49:
346:) is a highly venomous snake species native to various parts of sub-Saharan Africa. Black mambas are fast-moving, nervous snakes that will strike when threatened. According to findings by Branch (2016), their venom comprises neurotoxins and cardiotoxins that can rapidly induce symptoms, including dizziness, extreme fatigue, vision problems, foaming at the mouth, paralysis, convulsions, and eventual death from respiratory or cardiac failure if untreated. Although black mamba venom is highly toxic, antivenom is available and can treat envenomation promptly.
932:
790:
621:
69:
682:
217:
578:
Black mambas live in the savannas and rocky hills of southern and eastern Africa. They are Africa's longest venomous snake, reaching up to 14 feet in length, although 8.2 feet is more the average. They are also among the fastest snakes in the world, slithering at speeds of up to 12.5 miles per hour.
469:
reported a death rate of approximately 43% among those who received ineffective treatments (15 fatal cases out of 35 patients). A mamba-specific antivenom was introduced in 1962, followed by a fully polyvalent antivenom in 1971; over this period, 5 out of 38 people in South Africa bitten by black
2023:
Ainsworth, Stuart; Petras, Daniel; Engmark, Mikael; SĂźssmuth, Roderich D.; Whiteley, Gareth; Albulescu, Laura-Oana; Kazandjian, Taline D.; Wagstaff, Simon C.; Rowley, Paul; WĂźster, Wolfgang; Dorrestein, Pieter C.; Arias, Ana Silvia; GutiĂŠrrez, JosĂŠ M.; Harrison, Robert A.; Casewell, Nicholas R.;
349:
Most apparent cases of pursuit probably are examples of where witnesses have mistaken the snake's attempt to retreat to its lair when a human happens to be in the way. The black mamba usually uses its speed to escape from threats, and humans actually are their main predators, rather than prey.
338:
of a mamba includes rearing, opening the mouth and hissing. The black mamba's mouth is black within, which renders the threat more conspicuous. A rearing mamba has a narrower yet longer hood and tends to lean well forward, instead of standing erect as a cobra does.
395:, which inhibits the K channels at the pre and post-synaptic level in the intestinal smooth muscle. It also inhibits Ca-sensitive K channels from rat skeletal muscleâ incorporated into planar bilayers (Kd = 90 nM in 50 mM KCl).)
457:). A lethality rate of near 100% for untreated black mamba bites has been circulating between various sources, which is probably based on a single medical record made in a single district between 1957 and 1963 when specific
2199:
1763:
477:. Besides proximity to residences, behaviour of a given species is also a critical aspect when it comes to snakebite morbidities. Mambas are agile, usually fleeing from any confrontation with unambiguous
444:
has the worst prognosis, possibly as a result of its more terrestrial nature (having more potential for human contact), high defensiveness (having a higher possibility to deliver fatal bites instead of
1408:...in common with other snakes they prefer to avoid contact;...Of the three species of green mambas...;...from 1957 to 1963...including all seven black mamba bites - a 100 per cent fatality rate
3690:
2192:
2185:
3685:
2026:"The medical threat of mamba envenoming in sub-Saharan Africa revealed by genus-wide analysis of venom composition, toxicity and antivenomics profiling of available antivenoms"
1232:
Snakes of medical importance include those with highly dangerous venom resulting in high rates of morbidity and mortality, or those that are common agents in snakebite.
1013:
A 2018 analysis of the venom of the mambas, as well as a 2016 genetic analysis, found the following cladogram representative of the relationship between the species.
470:
mambas who received the antivenom died, according to the same report. Since then, the number has significantly dropped with the widespread use of specific antivenom.
3832:
2952:
1705:
3858:
473:
Despite their fearsome reputation and often exaggerated notoriety, mamba envenomation occurs far less frequently than some other snakes', for instance the
1660:
3261:
3806:
1656:
3906:
3896:
3845:
3321:
1926:
1276:
1325:
African myths exaggerate their capabilities to legendary proportions; Black mambas are shy and will almost always seek to escape when confronted.
330:. At nightfall some species, especially the terrestrial black mamba, shelter in a lair. A mamba may retain the same lair for years. Resembling a
1304:
342:
Stories of black mambas that chase and attack humans are common, but in fact the snakes generally avoid contact with humans. The black mamba (
1401:
440:
and depth of punctures. Bites by all members of this genus are capable of causing rapid onsets of symptoms, but it is the black mamba whose
428:, structurally homologous to Kunitz-type proteinase inhibitors with activity as a selective blocker of voltage-gated potassium channels
48:
2960:
2956:
2219:
2208:
1670:
1570:
1348:
511:), which is understood to mean "shield", but also denotes "cobra" or simply "snake", in particular "snake with hood (shield)". Via
298:
and all are feared throughout their ranges, especially the black mamba. In Africa there are many legends and stories about mambas.
2147:"Snake venom toxins. The amino acid sequence of a short-toxin homologue from Dendroaspis polylepis polylepis (black mamba) venom"
924:
828:
720:
3891:
3558:
1967:
3101:
3010:
2579:
1997:
3850:
2025:
1918:
1687:
1268:
3096:
2543:
1798:
3680:
1621:
Harvey AL, Robertson B (2004). "Dendrotoxins: structure-activity relationships and effects on potassium ion channels".
1308:
68:
3410:
3350:
3901:
3863:
3111:
3081:
2529:
1968:"Dendraspis Fitzinger, 1843 (Reptilia, Serpentes); Proposed Suppression under the Plenary Powers. Z.N. (S.) 1500"
382:
1475:
1458:
3654:
3402:
1502:
824:
756:
613:
2971:
2878:
2733:
1396:. multiple places: US and Canada: Princeton University Press; Europe: New Holland (UK) Ltd. pp. 78â79.
1161:
606:
184:
931:
3707:
3434:
2948:
2680:
2361:
465:, that had no effect on the species' toxins, succumbed to its bites. However, another snakebite survey in
437:
31:
3639:
3588:
3524:
3301:
3246:
2966:
2696:
2675:
2521:
2030:
1242:
1178:
820:
776:
716:
674:
198:
3387:
1796:
Nhachi, Charles FB; Kasilo, Ossy M. (1994). "Snake poisoning in rural
Zimbabwe â A prospective study".
1437:
2451:
974:
3886:
3780:
3754:
3634:
3554:
3306:
3151:
2466:
2096:
1312:
667:
294:, is largely terrestrial and generally brown or grey in colour. All are native to various regions in
191:
2446:
3649:
3311:
3196:
3006:
2808:
2085:"A species-level phylogeny of extant snakes with description of a new colubrid subfamily and genus"
1364:
1128:
940:
917:
629:
283:
205:
2381:
546:
by
Dumeril in 1856, and generally uncorrected by subsequent authors. In 1936, Dutch herpetologist
3574:
3499:
3382:
3377:
3291:
3136:
3091:
2913:
2793:
2788:
2564:
2539:
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2065:
1823:
1038:
454:
415:
295:
63:
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2976:
2481:
2476:
2421:
2411:
2371:
2251:
1102:
1085:
690:
620:
530:), in reference to its shield-like hood. The genus was first described by the German naturalist
3504:
3276:
3021:
2665:
2554:
2376:
2366:
2177:
461:
had yet to be introduced. Seven out of seven victims of this species who received non-specific
3837:
3767:
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3414:
3231:
3126:
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2933:
2843:
2813:
2700:
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2057:
1815:
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1344:
782:
728:
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2748:
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1867:
1338:
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3146:
2647:
2511:
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2158:
2114:
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2047:
2039:
1807:
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1595:
1470:
789:
531:
370:
167:
3532:
3489:
3186:
3156:
2923:
2858:
2848:
2828:
2619:
2583:
2431:
2266:
1503:"Guidelines for the production, control and regulation of snake antivenom immunoglobulins"
812:
462:
436:; other factors include the snake's temperament, venom yields, proximity of wounds to the
1245:
in parentheses indicates that the species was originally described in a genus other than
558:
in 1843 for the king cobra and hence had priority. However, in 1962 German herpetologist
2100:
1376:
1368:
3528:
3131:
3071:
2833:
2611:
2607:
2595:
2301:
2119:
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559:
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478:
335:
315:
258:
3880:
3644:
3484:
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2928:
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2346:
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2069:
1725:
958:
900:
493:
402:
271:
3759:
1827:
3548:
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3478:
3474:
3426:
3418:
3236:
3201:
3116:
3016:
3001:
2938:
2868:
2818:
2723:
2688:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2639:
2456:
2416:
2391:
2083:
Figueroa, A.; McKelvy, A. D.; Grismer, L. L.; Bell, C. D.; Lailvaux, S. P. (2016).
2001:
1002:
966:
659:
539:
466:
433:
419:
405:
3772:
2146:
2109:
1841:
1691:
3819:
3739:
3664:
3629:
3609:
3536:
3514:
3509:
3494:
3454:
3430:
3397:
3366:
3358:
3340:
3316:
3266:
3251:
3241:
3211:
3206:
3171:
3056:
3051:
3026:
2996:
2981:
2838:
2798:
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2778:
2773:
2768:
2738:
2718:
2643:
2631:
2615:
2599:
2569:
2471:
2436:
2426:
2296:
2043:
946:
808:
798:
700:
441:
374:
366:
311:
287:
56:
481:
which allows early recognition of the serpent, avoiding escalation in tension.
3624:
3604:
3569:
3462:
3450:
3438:
3345:
3334:
3330:
3271:
3166:
3161:
3141:
3046:
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2873:
2853:
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2758:
2708:
2704:
2692:
2623:
2603:
2591:
2549:
2506:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2461:
2396:
2336:
2281:
2256:
2241:
954:
872:
647:
474:
378:
359:
282:
species are recognised currently; three of those four species are essentially
279:
3730:
2170:
1892:
1634:
3793:
3442:
3422:
3392:
3362:
3354:
3256:
3216:
3176:
3121:
3041:
2986:
2943:
2888:
2763:
2753:
2728:
2684:
2635:
2627:
2587:
2574:
2401:
2351:
2306:
2291:
458:
80:
2128:
2061:
1811:
1642:
1599:
1484:
681:
449:), large size (giving it a higher strike position proximal to the victim's
17:
1819:
1782:
1607:
1544:
3724:
3618:
3564:
3540:
3296:
3226:
3086:
2823:
2743:
2712:
2670:
2559:
1726:"The venomous snakes of Southern Africa Part 2. Elapidae and Hydrophidae"
896:
888:
876:
868:
844:
836:
816:
752:
724:
655:
651:
639:
446:
307:
275:
150:
140:
120:
100:
2052:
216:
3811:
3614:
3594:
3446:
3221:
3106:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2341:
990:
970:
950:
904:
892:
864:
848:
840:
748:
732:
110:
388:
There are multiple components in dendrotoxins with different targets:
3824:
2883:
2534:
962:
908:
884:
880:
860:
856:
744:
740:
712:
708:
643:
327:
323:
90:
3701:
453:), and higher average venom yields and potential toxicity (based on
3798:
1846:
Collins
English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 10th Edition
381:. All mambas are classified as snakes of medical importance by the
2246:
986:
978:
852:
832:
768:
760:
736:
704:
635:
512:
450:
362:
331:
262:
130:
1457:
van
Aswegen G, van Rooyen JM, Fourie C, Oberholzer G (May 1996).
982:
764:
518:, it is the source of the English word "asp". In ancient texts,
319:
3705:
3322:
2181:
3785:
1459:"Putative cardiotoxicity of the venoms of three mamba species"
911:
to the southeastern part of the
Democratic Republic of Congo
1662:
Handbook of
Clinical Toxicology of Animal Venoms and Poisons
554:
but added that the name was invalid as
Fitzinger had coined
1947:
Brongersma, Leo Daniel (1936). "Herpetological note XIII".
1476:
10.1580/1080-6032(1996)007[0115:PCOTVO]2.3.CO;2
2220:
1305:"National Geographic (Black Mamba, Dendroaspis polylepis)"
2000:. Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Archived from
1586:
Berndt KD, GĂźntert P, WĂźthrich K (5 December 1993). "".
1764:"Snakebite and the use of antivenom in southern Africa"
1665:(1 ed.). Boca Raton: CRC Press. pp. 433â492.
3112:
Octatropine methylbromide (anisotropine methylbromide)
1531:
Newitt RA, Houamed KM, Rehm H, Tempel BL (1991). "".
1868:"Definition of "aspis" - Collins English Dictionary"
1501:
WHO Expert
Committee on Biological Standardization.
1340:
Myths and
Legends of Botswana, Lesotho, and Eswatini
566:
by
Fitzinger be suppressed due to its similarity to
314:
is largely terrestrial. All four species are active
3714:
3587:
2520:
2232:
2218:
1565:. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. p. 139.
3302:Scopolamine butylbromide (hyoscine butylbromide)
1757:
1755:
1753:
1751:
3327:Tooltip Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
570:, and the confusion it would cause by its use.
1686:SĂŠan Thomas & Eugene Griessel â Dec 1999.
432:Toxicity alone does not determine severity of
3691:Acetylcholine metabolism/transport modulators
2193:
8:
3686:Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor modulators
1719:
1717:
1715:
1704:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
3702:
3262:3-Quinuclidinyl thiochromane-4-carboxylate
2229:
2225:Tooltip Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors
2200:
2186:
2178:
1424:The new encyclopedia of Reptiles (Serpent)
550:pointed out that the correct spelling was
215:
47:
38:
2118:
2108:
2051:
1474:
581:
1992:
1990:
1988:
1927:Integrated Taxonomic Information System
1556:
1554:
1463:Wilderness & Environmental Medicine
1387:
1385:
1383:
1277:Integrated Taxonomic Information System
1260:
1225:
590:
1697:
562:proposed that the 1843 description of
306:The three green species of mambas are
1496:
1494:
1418:
1416:
7:
1510:WHO Technical Report Series, No. 964
1299:
1297:
1295:
1293:
999:* Including the nominate subspecies.
1975:Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature
1659:(1995). Meier, J; White, J (eds.).
1311:. 10 September 2010. Archived from
1153:
1077:
1070:
1063:
1030:
1023:
1016:
25:
3036:
3031:
2924:Etybenzatropine (ethybenztropine)
2596:chlorphenamine (chlorpheniramine)
2580:Antihistamines (first-generation)
2357:Desmethylclozapine (norclozapine)
2209:Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor
286:and green in colour, whereas the
930:
829:Democratic Republic of the Congo
788:
721:Democratic Republic of the Congo
680:
619:
67:
3645:Meclofenoxate (centrophenoxine)
3463:northiaden (desmethyldosulepin)
1343:. Brill Archive. pp. 53â.
1337:Jan Knappert (1 January 1985).
3907:Taxa named by Hermann Schlegel
3897:Reptiles of Sub-Saharan Africa
3102:N-Methyl-3-piperidyl benzilate
1:
3681:Receptor/signaling modulators
3097:N-Ethyl-3-piperidyl benzilate
1799:Journal of Applied Toxicology
1771:South African Medical Journal
907:; then northeasterly through
522:or asp often referred to the
418:(MT7) inhibits acetylcholine
270:(which literally means "tree
3537:cyamemazine (cyamepromazine)
2163:10.1016/0041-0101(78)90166-6
2110:10.1371/journal.pone.0161070
1588:Journal of Molecular Biology
1533:Epilepsy Research Supplement
1438:"Neurotoxins in Snake Venom"
1394:VENOMOUS SNAKES OF THE WORLD
1373:. Chapman and Hall, Limited.
936:
794:
686:
625:
3351:Tetracyclic antidepressants
3242:Profenamine (ethopropazine)
2864:Dicycloverine (dicyclomine)
2044:10.1016/j.jprot.2017.08.016
1309:National Geographic Society
3923:
3500:Tripitamine (tripitramine)
2724:Benzatropine (benztropine)
1848:. HarperCollins Publishers
1762:Christensen, P.A. (1981).
1724:Branch, W (January 1979).
414:, commonly referred to as
29:
3673:
3403:Tricyclic antidepressants
2953:+beclometasone/formoterol
2530:3-Quinuclidinyl benzilate
2024:Calvete, Juan J. (2018).
1897:Dictionary.com Unabridged
1175:
1158:
1151:
1125:
1099:
1082:
1075:
1068:
1061:
1035:
1028:
1021:
574:Range and characteristics
383:World Health Organization
223:
214:
180:
175:
64:Scientific classification
62:
55:
46:
41:
3655:Phosphatidylethanolamine
1966:Mertens, Robert (1962).
1635:10.2174/0929867043363820
825:Central African Republic
757:Central African Republic
257:are fast-moving, highly
27:Genus of venomous snakes
2879:Diphemanil metilsulfate
2734:Benzilylcholine mustard
2681:Atypical antipsychotics
607:Dendroaspis angusticeps
503:), meaning "tree", and
185:Dendroaspis angusticeps
3892:Muscarinic antagonists
3525:Typical antipsychotics
3297:Scopolamine (hyoscine)
2972:Hexahydrosiladifenidol
2949:Glycopyrronium bromide
1812:10.1002/jat.2550140308
1600:10.1006/jmbi.1993.1623
1426:. Time Book Ltd. 2002.
1370:South African Sketches
32:Mamba (disambiguation)
3640:Glycerophosphocholine
3443:dosulepin (dothiepin)
3247:Propantheline bromide
3122:Otenzepad (AF-DX 116)
2676:Atropine methonitrate
2145:H.M. (January 1978).
2031:Journal of Proteomics
1872:collinsdictionary.com
1392:O'Shea, Mark (2005).
903:in South Africa, and
821:Republic of the Congo
777:Dendroaspis polylepis
717:Republic of the Congo
542:. It was misspelt as
360:medically significant
344:Dendroaspis polylepis
292:Dendroaspis polylepis
199:Dendroaspis polylepis
3635:Dimethylethanolamine
3555:Umeclidinium bromide
3435:desmethyldesipramine
3152:Oxyphenonium bromide
2362:Ethoxysebacylcholine
1561:Rang, H. P. (2003).
668:Dendroaspis jamesoni
463:polyvalent antivenom
455:experimental results
318:hunters, preying on
192:Dendroaspis jamesoni
30:For other uses, see
3650:Phosphatidylcholine
3312:Sofpironium bromide
3197:Pipenzolate bromide
3007:Ipratropium bromide
2809:Cimetropium bromide
2101:2016PLoSO..1161070F
1694:on 1 February 2012.
1365:Alfred Burdon Ellis
941:Western green mamba
918:Dendroaspis viridis
831:, and southwestern
630:Eastern green mamba
206:Dendroaspis viridis
3383:Tiotropium bromide
3378:Timepidium bromide
3137:Oxitropium bromide
3092:Muscarinic toxin 7
2967:Hexahydrodifenidol
2914:Emepronium bromide
2565:Ambutonium bromide
2540:Aclidinium bromide
1512:. pp. 224â226
1243:binomial authority
1039:Ophiophagus hannah
803:Found in northern
492:, is derived from
416:muscarinic toxin 7
296:sub-Saharan Africa
231:
3874:
3873:
3708:Taxon identifiers
3699:
3698:
3660:Phosphorylcholine
3598:
3583:
3582:
3520:Trospium chloride
3415:amitriptylinoxide
3388:Tiquizium bromide
3232:Prifinium bromide
3127:Otilonium bromide
3082:Methylscopolamine
3077:Methylhomatropine
2934:Fentonium bromide
2814:Clidinium bromide
1688:"LD50 (Archived)"
1403:978-0-691-15023-9
1217:
1216:
1208:
1207:
1199:
1198:
1190:
1189:
1140:
1139:
1114:
1113:
1050:
1049:
996:
995:
729:Equatorial Guinea
600:Geographic range
401:, which inhibits
371:alpha-neurotoxins
274:") in the family
252:
251:
171:
16:(Redirected from
3914:
3902:Snakes of Africa
3867:
3866:
3854:
3853:
3841:
3840:
3828:
3827:
3815:
3814:
3802:
3801:
3789:
3788:
3776:
3775:
3763:
3762:
3750:
3749:
3748:
3735:
3734:
3733:
3703:
3592:
3373:Tiemonium iodide
3328:
3324:
3192:Phenyltoloxamine
3147:Oxyphencyclimine
2648:phenyltoloxamine
2452:Suberyldicholine
2230:
2226:
2222:
2202:
2195:
2188:
2179:
2174:
2133:
2132:
2122:
2112:
2080:
2074:
2073:
2055:
2020:
2014:
2013:
2011:
2009:
2004:on 12 March 2009
1994:
1983:
1982:
1972:
1963:
1957:
1956:
1944:
1938:
1937:
1935:
1933:
1915:
1909:
1908:
1906:
1904:
1889:
1883:
1882:
1880:
1878:
1864:
1858:
1857:
1855:
1853:
1838:
1832:
1831:
1793:
1787:
1786:
1768:
1759:
1746:
1745:
1743:
1741:
1721:
1710:
1709:
1703:
1695:
1690:. Archived from
1683:
1677:
1676:
1653:
1647:
1646:
1618:
1612:
1611:
1583:
1577:
1576:
1558:
1549:
1548:
1528:
1522:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1507:
1498:
1489:
1488:
1478:
1454:
1448:
1447:
1445:
1444:
1434:
1428:
1427:
1420:
1411:
1410:
1389:
1378:
1374:
1361:
1355:
1354:
1334:
1328:
1327:
1322:
1320:
1301:
1288:
1287:
1285:
1283:
1265:
1250:
1239:
1233:
1230:
1154:
1078:
1071:
1064:
1031:
1024:
1017:
989:, and southwest
934:
871:, southwards to
792:
684:
623:
582:
532:Hermann Schlegel
358:All mambas have
244:
236:
227:
219:
166:
72:
71:
51:
39:
21:
3922:
3921:
3917:
3916:
3915:
3913:
3912:
3911:
3877:
3876:
3875:
3870:
3862:
3857:
3849:
3844:
3836:
3831:
3823:
3818:
3810:
3805:
3797:
3792:
3784:
3779:
3771:
3766:
3758:
3753:
3744:
3743:
3738:
3729:
3728:
3723:
3710:
3700:
3695:
3669:
3591:
3579:
3533:chlorprothixene
3490:Trihexyphenidyl
3326:
3307:Silahexacyclium
3187:Phenglutarimide
2849:Desfesoterodine
2829:Cyclobenzaprine
2620:diphenhydramine
2584:brompheniramine
2516:
2467:Thiopilocarpine
2224:
2214:
2206:
2144:
2141:
2139:Further reading
2136:
2095:(9): e0161070.
2082:
2081:
2077:
2022:
2021:
2017:
2007:
2005:
1996:
1995:
1986:
1970:
1965:
1964:
1960:
1946:
1945:
1941:
1931:
1929:
1917:
1916:
1912:
1902:
1900:
1891:
1890:
1886:
1876:
1874:
1866:
1865:
1861:
1851:
1849:
1840:
1839:
1835:
1795:
1794:
1790:
1777:(26): 934â938.
1766:
1761:
1760:
1749:
1739:
1737:
1723:
1722:
1713:
1696:
1685:
1684:
1680:
1673:
1655:
1654:
1650:
1629:(23): 3065â72.
1623:Curr. Med. Chem
1620:
1619:
1615:
1585:
1584:
1580:
1573:
1560:
1559:
1552:
1530:
1529:
1525:
1515:
1513:
1505:
1500:
1499:
1492:
1456:
1455:
1451:
1442:
1440:
1436:
1435:
1431:
1422:
1421:
1414:
1404:
1391:
1390:
1381:
1363:
1362:
1358:
1351:
1336:
1335:
1331:
1318:
1316:
1315:on May 30, 2017
1303:
1302:
1291:
1281:
1279:
1267:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1253:
1240:
1236:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1218:
1209:
1200:
1191:
1141:
1115:
1051:
1011:
1001:
813:southern Africa
691:Jameson's mamba
576:
536:Elaps jamesonii
487:
356:
304:
259:venomous snakes
248:
242:
240:
234:
232:
225:
165:
66:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3920:
3918:
3910:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3879:
3878:
3872:
3871:
3869:
3868:
3855:
3842:
3829:
3816:
3803:
3790:
3777:
3764:
3751:
3736:
3720:
3718:
3712:
3711:
3706:
3697:
3696:
3694:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3674:
3671:
3670:
3668:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3612:
3607:
3601:
3599:
3585:
3584:
3581:
3580:
3578:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3552:
3529:chlorpromazine
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3132:Oxapium iodide
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3072:Methylatropine
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2834:Cyclopentolate
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2612:dimenhydrinate
2608:cyproheptadine
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2537:
2532:
2526:
2524:
2518:
2517:
2515:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2447:Sebacylcholine
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2302:Butyrylcholine
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2238:
2236:
2227:
2216:
2215:
2207:
2205:
2204:
2197:
2190:
2182:
2176:
2175:
2157:(4): 407â408.
2140:
2137:
2135:
2134:
2075:
2015:
1984:
1958:
1939:
1910:
1899:. Random House
1884:
1859:
1833:
1806:(3): 191â193.
1788:
1747:
1711:
1678:
1671:
1648:
1613:
1578:
1571:
1550:
1523:
1490:
1449:
1429:
1412:
1402:
1379:
1356:
1349:
1329:
1289:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1251:
1234:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1215:
1214:
1211:
1210:
1206:
1205:
1202:
1201:
1197:
1196:
1193:
1192:
1188:
1187:
1184:
1183:
1174:
1171:
1170:
1167:
1166:
1162:D. angusticeps
1157:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1146:
1143:
1142:
1138:
1137:
1134:
1133:
1124:
1121:
1120:
1117:
1116:
1112:
1111:
1108:
1107:
1103:D. j. kaimosae
1098:
1095:
1094:
1091:
1090:
1086:D. j. jamesoni
1081:
1076:
1074:
1069:
1067:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1056:
1053:
1052:
1048:
1047:
1044:
1043:
1034:
1029:
1027:
1022:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1007:
994:
993:
947:western Africa
945:Found only in
943:
938:
935:
928:
921:
913:
912:
809:eastern Africa
805:Central Africa
801:
796:
793:
786:
780:
772:
771:
697:Central Africa
693:
688:
685:
678:
671:
663:
662:
632:
627:
624:
617:
610:
602:
601:
598:
595:
592:
589:
586:
575:
572:
560:Robert Mertens
548:Leo Brongersma
534:in 1848, with
524:Egyptian cobra
486:
483:
479:threat display
430:
429:
423:
409:
396:
369:, short chain
355:
352:
336:threat display
310:, whereas the
303:
300:
250:
249:
241:
238:D. angusticeps
233:
224:
221:
220:
212:
211:
210:
209:
202:
195:
188:
178:
177:
173:
172:
158:
154:
153:
148:
144:
143:
138:
134:
133:
128:
124:
123:
118:
114:
113:
108:
104:
103:
98:
94:
93:
88:
84:
83:
78:
74:
73:
60:
59:
53:
52:
44:
43:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3919:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3884:
3882:
3865:
3860:
3856:
3852:
3847:
3843:
3839:
3834:
3830:
3826:
3821:
3817:
3813:
3808:
3804:
3800:
3795:
3791:
3787:
3782:
3778:
3774:
3769:
3765:
3761:
3756:
3752:
3747:
3741:
3737:
3732:
3726:
3722:
3721:
3719:
3717:
3713:
3709:
3704:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3676:
3675:
3672:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3620:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3602:
3600:
3596:
3590:
3586:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3560:
3556:
3553:
3550:
3546:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3485:Tridihexethyl
3483:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3471:protriptyline
3468:
3467:nortriptyline
3464:
3460:
3459:nitroxazepine
3456:
3452:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3416:
3412:
3411:+perphenazine
3408:
3407:amitriptyline
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3368:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3336:
3332:
3325:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3067:Methoctramine
3065:
3063:
3062:Methantheline
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3037:Mamba toxin 7
3035:
3033:
3032:Mamba toxin 3
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3012:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2929:Fenpiverinium
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2545:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2527:
2525:
2523:
2519:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2347:cis-Dioxolane
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2262:Acetylcholine
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2239:
2237:
2235:
2231:
2228:
2223:
2217:
2213:
2210:
2203:
2198:
2196:
2191:
2189:
2184:
2183:
2180:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2143:
2142:
2138:
2130:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2079:
2076:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2032:
2027:
2019:
2016:
2003:
1999:
1998:"Dendroaspis"
1993:
1991:
1989:
1985:
1980:
1976:
1969:
1962:
1959:
1954:
1950:
1949:Zoo. Mededeel
1943:
1940:
1928:
1924:
1922:
1914:
1911:
1898:
1894:
1888:
1885:
1873:
1869:
1863:
1860:
1847:
1843:
1837:
1834:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1800:
1792:
1789:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1765:
1758:
1756:
1754:
1752:
1748:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1720:
1718:
1716:
1712:
1707:
1701:
1693:
1689:
1682:
1679:
1674:
1672:9781351443142
1668:
1664:
1663:
1658:
1652:
1649:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1617:
1614:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1594:(3): 735â50.
1593:
1589:
1582:
1579:
1574:
1572:0-443-07145-4
1568:
1564:
1557:
1555:
1551:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1527:
1524:
1511:
1504:
1497:
1495:
1491:
1486:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1469:(2): 115â21.
1468:
1464:
1460:
1453:
1450:
1439:
1433:
1430:
1425:
1419:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1399:
1395:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1380:
1377:
1372:
1371:
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1357:
1352:
1350:90-04-07455-4
1346:
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1186:
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1180:
1173:
1172:
1169:
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1165:
1164:
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1156:
1155:
1149:
1148:
1145:
1144:
1136:
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1132:
1131:
1130:
1123:
1122:
1119:
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1110:
1109:
1106:
1105:
1104:
1097:
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1093:
1092:
1089:
1088:
1087:
1080:
1079:
1073:
1072:
1066:
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1059:
1058:
1055:
1054:
1046:
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1042:
1041:
1040:
1033:
1032:
1026:
1025:
1019:
1018:
1014:
1008:
1006:
1004:
1000:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
975:CĂ´te dâIvoire
972:
968:
964:
960:
959:Guinea-Bissau
956:
952:
948:
944:
942:
939:
933:
929:
926:
922:
920:
919:
915:
914:
910:
906:
902:
901:KwaZulu-Natal
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
800:
797:
791:
787:
784:
781:
779:
778:
774:
773:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
692:
689:
683:
679:
676:
672:
670:
669:
665:
664:
661:
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653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
631:
628:
622:
618:
615:
611:
609:
608:
604:
603:
599:
596:
593:
587:
584:
583:
580:
573:
571:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
495:
494:Ancient Greek
491:
484:
482:
480:
476:
471:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
443:
439:
435:
427:
426:Dendrotoxin K
424:
421:
417:
413:
412:Dendrotoxin 7
410:
407:
404:
403:acetylcholine
400:
399:Dendrotoxin 3
397:
394:
393:Dendrotoxin 1
391:
390:
389:
386:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
361:
353:
351:
347:
345:
340:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
301:
299:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
268:
264:
260:
256:
247:
239:
230:
222:
218:
213:
208:
207:
203:
201:
200:
196:
194:
193:
189:
187:
186:
182:
181:
179:
174:
169:
164:
163:
159:
156:
155:
152:
149:
146:
145:
142:
139:
136:
135:
132:
129:
126:
125:
122:
119:
116:
115:
112:
109:
106:
105:
102:
99:
96:
95:
92:
89:
86:
85:
82:
79:
76:
75:
70:
65:
61:
58:
54:
50:
45:
40:
37:
33:
19:
3715:
3549:thioridazine
3545:mesoridazine
3479:trimipramine
3475:quinupramine
3427:clomipramine
3419:butriptyline
3237:Procyclidine
3202:Piperidolate
3117:Orphenadrine
3017:Isopropamide
3002:Imidafenacin
2961:+neostigmine
2957:+indacaterol
2939:Fesoterodine
2869:Dihexyverine
2819:Cloperastine
2689:fluperlapine
2660:triprolidine
2656:propiomazine
2652:promethazine
2640:phenindamine
2457:Talsaclidine
2417:Oxotremorine
2392:Methacholine
2382:LY-2,033,298
2154:
2150:
2092:
2088:
2078:
2053:10261/279110
2035:
2029:
2018:
2006:. Retrieved
2002:the original
1978:
1974:
1961:
1952:
1948:
1942:
1930:. Retrieved
1920:
1913:
1901:. Retrieved
1896:
1893:"aspis, asp"
1887:
1875:. Retrieved
1871:
1862:
1850:. Retrieved
1845:
1836:
1803:
1797:
1791:
1774:
1770:
1738:. Retrieved
1736:(2): 199â225
1733:
1729:
1692:the original
1681:
1661:
1651:
1626:
1622:
1616:
1591:
1587:
1581:
1563:Pharmacology
1562:
1536:
1532:
1526:
1514:. Retrieved
1509:
1466:
1462:
1452:
1441:. Retrieved
1432:
1423:
1407:
1393:
1369:
1359:
1339:
1332:
1324:
1317:. Retrieved
1313:the original
1280:. Retrieved
1270:
1263:
1246:
1237:
1228:
1179:D. polylepis
1177:
1176:
1160:
1159:
1127:
1126:
1101:
1100:
1084:
1083:
1037:
1036:
1012:
1003:Type species
998:
997:
967:Sierra Leone
949:in southern
916:
827:, northeast
775:
666:
660:South Africa
605:
597:Common name
577:
567:
563:
555:
551:
543:
540:type species
535:
527:
519:
515:
508:
504:
500:
496:
489:
488:
472:
467:South Africa
434:envenomation
431:
425:
420:M1 receptors
411:
406:M4 receptors
398:
392:
387:
375:cardiotoxins
367:dendrotoxins
357:
348:
343:
341:
326:, and small
305:
291:
266:
265:
254:
253:
245:
237:
229:D. polylepis
228:
204:
197:
190:
183:
161:
160:
36:
3887:Dendroaspis
3820:iNaturalist
3760:Dendroaspis
3746:Dendroaspis
3740:Wikispecies
3716:Dendroaspis
3665:Pirisudanol
3630:Cyprodenate
3610:Adafenoxate
3575:Zamifenacin
3559:+vilanterol
3515:Tropicamide
3510:Tropatepine
3495:Trimebutine
3455:lofepramine
3431:desipramine
3398:Tolterodine
3367:mirtazapine
3359:maprotiline
3341:Telenzepine
3317:Solifenacin
3292:SCH-217,443
3267:Revefenacin
3252:Propiverine
3212:Piroheptine
3207:Pirenzepine
3172:Penthienate
3057:Mepenzolate
3052:Meladrazine
3027:Hyoscyamine
3011:+salbutamol
2997:Homatropine
2982:Hexocyclium
2839:Darifenacin
2799:CAR-302,668
2794:CAR-302,537
2789:CAR-302,368
2784:CAR-302,282
2779:CAR-302,196
2774:CAR-301,060
2769:CAR-226,086
2739:Benzydamine
2719:Benactyzine
2697:+fluoxetine
2644:pheniramine
2632:mequitazine
2616:dimetindene
2600:cinnarizine
2570:Anisodamine
2544:+formoterol
2522:Antagonists
2502:WAY-132,983
2472:Vedaclidine
2442:SDZ 210-086
2437:Sabcomeline
2427:Pilocarpine
2297:Bethanechol
2038:: 173â189.
1921:Dendroaspis
1877:15 February
1657:Warrell, DA
1271:Dendroaspis
1247:Dendroaspis
819:, northern
799:Black mamba
701:South Sudan
568:Dendroaspis
552:Dendroaspis
490:Dendroaspis
379:fasciculins
312:black mamba
288:black mamba
267:Dendroaspis
162:Dendroaspis
147:Subfamily:
57:Black mamba
18:Dendroaspis
3881:Categories
3625:Citicoline
3605:Acetyl-coA
3589:Precursors
3570:Xanomeline
3451:imipramine
3439:dibenzepin
3346:Terodiline
3335:paroxetine
3331:femoxetine
3287:SCH-72,788
3282:SCH-57,790
3272:Rociverine
3167:PD-0298029
3162:PD-102,807
3142:Oxybutynin
3047:Mebeverine
2992:HL-031,120
2977:Hexbutinol
2919:Etanautine
2874:Difemerine
2854:Dexetimide
2804:Caramiphen
2759:Bornaprine
2709:tenilapine
2705:quetiapine
2693:olanzapine
2624:doxylamine
2604:clemastine
2592:captodiame
2550:Abediterol
2507:Xanomeline
2497:VU-0238429
2492:VU-0152100
2487:VU-0152099
2482:VU-0090157
2477:VU-0029767
2462:Tazomeline
2422:PD-151,832
2412:Ocvimeline
2397:Milameline
2372:LY-593,039
2337:Cevimeline
2282:Alvameline
2257:Aceclidine
2252:AC-260,584
2242:77-LH-28-1
2212:modulators
1981:: 189â190.
1932:9 December
1539:: 263â73.
1443:2019-12-26
1319:17 October
1282:30 October
1256:References
1129:D. viridis
873:Mozambique
855:, eastern
658:, eastern
648:Mozambique
588:Authority
564:Dendraspis
556:Dendraspis
544:Dendraspis
475:puff adder
246:D. viridis
127:Suborder:
3505:Tropacine
3423:cidoxepin
3393:Tofenacin
3363:mianserin
3355:amoxapine
3277:RU-47,213
3257:Quinidine
3217:Pizotifen
3177:Pethidine
3042:Mazaticol
3022:J-104,129
2987:Himbacine
2944:Flavoxate
2889:Drofenine
2764:Camylofin
2754:Biperiden
2729:Benzilone
2685:clozapine
2666:AQ-RA 741
2636:perlapine
2628:meclizine
2588:buclizine
2575:Anisodine
2560:AF-DX 384
2555:AF-DX 250
2402:Muscarine
2377:L-689,660
2367:Itameline
2352:Clozapine
2307:Carbachol
2292:Arecoline
2171:0041-0101
2070:217018550
1842:"dendro-"
1730:The Snake
1516:1 January
1375:also at:
1009:Phylogeny
925:Hallowell
695:Found in
634:Found in
528:Naja haje
459:antivenom
447:dry bites
302:Behaviour
131:Serpentes
87:Kingdom:
81:Eukaryota
3725:Wikidata
3677:See also
3619:lecithin
3595:prodrugs
3565:WIN-2299
3541:loxapine
3227:Pridinol
3087:Metixene
2844:DAU-5884
2824:CS-27349
2744:Bevonium
2713:zotepine
2701:rilapine
2671:Atropine
2332:CDD-0102
2327:CDD-0098
2322:CDD-0097
2317:CDD-0078
2312:CDD-0034
2287:AQRA-741
2272:AF150(S)
2234:Agonists
2129:27603205
2089:PLOS ONE
2062:28843532
1828:40171925
1700:cite web
1643:15579000
1485:11990104
1367:(1887).
927:, 1844)
897:Botswana
889:Zimbabwe
877:Eswatini
869:Tanzania
845:Djibouti
837:Ethiopia
817:Cameroon
753:Tanzania
725:Cameroon
677:, 1843)
656:Eswatini
652:Zimbabwe
640:Tanzania
616:, 1849)
594:Subsp.*
585:Species
485:Taxonomy
308:arboreal
284:arboreal
276:Elapidae
176:Species
168:Schlegel
151:Elapinae
141:Elapidae
137:Family:
121:Squamata
111:Reptilia
101:Chordata
97:Phylum:
91:Animalia
77:Domain:
3838:1259773
3812:2469869
3731:Q194425
3615:Choline
3527:(e.g.,
3447:doxepin
3405:(e.g.,
3353:(e.g.,
3329:(e.g.,
3222:Poldine
3182:pFHHSiD
3107:Nefopam
2909:EA-3834
2904:EA-3580
2899:EA-3443
2894:EA-3167
2749:BIBN 99
2683:(e.g.,
2582:(e.g.,
2407:NGX-267
2387:McNA343
2342:Choline
2151:Toxicon
2120:5014348
2097:Bibcode
1903:4 March
1852:4 March
1820:8083480
1783:7244896
1608:8254670
1545:1815606
991:Nigeria
971:Liberia
951:Senegal
905:Namibia
893:Lesotho
865:Burundi
849:Somalia
841:Eritrea
785:, 1864
783:GĂźnther
749:Burundi
733:Nigeria
538:as the
501:δÎνδĎον
497:dĂŠndron
365:, with
328:mammals
324:lizards
316:diurnal
278:. Four
261:of the
157:Genus:
117:Order:
107:Class:
3851:700211
3799:1DNDAG
2884:Ditran
2535:4-DAMP
2512:YM-796
2277:AF267B
2221:mAChRs
2169:
2127:
2117:
2068:
2060:
2008:5 July
1955:: 135.
1826:
1818:
1781:
1740:1 July
1669:
1641:
1606:
1569:
1543:
1483:
1400:
1347:
963:Guinea
955:Gambia
909:Angola
895:, and
885:Zambia
881:Malawi
861:Rwanda
857:Uganda
745:Rwanda
741:Uganda
713:Zambia
709:Angola
675:Traill
644:Malawi
591:Image
334:, the
280:extant
255:Mambas
243:
235:
226:
170:, 1848
42:Mamba
3833:IRMNG
3825:30404
3786:18028
3593:(and
3323:SSRIs
2247:AC-42
2066:S2CID
1971:(PDF)
1824:S2CID
1767:(PDF)
1506:(PDF)
1221:Notes
987:Benin
979:Ghana
853:Kenya
833:Sudan
769:Ghana
761:Benin
737:Kenya
705:Gabon
636:Kenya
614:Smith
520:aspis
516:aspis
513:Latin
509:ÎąĎĎÎŻĎ
505:aspis
451:brain
363:venom
354:Venom
332:cobra
320:birds
263:genus
3864:8617
3859:NCBI
3846:ITIS
3807:GBIF
3794:EPPO
3773:42XK
3157:PBID
2859:DIBD
2432:RS86
2267:AF30
2167:ISSN
2125:PMID
2058:PMID
2010:2013
1934:2013
1905:2014
1879:2015
1854:2014
1816:PMID
1779:PMID
1742:2021
1706:link
1667:ISBN
1639:PMID
1604:PMID
1567:ISBN
1541:PMID
1518:2019
1481:PMID
1398:ISBN
1345:ISBN
1321:2020
1284:2012
983:Togo
811:and
765:Togo
442:bite
377:and
3781:EoL
3768:CoL
3755:ADW
3413:),
2699:),
2159:doi
2115:PMC
2105:doi
2048:hdl
2040:doi
2036:172
1808:doi
1631:doi
1596:doi
1592:234
1471:doi
899:to
835:to
815:in
807:to
699:in
438:CNS
272:asp
3883::
3861::
3848::
3835::
3822::
3809::
3796::
3783::
3770::
3757::
3742::
3727::
3547:,
3543:,
3539:,
3535:,
3531:,
3477:,
3473:,
3469:,
3465:,
3461:,
3457:,
3453:,
3449:,
3445:,
3441:,
3437:,
3433:,
3429:,
3425:,
3421:,
3417:,
3365:,
3361:,
3357:,
3333:,
2959:,
2955:,
2711:,
2707:,
2703:,
2691:,
2687:,
2658:,
2654:,
2650:,
2646:,
2642:,
2638:,
2634:,
2630:,
2626:,
2622:,
2618:,
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2606:,
2602:,
2598:,
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2590:,
2586:,
2165:.
2155:16
2153:.
2149:.
2123:.
2113:.
2103:.
2093:11
2091:.
2087:.
2064:.
2056:.
2046:.
2034:.
2028:.
1987:^
1979:19
1977:.
1973:.
1953:19
1951:.
1925:.
1895:.
1870:.
1844:.
1822:.
1814:.
1804:14
1802:.
1775:59
1773:.
1769:.
1750:^
1734:11
1732:.
1728:.
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1702:}}
1698:{{
1637:.
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1535:.
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1493:^
1479:.
1465:.
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1406:.
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1323:.
1307:.
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1275:.
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969:,
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957:,
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937:0
891:,
887:,
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703:,
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3617:(
3597:)
3561:)
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3551:)
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2173:.
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
