crumble, to break", and also in the Indo-European parallel 755: 734: 719: 705: 4627:"Some Illyrian Ethnonyms and Their Supposed Albanian Cognates" 4562:

Rusakov, Alexander (2017). "Albanian". In Mate Kapović (ed.).

4045:

Dzino, Danijel (2008). "Strabo 7, 5 and imaginary Illyricum".

3890:

Iliri od Bardileja do Gencia (IV. – II. stoljeće prije Krista)

1060:' afflicted some of the established powers around the eastern 600:(1431). Several modern toponyms are found in various parts of 3894:

The Illyrians from Bardylis to Gentius (4th – 2nd century BC)

2478: 2476: 2297: 2295: 2293: 2146: 2144: 1614: 1604: 671: 472: 460: 400: 375: 365: 359: 341: 169:' by ancient authors. The Dardani were also related to their 4965: 3318:

From the End of the Peloponnesian War to the Battle of Ipsus

3162:

Prehistory and Antique History of Kosova, Edi Shukriu, p. 18

2312: 2310: 733:"to tip out, pour, spill, secrete, cast (metals)" < PAlb 81: 3896:] (in Croatian). Translated by Vesna Lisičić. Svitava. 3509:

An English translation of Claudius Aelianus' Varia historia

3172:

http://www.balkaninstitut.com/pdf/izdanja/B_XXXVII_2007.pdf

3096: 3094: 2580: 2578: 2198: 2196: 276:. In the 2nd century AD Dardanians were still notorious as 93: 87: 6833:. Empire permanently partitioned after 395. Exarchates of 1977: 1975: 843:

by some scholars. It has been proposed a possible link to

3996:. Springer International Publishing. pp. 4308–4319. 3858:"Society and Myths: How was the Name of Moesia Invented?" 3298: 3296: 3294: 2520: 2518: 2505: 2503: 2380: 2378: 2376: 826: 819: 698: 691: 684: 677: 663:. On the basis of an alleged connection between Albanian 2946: 2944: 2888: 2886: 2884: 2882: 2880: 2776:"Regional characteristics of the Brnjica cultural group" 2757: 2755: 2280: 2278: 2183: 2181: 2179: 2177: 2175: 2173: 2171: 799: 793: 523:"pear"), which would confirm the link with the Albanian 248:

in 29/8 BC. They were included in the Roman province of

4013:Овоштарската лексика на албанските говори во Македонија 2843: 2841: 2839: 2807:

REGIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BRNJICA CULTURAL GROUP

2451: 2449: 1309:

The Dardani are referred to as one of the opponents of

4857:"The City of Pelion and the Illyrian War of Alexander" 3913:"Diellina, një bimë trako-dake me emër proto-albanoid" 3531: 3529: 4191:. Instituti Arkeologjik i Kosovës . pp. 222–230. 2339: 2337: 1849:

which was prevalent in the northern Illyrian tribes

90: 4714:

Pre-urban Dardania: Archaeological Studies of Kosova

4709:

Dardania paraurbane: studime arkeologjike të Kosovës

3761:[Dea Dardania - Iconography and functions]. 2131: 2129: 84: 78: 8108: 8087: 8071: 8050: 8041: 8004: 7981: 7963: 7935: 7928: 7734: 7641: 7553: 7485: 7442: 7431: 7379: 7341: 7293: 7282: 7209: 7162: 7099: 7088: 7046: 6998: 6950: 6887: 6876: 6693: 6651: 6533: 6510: 6354: 6273: 6131: 5608: 5551: 5230: 5007: 4080:

The Tribes of Albania: History, Society and Culture

3635:" in Benac (1964a) 9-58 Katičić, Radoslav (1965b) " 1509:

Dardania and the Balkans during the 6th century AD.

225:

political role. The strengthening of the Illyrian (

75: 53: 4416:Mortensen, Kate (1991). "The Career of Bardylis". 3181: 3179: 812: 805: 240:proconsuls, and were finally defeated probably by 4776:. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. 33–47. 3276: 3274: 3255: 3253: 2809:MILORAD STOJI] Institute of Archaeology, Belgrade 1642:, but Ceraunos declined the offer. Tribal chiefs 871:"to hold", "strong", which would have evolved to 483:) is traditionally connected to the same root as 312:has been attested in ancient Greek literature as 4422:. Vol. 22. Ares Publishers. pp. 49–59. 4377:Die Illyrer: Geschichte, Archäologie und Sprache 4303:Proceedings of the Linguistic Society of America 3572:. Biblo & Tannen Publishers. pp. 249–. 2859: 1856:, considered to have been the indigenous god of 1852:Among the characteristic Dardanian deities were 765: 3670:Joseph Roisman; Ian Worthington (7 July 2011). 3539: 3284: 3263: 3207: 3189: 3140: 2012: 725:has been reconstructed, itself a derivative of 711:, is not clear. More recently for the Albanian 133:Ancient tradition considered the Dardani as an 3799: 2049: 2047: 2004: 2002: 1568:began to develop from the 4th century BC. The 749: 726: 563: 553: 545: 524: 500: 494: 484: 7904: 7856:by the Eastern Empire in 534 as the separate 6771: 4981: 4374:Lippert, Andreas; Matzinger, Joachim (2021). 4254:Hammond, Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière (1988). 4233:Hammond, Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière (1967). 2116: 2114: 2112: 1832:Graves from the 6th and 5th centuries BCE in 1716:. Some scholars believe that Illyrian rulers 1290:Illyrian tribes in the 7th–4th centuries BCE. 882:because in the earliest form of Albanian PIE 774: 655:Opinions differ on the etymon of the root in 416:The names of the two main Dardanian tribes – 125:people, who lived in a region that was named 8: 4017:Ss. Cyril and Methodius University of Skopje 2679: 2677: 839:Other roots have been connected to the name 413:was common to many Indo-European languages. 35: 7879:'s administrative reorganization in 534–536 4297:Joseph, Brian D.; Dedvukaj, Lindon (2024). 2066: 2064: 2062: 1923:List of ancient Illyrian peoples and tribes 1056:(around 1200 BC), when the attacks of the ' 783: 8047: 7932: 7911: 7897: 7889: 7805: 7439: 7290: 7279: 7265: 7096: 6884: 6873: 6859: 6795: 6778: 6764: 6756: 5004: 4988: 4974: 4966: 4673:"Prehistory and Antique History of Kosova" 4198:The Annual of the British School at Athens 3875:(Thesis) (in French). Université de Lyon. 3759:"Dea Dardane - Ikonografia dhe funksionet" 3591: 3589: 3554:Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898) 3506:Aelian; Diane Ostrom Johnson (June 1997). 3321:. Cambridge University Press. p. 93. 2911:. University of California Press. p. 2081: 2079: 1841:. The weapons included double-edged axes ( 1334:between 284 BC and 281 BC, at the time of 424:– have been respectively connected to the 200:– until the 2nd century BC. The historian 41: 34: 6813:. Provincial administration reformed and 4829: 4814:"The Army of Lysimachus after Corupedium" 4652: 4642: 4544: 4496: 4318: 4189:Kosova Archeologica - Kosova Arkeologjike 4160: 3930: 3619: 3607: 3535: 3404: 3244: 3220: 3203: 3100: 2974: 2746: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2467: 2408: 2343: 2328: 2301: 2202: 2162: 2070: 2053: 2008: 1981: 1603:. The term used for their territory was ( 288:their territory was the homeland of many 6787:Late Roman and early Byzantine provinces 3493: 3416: 3013: 2950: 2892: 2316: 1803:of the Roman era has been undertaken by 1444: 1356: 1246:4th-1st century BCE, Hellenistic period. 558:"sheep" supposedly related to Dalmatia, 536:was the first to propose that the names 334:. The term used for their territory was 173:neighbors. In Roman times, there appear 3787: 3775: 3720: 3708: 3696: 3452: 3392: 3380: 3302: 3073: 3061: 3049: 3037: 3025: 2962: 2935: 2847: 2830: 2761: 2632: 2620: 2584: 2569: 2557: 2482: 2384: 2245: 2214: 2150: 1948: 8201:Tribes conquered by the Roman Republic 4512:. Scripta Antiqua. Ausonius Éditions. 3676:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 301. 3440: 3428: 3368: 3356: 3344: 3280: 3259: 3185: 3136: 2871: 2818: 2683: 2668: 2656: 2644: 2596: 2284: 2269: 2187: 2120: 2095: 1993: 364:, name of Macedonian-Elimiot princes; 181:placenames also appear there, such as 4734:] (in Croatian). Školska knjiga. 4353:Lewis, D. M.; Boardman, John (1994). 4204:. British School at Athens: 239–253. 3744: 3232: 3124: 3112: 3085: 2545: 2509: 2494: 2455: 2396: 2367: 2355: 1313:in the 4th century BC, clashing with 1240:8th-7th century BCE, Iron Age I phase 7: 3732: 3657: 3315:Phillip Harding (21 February 1985). 2731: 2719: 2707: 2695: 2524: 256:divided the province of Moesia into 4861:Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies 4338:. Leiden: Brill. pp. 335–366. 4257:A History of Macedonia: 336-167 B.C 1354:second half of the 3rd century BC. 405:, a Daunian settlement. The suffix 4749:Gavrilović Vitas, Nadežda (2021). 4732:The Illyrians: history and culture 4162:10.36707/palaeohispanica.v0i20.372 4122:Errington, Robert Malcolm (1990). 3993:Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology 3467:Dardanët e Ilirisë (VI - I p.e.s.) 1956:"Δαρδάνιοι, Δάρδανοι, Δαρδανίωνες" 1679:, but Ceraunos declined the offer. 1675:20,000 soldiers to counteract the 1638:20,000 soldiers to counteract the 946:and further through a final stage 544:were related to the Albanian word 208:, who won the conflict. After the 141:, in particular – also mentioning 14: 8171:Ancient tribes in North Macedonia 6681:Prehistory of Southeastern Europe 4053:(1). Edizioni New Press: 173–192. 2905:Robert Malcolm Errington (1990). 2788:from the original on 23 July 2011 1928:List of ancient tribes in Illyria 1071:who describes their wars against 761:, which is close to onomatopoeic 493:word for 'pear', as well as Alb. 272:in Dardanian territory under the 7219:Africa proconsularis (Zeugitana) 6845:in c. 640–660, although in 6740: 6739: 4954: 4430:Albanian etymological dictionary 3673:A Companion to Ancient Macedonia 1878:represented an ancient deity in 1560:History of the tribal government 640:. Dardha in Puka is recorded as 447:), of Palaeo-Balkan provenance. 71: 6829:established after the death of 4899:The Oxford Classical Dictionary 4818:Antiquité Vivante / Živa antika 4727:Iliri: povijest, život, kultura 3923:Centre of Albanological Studies 2258:Strabo: The Geography - Illyria 2039:Strabo: The Geography - Illyria 1736:(daughter of Bardylis II), and 1341:In 279 BC, at the times of the 1147:appeared in Roman sources. The 1107:(Δάρδανος), one of the sons of 998:The name in the ancient sources 890:and correspondingly later into 744:texts the root is recorded not 7177:Flaminia et Picenum Annonarium 7101:Diocese of Suburbicarian Italy 6254:Albanian traditional tattooing 6141:Central Bosnian cultural group 4506:Petrović, Vladimir P. (2019). 4483:Petrović, Vladimir P. (2006). 4359:. Cambridge University Press. 1650:took part in the wars against 918:" belongs to the genus called 754:. It continues Proto-Albanian 210:Celtic invasion of the Balkans 1: 7244:Tripolitania (Roman province) 6822: 6445:Battle of Dyrrhachium (48 BC) 4356:The Cambridge Ancient History 4311:Linguistic Society of America 4143:Falileyev, Alexander (2020). 3822:(Thesis). Université de Lyon. 3566:James Oliver Thomson (1948). 1704:(Etleva) was the daughter of 1205:The territory of present-day 4773:The Edges of the Roman World 4067:Zeitschrift für Balkanologie 3569:History of Ancient Geography 2027:Strabo's geography - Illyria 1449:After the division of Roman 930:turned into the interdental 648:in the northern part of the 479: 467: 336: 326: 320: 314: 59:Palaeo-Balkan language group 16:Ancient tribe in the Balkans 8166:Ancient tribes in Macedonia 7852: Re-established after 7164:Diocese of Annonarian Italy 6373:Alexander's Balkan campaign 6368:Illyrian invasion of Epirus 4901:. OUP Oxford. p. 414. 4644:10.18485/belida.2022.1.ch18 4589:. Narodni muzej Slovenije. 4583:Šašel Kos, Marjeta (2005). 4568:(2nd ed.). Routledge. 4565:The Indo-European Languages 4260:. Oxford University Press. 3631:Katičić, Radoslav (1964b) " 1328:Alexander's Balkan campaign 851:"frog", "pipe", Lithuanian 757: 736: 721: 707: 8217: 4462:Papazoglu, Fanula (1978). 3800:Joseph & Dedvukaj 2024 1615: 1605: 1552: 1456: 1419:made an alliance with the 1403: 1097:Dionysius of Halicarnassus 672: 473: 461: 401: 376: 366: 360: 342: 252:. After the Roman emperor 236:Dardanians fought against 212:weakened the state of the 106: 18: 7842: 7825:Quaestura exercitus (536) 7815: 7804: 7278: 7264: 6872: 6858: 6805: 6794: 6730: 5003: 4666:(in Serbian) (39): 67–84. 4631:Belgrade Linguistics Days 4275:Heckel, Waldemar (2006). 4210:10.1017/S0068245400019043 4024:Demiraj, Bardhyl (1997). 3869:Buqinca, Arianit (2021). 3471:The Dardanians of Illyria 3465:Buqinca, Arianit (2022). 3395:, pp. 50–51, 56, 75. 1459:Dardania (Roman province) 1022:, from which the toponym 505:, 'farmer'. The ethnonym 58: 40: 8196:Tribes conquered by Rome 8186:Ancient tribes in Serbia 8176:Ancient tribes in Kosovo 7701:Palaestina III Salutaris 6897:Alpes Poeninae et Graiae 4855:Vujčić, Nemanja (2021). 4831:10.47054/ZIVA19691-2109v 4812:Vujčić, Nemanja (2019). 4654:21.15107/rcub_dais_13349 4107:. Blackwell Publishing. 4011:Darlishta, Hana (2019). 3830:Onomastikë dhe identitet 3639:" ANUBiH 3 GCBI 1, 53-76 2774:Stojic, Milorad (2006). 1498:divided the province of 562:in Montenegro < Alb. 7868: Placed under the 7229:Mauretania Caesariensis 7048:Diocese of the Britains 6664:Origin of the Albanians 6385:Dardanian–Bastarnic war 4427:Orel, Vladimir (1998). 4401:. New York: Routledge. 4395:Mócsy, András (2014) . 3932:10.62006/sf.v1i1-2.3089 3835:Onomastics and Identity 1406:Dardanian-Bastarnae war 1192:in the 3rd century CE. 1014:on the Aegean coast of 828: 821: 814: 807: 804:"pear, pear tree" < 800: 794: 700: 693: 686: 679: 246:Marcus Licinius Crassus 7711:Phoenice II Libanensis 7414:Macedonia II Salutaris 6827:praetorian prefectures 6789:(4th–7th centuries AD) 6676:History of the Balkans 6390:Invasions of Epidamnus 6275:Religion and mythology 4872:Wilkes, John (1996) . 4625:Savić, Danilo (2022). 4533:Archaeologia Adriatica 4468:. Amsterdam: Hakkert. 4320:10.3765/plsa.v9i1.5681 4125:A History of Macedonia 4058:Elsie, Robert (1998). 3911:Crăciun, Radu (2023). 3827:Baliu, Begzad (2012). 3816:Alaj, Premtim (2019). 3544: 3288: 3268: 3211: 3194: 3144: 2908:A History of Macedonia 2427:. Wiley. p. 244. 2017: 1882: 1510: 1492:Gaius Scribonius Curio 1454: 1362: 1291: 1081:Marcus Terentius Varro 784: 775: 766: 750: 727: 604:, including Dardha in 564: 554: 546: 525: 501: 495: 485: 114: 23:. For other uses, see 8191:Indo-European peoples 7433:Praetorian prefecture 7308:Noricum mediterraneum 7284:Praetorian prefecture 7234:Mauretania Sitifensis 7129:Picenum Suburbicarium 7090:Praetorian prefecture 6878:Praetorian prefecture 6825: 293. Permanent 6400:Roman-Macedonian wars 6166:Glasinac-Mati culture 5803:Dyrrhachium/Epidamnus 5398:Glaucias of Taulantii 5368:Eleutherius and Antia 5333:Constantine the Great 4963:at Wikimedia Commons 4929:Studime Albanologjike 4893:Wilkes, John (2012). 4722:Stipčević, Aleksandar 4706:Shukriu, Edi (1996). 4671:Shukriu, Edi (2008). 4380:. Kohlhammer Verlag. 3757:Shukriu, Edi (2004). 2860:Gavrilović Vitas 2021 2749:, pp. 4311–4312. 2421:Wilkes, John (1992). 2135:Strabo's geography - 1874: 1508: 1448: 1404:Further information: 1360: 1343:great Celtic invasion 1289: 534:Johann Georg von Hahn 294:Constantine the Great 7864:Diocese of Illyricum 7858:Prefecture of Africa 7613:Galatia II Salutaris 7381:Diocese of Macedonia 7271:Eastern Roman Empire 7033:Mauretania Tingitana 6865:Western Roman Empire 6435:Roman–Dalmatian wars 6176:Monte Saraceno woman 5243:Anastasius I Dicorus 4586:Appian and Illyricum 4546:10.15291/archeo.3392 4498:10.2298/BALC0637007P 4147:La Europa silenciosa 3841:(in Albanian). Era. 3455:, pp. 131, 133. 2607:, pp. 101–104; 1708:of Dardania and the 1619:), for the "land of 1332:Wars of the Diadochi 1252:Glasinac-Mat culture 1113:(Ἰλλυριός), was the 922:with the Latin root 904:Pedanius Dioscorides 659:, and eventually in 572:have been attested: 308:The ethnonym of the 206:Philip II of Macedon 7870:Quaestura exercitus 7643:Diocese of the East 7633:Pontus Polemoniacus 7295:Diocese of Pannonia 7124:Lucania et Bruttium 7071:Maxima Caesariensis 7066:Flavia Caesariensis 6523:Proposed vocabulary 6171:Gradistë belt-plate 5473:Peter the Patrician 5423:Irenaeus of Sirmium 5358:Demetrius of Pharos 5338:Constantius Chlorus 5293:Bato the Daesitiate 4527:Rama, Zana (2021). 4239:. Clarendon Press. 4145:"The Silent Europe 4099:Eckstein, Arthur M. 3918:Studime Filologjike 3699:, pp. 555–556. 3512:. E. Mellen Press. 3443:, pp. 501–504. 3192:province of Moesia) 2874:, pp. 504–505. 2623:, pp. 522–524. 2485:, pp. 121–122. 2272:, pp. 120–121. 2153:, pp. 239–241. 1728:(son of Bardylis), 1580:, who mentions the 1570:Kingdom of Dardania 1555:Kingdom of Dardania 1323:Alexander the Great 1300:Ancient Greek world 1296:Mediterranean world 1282:Classical antiquity 1223:Proto-Indo-European 1018:and his people the 942:, dental affricate 661:Proto-Indo-European 282:latrones dardaniae) 268:was established at 194:Kingdom of Dardania 107:Δαρδάνιοι, Δάρδανοι 37: 7721:Syria II Salutaris 7578:Armenian Satrapies 7351:Dacia Mediterranea 7273:(395–c. 640) 7201:Venetia et Histria 7109:Apulia et Calabria 6810:Notitia Dignitatum 6440:Caesar's civil war 6074:Tragurion (Trogir) 5674:Aspalathos (Split) 5615:cities/settlements 5552:Political entities 5418:Gratianus Funarius 4693:on 13 October 2022 3969:Dana, Dan (2014). 2527:, pp. 56, 60. 1883: 1809:"Central Illyrian" 1517:in 87 AD. Emperor 1511: 1471:together with the 1455: 1425:Perseus of Macedon 1363: 1292: 1103:(2nd century AD), 356:opraetor epiratrum 330:, and in Latin as 284:. During the late 8138: 8137: 8134: 8133: 8037: 8036: 7923:by cultural group 7886: 7885: 7848:Septem Provinciae 7838: 7837: 7810:Other territories 7800: 7799: 7796: 7795: 7792: 7791: 7583:Armenia III (536) 7555:Diocese of Pontus 7545:Phrygia Salutaris 7540:Phrygia Pacatiana 7444:Diocese of Thrace 7427: 7426: 7260: 7259: 7256: 7255: 7252: 7251: 7211:Diocese of Africa 7084: 7083: 6952:Diocese of Vienne 6942:Maxima Sequanorum 6854: 6853: 6753: 6752: 6689: 6688: 6669:Albanian paganism 6636:Pannonia Superior 6616:Pannonia Inferior 6543:Illyrian emperors 6395:Illyro-Roman Wars 5842:Iader or Idassa ( 5453:Marcellinus Comes 5288:Bato the Breucian 5248:Artas of Messapia 4961:Dardani (Balkans) 4959:Media related to 4908:978-0-19-954556-8 4885:978-0-631-19807-9 4762:978-1-78969-914-2 4575:978-1-315-67855-9 4449:Papazoglu, Fanula 4419:The Ancient World 4366:978-0-521-23348-4 4345:978-90-04-20650-2 4288:978-1-4051-1210-9 4267:978-0-19-814815-9 4114:978-1-4051-6072-8 3848:978-9951-04-071-6 3778:, pp. 22–23. 3683:978-1-4443-5163-7 3660:, p. LXXXII. 3579:978-0-8196-0143-8 3519:978-0-7734-8672-0 3480:978-9951-24-155-7 3407:, pp. 49–59. 3328:978-0-521-29949-7 3016:, pp. 34–35. 3000:978-0-520-06319-8 2922:978-0-520-06319-8 2611:, pp. 22–23. 2587:, pp. 77–81. 2572:, pp. 79–81. 2560:, pp. 79–80. 2512:, pp. 77–78. 2319:, pp. 23–24. 2304:, pp. 38–39. 1822:Albanian language 1764:Claudius Aelianus 1748:Foreign relations 650:District of Dibra 636:, and Dardhës in 422:Thunatae/Thunatai 418:Galabri/Galabrioi 63: 62: 8208: 8048: 7933: 7913: 7906: 7899: 7890: 7862: Later the 7846: Later the 7806: 7784:Thebais Inferior 7779:Thebais Superior 7736:Diocese of Egypt 7726:Theodorias (528) 7588:Armenia IV (536) 7440: 7343:Diocese of Dacia 7333:Valeria ripensis 7291: 7280: 7266: 7149:Tuscia et Umbria 7097: 7000:Diocese of Spain 6885: 6874: 6860: 6824: 6807:As found in the 6796: 6780: 6773: 6766: 6757: 6743: 6742: 6631:Pannonia Secunda 6236:Trebeništa masks 6216:Spectacle brooch 6059:Scodra (Shkodër) 6039:Scampa (Elbasan) 5755:Dardana Fortress 5624:Acruvium (Kotor) 5595:Illyrian kingdom 5005: 4990: 4983: 4976: 4967: 4958: 4944: 4923: 4912: 4889: 4868: 4851: 4833: 4824:(1–2): 109–122. 4808: 4787: 4766: 4745: 4717: 4702: 4700: 4698: 4692: 4686:. Archived from 4677: 4667: 4658: 4656: 4646: 4621: 4600: 4579: 4558: 4548: 4523: 4502: 4500: 4479: 4458: 4444: 4423: 4412: 4391: 4370: 4349: 4324: 4322: 4292: 4271: 4250: 4229: 4192: 4182: 4164: 4139: 4118: 4094: 4070: 4064: 4054: 4041: 4020: 4007: 3986: 3965: 3944: 3934: 3907: 3884: 3865: 3852: 3840: 3823: 3803: 3797: 3791: 3785: 3779: 3773: 3767: 3766: 3754: 3748: 3742: 3736: 3730: 3724: 3718: 3712: 3706: 3700: 3694: 3688: 3687: 3667: 3661: 3655: 3649: 3646: 3640: 3629: 3623: 3617: 3611: 3605: 3599: 3593: 3584: 3583: 3563: 3557: 3551: 3545: 3533: 3524: 3523: 3503: 3497: 3491: 3485: 3484: 3462: 3456: 3450: 3444: 3438: 3432: 3426: 3420: 3414: 3408: 3402: 3396: 3390: 3384: 3378: 3372: 3366: 3360: 3354: 3348: 3342: 3336: 3335: 3312: 3306: 3300: 3289: 3278: 3269: 3257: 3248: 3242: 3236: 3230: 3224: 3218: 3212: 3201: 3195: 3183: 3174: 3169: 3163: 3160: 3154: 3151: 3145: 3134: 3128: 3122: 3116: 3110: 3104: 3098: 3089: 3083: 3077: 3071: 3065: 3059: 3053: 3047: 3041: 3035: 3029: 3023: 3017: 3011: 3005: 2984: 2978: 2972: 2966: 2960: 2954: 2948: 2939: 2933: 2927: 2926: 2902: 2896: 2890: 2875: 2869: 2863: 2857: 2851: 2845: 2834: 2828: 2822: 2816: 2810: 2804: 2798: 2797: 2795: 2793: 2787: 2780: 2771: 2765: 2759: 2750: 2744: 2735: 2729: 2723: 2717: 2711: 2705: 2699: 2693: 2687: 2681: 2672: 2666: 2660: 2654: 2648: 2642: 2636: 2630: 2624: 2618: 2612: 2594: 2588: 2582: 2573: 2567: 2561: 2555: 2549: 2543: 2537: 2534: 2528: 2522: 2513: 2507: 2498: 2492: 2486: 2480: 2471: 2465: 2459: 2453: 2444: 2438: 2418: 2412: 2406: 2400: 2394: 2388: 2382: 2371: 2365: 2359: 2353: 2347: 2341: 2332: 2326: 2320: 2314: 2305: 2299: 2288: 2282: 2273: 2267: 2261: 2255: 2249: 2243: 2237: 2233: 2227: 2224: 2218: 2212: 2206: 2200: 2191: 2185: 2166: 2160: 2154: 2148: 2139: 2133: 2124: 2118: 2107: 2098:, p. 414: " 2093: 2087: 2083: 2074: 2068: 2057: 2051: 2042: 2036: 2030: 2024: 2018: 2006: 1997: 1991: 1985: 1979: 1970: 1968:Latin Dictionary 1965: 1959: 1953: 1805:Radoslav Katičić 1673:Ptolemy Ceraunos 1662:Dardanian rulers 1636:Ptolemy Ceraunos 1618: 1617: 1611:Autariaton khora 1608: 1607: 1543:Justiniana Prima 1412:Bato of Dardania 1347:Ptolemy Keraunos 1228:material culture 1117:ancestor of the 1077:Diodorus Siculus 831: 824: 817: 810: 803: 797: 787: 778: 769: 760: 753: 739: 732: 724: 710: 703: 696: 689: 682: 675: 674: 567: 557: 551: 528: 504: 498: 488: 482: 476: 475: 470: 464: 463: 430:Kalabroi/Calabri 404: 403: 379: 378: 369: 368: 363: 362: 345: 344: 339: 329: 323: 317: 167:Illyrian kingdom 108: 100: 99: 96: 95: 92: 89: 86: 83: 80: 77: 45: 38: 8216: 8215: 8211: 8210: 8209: 8207: 8206: 8205: 8161:Thraco-Illyrian 8156:Illyrian tribes 8141: 8140: 8139: 8130: 8104: 8083: 8067: 8033: 8000: 7977: 7959: 7924: 7917: 7887: 7882: 7834: 7811: 7788: 7764:Augustamnica II 7730: 7637: 7549: 7487:Diocese of Asia 7481: 7434: 7423: 7409:Macedonia Prima 7375: 7337: 7313:Noricum ripense 7285: 7274: 7248: 7205: 7158: 7091: 7080: 7042: 6994: 6960:Alpes Maritimae 6946: 6932:Lugdunensis III 6889:Diocese of Gaul 6879: 6868: 6867:(395–476) 6850: 6817:established by 6801: 6790: 6784: 6754: 6749: 6726: 6713:Illyrian tribes 6685: 6647: 6606:Moesia Superior 6529: 6506: 6457:Desilo shipyard 6378:Siege of Pelium 6350: 6269: 6241:Vače Belt-Plate 6229:Selca e Poshtme 6127: 6044:Selcë e Poshtme 5833:Hedum castellum 5767:(Lower Neretva) 5629:Ad Acroceraunia 5612: 5604: 5547: 5328:Cleitus Dardani 5226: 4999: 4994: 4952: 4947: 4926: 4915: 4909: 4892: 4886: 4871: 4854: 4811: 4805: 4797:. Oxbow Books. 4790: 4784: 4769: 4763: 4748: 4742: 4720: 4705: 4696: 4694: 4690: 4675: 4670: 4661: 4624: 4618: 4603: 4597: 4582: 4576: 4561: 4526: 4520: 4505: 4482: 4476: 4461: 4447: 4441: 4426: 4415: 4409: 4394: 4388: 4373: 4367: 4352: 4346: 4328: 4296: 4289: 4274: 4268: 4253: 4247: 4232: 4195: 4185: 4155:(20): 887–919. 4153:Palaeohispanica 4142: 4136: 4121: 4115: 4097: 4091: 4073: 4062: 4057: 4044: 4038: 4023: 4010: 4004: 3989: 3983: 3968: 3962: 3947: 3910: 3904: 3887: 3868: 3855: 3849: 3838: 3826: 3815: 3811: 3806: 3802:, pp. 1–3. 3798: 3794: 3786: 3782: 3774: 3770: 3756: 3755: 3751: 3743: 3739: 3731: 3727: 3719: 3715: 3707: 3703: 3695: 3691: 3684: 3669: 3668: 3664: 3656: 3652: 3647: 3643: 3630: 3626: 3618: 3614: 3606: 3602: 3594: 3587: 3580: 3565: 3564: 3560: 3552: 3548: 3534: 3527: 3520: 3505: 3504: 3500: 3492: 3488: 3481: 3464: 3463: 3459: 3451: 3447: 3439: 3435: 3427: 3423: 3415: 3411: 3403: 3399: 3391: 3387: 3379: 3375: 3367: 3363: 3355: 3351: 3343: 3339: 3329: 3314: 3313: 3309: 3301: 3292: 3279: 3272: 3258: 3251: 3243: 3239: 3231: 3227: 3219: 3215: 3202: 3198: 3184: 3177: 3170: 3166: 3161: 3157: 3152: 3148: 3135: 3131: 3123: 3119: 3111: 3107: 3099: 3092: 3084: 3080: 3072: 3068: 3060: 3056: 3048: 3044: 3036: 3032: 3024: 3020: 3012: 3008: 2985: 2981: 2973: 2969: 2961: 2957: 2949: 2942: 2934: 2930: 2923: 2904: 2903: 2899: 2891: 2878: 2870: 2866: 2858: 2854: 2846: 2837: 2829: 2825: 2817: 2813: 2805: 2801: 2791: 2789: 2785: 2778: 2773: 2772: 2768: 2760: 2753: 2745: 2738: 2730: 2726: 2718: 2714: 2706: 2702: 2694: 2690: 2682: 2675: 2667: 2663: 2655: 2651: 2643: 2639: 2631: 2627: 2619: 2615: 2603:, p. 849; 2599:, p. 145; 2595: 2591: 2583: 2576: 2568: 2564: 2556: 2552: 2544: 2540: 2535: 2531: 2523: 2516: 2508: 2501: 2493: 2489: 2481: 2474: 2466: 2462: 2454: 2447: 2435: 2420: 2419: 2415: 2407: 2403: 2395: 2391: 2383: 2374: 2366: 2362: 2354: 2350: 2342: 2335: 2327: 2323: 2315: 2308: 2300: 2291: 2283: 2276: 2268: 2264: 2256: 2252: 2244: 2240: 2234: 2230: 2225: 2221: 2213: 2209: 2201: 2194: 2186: 2169: 2161: 2157: 2149: 2142: 2134: 2127: 2119: 2110: 2094: 2090: 2084: 2077: 2069: 2060: 2052: 2045: 2037: 2033: 2025: 2021: 2007: 2000: 1992: 1988: 1980: 1973: 1966: 1962: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1919: 1903: 1830: 1797: 1792: 1780: 1755: 1750: 1664: 1616:Αὐταριατῶν χώρα 1562: 1557: 1551: 1515:Moesia Superior 1461: 1443: 1408: 1284: 1203: 1198: 1123:Illyrian people 1006:in the name of 1000: 515:translation of 453: 443:(south-eastern 306: 286:Imperial period 274:Flavian dynasty 262:Moesia Inferior 258:Moesia Superior 244:in 39 BC or by 242:Marcus Antonius 135:Illyrian people 74: 70: 49: 33: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 8214: 8212: 8204: 8203: 8198: 8193: 8188: 8183: 8178: 8173: 8168: 8163: 8158: 8153: 8143: 8142: 8136: 8135: 8132: 8131: 8129: 8128: 8123: 8118: 8112: 8110: 8106: 8105: 8103: 8102: 8097: 8091: 8089: 8085: 8084: 8082: 8081: 8075: 8073: 8069: 8068: 8066: 8065: 8060: 8054: 8052: 8045: 8039: 8038: 8035: 8034: 8032: 8031: 8026: 8021: 8016: 8010: 8008: 8002: 8001: 7999: 7998: 7993: 7987: 7985: 7979: 7978: 7976: 7975: 7969: 7967: 7961: 7960: 7958: 7957: 7952: 7947: 7941: 7939: 7930: 7926: 7925: 7921:ancient Serbia 7918: 7916: 7915: 7908: 7901: 7893: 7884: 7883: 7881: 7880: 7873: 7866: 7860: 7850: 7843: 7840: 7839: 7836: 7835: 7833: 7832: 7827: 7822: 7816: 7813: 7812: 7809: 7802: 7801: 7798: 7797: 7794: 7793: 7790: 7789: 7787: 7786: 7781: 7776: 7774:Libya Inferior 7771: 7769:Libya Superior 7766: 7761: 7759:Augustamnica I 7756: 7751: 7746: 7740: 7738: 7732: 7731: 7729: 7728: 7723: 7718: 7713: 7708: 7703: 7698: 7693: 7688: 7683: 7678: 7673: 7668: 7663: 7658: 7653: 7647: 7645: 7639: 7638: 7636: 7635: 7630: 7625: 7620: 7615: 7610: 7605: 7600: 7595: 7590: 7585: 7580: 7575: 7570: 7565: 7559: 7557: 7551: 7550: 7548: 7547: 7542: 7537: 7532: 7527: 7522: 7517: 7515:Lycaonia (370) 7512: 7507: 7502: 7497: 7491: 7489: 7483: 7482: 7480: 7479: 7474: 7469: 7464: 7459: 7454: 7448: 7446: 7437: 7429: 7428: 7425: 7424: 7422: 7421: 7416: 7411: 7406: 7401: 7396: 7391: 7385: 7383: 7377: 7376: 7374: 7373: 7368: 7363: 7358: 7356:Dacia Ripensis 7353: 7347: 7345: 7339: 7338: 7336: 7335: 7330: 7325: 7320: 7315: 7310: 7305: 7299: 7297: 7288: 7276: 7275: 7269: 7262: 7261: 7258: 7257: 7254: 7253: 7250: 7249: 7247: 7246: 7241: 7236: 7231: 7226: 7221: 7215: 7213: 7207: 7206: 7204: 7203: 7198: 7193: 7188: 7179: 7174: 7168: 7166: 7160: 7159: 7157: 7156: 7151: 7146: 7141: 7136: 7131: 7126: 7121: 7116: 7111: 7105: 7103: 7094: 7086: 7085: 7082: 7081: 7079: 7078: 7073: 7068: 7063: 7058: 7052: 7050: 7044: 7043: 7041: 7040: 7035: 7030: 7025: 7020: 7018:Carthaginensis 7015: 7010: 7004: 7002: 6996: 6995: 6993: 6992: 6987: 6985:Novempopulania 6982: 6980:Narbonensis II 6977: 6972: 6967: 6962: 6956: 6954: 6948: 6947: 6945: 6944: 6939: 6937:Lugdunensis IV 6934: 6929: 6927:Lugdunensis II 6924: 6919: 6914: 6909: 6904: 6899: 6893: 6891: 6882: 6870: 6869: 6863: 6856: 6855: 6852: 6851: 6806: 6803: 6802: 6799: 6792: 6791: 6785: 6783: 6782: 6775: 6768: 6760: 6751: 6750: 6748: 6747: 6737: 6731: 6728: 6727: 6725: 6724: 6719: 6718: 6717: 6716: 6715: 6699: 6697: 6691: 6690: 6687: 6686: 6684: 6683: 6678: 6673: 6672: 6671: 6661: 6655: 6653: 6649: 6648: 6646: 6645: 6644: 6643: 6638: 6633: 6628: 6626:Pannonia Savia 6623: 6621:Pannonia Prima 6618: 6613: 6608: 6603: 6598: 6593: 6588: 6583: 6575: 6574: 6573: 6565: 6564: 6563: 6558: 6553: 6545: 6539: 6537: 6531: 6530: 6528: 6527: 6526: 6525: 6514: 6512: 6508: 6507: 6505: 6504: 6503: 6502: 6497: 6492: 6484: 6479: 6474: 6469: 6464: 6459: 6454: 6449: 6448: 6447: 6437: 6432: 6431: 6430: 6425: 6420: 6415: 6410: 6402: 6397: 6392: 6387: 6382: 6381: 6380: 6370: 6364: 6362: 6352: 6351: 6349: 6348: 6345: 6344: 6339: 6334: 6333: 6332: 6327: 6322: 6317: 6312: 6307: 6306: 6305: 6295: 6290: 6279: 6277: 6271: 6270: 6268: 6267: 6264: 6263: 6262: 6261: 6256: 6248: 6243: 6238: 6233: 6232: 6231: 6226: 6218: 6213: 6208: 6207: 6206: 6201: 6196: 6191: 6183: 6178: 6173: 6168: 6163: 6158: 6153: 6148: 6143: 6137: 6135: 6129: 6128: 6126: 6125: 6113: 6108: 6103: 6098: 6093: 6088: 6083: 6076: 6071: 6066: 6061: 6056: 6051: 6046: 6041: 6036: 6031: 6026: 6021: 6016: 6011: 6006: 5999: 5994: 5989: 5984: 5970: 5965: 5960: 5953: 5948: 5943: 5938: 5933: 5928: 5923: 5913: 5908: 5903: 5901:Mursa (Osijek) 5898: 5893: 5886: 5881: 5874: 5864: 5857: 5852: 5847: 5840: 5835: 5830: 5825: 5820: 5815: 5810: 5800: 5793: 5788: 5783: 5778: 5773: 5768: 5762: 5757: 5752: 5751: 5750: 5740: 5735: 5730: 5725: 5720: 5715: 5708: 5703: 5698: 5691: 5686: 5681: 5676: 5671: 5666: 5661: 5656: 5651: 5646: 5641: 5636: 5631: 5626: 5620: 5618: 5606: 5605: 5603: 5602: 5597: 5592: 5587: 5582: 5581: 5580: 5570: 5565: 5555: 5553: 5549: 5548: 5546: 5545: 5543:Valentinian II 5540: 5535: 5530: 5525: 5520: 5515: 5510: 5505: 5500: 5495: 5490: 5485: 5480: 5475: 5470: 5465: 5460: 5455: 5450: 5445: 5440: 5435: 5430: 5425: 5420: 5415: 5410: 5405: 5400: 5395: 5390: 5385: 5380: 5375: 5370: 5365: 5360: 5355: 5350: 5345: 5343:Constantius II 5340: 5335: 5330: 5325: 5320: 5315: 5310: 5305: 5300: 5295: 5290: 5285: 5280: 5275: 5270: 5265: 5260: 5255: 5250: 5245: 5240: 5234: 5232: 5228: 5227: 5225: 5224: 5223: 5222: 5212: 5207: 5202: 5197: 5192: 5187: 5182: 5177: 5172: 5171: 5170: 5165: 5160: 5150: 5145: 5140: 5135: 5130: 5125: 5124: 5123: 5118: 5108: 5103: 5102: 5101: 5091: 5086: 5081: 5076: 5071: 5066: 5061: 5056: 5051: 5046: 5045: 5044: 5039: 5029: 5024: 5019: 5013: 5011: 5001: 5000: 4995: 4993: 4992: 4985: 4978: 4970: 4951: 4950:External links 4948: 4946: 4945: 4924: 4913: 4907: 4890: 4884: 4869: 4852: 4809: 4804:978-1782976783 4803: 4788: 4782: 4767: 4761: 4746: 4740: 4718: 4703: 4668: 4659: 4622: 4616: 4601: 4595: 4580: 4574: 4559: 4524: 4518: 4503: 4480: 4474: 4459: 4445: 4439: 4424: 4413: 4407: 4392: 4386: 4371: 4365: 4350: 4344: 4294: 4293: 4287: 4272: 4266: 4251: 4245: 4230: 4193: 4183: 4140: 4134: 4119: 4113: 4095: 4089: 4083:. I.B.Tauris. 4071: 4069:(34): 163–200. 4055: 4042: 4036: 4021: 4008: 4002: 3987: 3981: 3966: 3960: 3945: 3908: 3902: 3885: 3866: 3853: 3847: 3824: 3812: 3810: 3807: 3805: 3804: 3792: 3780: 3768: 3749: 3747:, p. 229. 3737: 3725: 3713: 3701: 3689: 3682: 3662: 3650: 3641: 3624: 3622:, p. 245. 3620:Papazoglu 1978 3612: 3610:, p. 224. 3608:Papazoglu 1978 3600: 3585: 3578: 3558: 3546: 3538:, p. 517 3536:Papazoglu 1978 3525: 3518: 3498: 3486: 3479: 3457: 3445: 3433: 3431:, p. 115. 3421: 3419:, p. 342. 3409: 3405:Mortensen 1991 3397: 3385: 3373: 3361: 3349: 3337: 3327: 3307: 3305:, p. 133. 3290: 3270: 3249: 3245:Papazoglu 1978 3237: 3235:, p. 188. 3225: 3221:Papazoglu 1978 3213: 3206:, p. 445 3204:Papazoglu 1978 3196: 3188:, p. 210 3175: 3164: 3155: 3146: 3139:, p. 140 3129: 3117: 3105: 3103:, p. 173. 3101:Papazoglu 1978 3090: 3078: 3066: 3054: 3042: 3030: 3018: 3006: 2979: 2977:, p. 185. 2975:Errington 1990 2967: 2955: 2940: 2928: 2921: 2897: 2876: 2864: 2852: 2835: 2833:, p. 169. 2823: 2811: 2799: 2766: 2751: 2747:Drançolli 2020 2736: 2724: 2712: 2700: 2698:, p. 114. 2688: 2673: 2671:, p. 410. 2661: 2659:, p. 505. 2649: 2637: 2635:, p. 216. 2625: 2613: 2609:Stipčević 1989 2605:Papazoglu 1969 2601:Crossland 1982 2589: 2574: 2562: 2550: 2538: 2529: 2514: 2499: 2487: 2472: 2468:Darlishta 2019 2460: 2458:, p. 310. 2445: 2433: 2413: 2409:Darlishta 2019 2401: 2399:, pp. 81. 2389: 2387:, p. 121. 2372: 2360: 2348: 2344:Papazoglu 1978 2333: 2331:, p. 201. 2329:Papazoglu 1969 2321: 2306: 2302:Stipčević 1989 2289: 2287:, p. 504. 2274: 2262: 2250: 2238: 2228: 2219: 2207: 2205:, p. 625. 2203:Šašel Kos 2010 2192: 2190:, p. 414. 2167: 2165:, p. 122. 2163:Šašel Kos 2005 2155: 2140: 2125: 2108: 2088: 2075: 2071:Zahariade 2009 2058: 2054:Papazoglu 1978 2043: 2031: 2019: 2011:, p. 131 2009:Papazoglu 1978 1998: 1996:, p. 144. 1986: 1984:, p. 626. 1982:Šašel Kos 2010 1971: 1960: 1947: 1945: 1942: 1941: 1940: 1935: 1930: 1925: 1918: 1915: 1902: 1899: 1862:soil fertility 1829: 1826: 1796: 1793: 1791: 1788: 1779: 1776: 1754: 1751: 1749: 1746: 1710:illyrian queen 1699: 1698: 1697: 1696: 1691: 1680: 1677:invading Celts 1663: 1660: 1640:invading Celts 1625:Roman Republic 1561: 1558: 1550: 1547: 1545:, and others. 1529:). During the 1442: 1439: 1283: 1280: 1248: 1247: 1244: 1241: 1238: 1202: 1199: 1197: 1194: 999: 996: 934:or the dental 717:Proto-Albanian 683:"thorn bush"; 673:ἄχερδος, ἀχράς 657:Proto-Albanian 646:Albanian tribe 576:(in 1467 CE), 452: 449: 436:Daunioi/Daunii 305: 302: 290:Roman emperors 61: 60: 56: 55: 51: 50: 46: 31: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8213: 8202: 8199: 8197: 8194: 8192: 8189: 8187: 8184: 8182: 8179: 8177: 8174: 8172: 8169: 8167: 8164: 8162: 8159: 8157: 8154: 8152: 8149: 8148: 8146: 8127: 8124: 8122: 8119: 8117: 8114: 8113: 8111: 8107: 8101: 8098: 8096: 8093: 8092: 8090: 8086: 8080: 8077: 8076: 8074: 8070: 8064: 8061: 8059: 8056: 8055: 8053: 8049: 8046: 8044: 8040: 8030: 8027: 8025: 8022: 8020: 8017: 8015: 8012: 8011: 8009: 8007: 8003: 7997: 7994: 7992: 7989: 7988: 7986: 7984: 7980: 7974: 7971: 7970: 7968: 7966: 7962: 7956: 7953: 7951: 7948: 7946: 7943: 7942: 7940: 7938: 7934: 7931: 7927: 7922: 7914: 7909: 7907: 7902: 7900: 7895: 7894: 7891: 7878: 7874: 7871: 7867: 7865: 7861: 7859: 7855: 7851: 7849: 7845: 7844: 7841: 7831: 7828: 7826: 7823: 7821: 7818: 7817: 7814: 7807: 7803: 7785: 7782: 7780: 7777: 7775: 7772: 7770: 7767: 7765: 7762: 7760: 7757: 7755: 7752: 7750: 7747: 7745: 7742: 7741: 7739: 7737: 7733: 7727: 7724: 7722: 7719: 7717: 7714: 7712: 7709: 7707: 7704: 7702: 7699: 7697: 7696:Palaestina II 7694: 7692: 7689: 7687: 7684: 7682: 7679: 7677: 7674: 7672: 7669: 7667: 7664: 7662: 7659: 7657: 7654: 7652: 7649: 7648: 7646: 7644: 7640: 7634: 7631: 7629: 7626: 7624: 7621: 7619: 7616: 7614: 7611: 7609: 7606: 7604: 7603:Cappadocia II 7601: 7599: 7596: 7594: 7591: 7589: 7586: 7584: 7581: 7579: 7576: 7574: 7573:Armenia Maior 7571: 7569: 7566: 7564: 7561: 7560: 7558: 7556: 7552: 7546: 7543: 7541: 7538: 7536: 7533: 7531: 7528: 7526: 7523: 7521: 7518: 7516: 7513: 7511: 7508: 7506: 7503: 7501: 7498: 7496: 7493: 7492: 7490: 7488: 7484: 7478: 7475: 7473: 7470: 7468: 7465: 7463: 7460: 7458: 7455: 7453: 7450: 7449: 7447: 7445: 7441: 7438: 7436: 7430: 7420: 7417: 7415: 7412: 7410: 7407: 7405: 7402: 7400: 7397: 7395: 7392: 7390: 7387: 7386: 7384: 7382: 7378: 7372: 7369: 7367: 7364: 7362: 7359: 7357: 7354: 7352: 7349: 7348: 7346: 7344: 7340: 7334: 7331: 7329: 7326: 7324: 7321: 7319: 7316: 7314: 7311: 7309: 7306: 7304: 7301: 7300: 7298: 7296: 7292: 7289: 7287: 7281: 7277: 7272: 7267: 7263: 7245: 7242: 7240: 7237: 7235: 7232: 7230: 7227: 7225: 7222: 7220: 7217: 7216: 7214: 7212: 7208: 7202: 7199: 7197: 7194: 7192: 7189: 7187: 7183: 7180: 7178: 7175: 7173: 7172:Alpes Cottiae 7170: 7169: 7167: 7165: 7161: 7155: 7152: 7150: 7147: 7145: 7142: 7140: 7137: 7135: 7132: 7130: 7127: 7125: 7122: 7120: 7117: 7115: 7112: 7110: 7107: 7106: 7104: 7102: 7098: 7095: 7093: 7087: 7077: 7074: 7072: 7069: 7067: 7064: 7062: 7059: 7057: 7054: 7053: 7051: 7049: 7045: 7039: 7038:Tarraconensis 7036: 7034: 7031: 7029: 7026: 7024: 7021: 7019: 7016: 7014: 7011: 7009: 7006: 7005: 7003: 7001: 6997: 6991: 6988: 6986: 6983: 6981: 6978: 6976: 6975:Narbonensis I 6973: 6971: 6970:Aquitanica II 6968: 6966: 6963: 6961: 6958: 6957: 6955: 6953: 6949: 6943: 6940: 6938: 6935: 6933: 6930: 6928: 6925: 6923: 6922:Lugdunensis I 6920: 6918: 6915: 6913: 6910: 6908: 6905: 6903: 6900: 6898: 6895: 6894: 6892: 6890: 6886: 6883: 6881: 6875: 6871: 6866: 6861: 6857: 6848: 6844: 6840: 6836: 6832: 6831:Constantine I 6828: 6820: 6816: 6812: 6811: 6804: 6797: 6793: 6788: 6781: 6776: 6774: 6769: 6767: 6762: 6761: 6758: 6746: 6738: 6736: 6733: 6732: 6729: 6723: 6720: 6714: 6711: 6710: 6709: 6706: 6705: 6704: 6701: 6700: 6698: 6696: 6692: 6682: 6679: 6677: 6674: 6670: 6667: 6666: 6665: 6662: 6660: 6657: 6656: 6654: 6650: 6642: 6639: 6637: 6634: 6632: 6629: 6627: 6624: 6622: 6619: 6617: 6614: 6612: 6609: 6607: 6604: 6602: 6599: 6597: 6594: 6592: 6589: 6587: 6584: 6582: 6579: 6578: 6576: 6572: 6569: 6568: 6566: 6562: 6559: 6557: 6554: 6552: 6549: 6548: 6546: 6544: 6541: 6540: 6538: 6536: 6532: 6524: 6521: 6520: 6519: 6516: 6515: 6513: 6509: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6493: 6491: 6488: 6487: 6485: 6483: 6480: 6478: 6475: 6473: 6470: 6468: 6465: 6463: 6460: 6458: 6455: 6453: 6450: 6446: 6443: 6442: 6441: 6438: 6436: 6433: 6429: 6426: 6424: 6421: 6419: 6416: 6414: 6411: 6409: 6408:Erigon Valley 6406: 6405: 6403: 6401: 6398: 6396: 6393: 6391: 6388: 6386: 6383: 6379: 6376: 6375: 6374: 6371: 6369: 6366: 6365: 6363: 6361: 6357: 6353: 6347: 6346: 6343: 6340: 6338: 6335: 6331: 6328: 6326: 6323: 6321: 6318: 6316: 6313: 6311: 6308: 6304: 6301: 6300: 6299: 6296: 6294: 6291: 6289: 6286: 6285: 6284: 6281: 6280: 6278: 6276: 6272: 6266: 6265: 6260: 6257: 6255: 6252: 6251: 6249: 6247: 6244: 6242: 6239: 6237: 6234: 6230: 6227: 6225: 6222: 6221: 6219: 6217: 6214: 6212: 6209: 6205: 6202: 6200: 6197: 6195: 6192: 6190: 6187: 6186: 6184: 6182: 6179: 6177: 6174: 6172: 6169: 6167: 6164: 6162: 6159: 6157: 6154: 6152: 6151:Daunian stele 6149: 6147: 6144: 6142: 6139: 6138: 6136: 6134: 6130: 6123: 6119: 6118: 6114: 6112: 6109: 6107: 6104: 6102: 6099: 6097: 6094: 6092: 6089: 6087: 6084: 6082: 6081: 6077: 6075: 6072: 6070: 6067: 6065: 6062: 6060: 6057: 6055: 6052: 6050: 6047: 6045: 6042: 6040: 6037: 6035: 6032: 6030: 6027: 6025: 6022: 6020: 6017: 6015: 6012: 6010: 6007: 6005: 6004: 6000: 5998: 5995: 5993: 5990: 5988: 5985: 5982: 5981: 5976: 5975: 5971: 5969: 5966: 5964: 5961: 5959: 5958: 5954: 5952: 5949: 5947: 5944: 5942: 5939: 5937: 5934: 5932: 5929: 5927: 5924: 5921: 5917: 5914: 5912: 5909: 5907: 5904: 5902: 5899: 5897: 5894: 5892: 5891: 5887: 5885: 5882: 5880: 5879: 5875: 5872: 5868: 5865: 5863: 5862: 5858: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5848: 5845: 5841: 5839: 5838:Hija e Korbit 5836: 5834: 5831: 5829: 5826: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5811: 5808: 5804: 5801: 5799: 5798: 5794: 5792: 5789: 5787: 5784: 5782: 5779: 5777: 5774: 5772: 5769: 5766: 5763: 5761: 5758: 5756: 5753: 5749: 5748:Lower Neretva 5746: 5745: 5744: 5741: 5739: 5736: 5734: 5731: 5729: 5726: 5724: 5721: 5719: 5716: 5714: 5713: 5709: 5707: 5704: 5702: 5699: 5697: 5696: 5692: 5690: 5687: 5685: 5682: 5680: 5677: 5675: 5672: 5670: 5667: 5665: 5662: 5660: 5657: 5655: 5652: 5650: 5647: 5645: 5642: 5640: 5637: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5627: 5625: 5622: 5621: 5619: 5616: 5611: 5607: 5601: 5598: 5596: 5593: 5591: 5588: 5586: 5583: 5579: 5576: 5575: 5574: 5571: 5569: 5566: 5564: 5560: 5557: 5556: 5554: 5550: 5544: 5541: 5539: 5538:Valentinian I 5536: 5534: 5531: 5529: 5526: 5524: 5521: 5519: 5516: 5514: 5511: 5509: 5506: 5504: 5501: 5499: 5498:Pleuratus III 5496: 5494: 5491: 5489: 5486: 5484: 5481: 5479: 5476: 5474: 5471: 5469: 5466: 5464: 5461: 5459: 5456: 5454: 5451: 5449: 5446: 5444: 5441: 5439: 5436: 5434: 5431: 5429: 5426: 5424: 5421: 5419: 5416: 5414: 5411: 5409: 5406: 5404: 5401: 5399: 5396: 5394: 5391: 5389: 5386: 5384: 5381: 5379: 5376: 5374: 5371: 5369: 5366: 5364: 5361: 5359: 5356: 5354: 5351: 5349: 5346: 5344: 5341: 5339: 5336: 5334: 5331: 5329: 5326: 5324: 5321: 5319: 5316: 5314: 5311: 5309: 5306: 5304: 5301: 5299: 5296: 5294: 5291: 5289: 5286: 5284: 5281: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5266: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5251: 5249: 5246: 5244: 5241: 5239: 5236: 5235: 5233: 5229: 5221: 5218: 5217: 5216: 5213: 5211: 5208: 5206: 5203: 5201: 5198: 5196: 5193: 5191: 5188: 5186: 5183: 5181: 5178: 5176: 5173: 5169: 5166: 5164: 5161: 5159: 5156: 5155: 5154: 5151: 5149: 5146: 5144: 5141: 5139: 5136: 5134: 5131: 5129: 5126: 5122: 5119: 5117: 5114: 5113: 5112: 5109: 5107: 5104: 5100: 5097: 5096: 5095: 5092: 5090: 5087: 5085: 5082: 5080: 5077: 5075: 5072: 5070: 5067: 5065: 5062: 5060: 5057: 5055: 5052: 5050: 5047: 5043: 5040: 5038: 5035: 5034: 5033: 5030: 5028: 5025: 5023: 5020: 5018: 5015: 5014: 5012: 5010: 5006: 5002: 4998: 4991: 4986: 4984: 4979: 4977: 4972: 4971: 4968: 4964: 4962: 4957: 4949: 4942: 4938: 4934: 4930: 4925: 4921: 4920: 4914: 4910: 4904: 4900: 4896: 4891: 4887: 4881: 4877: 4876: 4875:The Illyrians 4870: 4866: 4862: 4858: 4853: 4849: 4845: 4841: 4837: 4832: 4827: 4823: 4819: 4815: 4810: 4806: 4800: 4796: 4795: 4789: 4785: 4783:9781443861540 4779: 4775: 4774: 4768: 4764: 4758: 4754: 4753: 4747: 4743: 4741:9788603991062 4737: 4733: 4729: 4728: 4723: 4719: 4715: 4711: 4710: 4704: 4689: 4685: 4681: 4680:Thesis Kosova 4674: 4669: 4665: 4660: 4655: 4650: 4645: 4640: 4636: 4632: 4628: 4623: 4619: 4617:9782951943339 4613: 4609: 4608: 4602: 4598: 4592: 4588: 4587: 4581: 4577: 4571: 4567: 4566: 4560: 4556: 4552: 4547: 4542: 4538: 4534: 4530: 4525: 4521: 4519:9782356133243 4515: 4511: 4510: 4504: 4499: 4494: 4490: 4486: 4481: 4477: 4475:9789025607937 4471: 4467: 4466: 4460: 4456: 4455: 4450: 4446: 4442: 4440:90-04-11024-0 4436: 4432: 4431: 4425: 4421: 4420: 4414: 4410: 4408:9781317754251 4404: 4400: 4399: 4393: 4389: 4387:9783170377103 4383: 4379: 4378: 4372: 4368: 4362: 4358: 4357: 4351: 4347: 4341: 4337: 4336: 4331: 4327: 4326: 4325: 4321: 4316: 4312: 4308: 4304: 4300: 4290: 4284: 4280: 4279: 4273: 4269: 4263: 4259: 4258: 4252: 4248: 4242: 4238: 4237: 4231: 4227: 4223: 4219: 4215: 4211: 4207: 4203: 4199: 4194: 4190: 4184: 4180: 4176: 4172: 4168: 4163: 4158: 4154: 4150: 4148: 4141: 4137: 4135:0-520-06319-8 4131: 4127: 4126: 4120: 4116: 4110: 4106: 4105: 4100: 4096: 4092: 4090:9780857739322 4086: 4082: 4081: 4076: 4075:Elsie, Robert 4072: 4068: 4061: 4056: 4052: 4048: 4043: 4039: 4037:9789042001619 4033: 4029: 4028: 4022: 4018: 4014: 4009: 4005: 4003:9783030300166 3999: 3995: 3994: 3988: 3984: 3982:9789609538244 3978: 3974: 3973: 3967: 3963: 3957: 3953: 3952: 3946: 3942: 3938: 3933: 3928: 3924: 3920: 3919: 3914: 3909: 3905: 3903:953-98832-0-2 3899: 3895: 3891: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3873: 3867: 3863: 3859: 3854: 3850: 3844: 3836: 3832: 3831: 3825: 3821: 3820: 3814: 3813: 3808: 3801: 3796: 3793: 3790:, p. 23. 3789: 3784: 3781: 3777: 3772: 3769: 3764: 3760: 3753: 3750: 3746: 3741: 3738: 3735:, p. 14. 3734: 3729: 3726: 3723:, p. 10. 3722: 3717: 3714: 3711:, p. 11. 3710: 3705: 3702: 3698: 3693: 3690: 3685: 3679: 3675: 3674: 3666: 3663: 3659: 3654: 3651: 3645: 3642: 3638: 3634: 3628: 3625: 3621: 3616: 3613: 3609: 3604: 3601: 3597: 3592: 3590: 3586: 3581: 3575: 3571: 3570: 3562: 3559: 3555: 3550: 3547: 3543: 3537: 3532: 3530: 3526: 3521: 3515: 3511: 3510: 3502: 3499: 3496:, p. 24. 3495: 3494:Petrović 2019 3490: 3487: 3482: 3476: 3472: 3468: 3461: 3458: 3454: 3449: 3446: 3442: 3437: 3434: 3430: 3425: 3422: 3418: 3417:Lane Fox 2011 3413: 3410: 3406: 3401: 3398: 3394: 3389: 3386: 3382: 3377: 3374: 3370: 3365: 3362: 3359:, p. 120 3358: 3353: 3350: 3346: 3341: 3338: 3334: 3330: 3324: 3320: 3319: 3311: 3308: 3304: 3299: 3297: 3295: 3291: 3287: 3283:, p. 86 3282: 3277: 3275: 3271: 3267: 3262:, p. 85 3261: 3256: 3254: 3250: 3247:, p. 187 3246: 3241: 3238: 3234: 3229: 3226: 3223:, p. 216 3222: 3217: 3214: 3210: 3205: 3200: 3197: 3193: 3187: 3182: 3180: 3176: 3173: 3168: 3165: 3159: 3156: 3150: 3147: 3143: 3138: 3133: 3130: 3127:, p. 15. 3126: 3121: 3118: 3115:, p. 12. 3114: 3109: 3106: 3102: 3097: 3095: 3091: 3088:, p. 10. 3087: 3082: 3079: 3076:, p. 491 3075: 3070: 3067: 3064:, p. 470 3063: 3058: 3055: 3052:, p. 420 3051: 3046: 3043: 3040:, p. 404 3039: 3034: 3031: 3028:, p. 335 3027: 3022: 3019: 3015: 3014:Eckstein 2008 3010: 3007: 3004: 3001: 2997: 2993: 2992:0-520-06319-8 2989: 2983: 2980: 2976: 2971: 2968: 2965:, p. 338 2964: 2959: 2956: 2952: 2951:Petrović 2006 2947: 2945: 2941: 2938:, p. 253 2937: 2932: 2929: 2924: 2918: 2914: 2910: 2909: 2901: 2898: 2894: 2893:Petrović 2006 2889: 2887: 2885: 2883: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2868: 2865: 2861: 2856: 2853: 2849: 2844: 2842: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2827: 2824: 2820: 2815: 2812: 2808: 2803: 2800: 2784: 2777: 2770: 2767: 2764:, p. 35. 2763: 2758: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2743: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2728: 2725: 2722:, p. 14. 2721: 2716: 2713: 2710:, p. 18. 2709: 2704: 2701: 2697: 2692: 2689: 2686:, p. 411 2685: 2680: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2665: 2662: 2658: 2653: 2650: 2647:, p. 92. 2646: 2641: 2638: 2634: 2629: 2626: 2622: 2617: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2593: 2590: 2586: 2581: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2566: 2563: 2559: 2554: 2551: 2547: 2542: 2539: 2533: 2530: 2526: 2521: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2506: 2504: 2500: 2497:, p. 71. 2496: 2491: 2488: 2484: 2479: 2477: 2473: 2470:, p. 38. 2469: 2464: 2461: 2457: 2452: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2436: 2434:9780631146711 2430: 2426: 2425: 2424:The Illyrians 2417: 2414: 2411:, p. 65. 2410: 2405: 2402: 2398: 2393: 2390: 2386: 2381: 2379: 2377: 2373: 2370:, p. 68. 2369: 2364: 2361: 2358:, p. 69. 2357: 2352: 2349: 2346:, p. 523 2345: 2340: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2325: 2322: 2318: 2317:Petrović 2019 2313: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2298: 2296: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2281: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2266: 2263: 2259: 2254: 2251: 2248:, p. 41. 2247: 2242: 2239: 2232: 2229: 2223: 2220: 2217:, p. 20. 2216: 2211: 2208: 2204: 2199: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2184: 2182: 2180: 2178: 2176: 2174: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2159: 2156: 2152: 2147: 2145: 2141: 2138: 2132: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2117: 2115: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2092: 2089: 2082: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2067: 2065: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2050: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2035: 2032: 2028: 2023: 2020: 2016: 2010: 2005: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1990: 1987: 1983: 1978: 1976: 1972: 1969: 1964: 1961: 1957: 1952: 1949: 1943: 1939: 1936: 1934: 1931: 1929: 1926: 1924: 1921: 1920: 1916: 1914: 1912: 1908: 1900: 1898: 1896: 1891: 1889: 1881: 1877: 1876:Dea Dardanica 1873: 1869: 1867: 1866:Dea Dardanica 1863: 1859: 1855: 1850: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1835: 1827: 1825: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1794: 1789: 1787: 1785: 1777: 1775: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1760: 1757:Unlike their 1752: 1747: 1745: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1695: 1692: 1690: 1687: 1686: 1684: 1681: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1665: 1661: 1659: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1628: 1626: 1622: 1612: 1602: 1597: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1559: 1556: 1548: 1546: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1507: 1503: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1484: 1480: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1460: 1452: 1447: 1440: 1438: 1436: 1431: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1413: 1407: 1402: 1399: 1395: 1390: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1359: 1355: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1339: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1307: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1288: 1281: 1279: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1264: 1259: 1257: 1253: 1245: 1242: 1239: 1236: 1235: 1234: 1231: 1229: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1211:Neolithic era 1208: 1200: 1195: 1193: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1145: 1140: 1136: 1131: 1129: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1111: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1065: 1063: 1062:Mediterranean 1059: 1055: 1051: 1050: 1045: 1044: 1039: 1038: 1033: 1032: 1027: 1026: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1005: 997: 995: 993: 989: 985: 981: 977: 973: 969: 965: 961: 957: 953: 949: 945: 941: 937: 933: 929: 925: 921: 917: 913: 909: 905: 901: 897: 893: 889: 885: 881: 876: 874: 870: 866: 862: 858: 854: 850: 846: 842: 837: 835: 830: 823: 816: 809: 802: 796: 791: 786: 782: 777: 773: 768: 764: 759: 752: 747: 743: 738: 731: 730: 723: 718: 714: 709: 702: 695: 688: 681: 670: 666: 662: 658: 653: 651: 647: 643: 639: 635: 632:, Dardhaj in 631: 627: 623: 619: 615: 611: 607: 603: 599: 595: 591: 587: 583: 579: 575: 571: 566: 561: 556: 550: 549: 543: 539: 535: 530: 527: 522: 518: 514: 510: 509: 503: 497: 492: 487: 481: 469: 458: 450: 448: 446: 442: 438: 437: 432: 431: 427: 423: 419: 414: 412: 408: 399:a region and 398: 394: 390: 387: 384:; in ancient 383: 373: 357: 353: 349: 338: 333: 328: 322: 316: 311: 303: 301: 299: 295: 291: 287: 283: 279: 275: 271: 267: 263: 259: 255: 251: 247: 243: 239: 234: 232: 228: 223: 219: 215: 211: 207: 203: 199: 195: 190: 188: 184: 180: 176: 172: 168: 164: 160: 156: 152: 148: 144: 140: 136: 131: 128: 124: 120: 116: 112: 104: 103:Ancient Greek 98: 68: 57: 52: 44: 39: 30: 26: 22: 8126:Tricornenses 8063:Tricornenses 8018: 7995: 7830:Spania (552) 7691:Palaestina I 7671:Euphratensis 7618:Helenopontus 7598:Cappadocia I 7505:Hellespontus 7404:Epirus Vetus 7371:Praevalitana 7286:of Illyricum 7076:Valentia (?) 7061:Britannia II 6965:Aquitanica I 6843:theme system 6808: 6567:Prefectures 6535:Roman period 6452:Batonian War 6224:Boka-Përçeva 6115: 6078: 6001: 5978: 5972: 5955: 5888: 5876: 5859: 5795: 5710: 5693: 5572: 5508:Scerdilaidas 5493:Pleuratus II 5298:Bato Dardani 5110: 4953: 4932: 4928: 4918: 4898: 4874: 4864: 4860: 4821: 4817: 4793: 4772: 4751: 4731: 4726: 4713: 4708: 4697:23 September 4695:. Retrieved 4688:the original 4683: 4679: 4663: 4634: 4630: 4606: 4585: 4564: 4536: 4532: 4508: 4491:(37): 7–23. 4488: 4464: 4453: 4429: 4418: 4397: 4376: 4355: 4334: 4330:Lane Fox, R. 4306: 4302: 4295: 4277: 4256: 4235: 4201: 4197: 4188: 4152: 4146: 4124: 4103: 4079: 4066: 4050: 4046: 4026: 4012: 3992: 3971: 3950: 3916: 3893: 3889: 3871: 3861: 3834: 3829: 3818: 3809:Bibliography 3795: 3788:Shukriu 2008 3783: 3776:Shukriu 2008 3771: 3762: 3752: 3740: 3728: 3721:Shukriu 2008 3716: 3709:Shukriu 2008 3704: 3697:Rusakov 2017 3692: 3672: 3665: 3653: 3644: 3636: 3632: 3627: 3615: 3603: 3568: 3561: 3549: 3540: 3508: 3501: 3489: 3470: 3466: 3460: 3453:Buqinca 2021 3448: 3436: 3424: 3412: 3400: 3393:Cabanes 2002 3388: 3383:, p. 47 3381:Hammond 1988 3376: 3371:, p. 86 3364: 3352: 3347:, p. 64 3340: 3332: 3317: 3310: 3303:Buqinca 2021 3285: 3264: 3240: 3228: 3216: 3208: 3199: 3190: 3167: 3158: 3149: 3141: 3132: 3120: 3108: 3081: 3074:Hammond 1988 3069: 3062:Hammond 1988 3057: 3050:Hammond 1988 3045: 3038:Hammond 1988 3033: 3026:Hammond 1988 3021: 3009: 2982: 2970: 2963:Hammond 1988 2958: 2953:, p. 9. 2936:Hammond 1988 2931: 2907: 2900: 2895:, p. 8. 2867: 2862:, p. 3. 2855: 2850:, p. 9. 2848:Shukriu 2008 2831:Vranić 2014b 2826: 2814: 2802: 2790:. Retrieved 2769: 2762:Vranić 2014a 2734:, p. 15 2727: 2715: 2703: 2691: 2664: 2652: 2640: 2633:Buqinca 2021 2628: 2621:Buqinca 2021 2616: 2592: 2585:Crăciun 2023 2570:Crăciun 2023 2565: 2558:Crăciun 2023 2553: 2541: 2532: 2490: 2483:Demiraj 1997 2463: 2440: 2423: 2416: 2404: 2392: 2385:Demiraj 1997 2363: 2351: 2324: 2265: 2253: 2246:Shukriu 1996 2241: 2231: 2222: 2215:Shukriu 1996 2210: 2158: 2151:Hammond 1966 2103: 2099: 2091: 2034: 2022: 2013: 1989: 1963: 1951: 1904: 1892: 1884: 1851: 1831: 1808: 1798: 1784:Paleo-Balkan 1781: 1756: 1700: 1646:and his son 1629: 1610: 1598: 1564:A Dardanian 1563: 1512: 1485: 1481: 1467:province of 1462: 1409: 1391: 1383:Demetrius II 1364: 1340: 1308: 1293: 1272:Daco-Moesian 1260: 1249: 1232: 1204: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1156: 1148: 1142: 1132: 1118: 1108: 1104: 1066: 1047: 1041: 1035: 1029: 1023: 1010:who founded 1001: 987: 983: 982:< EPAlb. 979: 975: 971: 967: 963: 959: 955: 951: 947: 943: 939: 935: 931: 927: 923: 919: 911: 907: 895: 891: 887: 886:turned into 883: 879: 877: 872: 868: 860: 856: 852: 848: 844: 840: 838: 833: 825:"pear" < 779:"to creak", 770:"to rattle" 742:Old Albanian 712: 664: 654: 641: 620:, Dardha in 616:, Dardha in 597: 593: 589: 585: 581: 578:Dardhanesh-i 577: 573: 569: 541: 537: 531: 520: 516: 506: 456: 454: 434: 428: 421: 417: 415: 410: 406: 396: 388: 355: 351: 347: 346:). The root 331: 309: 307: 281: 266:Roman colony 235: 191: 163:Adriatic Sea 132: 123:Paleo-Balkan 118: 66: 64: 32:Ethnic group 29: 7877:Justinian I 7749:Aegyptus II 7681:Mesopotamia 7628:Paphlagonia 7457:Haemimontus 7435:of the East 7399:Epirus Nova 7323:Pannonia II 7056:Britannia I 6917:Germania II 6722:Settlements 6591:Epirus Nova 6246:Vače Situla 6122:Albanopolis 5987:Pola (Pula) 5890:Matohasanaj 5728:Chrysondyon 5654:Antipatreia 5639:Albanopolis 5488:Pleuratus I 5443:Justinian I 5318:Caravantius 5283:Bardylis II 5089:Daesitiates 5049:Atintanians 4637:: 449–463. 3441:Vujčić 2021 3429:Vujčić 2019 3369:Heckel 2006 3357:Wilkes 1996 3345:Heckel 2006 3281:Wilkes 1992 3260:Wilkes 1992 3186:Wilkes 1992 3137:Wilkes 1992 2872:Vujčić 2021 2819:Stojic 2006 2684:Boteva 2021 2669:Boteva 2021 2657:Vujčić 2021 2645:Wilkes 1992 2597:Wilkes 1992 2285:Vujčić 2021 2270:Wilkes 1996 2188:Wilkes 2012 2121:Vujčić 2021 2096:Wilkes 2012 1994:Wilkes 1992 1847:sun worship 1778:Enslavement 1730:Bardylis II 1706:Monunius II 1694:Monunius II 1656:Macedonians 1274:" and non-" 1268:Yugoslavian 1058:Sea Peoples 1025:Dardanelles 988:*ǵʰélh₃u̯o- 974:< PAlb. 859:, hence to 708:dʰorĝʰ-eh₂- 555:dele, delmë 519:(cf. Latin 471:; toponym: 459:(ethnonym: 298:Justinian I 214:Macedonians 8151:Dardanians 8145:Categories 8058:Cornacates 7991:Autariatae 7919:Tribes of 7854:reconquest 7744:Aegyptus I 7706:Phoenice I 7661:Cilicia II 7568:Armenia II 7318:Pannonia I 6990:Viennensis 6912:Germania I 6907:Belgica II 6847:Asia Minor 6819:Diocletian 6659:Illyrology 6577:Provinces 6298:Deipaturos 6250:Tattooing 6211:Soleto Map 6049:Sesarethus 5706:Brundisium 5634:Ad Quintum 5600:Taulantian 5585:Dassaretan 5568:Autariatan 5363:Diocletian 5185:Osseriates 5128:Dassaretii 5074:Bassanitae 5069:Baridustae 5054:Autariatae 4596:961616936X 4246:0198142536 4015:(Thesis). 3961:0521224969 3881:1254025622 3745:Ferri 2006 3596:Strabo,7.5 3233:Dzino 2008 3125:Mócsy 2014 3113:Mócsy 2014 3086:Mócsy 2014 2546:Savić 2022 2510:Baliu 2012 2495:Elsie 1998 2456:Elsie 2015 2397:Baliu 2012 2368:Baliu 2012 2356:Baliu 2012 1944:References 1858:vegetation 1801:onomastics 1669:Macedonian 1632:Macedonian 1621:Autariatae 1594:Autariatae 1553:See also: 1519:Diocletian 1457:See also: 1336:Lysimachus 1190:Diocletian 1166:Dardanians 1054:Bronze Age 836:toponyms. 763:Lithuanian 746:umlautized 694:ĝʰerzd⁽ʰ⁾- 687:(n)ĝʰ∂rdis 598:Dardhicë-a 292:, notably 155:Autariatae 119:Dardanians 8079:Albocense 7955:Scordisci 7929:Pre-Roman 7656:Cilicia I 7608:Galatia I 7563:Armenia I 7530:Pamphylia 7462:Moesia II 7419:Thessalia 7196:Raetia II 7028:Lusitania 7023:Gallaecia 7013:Balearica 6902:Belgica I 6601:Macedonia 6596:Illyricum 6571:Illyricum 6561:Macedonia 6556:Illyricum 6547:Dioceses 6413:Lyncestis 6337:Nymphaion 6204:Peucetian 6199:Messapian 6156:Education 6117:Zgërdhesh 5992:Poslishte 5968:Pituntium 5884:Lychnidus 5760:Delminium 5738:Damastion 5659:Apollonia 5649:Andetrium 5610:Geography 5590:Enchelean 5573:Dardanian 5458:Monounios 5408:Grabos II 5383:Flavianus 5273:Baraliris 5215:Taulantii 5210:Siculotae 5205:Sardiatae 5153:Iapygians 5084:Bylliones 5037:Docleatai 4997:Illyrians 4941:1857-6958 4895:"Dardani" 4878:. Wiley. 4848:245589829 4840:0514-7727 4555:244293507 4489:Balcanica 4433:. Brill. 4281:. 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7139:Sardinia 7114:Campania 7092:of Italy 6815:dioceses 6745:Category 6735:Timeline 6611:Pannonia 6586:Delmatia 6581:Dardania 6518:Illyrian 6511:Language 6428:Phoenice 6404:Battles 6360:weaponry 6342:Swastika 6315:Medaurus 6283:Religion 6185:Pottery 6111:Vendenis 6096:Ulkinium 6069:Tilurium 6064:Thronion 5974:Pogradec 5957:Persqopi 5941:Palaeste 5823:Eugenium 5818:Epicaria 5813:Enkelana 5781:Doracium 5733:Creonion 5689:Bassania 5684:Bargulum 5563:Labeatan 5559:Ardiaean 5528:Triteuta 5503:Pleurias 5463:Monunius 5448:Longarus 5438:Justin I 5403:Grabos I 5388:Galaurus 5303:Bircenna 5278:Bardylis 5268:Ballaios 5263:Aurelian 5200:Pirustae 5195:Penestae 5190:Parthini 5133:Enchelei 5121:Thuantai 5099:Tariotes 5094:Dalmatae 5064:Balaites 5042:Labeatae 5027:Amantini 4724:(1989). 4451:(1969). 4218:30103175 4101:(2008). 4077:(2015). 2792:3 August 2783:Archived 1917:See also 1880:Dardania 1828:Religion 1818:Thracian 1814:Illyrian 1795:Language 1759:Thracian 1742:Bardylis 1738:Monunios 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