753:. They argue that it is not justified to assume that culture can be simplified to a few traceable, distinguishable and statistically quantifiable factors and that everything outside those factors must be biological since cultural influences are mixed, including not only parents and teachers but also peers, friends, and media, and the same cultural influence can have different effects depending on earlier cultural influences. Other critical psychiatrists argue that just because a person's belief is unshaken by one influence does not prove that it would remain unshaken by another. For example, a person whose beliefs are not changed by verbal correction from a psychiatrist, which is how delusion is usually diagnosed, may still change his or her mind when observing
553:, where a person believes that their partner is being unfaithful (and may even follow them into the bathroom believing them to be seeing their lover even during the briefest of partings), it may actually be true that the partner is having sexual relations with another person. In this case, the delusion does not cease to be a delusion because the content later turns out to be verified as true or the partner actually chose to engage in the behavior of which they were being accused.
824:
608:, which, recursively, deals with delusional adolescents who are treated with a form of projective therapy. In this novel's fictional setting other novels written by Farmer are discussed and the characters are symbolically integrated into the delusions of fictional patients. This particular novel was then applied to real-life clinical settings.
796:
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kept for longer periods of time) which may itself be a harmful memetic pandemic in society that leads to diagnosing and medication of criticisms of widespread beliefs that are actually absurd and harmful, making the absurd belief that is not labelled as an illness profitable anyway by attracting criticisms that are labelled as illnesses.
528:
810:
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Johnson-Laird suggests that delusions may be viewed as the natural consequence of failure to distinguish conceptual relevance. That is, irrelevant information would be framed as disconnected experiences, then it is taken to be relevant in a manner that suggests false causal connections. Furthermore,
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to note that "there is no acceptable (rather than accepted) definition of a delusion." In practice, psychiatrists tend to diagnose a belief as delusional if it is either patently bizarre, causing significant distress, or excessively pre-occupying the patient, especially if the person is subsequently
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Another difficulty with the diagnosis of delusions is that almost all of these features can be found in "normal" beliefs. Many religious beliefs hold exactly the same features, yet are not universally considered delusional. For instance, if a person was holding a true belief then they will of course
451:
Higher levels of dopamine qualify as a sign of disorders of brain function. That they are needed to sustain certain delusions was examined by a preliminary study on delusional disorder (a psychotic syndrome) instigated to clarify if schizophrenia had a dopamine psychosis. There were positive results
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profitable by no longer needing to spend money on keeping the patients in mental hospitals, corrupt incentives for psychiatry to allege "needs" for treatments have increased (in particular with regard to medicines that are said to be needed in daily doses, not so much regarding devices that can be
597:
and the
Community Mental Health Center of Middle Georgia have used novels and motion picture films as the focus. Texts, plots and cinematography are discussed and the delusions approached tangentially. This use of fiction to decrease the malleability of a delusion was employed in a joint project by
420:
or biological theory, which states that close relatives of people with delusional disorder are at increased risk of delusional traits. Another theory is the dysfunctional cognitive processing, which states that delusions may arise from distorted ways people have of explaining life to themselves. A
620:
Joseph Pierre, M.D. states that one factor that helps differentiate delusions from other kinds of beliefs is that anomalous subjective experiences are often used to justify delusional beliefs. While idiosyncratic and self-referential content often make delusions impossible to share with others,
480:
The two-factor model of delusions posits that dysfunction in both belief formation systems and belief evaluation systems are necessary for delusions. Dysfunction in evaluations systems localized to the right lateral prefrontal cortex, regardless of delusion content, is supported by neuroimaging
368:
Persecutory delusions are the most common type of delusions and involve the theme of being followed, harassed, cheated, poisoned or drugged, conspired against, spied on, attacked, or otherwise obstructed in the pursuit of goals. Persecutory delusions are a condition in which the affected person
471:
Cultural factors have "a decisive influence in shaping delusions". For example, delusions of guilt and punishment are frequent in a
Western, Christian country like Austria, but not in Pakistan, where it is more likely persecution. Similarly, in a series of case studies, delusions of guilt and
588:
understanding of a particular psychiatrist, who may not have access to all the information that might make a belief otherwise interpretable. R. D. Laing's hypothesis has been applied to some forms of projective therapy to "fix" a delusional system so that it cannot be altered by the patient.
548:
Delusions do not necessarily have to be false or 'incorrect inferences about external reality'. Some religious or spiritual beliefs by their nature may not be falsifiable, and hence cannot be described as false or incorrect, no matter whether the person holding these beliefs was diagnosed as
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has criticized psychiatry's assumption that an absurd belief goes from being delusional to "being there for a reason" merely because it is shared by many people by arguing that just as genetic pathogens like viruses can take advantage of an organism without benefitting said organism,
152:: A delusion that, though false, reflects real–life situations and is at least technically possible; it may include feelings of being followed, poisoned, infected etc. e.g., the affected person mistakenly believes that they are under constant police surveillance.
467:
On the influence of personality, it has been said: "Jaspers considered there is a subtle change in personality due to the illness itself; and this creates the condition for the development of the delusional atmosphere in which the delusional intuition arises."
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phenomena can spread while being harmful to societies, implying that entire societies can become ill. David
Graeber argued that if somatic medicine did not have higher scientific standards than psychiatry's way of defining delusion, pandemics like
100:"The distinction between a delusion and a strongly held idea is sometimes difficult to make and depends in part on the degree of conviction with which the belief is held despite clear or reasonable contradictory evidence regarding its veracity."
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to be unlikely, bizarre or held with excessive conviction. Psychiatrists rarely have the time or resources to check the validity of a person's claims leading to some true beliefs to be erroneously classified as delusional. This is known as the
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493:. Furthermore, lesions to this region are associated with "jumping to conclusions", damage to this region is associated with post-stroke delusions, and hypometabolism this region associated with caudate strokes presenting with delusions.
272:: False belief that insignificant remarks, events, or objects in one's environment have personal meaning or significance. "Usually the meaning assigned to these events is negative, but the 'messages' can also have a grandiose quality."
463:
It is simplistic to say that a certain measure of dopamine will bring about a specific delusion. Studies show age and gender to be influential and it is most likely that HVA levels change during the life course of some syndromes.
421:
third theory is called motivated or defensive delusions. This one states that some of those persons who are predisposed might experience the onset of delusional disorder in those moments when coping with life and maintaining high
296:: Delusion whose content pertains to bodily functioning, bodily sensations or physical appearance. Usually the false belief is that the body is somehow diseased, abnormal or changed. A specific example of this delusion is
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would have been considered to transubstantiate from an illness to "a phenomenon that benefits the people" as soon as it had spread to a sufficiently large portion of the population. It was argued by
Graeber that since
481:
studies and is congruent with its role in conflict monitoring in healthy persons. Abnormal activation and reduced volume is seen in people with delusions, as well as in disorders associated with delusions such as
621:
Pierre suggests that it may be more helpful to emphasize the level of conviction, preoccupation, and extension of a belief rather than the content of the belief when considering whether a belief is delusional.
212:
In addition to these categories, delusions often manifest according to a consistent theme. Although delusions can have any theme, certain themes are more common. Some of the more common delusion themes are:
708:
Robert
Trivers writes that delusion is a discrepancy in relation to objective reality, but with a firm conviction in reality of delusional ideas, which is manifested in the "affective basis of delusion".
172:: A delusion that does not relate to the patient's emotional state; for example, a belief that an extra limb is growing out of the back of one's head is neutral to either depression or mania.
350:
bent. In colloquial usage, one who overestimates one's own abilities, talents, stature or situation is sometimes said to have "delusions of grandeur". This is generally due to excessive
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142:: Delusions are deemed bizarre if they are clearly implausible and not understandable to same-culture peers and do not derive from ordinary life experiences. An example named by the
306:: Person strongly believes they are financially incapacitated. Although this type of delusion is less common now, it was particularly widespread in the days preceding state support.
398:, persecutory delusions are the main feature of the persecutory type of delusional disorder. When the focus is to remedy some injustice by legal action, they are sometimes called "
2288:"Comparative efficacy and tolerability of 32 oral antipsychotics for the acute treatment of adults with multi-episode schizophrenia: a systematic review and network meta-analysis"
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is a false fixed belief that is not amenable to change in light of conflicting evidence. As a pathology, it is distinct from a belief based on false or incomplete information,
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model suggests that delusions are a result of people assigning excessive importance to irrelevant stimuli. In support of this hypothesis, regions normally associated with the
166:
state, e.g., a depressed person believes that news anchors on television highly disapprove of them, or a person in a manic state might believe they are a powerful deity.
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show that delusions vary in intensity and conviction over time, which suggests that certainty and incorrigibility are not necessary components of a delusional belief.
331:
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Furthermore, when beliefs involve value judgments, only those which cannot be proven true are considered delusions. For example: a man claiming that he flew into the
448:
The top two factors mainly concerned in the germination of delusions are disorder of brain functioning and background influences of temperament and personality.
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Stompe T, Friedman A, Ortwein G, Strobl R, Chaudhry HR, Najam N, Chaudhry MR (1999). "Comparison of delusions among schizophrenics in
Austria and in Pakistan".
103:
Delusions have been found to occur in the context of many pathological states (both general physical and mental) and are of particular diagnostic importance in
511:
Specific regions have been associated with specific types of delusions. The volume of the hippocampus and parahippocampus is related to paranoid delusions in
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becomes a significant challenge. In this case, the person views others as the cause of their personal difficulties in order to preserve a positive self-view.
1453:
Kingston C, Schuurmans-Stekhoven J (December 2016). "Life hassles and delusional ideation: Scoping the potential role of cognitive and affective mediators".
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Tamplin A, Goodyer IM, Herbert J (February 1998). "Family functioning and parent general health in families of adolescents with major depressive disorder".
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Some psychiatrists criticize the practice of defining one and the same belief as normal in one culture and pathological in another culture for cultural
701:, or if the belief had a cultural or religious source. Only the first three criteria remain cornerstones of the current definition of a delusion in the
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648:, rate and continuity of speech, evidence of hallucinations or abnormal beliefs, thought content, orientation to time, place and person, attention and
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Myin-Germeys I, Nicolson NA, Delespaul PA (April 2001). "The context of delusional experiences in the daily life of patients with schizophrenia".
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460:(which may have been genetic). These can be only regarded as tentative results; the study called for future research with a larger population.
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illustrated this picture of a machine called an "air loom", which he believed was being used to torture him and others for political purposes.
146:
is a belief that someone replaced all of one's internal organs with someone else's without leaving a scar, depending on the organ in question.
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2388:"Immediate and Sustained Outcomes and Moderators Associated With Metacognitive Training for Psychosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis"
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have been associated with occipito-temporal damage and may be related to failure to elicit normal emotions or memories in response to faces.
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Similar factors have led to criticisms of
Jaspers' definition of true delusions as being ultimately 'un-understandable'. Critics (such as
222:: False belief that another person, group of people, or external force controls one's general thoughts, feelings, impulses, or behaviors.
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The modern definition and
Jaspers' original criteria have been criticised, as counter-examples can be shown for every defining feature.
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Barker, p.. 1997. Assessment in
Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing in Search of the Whole Person. UK: Nelson Thornes Ltd. p. 241.
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436:. Also, ongoing stressors have been associated with a higher possibility of developing delusions. Examples of such stressors are
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3659:
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Birkmayer W, Danielczyk W, Neumayer E, Riederer P (1972). "The balance of biogenic amines as condition for normal behaviour".
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1961:
Maher BA (1988). "Anomalous experience and delusional thinking: The logic of explanations". In
Oltmanns T., Maher B. (eds.).
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Yamada N, Nakajima S, Noguchi T (February 1998). "Age at onset of delusional disorder is dependent on the delusional theme".
566:
4043:
2337:"Corrigendum: Does Cognitive Behavior Therapy for psychosis (CBTp) show a sustainable effect on delusions? A meta-analysis"
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Draguns JG, Tanaka-Matsumi J (July 2003). "Assessment of psychopathology across and within cultures: issues and findings".
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In other cases, the belief may be mistakenly assumed to be false by a doctor or psychiatrist assessing it, just because it
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persist with it. This can cause the disorder to be misdiagnosed by psychiatrists. These factors have led the psychiatrist
354:, rather than any actual delusions. Grandiose delusions or delusions of grandeur can also be associated with megalomania.
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Although non-specific concepts of madness have been around for several thousand years, the psychiatrist and philosopher
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300:: Delusion in which one feels infested with insects, bacteria, mites, spiders, lice, fleas, worms, or other organisms.
394:, where the person believes they are "being tormented, followed, sabotaged, tricked, spied on, or ridiculed". In the
1939:
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Explaining the causes of delusions continues to be challenging and several theories have been developed. One is the
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31:
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Young AW (2000). "Wondrous strange: The neuropsychology of abnormal beliefs". In Coltheart M., Davis M. (eds.).
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196:, is non-systematized and is characterized by a disorganized structure and confused speech and thoughts. The
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punishment were found in Austrian patients with Parkinson's being treated with l-dopa, a dopamine agonist.
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was the first to define the four main criteria for a belief to be considered delusional in his 1913 book
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Huhn M, Nikolakopoulou A, Schneider-Thoma J, Krause M, Samara M, Peter N, et al. (September 2019).
883:
594:
204:, is highly systematized (which means it is very organized and clear) and is focused on a single theme.
508:, which is widely implicated in salience processing, is also widely implicated in psychotic disorders.
373:. Specifically, they have been defined as containing two central elements: The individual thinks that:
2125:
Mujica-Parodi, L.R.; Sackeim, Harold A. (2001). "Cultural Invariance and the Diagnosis of Delusions".
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delusional or not. In other situations the delusion may turn out to be true belief. For example, in
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38:
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1966:
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230:: False belief that a spouse or lover is having an affair, with no proof to back up the claim.
159:
56:
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From the Edge of the Couch: Bizarre Psychiatric Cases and What They Teach Us About Ourselves
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120:
440:, low socioeconomic status, and even possibly the accumulation of smaller daily struggles.
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992:
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429:
343:
292:
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863:
741:(MCT) reduces delusions at a medium to large effect size relative to control conditions.
573:. At the time, her claims were thought to be signs of mental illness, and only after the
2061:
Pierre JM (May 2001). "Faith or delusion? At the crossroads of religion and psychosis".
27:
Psychological fixation of holding false beliefs in spite of clearly disqualifying proofs
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incorrigibility (not changeable by compelling counterargument or proof to the contrary)
177:
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718:
391:
323:
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108:
86:
74:
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2151:
See section "A New Definition of Delusional Ideation in Terms of Model Restriction".
2090:
1863:
1805:
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452:- delusions of jealousy and persecution had different levels of dopamine metabolite
4472:
4253:
3805:
3508:
3344:
2580:
2489:
750:
669:
636:. To diagnose delusions a mental state examination may be used. This test includes
585:
504:
demonstrate reduced grey matter in people with delusions, and the neurotransmitter
339:
334:. Grandiose delusions are characterized by fantastical beliefs that one is famous,
234:
2536:
1153:
757:, only that psychiatrists rarely, if ever, present patients with such situations.
2708:
2163:
Allgemeine Psychopathologie: Ein Leitfaden für Studierende, Ärzte und Psychologen
1029:
697:
and flew back home. This would be considered a delusion, unless he were speaking
515:, and has been reported to be abnormal post mortem in one person with delusions.
4457:
4188:
3919:
3669:
3288:
3181:
3016:
2929:
2521:"Resist the negation reflex: Minimizing reactance in psychotherapy of delusions"
689:
not amenable to understanding (i.e., belief cannot be explained psychologically)
581:
570:
437:
422:
370:
338:
or otherwise very powerful. The delusions are generally fantastic, often with a
201:
112:
2719:
2596:
2386:
Penney D, Sauvé G, Mendelson D, Thibaudeau É, Moritz S, Lepage M (March 2022).
1513:
Morimoto K, Miyatake R, Nakamura M, Watanabe T, Hirao T, Suwaki H (June 2002).
823:
584:) have argued that this leads to the diagnosis of delusions being based on the
97:
able to change or readjust their beliefs upon reviewing the evidence. However:
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4467:
4372:
4073:
3798:
3793:
3589:
3359:
3349:
3169:
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2793:
2205:
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791:
686:
impossibility or falsity of content (implausible, bizarre, or patently untrue)
335:
276:
90:
61:
2353:
2146:
1819:
Naasan G. "The Anatomy of Delusions". In Lehner T, Miller B, State M (eds.).
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3674:
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3493:
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3193:
3152:
3147:
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2583:(April 2001). "Cognitive neuropsychiatric models of persecutory delusions".
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969:
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411:
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104:
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2138:
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1383:
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2213:
2189:
1898:
1797:
1659:
1616:
1581:
1556:"Pretreatment plasma HVA predicts neuroleptic response in manic psychosis"
1408:
717:
Delusions and other positive symptoms of psychosis are often treated with
624:
It is important to distinguish true delusions from other symptoms such as
17:
4462:
4132:
4099:
4025:
3186:
853:
766:
645:
633:
505:
417:
347:
82:
1515:"Delusional disorder: molecular genetic evidence for dopamine psychosis"
3124:
2731:
2239:
1789:
1466:
1325:. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association. 2000. p. 325.
1301:. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association. 2000. p. 299.
893:
729:(CBT) improves delusions relative to control conditions according to a
625:
2665:
2263:
Natural Selection and Social Theory: Selected Papers of Robert Trivers
1746:
1250:
1233:
4180:
3995:
2677:
653:
288:: Belief that the affected person is a god or chosen to act as a god.
1675:
Symptoms in the mind: an introduction to descriptive psychopathology
1490:
Symptoms in the mind: an introduction to descriptive psychopathology
527:
3958:
3036:
919:
702:
526:
351:
327:
163:
143:
116:
78:
2460:
Davidson G, Campbell J, Shannon C, Mulholland C (December 2015).
390:, persecutory delusions are the most common form of delusions in
238:: Ungrounded feeling of remorse or guilt of delusional intensity.
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629:
617:
unswayed in belief by counter-evidence or reasonable arguments.
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4616:
4551:
4403:
4130:
3975:
3885:
3705:
3566:
3523:
2954:
2735:
2020:
David AS (1999). "On the impossibility of defining delusions".
1118:"Chapitre 22. Psychoses passionnelles et délires paranoïaques"
694:
602:
and Yale psychiatrist A. James Giannini. They wrote the novel
180:), however, also establishes a difference between "paranoid" (
1323:
Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-IV
1299:
Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-IV
1821:
Genomics, Circuits, and Pathways in Clinical Neuropsychiatry
1015:
Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5
255:: Belief that another thinks through the mind of the person.
2133:(3). American Psychiatric Association Publishing: 403–409.
2496:. Vol. 1. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
1154:"Religious delusions are common symptoms of schizophrenia"
660:
relevant information would be ignored as counterexamples.
569:
who alleged that illegal activity was taking place in the
2127:
The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences
428:
This condition is more common among people who have poor
235:
Delusion of guilt or sin (or delusion of self-accusation)
1234:"Theories of delusional disorders. An update and review"
280:: False belief that another person is in love with them.
247:
False belief that other people can know one's thoughts.
318:
or delusions of grandeur are principally a subtype of
135:
Delusions are categorized into four different groups:
2005:
Giannini AJ (1991). "Afterword". In Farmer PJ (ed.).
1216:
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
158:: Any delusion with content consistent with either a
2655:
4720:
4689:
4658:
4637:
4516:
4493:
4447:
4414:
4321:
4288:
4236:
4179:
4170:
4151:
4092:
4024:
3986:
3846:
3821:
3718:
3630:
3577:
3474:
3419:
3368:
3319:
3274:
3265:
3217:
3123:
3103:
3055:
2997:
2988:
2918:
2878:
2769:
2659:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1061:
1059:
1057:
1055:
1053:
1051:
1034:. Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers. p. 102.
987:
985:
55:
50:
1986:Giannini AJ (2001). "Use of fiction in therapy".
1275:Paranoia: The Psychology of Persecutory Delusions
2236:"Terms in the Field of Psychiatry and Neurology"
1122:Approche psychanalytique des troubles psychiques
721:, which exert a medium effect size according to
380:the persecutors have the intention to cause harm
2335:Mehl S, Werner D, Lincoln TM (28 August 2019).
1400:Delusions: Understanding the Un-understandable
652:, insight and judgment, as well as short-term
3535:
2966:
2747:
2194:The British Journal of Psychiatry. Supplement
1677:. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders. p. 128.
1492:. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders. p. 127.
577:broke was she proved right (and hence sane).
8:
2464:. Macmillan International Higher Education.
2041:"There and Back Again: Joseph Pierre, M.D."
1877:Spitzer M (1990). "On defining delusions".
925:
322:but could possibly feature as a symptom of
4745:
4634:
4613:
4548:
4439:Other specified feeding or eating disorder
4411:
4400:
4176:
4148:
4127:
3983:
3972:
3882:
3715:
3702:
3574:
3563:
3542:
3528:
3520:
3271:
2994:
2973:
2959:
2951:
2754:
2740:
2732:
2656:
2437:Critical Psychiatry: The Limits of Madness
1403:(1 ed.). Cambridge University Press.
264:False belief that one is being persecuted.
176:French psychiatry (which is influenced by
47:
2411:
2362:
2352:
2311:
1571:
1530:
1373:
1363:
1249:
1232:Kunert HJ, Norra C, Hoff P (March 2007).
1218:Fourth edition Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR)
1017:. American Psychiatric Association. 2013.
680:certainty (held with absolute conviction)
4702:Disorganized (hebephrenic) schizophrenia
4298:Depersonalization-derealization disorder
2190:"Delusion: what did Jaspers really say?"
2022:Philosophy, Psychiatry, & Psychology
1944:Philosophy, Psychiatry, & Psychology
1116:Pirlot, Gérard; Cupa, Dominique (2019).
3095:Depression in childhood and adolescence
2175:
960:
911:
377:harm is occurring, or is going to occur
2612:Coltheart M.; Davies M., eds. (2000).
1940:"The phenomenology of abnormal belief"
1554:Mazure CM, Bowers MB (February 1998).
89:, or some other misleading effects of
2579:Blackwood NJ, Howard RJ, Bentall RP,
2552:Bell V, Halligan PW, Ellis H (2003).
1917:. Oxford: Blackwell. pp. 47–74.
1823:. Elsevier Science. pp. 366–369.
1346:Kiran C, Chaudhury S (January 2009).
859:Delusional misidentification syndrome
369:wrongly believes that they are being
7:
2105:"Diagnostic Test List for Delusions"
93:, as individuals with those beliefs
4405:Physiological and physical behavior
3138:Depression (differential diagnoses)
4351:Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures
3745:Emotional and behavioral disorders
2585:The American Journal of Psychiatry
2009:. NY: Tor Books. pp. 279–282.
1609:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1998.tb09973.x
25:
4531:Hypoactive sexual desire disorder
3462:Transcranial magnetic stimulation
3227:Bipolar Spectrum Diagnostic Scale
3831:X-linked intellectual disability
2810:Ideas and delusions of reference
2519:Arnold K, Vakhrusheva J (2015).
2404:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2022.0277
2075:10.1097/00131746-200105000-00004
1965:. New York: Wiley Interscience.
1220:American Psychiatric Association
1099:"Paranoïa (histoire du concept)"
1077:Encyclopedia of Mental Disorders
822:
808:
794:
3660:Intermittent explosive disorder
3585:Ego-dystonic sexual orientation
2905:Mirrored-self misidentification
2063:Journal of Psychiatric Practice
1397:McKenna, Peter (25 July 2017).
1028:Chowdhury, Arabinda N. (2019).
4303:Dissociative identity disorder
3568:Adult personality and behavior
2910:Syndrome of subjective doubles
1778:Journal of Neural Transmission
1700:Behaviour Research and Therapy
1640:Journal of Affective Disorders
1597:Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica
1560:Journal of Affective Disorders
1:
2789:Delusional companion syndrome
2537:10.1080/17522439.2015.1095229
2304:10.1016/S0140-6736(19)31135-3
1712:10.1016/S0005-7967(02)00190-0
1652:10.1016/S0165-0327(97)00105-5
1573:10.1016/S0165-0327(97)00159-6
1532:10.1016/S0893-133X(01)00421-3
1352:Industrial Psychiatry Journal
1273:Freeman D, Garety PA (2004).
252:Delusion of thought insertion
4707:Pseudoneurotic schizophrenia
4244:Generalized anxiety disorder
3977:Neurological and symptomatic
3622:Sexual relationship disorder
3437:Dialectical behavior therapy
3432:Cognitive behavioral therapy
3252:Rating scales for depression
2801:(Shared delusional disorder)
2567:(8): 418–423. Archived from
1891:10.1016/0010-440X(90)90023-L
1455:Psychology and Psychotherapy
1174:Raja M, Azzoni A, Lubich L.
737:of 43 studies reported that
727:Cognitive behavioral therapy
4810:Communication of falsehoods
4483:REM sleep behavior disorder
3952:Seasonal affective disorder
3750:Separation anxiety disorder
3247:Mood Disorder Questionnaire
3075:Seasonal affective disorder
2265:. Oxford University Press.
975:Online Etymology Dictionary
589:Psychiatric researchers at
4841:
4750:Symptoms and uncategorized
3851:developmental disabilities
3617:Sexual maturation disorder
3237:General Behavior Inventory
2597:10.1176/appi.ajp.158.4.527
2188:Walker C (November 1991).
1277:. Hove: PsychoIogy Press.
409:
361:
36:
29:
4755:
4744:
4712:Simple-type schizophrenia
4681:Schizophreniform disorder
4633:
4612:
4565:
4547:
4410:
4399:
4147:
4126:
4059:Mild cognitive impairment
4044:Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease
3982:
3971:
3942:Major depressive disorder
3895:
3881:
3847:Psychological development
3714:
3701:
3573:
3562:
3442:Electroconvulsive therapy
3065:Major depressive disorder
2554:"Beliefs about delusions"
2206:10.1192/S0007125000296566
1848:10.1017/s0033291701003646
1348:"Understanding delusions"
32:Delusion (disambiguation)
4760:Impulse-control disorder
4676:Schizoaffective disorder
4671:Brief reactive psychosis
4368:Mass psychogenic illness
4331:Body dysmorphic disorder
4110:Post-concussion syndrome
3720:Emotional and behavioral
3257:Young Mania Rating Scale
3232:Child Mania Rating Scale
3111:Schizoaffective disorder
3090:Major depressive episode
2842:Reduplicative paramnesia
2354:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01868
1879:Comprehensive Psychiatry
997:"Delusions in the DSM 5"
899:Reduplicative paramnesia
719:antipsychotic medication
565:, after the wife of the
4697:Childhood schizophrenia
4049:Frontotemporal dementia
4006:High-functioning autism
3823:Intellectual disability
3384:Atypical antipsychotics
3143:Emotional dysregulation
2494:General Psychopathology
2462:Models of mental health
2341:Frontiers in Psychology
1519:Neuropsychopharmacology
1365:10.4103/0972-6748.57851
674:General Psychopathology
598:science-fiction author
483:frontotemporal dementia
156:Mood-congruent delusion
4214:Specific social phobia
4105:Organic brain syndrome
3947:Melancholic depression
3708:Childhood and learning
3447:Involuntary commitment
3209:Reduced affect display
3085:Melancholic depression
2165:. Berlin: J. Springer.
2139:10.1176/jnp.13.3.403-a
1836:Psychological Medicine
781:psychiatric medication
777:deinstitutionalisation
739:metacognitive training
723:meta-analytic evidence
676:. These criteria are:
563:Martha Mitchell effect
535:
298:delusional parasitosis
4770:Psychomotor agitation
4560:and substance-related
4503:Postpartum depression
4383:Somatization disorder
4269:Acute stress reaction
4034:AIDS dementia complex
3042:Mixed affective state
2827:Monothematic delusion
2616:. Oxford: Blackwell.
2614:Pathologies of belief
1915:Pathologies of belief
1433:"Delusional Disorder"
1409:10.1017/9781139871785
884:Monothematic delusion
595:Ohio State University
530:
358:Persecutory delusions
269:Delusion of reference
260:Persecutory delusions
170:Mood-neutral delusion
4800:Delusional disorders
4765:Klüver–Bucy syndrome
4595:Substance dependence
4508:Postpartum psychosis
4054:Huntington's disease
3836:Lujan–Fryns syndrome
3685:Personality disorder
3504:Kay Redfield Jamison
3489:Frederick K. Goodwin
3309:Valproate semisodium
3199:Psychotic depression
2852:Thought broadcasting
2837:Persecutory delusion
2822:Clinical lycanthropy
2763:Delusional disorders
2631:Persaud, R. (2003).
1176:"Religious delusion"
1001:Imperfect Cognitions
849:Clinical lycanthropy
543:psychiatric patients
532:James Tilly Matthews
458:homovanillyl alcohol
364:Persecutory delusion
243:Thought broadcasting
150:Non-bizarre delusion
125:psychotic depression
107:disorders including
30:For other uses, see
4645:Delusional disorder
4590:Stimulant psychosis
4580:Physical dependence
4434:Rumination syndrome
4336:Conversion disorder
4313:Psychogenic amnesia
4163:with depressed mood
4161:Adjustment disorder
4064:Parkinson's disease
4039:Alzheimer's disease
3932:Atypical depression
3768:Social functioning
3643:Munchausen syndrome
3638:Factitious disorder
3427:Clinical psychology
3242:Hypomania Checklist
3080:Atypical depression
2805:Grandiose delusions
948:to mock, to deceive
551:delusional jealousy
513:Alzheimer's disease
320:delusional disorder
316:Grandiose delusions
311:Grandiose delusions
304:Delusion of poverty
227:Delusional jealousy
219:Delusion of control
184:) and "paranoiac" (
39:Delusional disorder
4664:schizophrenia-like
4308:Dissociative fugue
3757:Movement disorders
3420:Non-pharmaceutical
2900:Intermetamorphosis
2862:Thought withdrawal
2298:(10202): 939–951.
2261:Trivers R (2002).
2161:Jaspers K (1913).
1963:Delusional Beliefs
1790:10.1007/BF01260902
1467:10.1111/papt.12089
1031:Bedside Psychiatry
874:Jerusalem syndrome
869:Intrusive thoughts
755:empirical evidence
600:Philip Jose Farmer
536:
491:Lewy body dementia
444:Specific delusions
412:Psychosis (causes)
400:querulous paranoia
285:Religious delusion
198:paranoiac delusion
4787:
4786:
4783:
4782:
4740:
4739:
4736:
4735:
4608:
4607:
4543:
4542:
4539:
4538:
4395:
4394:
4391:
4390:
4284:
4283:
4122:
4121:
4118:
4117:
4079:Vascular dementia
4001:Asperger syndrome
3967:
3966:
3877:
3876:
3873:
3872:
3811:Tourette syndrome
3697:
3696:
3693:
3692:
3517:
3516:
3470:
3469:
3394:Lithium carbonate
3340:Dextroamphetamine
3158:Suicidal ideation
3119:
3118:
2948:
2947:
2882:misidentification
2857:Thought insertion
2847:Somatoparaphrenia
2784:Cryptic pregnancy
2779:Cotard's syndrome
2729:
2728:
2471:978-1-137-36591-0
2446:978-0-230-59919-2
2435:Double D (2006).
2272:978-0-19-513062-1
2242:on 19 August 2010
2044:Psychiatric Times
1988:Psychiatric Times
1747:10.1159/000029094
1418:978-1-139-87178-5
1251:10.1159/000100367
1041:978-93-5270-985-4
968:Harper, Douglas.
844:Cotard's delusion
830:Psychiatry portal
816:Psychology portal
802:Philosophy portal
575:Watergate scandal
517:Capgras delusions
498:aberrant salience
384:According to the
344:science-fictional
190:paranoid delusion
67:
66:
45:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
4832:
4746:
4635:
4614:
4549:
4424:Anorexia nervosa
4412:
4401:
4378:Psychogenic pain
4346:Globus pharyngis
4194:Childhood phobia
4177:
4149:
4128:
3984:
3973:
3883:
3782:Selective mutism
3733:Conduct disorder
3716:
3703:
3680:Trichotillomania
3655:Gender dysphoria
3650:Fear of intimacy
3607:Sexual anhedonia
3575:
3564:
3551:Mental disorders
3544:
3537:
3530:
3521:
3409:Lithium toxicity
3371:mood stabilizers
3321:Sympathomimetics
3304:Sodium valproate
3272:
2999:Bipolar disorder
2995:
2975:
2968:
2961:
2952:
2895:Fregoli delusion
2890:Capgras delusion
2832:Paranoid anxiety
2756:
2749:
2742:
2733:
2657:
2646:
2627:
2608:
2575:
2574:on 28 July 2011.
2573:
2561:The Psychologist
2558:
2548:
2507:
2476:
2475:
2457:
2451:
2450:
2432:
2426:
2425:
2415:
2383:
2377:
2376:
2366:
2356:
2332:
2326:
2325:
2315:
2283:
2277:
2276:
2258:
2252:
2251:
2249:
2247:
2238:. Archived from
2232:
2226:
2225:
2185:
2179:
2173:
2167:
2166:
2158:
2152:
2150:
2122:
2116:
2115:
2113:
2111:
2101:
2095:
2094:
2058:
2052:
2051:
2039:Aftab A (2021).
2036:
2030:
2029:
2017:
2011:
2010:
2002:
1996:
1995:
1983:
1977:
1976:
1958:
1952:
1951:
1938:Jones E (1999).
1935:
1929:
1928:
1910:
1904:
1902:
1874:
1868:
1867:
1831:
1825:
1824:
1816:
1810:
1809:
1773:
1767:
1766:
1730:
1724:
1723:
1695:
1689:
1688:
1670:
1664:
1663:
1635:
1629:
1628:
1592:
1586:
1585:
1575:
1551:
1545:
1544:
1534:
1510:
1504:
1503:
1485:
1479:
1478:
1450:
1444:
1443:
1441:
1439:
1429:
1423:
1422:
1394:
1388:
1387:
1377:
1367:
1343:
1337:
1336:
1319:
1313:
1312:
1295:
1289:
1288:
1270:
1264:
1263:
1253:
1229:
1223:
1213:
1207:
1204:
1198:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1188:on 22 March 2012
1187:
1181:. Archived from
1180:
1171:
1165:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1150:
1144:
1143:
1132:
1126:
1125:
1113:
1107:
1106:
1095:
1089:
1088:
1086:
1084:
1069:
1046:
1045:
1025:
1019:
1018:
1011:
1005:
1004:
989:
980:
979:
965:
953:
952:
949:
946:
939:
936:
933:
930:
927:
916:
832:
827:
826:
818:
813:
812:
811:
804:
799:
798:
797:
567:attorney general
502:salience network
332:bipolar disorder
293:Somatic delusion
188:) delusion. The
140:Bizarre delusion
121:bipolar disorder
48:
21:
4840:
4839:
4835:
4834:
4833:
4831:
4830:
4829:
4790:
4789:
4788:
4779:
4751:
4732:
4716:
4685:
4663:
4654:
4629:
4604:
4561:
4558:substance abuse
4535:
4512:
4489:
4443:
4429:Bulimia nervosa
4406:
4387:
4363:Hypochondriasis
4358:False pregnancy
4341:Ganser syndrome
4323:Somatic symptom
4317:
4280:
4232:
4221:Specific phobia
4166:
4143:
4114:
4088:
4020:
4016:Savant syndrome
3988:Autism spectrum
3978:
3963:
3891:
3869:
3848:
3842:
3817:
3710:
3689:
3665:Dermatillomania
3626:
3612:Sexual anorexia
3569:
3558:
3548:
3518:
3513:
3466:
3415:
3404:Lithium sulfate
3399:Lithium citrate
3364:
3355:Methylphenidate
3324:
3315:
3276:Anticonvulsants
3261:
3213:
3204:Racing thoughts
3115:
3099:
3051:
2984:
2979:
2949:
2944:
2921:
2914:
2881:
2874:
2765:
2760:
2730:
2725:
2724:
2668:
2654:
2649:
2643:
2630:
2624:
2611:
2578:
2571:
2556:
2551:
2518:
2514:
2512:Further reading
2504:
2488:
2480:
2479:
2472:
2459:
2458:
2454:
2447:
2434:
2433:
2429:
2392:JAMA Psychiatry
2385:
2384:
2380:
2334:
2333:
2329:
2285:
2284:
2280:
2273:
2260:
2259:
2255:
2245:
2243:
2234:
2233:
2229:
2187:
2186:
2182:
2174:
2170:
2160:
2159:
2155:
2124:
2123:
2119:
2109:
2107:
2103:
2102:
2098:
2060:
2059:
2055:
2038:
2037:
2033:
2019:
2018:
2014:
2004:
2003:
1999:
1985:
1984:
1980:
1973:
1960:
1959:
1955:
1937:
1936:
1932:
1925:
1912:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1876:
1875:
1871:
1833:
1832:
1828:
1818:
1817:
1813:
1775:
1774:
1770:
1735:Psychopathology
1732:
1731:
1727:
1697:
1696:
1692:
1685:
1673:Sims A (2002).
1672:
1671:
1667:
1637:
1636:
1632:
1594:
1593:
1589:
1553:
1552:
1548:
1512:
1511:
1507:
1500:
1488:Sims A (2002).
1487:
1486:
1482:
1452:
1451:
1447:
1437:
1435:
1431:
1430:
1426:
1419:
1396:
1395:
1391:
1345:
1344:
1340:
1333:
1321:
1320:
1316:
1309:
1297:
1296:
1292:
1285:
1272:
1271:
1267:
1238:Psychopathology
1231:
1230:
1226:
1214:
1210:
1205:
1201:
1191:
1189:
1185:
1178:
1173:
1172:
1168:
1158:
1156:
1152:
1151:
1147:
1134:
1133:
1129:
1115:
1114:
1110:
1097:
1096:
1092:
1082:
1080:
1071:
1070:
1049:
1042:
1027:
1026:
1022:
1013:
1012:
1008:
995:(7 June 2013).
991:
990:
983:
967:
966:
962:
957:
956:
950:
947:
944:
937:
934:
931:
928:
917:
913:
908:
903:
828:
821:
814:
809:
807:
800:
795:
793:
790:
760:Anthropologist
747:
715:
666:
591:Yale University
525:
478:
476:Pathophysiology
446:
414:
408:
366:
360:
313:
210:
133:
46:
41:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4838:
4836:
4828:
4827:
4822:
4817:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4792:
4791:
4785:
4784:
4781:
4780:
4778:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4762:
4756:
4753:
4752:
4749:
4742:
4741:
4738:
4737:
4734:
4733:
4731:
4730:
4724:
4722:
4718:
4717:
4715:
4714:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4693:
4691:
4687:
4686:
4684:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4667:
4665:
4656:
4655:
4653:
4652:
4647:
4641:
4639:
4631:
4630:
4617:
4610:
4609:
4606:
4605:
4603:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4585:Rebound effect
4582:
4577:
4572:
4566:
4563:
4562:
4552:
4545:
4544:
4541:
4540:
4537:
4536:
4534:
4533:
4528:
4526:Hypersexuality
4522:
4520:
4514:
4513:
4511:
4510:
4505:
4499:
4497:
4491:
4490:
4488:
4487:
4486:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4465:
4460:
4454:
4452:
4445:
4444:
4442:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4420:
4418:
4408:
4407:
4404:
4397:
4396:
4393:
4392:
4389:
4388:
4386:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4354:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4333:
4327:
4325:
4319:
4318:
4316:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4294:
4292:
4286:
4285:
4282:
4281:
4279:
4278:
4277:
4276:
4271:
4261:
4259:Panic disorder
4256:
4251:
4246:
4240:
4238:
4234:
4233:
4231:
4230:
4229:
4228:
4226:Claustrophobia
4218:
4217:
4216:
4211:
4209:Anthropophobia
4201:
4199:Social anxiety
4196:
4191:
4185:
4183:
4174:
4168:
4167:
4165:
4164:
4157:
4155:
4145:
4144:
4131:
4124:
4123:
4120:
4119:
4116:
4115:
4113:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4096:
4094:
4090:
4089:
4087:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4069:Pick's disease
4066:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4030:
4028:
4022:
4021:
4019:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3992:
3990:
3980:
3979:
3976:
3969:
3968:
3965:
3964:
3962:
3961:
3956:
3955:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3924:
3923:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3896:
3893:
3892:
3886:
3879:
3878:
3875:
3874:
3871:
3870:
3868:
3867:
3862:
3856:
3854:
3844:
3843:
3841:
3840:
3839:
3838:
3827:
3825:
3819:
3818:
3816:
3815:
3814:
3813:
3803:
3802:
3801:
3796:
3786:
3785:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3766:
3765:
3764:
3754:
3753:
3752:
3742:
3741:
3740:
3730:
3724:
3722:
3712:
3711:
3706:
3699:
3698:
3695:
3694:
3691:
3690:
3688:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3646:
3645:
3634:
3632:
3628:
3627:
3625:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3603:
3602:
3597:
3587:
3581:
3579:
3571:
3570:
3567:
3560:
3559:
3555:Classification
3549:
3547:
3546:
3539:
3532:
3524:
3515:
3514:
3512:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3484:Emil Kraepelin
3480:
3478:
3472:
3471:
3468:
3467:
3465:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3423:
3421:
3417:
3416:
3414:
3413:
3412:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3386:
3381:
3379:Antipsychotics
3375:
3373:
3366:
3365:
3363:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3331:
3329:
3317:
3316:
3314:
3313:
3312:
3311:
3306:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3280:
3278:
3269:
3263:
3262:
3260:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3223:
3221:
3215:
3214:
3212:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3190:
3189:
3184:
3176:Sleep disorder
3172:
3167:
3162:
3161:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3140:
3135:
3129:
3127:
3121:
3120:
3117:
3116:
3114:
3113:
3107:
3105:
3101:
3100:
3098:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3061:
3059:
3053:
3052:
3050:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3003:
3001:
2992:
2986:
2985:
2980:
2978:
2977:
2970:
2963:
2955:
2946:
2945:
2943:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2926:
2924:
2916:
2915:
2913:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2886:
2884:
2876:
2875:
2873:
2872:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2775:
2773:
2767:
2766:
2761:
2759:
2758:
2751:
2744:
2736:
2727:
2726:
2723:
2722:
2711:
2700:
2685:
2669:
2664:
2663:
2661:
2660:Classification
2653:
2652:External links
2650:
2648:
2647:
2641:
2628:
2622:
2609:
2591:(4): 527–539.
2576:
2549:
2531:(2): 166–175.
2515:
2513:
2510:
2509:
2508:
2502:
2485:
2484:
2478:
2477:
2470:
2452:
2445:
2427:
2398:(5): 417–429.
2378:
2327:
2278:
2271:
2253:
2227:
2200:(14): 94–103.
2180:
2168:
2153:
2117:
2096:
2069:(3): 163–172.
2053:
2031:
2012:
2007:Red Orc's Rage
1997:
1978:
1971:
1953:
1930:
1923:
1905:
1885:(5): 377–397.
1869:
1842:(3): 489–498.
1826:
1811:
1784:(2): 163–178.
1768:
1741:(5): 225–234.
1725:
1706:(7): 755–776.
1690:
1683:
1665:
1630:
1603:(2): 122–124.
1587:
1546:
1525:(6): 794–801.
1505:
1498:
1480:
1461:(4): 445–463.
1445:
1424:
1417:
1389:
1338:
1331:
1314:
1307:
1290:
1283:
1265:
1244:(3): 191–202.
1224:
1208:
1199:
1166:
1145:
1127:
1108:
1090:
1047:
1040:
1020:
1006:
981:
959:
958:
955:
954:
910:
909:
907:
904:
902:
901:
896:
891:
889:Paris syndrome
886:
881:
876:
871:
866:
861:
856:
851:
846:
841:
839:Bizarre object
835:
834:
833:
819:
805:
789:
786:
779:made sales of
746:
743:
714:
711:
691:
690:
687:
684:
681:
665:
662:
605:Red Orc's Rage
524:
521:
477:
474:
445:
442:
407:
404:
382:
381:
378:
362:Main article:
359:
356:
312:
309:
308:
307:
301:
289:
281:
273:
265:
256:
248:
239:
231:
223:
209:
206:
200:, observed in
192:, observed in
178:psychoanalysis
174:
173:
167:
153:
147:
132:
129:
65:
64:
59:
53:
52:
44:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4837:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4797:
4795:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4757:
4754:
4747:
4743:
4729:
4726:
4725:
4723:
4719:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4694:
4692:
4690:Schizophrenia
4688:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4668:
4666:
4661:
4657:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4642:
4640:
4636:
4632:
4628:
4624:
4620:
4619:Schizophrenia
4615:
4611:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4570:Drug overdose
4568:
4567:
4564:
4559:
4555:
4550:
4546:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4523:
4521:
4519:
4518:Sexual desire
4515:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4500:
4498:
4496:
4492:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4470:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4455:
4453:
4451:
4446:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4421:
4419:
4417:
4413:
4409:
4402:
4398:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4338:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4328:
4326:
4324:
4320:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4295:
4293:
4291:
4287:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4266:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4241:
4239:
4235:
4227:
4224:
4223:
4222:
4219:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4206:
4205:
4204:Social phobia
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4186:
4184:
4182:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4169:
4162:
4159:
4158:
4156:
4154:
4150:
4146:
4142:
4139:-related and
4138:
4134:
4129:
4125:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4097:
4095:
4091:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4031:
4029:
4027:
4023:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3993:
3991:
3989:
3985:
3981:
3974:
3970:
3960:
3957:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3929:
3928:
3925:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3902:
3901:
3898:
3897:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3880:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3845:
3837:
3834:
3833:
3832:
3829:
3828:
3826:
3824:
3820:
3812:
3809:
3808:
3807:
3804:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3791:
3790:
3787:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3769:
3767:
3763:
3760:
3759:
3758:
3755:
3751:
3748:
3747:
3746:
3743:
3739:
3736:
3735:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3725:
3723:
3721:
3717:
3713:
3709:
3704:
3700:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3644:
3641:
3640:
3639:
3636:
3635:
3633:
3629:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3592:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3582:
3580:
3576:
3572:
3565:
3561:
3556:
3552:
3545:
3540:
3538:
3533:
3531:
3526:
3525:
3522:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3499:Karl Leonhard
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3481:
3479:
3477:
3473:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3457:Psychotherapy
3455:
3453:
3452:Light therapy
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3424:
3422:
3418:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3391:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3376:
3374:
3372:
3367:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3322:
3318:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3301:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3294:Oxcarbazepine
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3284:Carbamazepine
3282:
3281:
3279:
3277:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3264:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3224:
3222:
3220:
3216:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3179:
3178:
3177:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3165:Hallucination
3163:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3145:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3130:
3128:
3126:
3122:
3112:
3109:
3108:
3106:
3104:Comorbidities
3102:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3062:
3060:
3058:
3054:
3048:
3047:Rapid cycling
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3004:
3002:
3000:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2982:Mood disorder
2976:
2971:
2969:
2964:
2962:
2957:
2956:
2953:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2935:Matchbox sign
2933:
2931:
2928:
2927:
2925:
2923:
2917:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2887:
2885:
2883:
2877:
2871:
2869:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2817:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2776:
2774:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2757:
2752:
2750:
2745:
2743:
2738:
2737:
2734:
2721:
2717:
2716:
2712:
2710:
2706:
2705:
2701:
2699:
2695:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2684:
2680:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2670:
2667:
2662:
2658:
2651:
2644:
2642:0-553-81346-3
2638:
2634:
2629:
2625:
2623:0-631-22136-0
2619:
2615:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2577:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2555:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2517:
2516:
2511:
2505:
2503:0-8018-5775-9
2499:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2486:
2482:
2481:
2473:
2467:
2463:
2456:
2453:
2448:
2442:
2438:
2431:
2428:
2423:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2382:
2379:
2374:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2331:
2328:
2323:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2282:
2279:
2274:
2268:
2264:
2257:
2254:
2241:
2237:
2231:
2228:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2184:
2181:
2178:, p. 106
2177:
2172:
2169:
2164:
2157:
2154:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2121:
2118:
2106:
2100:
2097:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2057:
2054:
2049:
2045:
2042:
2035:
2032:
2027:
2023:
2016:
2013:
2008:
2001:
1998:
1993:
1989:
1982:
1979:
1974:
1972:0-471-83635-4
1968:
1964:
1957:
1954:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1934:
1931:
1926:
1924:0-631-22136-0
1920:
1916:
1909:
1906:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1873:
1870:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1830:
1827:
1822:
1815:
1812:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1772:
1769:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1729:
1726:
1721:
1717:
1713:
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4650:Folie à deux
4575:Intoxication
4556:substances,
4554:Psychoactive
4473:Night terror
4290:Dissociative
4254:Panic attack
3806:Tic disorder
3509:Mogens Schou
3345:Escitalopram
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2799:Folie à deux
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4623:schizotypal
4458:Hypersomnia
4448:Nonorganic
4189:Agoraphobia
3920:Cyclothymia
3915:Bipolar NOS
3890:(affective)
3762:Stereotypic
3670:Kleptomania
3328:and similar
3289:Lamotrigine
3182:Hypersomnia
3022:Bipolar NOS
3017:Cyclothymia
2930:Formication
2922:parasitosis
2868:Truman Show
2028:(1): 17–20.
1646:(1): 1–13.
1358:(1): 3–18.
1136:"Paranoïde"
1103:Universalis
1073:"Delusions"
582:R. D. Laing
571:White House
541:Studies on
438:immigration
423:self-esteem
202:paraphrenia
186:paranoïaque
113:paraphrenia
4794:Categories
4775:Stereotypy
4638:Delusional
4627:delusional
4600:Withdrawal
4468:Parasomnia
4373:Nosophobia
4153:Adjustment
4141:somatoform
4074:Sundowning
3927:Depression
3910:Bipolar II
3799:Stuttering
3794:Cluttering
3590:Paraphilia
3360:Sertraline
3350:Fluoxetine
3170:Mood swing
3057:Depression
3012:Bipolar II
2940:Morgellons
2920:Delusional
2880:Delusional
2794:Erotomania
2715:DiseasesDB
2635:. Bantam.
2483:Cited text
970:"delusion"
772:the plague
664:Definition
644:, affect,
638:appearance
586:subjective
410:See also:
371:persecuted
336:omnipotent
277:Erotomania
160:depressive
91:perception
62:Psychiatry
37:See also:
18:Delusional
4825:Delusions
4820:Deception
4805:Psychosis
4728:Catatonia
4660:Psychosis
4495:Postnatal
4478:Nightmare
4084:Wandering
3937:Dysthymia
3905:Bipolar I
3860:Pervasive
3675:Pyromania
3600:Voyeurism
3595:Fetishism
3494:John Cade
3335:Bupropion
3299:Valproate
3267:Treatment
3219:Diagnosis
3194:Psychosis
3153:Dysphoria
3148:Anhedonia
3070:Dysthymia
3032:Hypomania
3027:Childhood
3007:Bipolar I
2816:Idée fixe
2581:Murray RM
2545:146386637
2525:Psychosis
2490:Jaspers K
2147:0895-0172
935:deceiving
906:Footnotes
745:Criticism
713:Treatment
523:Diagnosis
487:psychosis
396:DSM-IV-TR
387:DSM-IV-TR
348:religious
182:paranoïde
105:psychotic
57:Specialty
4463:Insomnia
4133:Neurotic
4100:Delirium
4026:Dementia
3865:Specific
3187:Insomnia
3133:Delusion
3125:Symptoms
2990:Spectrum
2870:delusion
2605:11282685
2492:(1997).
2422:35320347
2373:31555162
2347:: 1868.
2322:31303314
2246:6 August
2222:43018033
2110:6 August
2091:22897500
2083:15990520
1994:(7): 56.
1864:25884819
1856:11305857
1806:28152591
1763:25376490
1755:10494061
1720:12781244
1625:39266698
1541:12007750
1475:26846698
1438:6 August
1384:21234155
1260:17337940
1192:17 April
1159:17 April
1140:Larousse
1124:. Dunod.
1083:22 April
942:deludere
854:Delirium
788:See also
646:behavior
634:paranoia
506:dopamine
83:illusion
71:delusion
51:Delusion
4172:Anxiety
4011:PDD-NOS
3900:Bipolar
3553: (
3476:History
3389:Lithium
2771:General
2709:D003702
2413:8943641
2364:6724716
2313:6891890
2214:1840789
1950:: 1–16.
1899:2225797
1798:4643007
1660:9495597
1617:9517905
1582:9495606
1375:3016695
940:, from
929:
923:delusio
894:Prelest
767:memetic
626:anxiety
430:hearing
418:genetic
4815:Belief
4416:Eating
4264:Stress
4181:Phobia
4137:stress
3996:Autism
3789:Speech
3578:Sexual
3369:Other
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654:memory
406:Causes
208:Themes
123:, and
4721:Other
4450:sleep
4237:Other
4093:Other
3959:Mania
3631:Other
3326:SSRIs
3037:Mania
2720:33439
2572:(PDF)
2557:(PDF)
2541:S2CID
2218:S2CID
2087:S2CID
1860:S2CID
1802:S2CID
1759:S2CID
1621:S2CID
1186:(PDF)
1179:(PDF)
920:Latin
918:From
703:DSM-5
632:, or
558:seems
434:sight
352:pride
346:, or
328:manic
164:manic
144:DSM-5
131:Types
117:manic
79:dogma
4625:and
4274:PTSD
3888:Mood
3728:ADHD
2704:MeSH
2693:9-CM
2637:ISBN
2618:ISBN
2601:PMID
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2369:PMID
2318:PMID
2267:ISBN
2248:2010
2210:PMID
2143:ISSN
2112:2010
2079:PMID
2050:(1).
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1471:PMID
1440:2010
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1279:ISBN
1256:PMID
1194:2011
1161:2011
1085:2018
1036:ISBN
926:lit.
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642:mood
630:fear
496:The
489:and
456:and
326:and
4662:and
4249:OCD
3777:RAD
3772:DAD
3738:ODD
2698:297
2689:ICD
2683:F22
2674:ICD
2593:doi
2589:158
2533:doi
2408:PMC
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