1917:
2031:
1970:
1876:. Digambara nuns, unlike the monks in their tradition, wear clothes. Given their beliefs such as non-attachment and non-possession, the Digambara tradition has held that women cannot achieve salvation (moksha) as men can, and the best a nun can achieve is to be reborn as a man in the next rebirth. The monks are held to be of higher status than nuns in Digambara monasteries, states Jeffery Long. From the Digambara monk's perspective, both Digambara nuns and Śvetāmbara monastic community are simply more pious Jain laypeople, who do not or are unable to fully practice the Jain monastic vows.
1283:(Treatise on the Passions), which were written on palm leaves near a cave in Mount Girnar (Gujarat) and a copy of which with a 12th-century commentary came to Tulu Nadu (south Karnataka). This has survived as the Mudbidri manuscripts, which were used by regional Jains not for reading and study, but as an object of devotional worship for centuries. In the 19th century, the fragile and decaying manuscript was copied and portions of it leaked to scholars between 1896 and 1922 despite objections of Digambara monks. It is considered to be the oldest known
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837:. The former became Śvetāmbara and retained their "heretic" beliefs and practices such as wearing "white clothes" they adopted there, say the Digambaras. In contrast, according to Śvetāmbara, they are the original followers, and Digambaras arose 609 years after the death of Mahavira (about 1st century CE) because of an arrogant man named
2390:: Jaini strongly argues that the practice of public nudity may reinforce patriarchal attitude and limit female spiritual agency. Digambaras hold that women must be reborn as men to attain salvation, which Jaini criticizes for its gender exclusivity and inequality. He argues that female nudity is not equally valued or allowed in the
870:). Dundas talks about the archeological evidences which indicate that Jain monks moved from the practice of total nudity towards wearing clothes in later period. Tirthankara statues found in Mathura and dated to 2nd-century CE or after are naked. The oldest Tirthankara statue wearing a cloth is dated in 5th century CE.
2400:
cannot be attained without nudity. Further, he states that male nudity leads to masculinization of spirituality. Jaini also mentions that the
Digambara sect has historically been male-dominated with women facing several barriers in the path to spirituality and its evolution. His views are seconded by
2621:
Digambaras believe that both
Parshvanatha and Mahāvīra remained unmarried, whereas Śvetāmbara believe the 23rd and 24th tirthankar did indeed marry. According to the Śvetāmbara version, Parshvanāth married Prabhavati, and Mahāvīraswāmi married Yashoda who bore him a daughter named Priyadarshana. The
2585:
These are as follows 1. Ahimsa - nonviolence, non-injury, and absence of desire to harm any life forms. 2. Satya - truthful in one's thoughts, speech and action. 3. Asteya - non-stealing". One must not steal, nor have the intent to steal, another's property through action, speech, and thoughts. 4.
1525:
Walk carefully on much trodden paths, after viewing land to the extent of four cubits (2 yards). Do not walk in the dark or on the grass to avoid accidental injury to other living beings. He should not run to save himself if charged by a wild animal or if a violent person is about to injure him, as
3222:
Satkhandagama : Dhaval (Jivasthana) Satparupana-I (Enunciation of
Existence-I) An English Translation of Part 1 of the Dhavala Commentary on the Satkhandagama of Acarya Pushpadanta & Bhutabali Dhavala commentary by Acarya Virasena English tr. by Prof. Nandlal Jain, Ed. by Prof. Ashok Jain
2383:
sect. Jaini questions the
Digambara rejection of the Śvētāmbara canonical scriptures. He argues that this rejection leads to a lack of unity and a fragmentation within Jainism. He also points out that the Digambaras' reliance on later texts as authentic scriptures might lack historical and textual
841:
who became a Jain monk in a fit of pique after a fight at home. He is accused of starting the
Digambara Jain tradition with what Śvetāmbara call as "eight concealments", of rejecting Jain texts preserved by the Śvetāmbara tradition, and misunderstanding the Jain ideology including those related to
1879:
Digambara nuns are relatively rare in comparison to the nuns found in Śvetāmbara traditions. According to a 1970s and 1980s survey of Jain subtraditions, there were about 125 Digambara monks in India and 50 Digambara nuns. This compared to 3,400 nuns and 1,200 monks in the Śvetāmbara tradition.
2672:
In the
Digambara tradition, a male human being is considered closest to the apex with the potential to achieve his soul's liberation from rebirths through asceticism. Women must gain karmic merit, to be reborn as man, and only then can they achieve spiritual liberation in the Digambara sect of
2484:
The
Digambara sect's view that women cannot achieve liberation in their present birth is a 'biological determinism' that is not supported by Jain scriptures. This view is a 'patriarchal interpretation' that has been 'superimposed' on the original teachings of
842:
nuns and clothes. Neither of these explanations can be found in early Jain or non-Jain texts. The earliest version of this
Digambara story appears in the 10th century CE, while the earliest version of the Śvetāmbara story appears in the 5th century CE.
1954:) Jaina statue expresses the perfect isolation of the one who has stripped off every bond. His is an absolute "abiding in itself," a strange but perfect aloofness, a nudity of chilling majesty, in its stony simplicity, rigid contours, and abstraction.
2596:
Mahāvīra taught Five vows. The
Digambara sect disagrees with the Śvetāmbara interpretations, and reject the theory of difference in Parshvanatha and Mahāvīra's teachings. However, Digambaras as well as Śvetāmbaras follow Five vows as taught by
1231:
sect. They believe that the words of
Mahavira neither survive nor could be recorded. The original teachings went through a rapid period of decline, state the Digambaras, and Śvetāmbara claims of preserving the sacred knowledge and ancient
2589:
Mahavira inserted 5th vow ie Brahmacharya - sexual restraint or practice of celibacy. Renunciation of sex and marriage. This was thought to be understood to within 4th vow of Aparigraha, but was more specified as 5th vow of Brahmacharya.
1338:(entity exposition) contains metaphysical discussions. In the Digambara tradition, it is not the oldest texts that have survived in its temples and monasteries that attract the most study or reverence, rather it is the late 9th-century
1455:
neither injure, nor ask, nor encourage another to injure any living being through actions, words or thoughts. This includes injury caused by cooking, starting a fire to cook, plucking a fruit, or any conduct that harms living beings
2367:: Jaini points out that an emphasis on extreme ascetic practices such as public nudity and rejection of all possessions leads to a diminished focus on spiritual growth and a greater focus on the less important ritualistic practices.
1302:
theory, written in Prakrit language. Philologically, the text belongs to about the 2nd-century, and has nothing that suggests it is of "immemorial antiquity". In details, the text is quite similar in its teachings to those found in
3125:
John E. Cort "A Tale of Two Cities: On the Origins of Digambara Sectarianism in North India." L. A. Babb, V. Joshi, and M. W. Meister (eds.), Multiple Histories: Culture and Society in the Study of Rajasthan, 39–83. Jaipur: Rawat,
2530:: Wiley points out that these views are inconsistent with the fundamental principle of 'equal potential of all living beings to achieve liberation'. She adds that such views may constitute to 'symbolic violence' against women.
710:
Digambara and Śvetāmbara traditions have had historical differences ranging from their dress code, their temples and iconography, attitude towards female monastics, their legends, and the texts they consider as important.
4010:
2518:: Women are excluded from the highest spiritual status in Jainism (achieving liberation) by Digambara sect's scriptures. Wiley sees Digambara interpretations of Jain scriptures as patriarchal and biased against women.
1537:
Avoid slander, back-biting, false speech. He must avoid intentionally long or short statements that mislead or help create misunderstanding, doubts, misinformation, hypocrisy, bad blood or conceit in his audience.
2030:
2641:
who reached omniscience while in sitting posture and other tirthankaras were in standing ascetic posture. In contrast, Śvetāmbaras believe it was Rishabha, Nemi and Mahāvīra who were the three in sitting
1616:(monk) must eradicate all desires and activities that please the mind through his senses. He must end all ties, relationships and entanglements with his family and friends before he renounced.
2401:
Paul Dundas who states that Digambara rejection of clothing could also signify their rejection of female bodily experience, as clothing is often associated with female modesty and domesticity.
1916:
2524:: Digambaras deny the fundamental agency of achieving liberation (the highest status in Jain spirituality) through their own efforts, instead requiring them to rely on male intermediaries.
4072:
2460:: Digambara scriptures attribute spiritual limitations of women to their biology and consider them as unholy. Balbir criticizes this view as narrow and outdated perspective.
2004:
1354:
tradition maintains a long list of revered teachers, and this list includes Kundakunda, Samantabhadra, Pujyapada, Jinasena, Akalanka, Vidyanandi, Somadeva and Asadhara.
2540:
sect has selectively interpreted and manipulated existing and ancient Jain texts to support their views by ignoring passages that highlight women's spiritual potential.
2447:
views on liberation of women and advocates for a more inclusive and gender-equal interpretation of the scriptures. She lists her criticism in the following manner: -
1493:
No sex, no natural or unnatural sexual gratification through action (viewing, participating, encouraging), words (hearing, reciting, reading, writing), or thoughts
1985:
2476:: Balbir points out that this view is in contradiction to the fundamental Jain principle of equality and the potential for all living beings to attain liberation.
1346:
includes not only religious history, but also the sociological history of the Jaina people – including the Jain caste system and its origins as formulated by
866:, rather than the traditional Jain ritual of embracing death by starvation and taking samadhi by voluntarily sacrificing everything including food and water (
1969:
2379:: Jaini questions the Digambara reliance on a highly limited set of scriptures that do not fully represent Jain principles and teachings as followed by the
2626:, Mahāvīra's mother, as well as the details of Tirthankara's biographies such as how many auspicious dreams their mothers had when they were in the wombs.
821:
The Digambaras and Śvetāmbara disagree on how the Digambara subtradition started in Jainism. According to Digambaras, they are the original followers of
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Giving up attachment to the body for a limited period of time. Typically, this is a standing naked and motionless posture of a form common in
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Ardhakathanaka: Half a tale, a Study in the Interrelationship between Autobiography and History, Mukunda Lath (trans. and ed.), Jaipur 2005.
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Digambaras, unlike Śvetāmbaras, do not have a canon. They do have a quasi-canonical literature grouped into four literary categories called
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Confession, repentance and self-censure for having violated any vows and rules of conduct; dissociate one's soul from any virtuous or evil
829:
when their forecast twelve-year famine triggered their migration from central India. One group of Jain monks headed west and north towards
3941:
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728:
The Digambara literature can be traced only to the first millennium, with its oldest surviving sacred text being the mid-second century
1165:
sangha, ""Lat-Vagad" etc.), Dravida Sangh. The text Darshana-Sara of Devasena discusses the supposed differences among the orders. The
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Early Jain images from Mathura depict Digambara iconography until late fifth century CE where Śvetāmbara iconography starts appearing.
4560:
3114:
2454:: Balbir sees the Digambara belief of women not being capable of attaining liberation in their current birth as gender discrimination.
2705:(omniscient beings) are free from human needs like hunger, thirst, and sleep. In contrast, Śvetāmbara texts preach that it is not so.
2466:: Balbir argues that the narrative describing women not being able to attain liberation is not supported by ancient Jain scriptures (
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Other than rejecting or accepting different ancient Jain texts, Digambaras and Śvetāmbara differ in other significant ways such as:
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414:
2373:: Jaini critiques the sharp distinction between the ascetics and laypeople which leads to a lack of spiritual agency among people.
862:
stated that the context in which the Greek records mention gymnosophists include ritual suicide by cremation traceable to ancient
2581:, taught only Four restraints (a claim, scholars say is confirmed by the ancient Buddhist texts that discuss Jain monastic life).
2669:(nuns to monks) is about 3.5 to 1. In contrast to Śvetāmbara, the Digambara sect monastic community has been predominantly male.
1135:
There have been several Digambara monastic lineages that all trace their descent to Mahavira. The historical lineages included
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daily, in a rigid and immobile posture, with the arms held stiffly down, knees straight, and toes directed forward.
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Recite mantra that lists and promises future renunciation of food, drink and comforts and to forfend future faults
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Bihar (Patna city) and Shahabad: Volume 1 of The History, Antiquities, Topography, and Statistics of Eastern India
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means "sky-clad", referring to their traditional monastic practice of neither possessing nor wearing any clothes.
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1109:
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690:
367:
339:
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1076:. Kundakunda is considered the most significant scholar monk of the Digambara tradition of Jainism. He authored
168:
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5748:
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813:(अम्बर) (garment), referring to those whose garments are of the element that fills the four quarters of space.
582:
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3994:
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Jainism. The Śvetāmbaras disagree with the Digambaras, believing that women can also achieve liberation from
717:
cherish the virtue of non-attachment and non-possession of any material goods. Monks carry a community-owned
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1256:
858:(naked philosophers) which may have links to the tradition of "naked ascetics" the Digambar monks. In 2011,
785:, a scholar of Hindu and Jain studies, less than one fifth of all Jains in India have a Digambara heritage.
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scholar, after researching the scriptures of the Digambara sect described several points of critique: -
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5212:, The Director, Oriental Institute, on behalf of the Registrar, M.S. University of Baroda, Vadodara,
1992:
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Not to take anything unless given, and not accepting anything more than what is necessary and needed
2508:
sect's views on liberation of women. Specifically, she highlights the following points of critique:
1833:, a broom made up of fallen peacock feathers for removing small insects to avoid causing injury and
1467:
To speak the truth, to remain silent if his speaking the truth will lead to injury to living beings
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1113:
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83:
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952:, showing the transmission of the oral tradition, erected on the 2500th anniversary of Mahavira's
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Digambara Jain communities are currently found mainly in most parts of North India in states like
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5706:
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1334:(behaviour exposition) includes texts about proper behaviour for monks and lay people, while the
1033:
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1908:, is completely unrelated to Digambar Jain tradition, even though they also practice nudity.
1389:(primary attributes) for the monk. The oldest text containing these norms is the 2nd-century
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2014:
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feathers for removing and thus saving the life of insects in their path or before they sit.
654:
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148:
133:
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47:
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So actually teachings of Mahavira and that of Parshvanatha, the 23rd Tirthankara is same.
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1959:
916:
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782:
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100:
1506:
Renunciation of all worldly things, property, want, and all possessions external to soul
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was also lost with the death of those two. Dharasena's teachings that have survived are
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tradition which greatly limits female spiritual agency as Digambara belief states that
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To excrete body waste after carefully brushing aside insects and other living beings.
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A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century
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A History Of Ancient And Early Medieval India: From The Stone Age To The 12Th Century
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1837:(the gourd for carrying pure, sterilized water). The head of all monastics is called
1549:
To never accept objectionable food nor eat more palatable items from those received.
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990:
855:
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manuscripts). One of the most important scholar-monks of the Digambara tradition was
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73:
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Shedding all attachment and aversion towards the sense objects pertaining to touch (
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built separate temples for the two sub-sects in his newly established capital of
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was female. However, Digambara reject this, and worship Mallinatha as a male.
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2613:. However, monks of Śvetāmbara sect also follow all 5 vows as stated in the
2328:
2121:
2043:
1391:
1342:(universal history) of Jinasena that is the most revered and cherished. The
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1028:
In the Digambara tradition, the following lineage of teachers are revered:
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Religions in Focus: New Approaches to Tradition and Contemporary Practices
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attributed to Vattekara, that probably originated in the Mathura region.
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1099:
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1029:
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312:
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Gender and Salvation: Jaina Debates on the Spiritual Liberation of Women
17:
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Guardians of the Transcendent: An Ethnology of a Jain Ascetic Community
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2501:
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2424:
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statues of tirthankara belonging to Gupta period has half-closed eyes.
722:
55:
5344:
5312:
4209:
2815:. Routledge. pp. 53–59, 64–80, 286–287 with footnotes 21 and 32.
1778:
Eat food in standing posture, accept food in open palms (no utensils)
1009:
Bhadrabahu. Spiritual lineage of heads of monastic orders is known as
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to be the 33rd teacher in succession of Gautama, 683 years after the
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208:
143:
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3580:
3578:
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2162:
1829:(possession), which ultimately leads to attachment. The monks carry
1322:(exposition) since the time of the Digambara scholar Rakshita. The
893:
sub-sects based on the differences over acceptance of authority of
6034:
6011:
5480:
4850:
2554:
2269:
2161:
1915:
1462:
1299:
1225:
sect of Jainism rejects the texts and canonical literature of the
943:
762:
758:
203:
31:
5284:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
4803:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
4772:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
4739:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
4383:
4381:
3820:
3818:
3527:
3525:
3318:
3316:
3314:
3312:
2586:
Aparigraha - the virtue of non-possessiveness or non-greediness.
4572:
Jains in the World : Religious Values and Ideology in India
3927:
The Bloomsbury Research Handbook of Indian Philosophy and Gender
2357:
1942:
is represented either seated in yoga posture or standing in the
1183:, and numerous lineages of North/Central India) traditions. The
882:
5316:
4595:
Framing the Jina: Narratives of Icons and Idols in Jain History
4307:
4305:
1637:
Practice equanimous dispassion towards everything for eighteen
678:
4948:
Ascetics and Brahmins: Studies in Ideologies and Institutions
4470:
4468:
2549:
Scriptures of other religions and schools of thought such as
4646:
Studies in Jaina History and Culture: Disputes and Dialogues
1804:
To periodically pluck all hair on his body by his own hand.
3263:
Vidaydgar Johrapurkar, Bhaṭṭāraka Sampradaya, Solapur, 1958
854:
proposed that the Greek records of 4th-century BCE mention
681:
3287:
3285:
3283:
3281:
1330:(calculation exposition) contains works on cosmology, the
1001:
had complete knowledge of the scriptures, as such, called
2980:
2978:
2976:
2974:
2972:
669:
666:
660:
5209:
Studies in Jaina Art and Iconography and Allied Subjects
4050:
4048:
4046:
4044:
4042:
4040:
3627:. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 236–241 with footnotes.
1825:
monks do not wear any clothes as it is considered to be
3335:
3333:
3331:
3194:
3192:
3057:
3055:
3053:
2959:
2957:
2955:
1793:
Eat food once a day, drink water only when eating meal
1326:(first exposition) contains the universal history, the
1311:– of Śvetāmbaras. Between the two, the poetic meter of
4722:(1st ed.), (Uttarakhand) India: Vikalp Printers,
3767:
3044:
997:
in next 62 years. During the next hundred years, five
2561:
also criticize and condemn public nudity followed by
1870:
Female monastics in Digambara tradition are known as
1315:
suggests it was composed after the Śvetāmbara text.
675:
657:
6454:
6418:
6301:
6240:
6204:
6134:
6052:
6045:
5997:
5921:
5885:
5835:
5762:
5677:
5623:
5568:
5559:
5383:
5355:
3724:
3722:
1564:(feather bundle to remove insects in his path) and
1290:These two oldest known Digambara tradition texts –
672:
663:
4372:
3919:
3917:
3732:Jaina Yoga: A Survey of the Mediaeval Śrāvakācāras
3239:
3097:
2601:. The difference is only that Śvetāmbaras believe
1298:– are predominantly a treatise about the soul and
2872:. BRILL Academic. pp. 1–2, 8–9, xxxiv–xxxv.
2861:
2859:
2185:community is divided into various sub-sects viz.
1526:running can cause injury to other living beings.
825:and Śvetāmbara branched off later in the time of
4237:The Ādi Granth: Or, Holy Scriptures of the Sikhs
3896:
3884:
3848:
3836:
3824:
3809:
3797:
3782:
3608:
3584:
3567:
3555:
3543:
3531:
3516:
3492:
3480:
3468:
3456:
3444:
3432:
2577:Śvetāmbaras believe that Parshvanatha, the 23rd
1898:, also participates in various inter-sectarian (
4423:
4411:
4311:
2482:
1948:
1843:, while the saintly preceptor of saints is the
5114:; Ghosh, Tapash Kumar; Nath, Surendra (1996),
4752:Acharya Amritchandra's Purushartha Siddhyupaya
3073:
1785:
1287:text ultimately traceable to the 2nd-century.
833:, while the second group headed south towards
5328:
4522:
4387:
3872:
3596:
3504:
3420:
3408:
3303:
3171:
3147:
3032:
2777:
2775:
2773:
2771:
2649:onwards, its monastic community has had more
2339:. Bisapanthis are concentrated in Rajasthan,
627:
8:
1350:– from the Digambara Jaina perspective. The
4931:, vol. 2, Concept Publishing Company,
4548:The Assembly of Listeners: Jains in Society
3387:
2682:The Śvetāmbaras state the 19th Tirthankara
6049:
5565:
5335:
5321:
5313:
2605:taught one vow less (the Four vows except
1373:The lifestyle and behavioral conduct of a
1173:(Bhattarakas of Shravanabelgola etc.) and
634:
620:
42:
4871:Jones, Constance; Ryan, James D. (2007),
4296:
3999:. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. p. 382.
3930:. Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 105–106.
2866:Jyotindra Jain; Eberhard Fischer (1978).
2645:According to Śvetāmbara Jain texts, from
2516:practices and patriarchal interpretations
2411:tradition may have arisen in response to
1855:) in addition to the 28 mentioned above.
1568:(hollow vegetable gourd to filter water)
4349:"Jaina Sutras, Part I (SBE22): Contents"
3996:Jainism: An Indian Religion of Salvation
3008:
1420:
4498:
4054:
4031:
3621:Colette Caillat; Nalini Balbir (2008).
3272:
3159:
2767:
2622:two sects also differ on the origin of
1965:
1928:Jains worship completely nude idols of
54:
27:One of the two major schools of Jainism
4510:
4486:
4474:
4447:
4399:
4323:
3980:
3968:
3908:
3860:
3351:
3339:
3322:
3291:
3251:
3198:
3085:
3020:
2996:
2984:
2963:
2536:: She alleges that the male-dominated
2490:Nalini Balbir, Women in Jainism (2005)
2287:worship minor gods and goddesses like
689:; "sky-clad") is one of the two major
5090:Jaina-rūpa-maṇḍana: Jaina iconography
5063:Jaina-rūpa-maṇḍana: Jaina iconography
4435:
4335:
4222:
4122:
4120:
4067:
4065:
4063:
3375:
3363:
3210:
3061:
2470:) and is based on later commentaries.
2273:and offerings of flowers, fruits and
1812:Remain completely nude all the time (
7:
4459:
3735:. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 184.
3183:
3135:
2528:Inconsistencies with Jain principles
5118:, Anthropological Survey of India,
4928:Agama Aura Tripitaka: Eka Anusilana
4784:Ācārya Nemichandra's Dravyasaṃgraha
2102:Other Mula Sangh branches (extinct)
3011:, pp. 207–208 with footnotes.
2657:(female than male mendicants). In
2474:Contradiction with Jain principles
2407:: Jaini also deliberates that the
1589:11–15. Control of the five senses
721:, which is a broom made of fallen
25:
4846:Collected Papers On Jaina Studies
4719:Acharya Umasvami's Tattvārthsūtra
4181:Dundas, Paul (2 September 2003).
4013:from the original on 8 March 2021
2423:, rather than purely from within
1904:) religious activities including
1157:Sanghas) and now largely extinct
6505:
5343:
5300:
5279:
5036:Jainism: The World of Conquerors
5016:Jaina Community: A Social Survey
4798:
4767:
4734:
4160:. Motilal Banarsidass Publishe.
4133:. Motilal Banarsidass Publishe.
4103:. Motilal Banarsidass Publishe.
3944:from the original on 2 July 2023
3749:from the original on 2 July 2023
3707:from the original on 2 July 2023
3668:from the original on 2 July 2023
2886:from the original on 2 July 2023
2716:
2661:of the modern era, the ratio of
2569:Differences with Śvetāmbara sect
2029:
2003:
1984:
1968:
1698:, in the current or past lives.
1560:Carefulness in the handling the
1414:(essential observations); and 7
1410:(control of the five senses); 6
1377:monk is guided by a code called
653:
601:
62:
5192:, University of Toronto Press,
3654:. Scarecrow. pp. 226–227.
2319:as their religious leaders but
1128:have major significance in the
1102:(author of a commentary on the
1015:. Digambara tradition consider
6441:List of Digambar Jain ascetics
4824:University of California Press
4157:The Jaina Path of Purification
4130:The Jaina Path of Purification
4100:The Jaina Path of Purification
3240:Carrithers & Humphrey 1991
3098:Carrithers & Humphrey 1991
2938:. I.B.Tauris. pp. 60–61.
2788:. I.B.Tauris. pp. 17–18.
2500:Kristi L. Wiley, a scholar of
2439:, another renowned scholar of
2343:, Maharastra and South India.
817:Origin in traditional accounts
1:
5206:Vyas, Dr. R. T., ed. (1995),
4996:, India: Bhartiya Gyanpeeth,
2911:. Routledge. pp. 63–65.
2842:. Scarecrow. pp. 83–84.
2365:Rituals and ascetic practices
1991:The 57 feet (17 m) high
1920:Adinatha image (Badami caves)
1279:(Scripture of Six Parts) and
977:(omniscience) sequentially –
4696:Jain, Kailash Chand (1991),
4450:, pp. 314–331, 353–361.
4154:Jaini, Padmanabh S. (1998).
4127:Jaini, Padmanabh S. (1998).
4097:Jaini, Padmanabh S. (1998).
3411:, pp. 189–191, 196–197.
3074:Singh, Ghosh & Nath 1996
2629:Digambara believe Rishabha,
2356:Padmanabh Jaini, a renowned
2267:religious practices include
923:, rejected the authority of
734:"Scripture in Six Parts" of
5526:
5232:, vol. 38, Scarecrow,
4699:Lord Mahāvīra and His Times
4575:, Oxford University Press,
3993:Glasenapp, Helmuth (1999).
3768:Umakant Premanand Shah 1987
3045:Umakant Premanand Shah 1987
2371:Layperson-ascetic dichotomy
2347:Criticism of Digambara sect
1851:has 36 primary attributes (
1786:
1681:, idols and images of gods
963:texts, after liberation of
443:Uttaradhyayana (Śvetāmbara)
219:Aparigraha (non-possession)
6557:
4992:Pramansagar, Muni (2008),
4945:Olivelle, Patrick (2011),
4553:Cambridge University Press
4252:"Guide To Buddhism A To Z"
3693:. Scarecrow. p. 170.
2679:through ascetic practices.
2504:, has also criticized the
2327:occur in large numbers in
1366:
937:
429:Dravyasamgraha (Digambara)
408:Pravachanasara (Digambara)
6502:
5226:Wiley, Kristi L. (2009),
4920:, W. H. Allen and Company
4912:Martin, Robert Montgomery
1894:, which along with other
1730:
1620:
1583:
1510:
1438:
1255:, and he taught these to
1005:, the last of them being
5033:Shah, Natubhai (2004) ,
4894:Jainism: An Introduction
4891:Long, Jeffery D (2013),
4874:Encyclopedia of Hinduism
3924:Veena R. Howard (2019).
3729:Robert Williams (1991).
3687:Kristi L. Wiley (2009).
3648:Kristi L. Wiley (2009).
3325:, pp. 63–65, 79–80.
2935:Jainism: An Introduction
2836:Kristi L. Wiley (2009).
2785:Jainism: An Introduction
2464:Lack of scriptural basis
2137:Panth established by ex-
1932:(omniscient beings) and
1673:Medidate upon and adore
1217:Scripture and literature
1098:of this tradition were,
809:(दिक्) (space, sky) and
801:is a combination of two
583:Parasparopagraho Jivanam
436:Kalpa Sūtra (Śvetāmbara)
226:Anuvratas (further vows)
36:Image depicting Acharya
6405:Jain terms and concepts
6025:Digambar Jain Mahasabha
5085:Shah, Umakant Premanand
5058:Shah, Umakant Premanand
4877:, Infobase Publishing,
4782:Jain, Vijay K. (2013),
4749:Jain, Vijay K. (2012),
4716:Jain, Vijay K. (2011),
4702:, Motilal Banarsidass,
4663:Harvey, Graham (2016),
4600:Oxford University Press
4569:Cort, John E. (2001a),
4373:Kailash Chand Jain 1991
3366:, pp. 32, 229–239.
2932:Jeffery D Long (2013).
2782:Jeffery D Long (2013).
2757:Digambar Jain Mahasabha
2693:texts, after attaining
1938:(liberated souls). The
1626:Essential observations
1141:(further vivided into
915:, led by scholars like
192:Mahavratas (major vows)
5267:& Kegan Paul Ltd,
5186:Vallely, Anne (2002),
5011:Sangave, Vilas Adinath
4643:Flügel, Peter (2006),
4073:"Gender and Salvation"
2493:
2458:Biological determinism
2405:Historical development
2251:(yellow dry coconut),
2178:
1964:
1950:The truly "sky-clad" (
1921:
1263:, 683 years after the
956:
490:Mahavir Janma Kalyanak
401:Samayasāra (Digambara)
214:Brahmacarya (chastity)
40:
6436:List of Jain ascetics
6241:Dynasties and empires
6030:Vishwa Jain Sangathan
5256:Philosophies Of India
5229:The A to Z of Jainism
5019:, Popular Prakashan,
4297:Jones & Ryan 2007
4240:. Wm. H. Allen. 1877.
3897:Champat Rai Jain 1926
3885:Champat Rai Jain 1926
3849:Champat Rai Jain 1926
3837:Champat Rai Jain 1926
3825:Champat Rai Jain 1926
3810:Champat Rai Jain 1926
3798:Champat Rai Jain 1926
3783:Champat Rai Jain 1926
3690:The A to Z of Jainism
3651:The A to Z of Jainism
3611:, pp. 26, 38–39.
3609:Champat Rai Jain 1926
3585:Champat Rai Jain 1926
3568:Champat Rai Jain 1926
3556:Champat Rai Jain 1926
3544:Champat Rai Jain 1926
3532:Champat Rai Jain 1926
3517:Champat Rai Jain 1926
3493:Champat Rai Jain 1926
3481:Champat Rai Jain 1926
3469:Champat Rai Jain 1926
3457:Champat Rai Jain 1926
3445:Champat Rai Jain 1926
3433:Champat Rai Jain 1926
2839:The A to Z of Jainism
2443:, has criticised the
2165:
1919:
1756:Sleep on hard ground
947:
209:Asteya (non-stealing)
199:Ahiṃsā (non-violence)
35:
6431:List of Jain temples
5309:at Wikimedia Commons
5095:Abhinav Publications
5068:Abhinav Publications
4424:Umakant P. Shah 1987
4412:Umakant P. Shah 1987
4312:Umakant P. Shah 1987
4077:publishing.cdlib.org
2905:Paul Dundas (2002).
2809:Paul Dundas (2002).
2534:Textual manipulation
2480:Balbir states that:
2377:Scriptural authority
2056:Jain Digambara Sects
1993:Gommateshwara statue
1645:= about 24 minutes)
1385:). This includes 28
368:Schools and Branches
6512:Religion portal
6446:Topics List (index)
5737:Mahamastakabhisheka
5112:Singh, Kumar Suresh
5041:Motilal Banarsidass
4976:Motilal Banarsidass
4855:Motilal Banarsidass
4841:Jaini, Padmanabh S.
4814:Jaini, Padmanabh S.
4786:, Vikalp Printers,
4755:, Vikalp Printers,
4625:(Second ed.),
4539:Carrithers, Michael
4477:, pp. 182–183.
4256:www.buddhisma2z.com
3076:, pp. 258–259.
3023:, pp. 113–115.
2752:Timeline of Jainism
1656:Salute the divine (
1114:Siddhasena Divakara
1054:Siddhasena Divakara
948:Stela at Marhiaji,
608:Religion portal
298:The 24 Tirthankaras
6541:Schools of Jainism
6536:Nudity in religion
6410:Sexual differences
4849:(First ed.),
4543:Humphrey, Caroline
4523:Upinder Singh 2009
4388:Natubhai Shah 2004
4210:"Women in Jainism"
3971:, p. 209–210.
3873:Upinder Singh 2009
3597:Vijay K. Jain 2012
3507:, p. 144–145.
3505:Vijay K. Jain 2012
3421:Vijay K. Jain 2011
3409:Vijay K. Jain 2013
3390:, p. 189–191.
3304:Upinder Singh 2009
3172:Vijay K. Jain 2012
3148:Vijay K. Jain 2012
3033:Upinder Singh 2016
2732:Nudity in religion
2179:
2127:Digambar Terapanth
1922:
1858:The monks perform
1745:Never clean teeth
1269:of Mahavira. That
1092:. Other prominent
1080:texts such as the
957:
699:(white-clad). The
693:, the other being
691:schools of Jainism
415:Agama (Śvetāmbara)
41:
6518:
6517:
6200:
6199:
5979:Hampa Nagarajaiah
5872:Auspicious dreams
5800:Bhaktamara Stotra
5673:
5672:
5305:Media related to
5274:978-81-208-0739-6
5239:978-0-8108-6337-8
5199:978-0-8020-8415-6
5179:978-93-325-6996-6
5170:Pearson Education
5152:978-81-317-1120-0
5143:Pearson Education
5125:978-81-7304-096-2
5104:978-81-7017-208-6
5050:978-81-208-1938-2
5003:978-81-263-1480-5
4994:Jain Tattva-Vidya
4958:978-0-85728-432-7
4904:978-0-85771-392-6
4884:978-0-8160-5458-9
4793:978-81-903639-5-2
4762:978-81-903639-4-5
4729:978-81-903639-2-1
4709:978-81-208-0805-8
4684:Jain, Champat Rai
4676:978-1-134-93690-8
4656:978-1-134-23552-0
4609:978-0-19-538502-1
4582:978-0-19-513234-2
4489:, pp. 55–59.
4462:, pp. 36–37.
4426:, pp. 79–80.
4390:, pp. 73–74.
4338:, pp. 27–28.
4326:, pp. 31–33.
4194:978-1-134-50165-6
4167:978-81-208-1578-0
4140:978-81-208-1578-0
4110:978-81-208-1578-0
4034:, pp. 51–56.
3937:978-1-4742-6959-9
3911:, pp. 49–50.
3770:, pp. 79–80.
3742:978-81-208-0775-4
3700:978-0-8108-6337-8
3661:978-0-8108-6337-8
3634:978-81-208-3247-3
3587:, pp. 38–39.
3570:, pp. 37–38.
3558:, pp. 35–36.
3546:, pp. 34–35.
3519:, pp. 32–38.
3495:, pp. 31–32.
3483:, pp. 30–31.
3447:, pp. 27–28.
3423:, p. 93–100.
3354:, pp. 80–81.
3294:, pp. 79–80.
3229:978-81-86957-47-9
3213:, pp. 31–32.
3150:, p. xi–xii.
2999:, pp. 47–48.
2987:, pp. 46–48.
2945:978-0-85771-392-6
2918:978-0-415-26605-5
2869:Jaina Iconography
2849:978-0-8108-6821-2
2822:978-0-415-26606-2
2795:978-0-85771-392-6
2388:Gender and nudity
1820:
1819:
1239:According to the
969:Anubaddha Kevalīs
877:In 17th-century,
773:, parts of south
644:
643:
263:Micchami Dukkadam
258:Bhaktamara Stotra
187:Ethics of Jainism
16:(Redirected from
6548:
6510:
6509:
6472:Monks & nuns
6369:Statue of Ahimsa
6326:Pañca-Parameṣṭhi
6050:
5964:Champat Rai Jain
5807:Tattvartha Sutra
5566:
5529:
5347:
5337:
5330:
5323:
5314:
5304:
5290:
5283:
5282:
5251:Campbell, Joseph
5247:Zimmer, Heinrich
5242:
5222:
5202:
5182:
5155:
5128:
5107:
5080:
5053:
5029:
5006:
4988:
4971:Monolithic Jinas
4961:
4951:, Anthem Press,
4941:
4921:
4907:
4887:
4867:
4836:
4809:
4802:
4801:
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4364:
4363:
4361:
4359:
4353:sacred-texts.com
4345:
4339:
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4285:
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4264:
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4248:
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4232:
4226:
4220:
4214:
4213:
4208:Balbir, Nalini.
4205:
4199:
4198:
4178:
4172:
4171:
4151:
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3912:
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3900:
3894:
3888:
3882:
3876:
3870:
3864:
3858:
3852:
3851:, p. 45–46.
3846:
3840:
3839:, p. 44–45.
3834:
3828:
3822:
3813:
3812:, p. 48–49.
3807:
3801:
3800:, p. 47–48.
3795:
3786:
3785:, p. 46–47.
3780:
3771:
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3460:
3454:
3448:
3442:
3436:
3430:
3424:
3418:
3412:
3406:
3391:
3388:Pramansagar 2008
3385:
3379:
3373:
3367:
3361:
3355:
3349:
3343:
3337:
3326:
3320:
3307:
3301:
3295:
3289:
3276:
3270:
3264:
3261:
3255:
3249:
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3117:
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2863:
2854:
2853:
2833:
2827:
2826:
2806:
2800:
2799:
2779:
2726:
2721:
2720:
2491:
2468:Śvetāmbara canon
2283:don't use them.
2033:
2015:Siddhachal Caves
2007:
1997:Shravanabelagola
1988:
1972:
1962:
1789:
1608:), and hearing (
1556:adana-nikshepana
1444:Five Great Vows
1421:
1406:(restraints); 5
1402:(great vows); 5
1191:Shravanabelagola
1179:(Bhattarakas of
1161:(which included
860:Patrick Olivelle
688:
687:
684:
683:
680:
677:
674:
671:
668:
665:
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659:
636:
629:
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543:Shravanabelagola
450:Cīvaka Cintāmaṇi
422:Tattvartha Sutra
66:
43:
21:
6556:
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6549:
6547:
6546:
6545:
6521:
6520:
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6514:
6504:
6498:
6450:
6414:
6363:Panch Kalyanaka
6297:
6236:
6232:Non-creationism
6196:
6130:
6041:
5993:
5974:Jeffery D. Long
5969:Padmanabh Jaini
5954:Virchand Gandhi
5934:Colette Caillat
5917:
5881:
5831:
5758:
5669:
5619:
5555:
5442:Heavenly beings
5379:
5351:
5341:
5297:
5280:
5275:
5245:
5240:
5225:
5220:
5205:
5200:
5185:
5180:
5158:
5153:
5131:
5126:
5116:People of India
5110:
5105:
5083:
5078:
5056:
5051:
5039:, vol. I,
5032:
5027:
5009:
5004:
4991:
4986:
4964:
4959:
4944:
4939:
4925:Nagraj (1986),
4924:
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4890:
4885:
4870:
4865:
4839:
4834:
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4799:
4794:
4781:
4768:
4763:
4748:
4735:
4730:
4715:
4710:
4695:
4689:Sannyasa Dharma
4682:
4677:
4662:
4657:
4642:
4637:
4615:
4610:
4588:
4583:
4568:
4563:
4545:, eds. (1991),
4537:
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2808:
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2796:
2781:
2780:
2769:
2765:
2747:Jain philosophy
2724:Religion portal
2722:
2715:
2712:
2699:(omniscience),
2637:were the three
2571:
2547:
2545:Other Religions
2498:
2496:Kristi L. Wiley
2492:
2489:
2434:
2354:
2352:Padmanabh Jaini
2349:
2259:or cloves) and
2247:(yellow rice),
2243:(sacred rice),
2231:which includes
2160:
2159:
2158:
2057:
2053:
2046:
2034:
2025:
2008:
1999:
1989:
1980:
1973:
1963:
1960:Heinrich Zimmer
1958:
1914:
1892:Digambar Akhara
1886:
1884:Digambar akhara
1868:
1735:
1625:
1515:
1443:
1430:
1408:indriya nirodha
1371:
1365:
1360:
1219:
1209:belongs to the
1169:orders include
942:
936:
917:Pandit Todarmal
903:(1688–1743) of
885:led to rise of
852:Heinrich Zimmer
848:
819:
795:Heinrich Zimmer
791:
783:Jeffery D. Long
781:. According to
715:Digambara monks
656:
652:
640:
600:
593:
592:
558:
557:
548:
547:
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514:
505:
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480:
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470:
469:
395:
394:
392:Jain literature
383:
382:
365:
364:
355:
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293:
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283:
282:
273:Ṇamōkāra mantra
253:
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11:
5:
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6224:
6219:
6214:
6208:
6206:
6202:
6201:
6198:
6197:
6195:
6194:
6189:
6187:Southeast Asia
6184:
6179:
6174:
6169:
6164:
6159:
6154:
6149:
6144:
6138:
6136:
6132:
6131:
6129:
6128:
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6113:
6112:
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6064:
6058:
6056:
6047:
6043:
6042:
6040:
6039:
6038:
6037:
6032:
6027:
6021:Organisations
6019:
6014:
6009:
6003:
6001:
5995:
5994:
5992:
5991:
5989:Jinendra Varni
5986:
5981:
5976:
5971:
5966:
5961:
5959:Hermann Jacobi
5956:
5951:
5946:
5941:
5936:
5931:
5925:
5923:
5919:
5918:
5916:
5915:
5910:
5905:
5900:
5895:
5893:Digambara monk
5889:
5887:
5883:
5882:
5880:
5879:
5874:
5869:
5868:
5867:
5862:
5852:
5847:
5841:
5839:
5833:
5832:
5830:
5829:
5827:Uttaradhyayana
5824:
5819:
5814:
5809:
5804:
5803:
5802:
5797:
5795:Namokar Mantra
5789:
5784:
5782:Shatkhandagama
5779:
5777:Pravachanasara
5774:
5768:
5766:
5760:
5759:
5757:
5756:
5751:
5746:
5741:
5740:
5739:
5734:
5729:
5719:
5714:
5709:
5704:
5699:
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5679:
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5621:
5620:
5618:
5617:
5612:
5607:
5602:
5597:
5592:
5591:
5590:
5588:Kashtha Sangha
5585:
5583:Balatkara Gana
5574:
5572:
5563:
5557:
5556:
5554:
5553:
5548:
5543:
5538:
5533:
5532:
5531:
5522:
5517:
5512:
5507:
5497:
5496:
5495:
5494:
5493:
5488:
5478:
5468:
5463:
5462:
5461:
5456:
5446:
5445:
5444:
5439:
5434:
5427:Jain cosmology
5424:
5423:
5422:
5414:
5413:
5412:
5402:
5401:
5400:
5389:
5387:
5381:
5380:
5378:
5377:
5372:
5367:
5361:
5359:
5353:
5352:
5349:Jainism topics
5342:
5340:
5339:
5332:
5325:
5317:
5311:
5310:
5296:
5295:External links
5293:
5292:
5291:
5273:
5243:
5238:
5223:
5218:
5203:
5198:
5183:
5178:
5160:Singh, Upinder
5156:
5151:
5133:Singh, Upinder
5129:
5124:
5108:
5103:
5081:
5076:
5054:
5049:
5030:
5025:
5007:
5002:
4989:
4984:
4962:
4957:
4942:
4937:
4922:
4908:
4903:
4897:, I.B.Tauris,
4888:
4883:
4868:
4863:
4837:
4832:
4810:
4792:
4779:
4761:
4746:
4728:
4713:
4708:
4693:
4680:
4675:
4660:
4655:
4640:
4635:
4613:
4608:
4586:
4581:
4566:
4562:0-521-365-05-8
4561:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4527:
4525:, p. 314.
4515:
4503:
4491:
4479:
4464:
4452:
4440:
4428:
4416:
4404:
4392:
4377:
4365:
4340:
4328:
4316:
4301:
4299:, p. 211.
4289:
4268:
4243:
4227:
4225:, p. 206.
4215:
4200:
4193:
4173:
4166:
4146:
4139:
4116:
4109:
4089:
4059:
4036:
4024:
4005:
3985:
3983:, p. 213.
3973:
3961:
3955:
3936:
3913:
3901:
3899:, p. 141.
3889:
3877:
3875:, p. 316.
3865:
3853:
3841:
3829:
3814:
3802:
3787:
3772:
3760:
3741:
3718:
3699:
3679:
3660:
3640:
3633:
3613:
3601:
3599:, p. 143.
3589:
3572:
3560:
3548:
3536:
3521:
3509:
3497:
3485:
3473:
3461:
3449:
3437:
3425:
3413:
3392:
3380:
3368:
3356:
3344:
3327:
3308:
3306:, p. 444.
3296:
3277:
3275:, p. 299.
3265:
3256:
3254:, p. 433.
3244:
3242:, p. 170.
3232:
3215:
3203:
3188:
3186:, p. 335.
3176:
3174:, p. xii.
3164:
3152:
3140:
3128:
3118:
3115:978-8129105660
3102:
3100:, p. 205.
3090:
3088:, p. 216.
3078:
3066:
3064:, p. 215.
3049:
3037:
3035:, p. 444.
3025:
3013:
3001:
2989:
2968:
2966:, p. 210.
2951:
2944:
2924:
2917:
2897:
2878:
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2828:
2821:
2801:
2794:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2760:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2737:God in Jainism
2734:
2728:
2727:
2711:
2708:
2707:
2706:
2687:
2680:
2670:
2643:
2627:
2615:Ācārāṅga Sūtra
2583:
2582:
2570:
2567:
2546:
2543:
2542:
2541:
2531:
2525:
2522:Lack of agency
2519:
2497:
2494:
2487:
2478:
2477:
2471:
2461:
2455:
2433:
2430:
2429:
2428:
2402:
2385:
2374:
2368:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2337:Madhya Pradesh
2176:Digambara monk
2174:, a prominent
2157:
2156:
2155:
2154:
2153:
2152:
2151:
2150:
2149:
2148:
2145:
2142:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2113:Present Sects
2111:
2110:
2109:
2103:
2100:
2099:
2098:
2095:
2092:
2089:
2088:
2087:
2084:
2082:Balatkara Gana
2075:Great Schools
2059:
2058:
2055:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2048:
2047:
2035:
2028:
2026:
2023:Madhya Pradesh
2009:
2002:
2000:
1990:
1983:
1981:
1974:
1967:
1956:
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1457:
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1445:
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1435:
1432:
1425:
1369:Digambara monk
1367:Main article:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1218:
1215:
1211:Balatkara Gana
1176:Balatkara Gana
1159:Kashtha Sangha
935:
932:
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818:
815:
790:
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771:Madhya Pradesh
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457:Silappatikaram
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2:
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6447:
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6432:
6429:
6427:
6426:List of Jains
6424:
6423:
6421:
6417:
6411:
6408:
6406:
6403:
6401:
6398:
6396:
6393:
6391:
6388:
6386:
6383:
6381:
6378:
6376:
6373:
6371:
6370:
6366:
6364:
6361:
6357:
6354:
6353:
6352:
6351:Jain calendar
6349:
6347:
6344:
6342:
6339:
6337:
6334:
6332:
6329:
6327:
6324:
6322:
6319:
6315:
6312:
6311:
6310:
6307:
6306:
6304:
6300:
6294:
6291:
6289:
6286:
6284:
6281:
6279:
6276:
6274:
6271:
6269:
6266:
6264:
6261:
6259:
6256:
6254:
6251:
6249:
6246:
6245:
6243:
6239:
6233:
6230:
6228:
6225:
6223:
6220:
6218:
6215:
6213:
6210:
6209:
6207:
6203:
6193:
6192:United States
6190:
6188:
6185:
6183:
6180:
6178:
6175:
6173:
6170:
6168:
6165:
6163:
6160:
6158:
6155:
6153:
6150:
6148:
6145:
6143:
6140:
6139:
6137:
6133:
6127:
6126:Uttar Pradesh
6124:
6122:
6119:
6117:
6114:
6110:
6107:
6106:
6105:
6102:
6100:
6097:
6093:
6090:
6089:
6088:
6085:
6083:
6080:
6078:
6075:
6073:
6070:
6068:
6065:
6063:
6060:
6059:
6057:
6055:
6051:
6048:
6044:
6036:
6033:
6031:
6028:
6026:
6023:
6022:
6020:
6018:
6015:
6013:
6010:
6008:
6005:
6004:
6002:
6000:
5996:
5990:
5987:
5985:
5982:
5980:
5977:
5975:
5972:
5970:
5967:
5965:
5962:
5960:
5957:
5955:
5952:
5950:
5947:
5945:
5942:
5940:
5937:
5935:
5932:
5930:
5929:Nalini Balbir
5927:
5926:
5924:
5920:
5914:
5911:
5909:
5906:
5904:
5901:
5899:
5896:
5894:
5891:
5890:
5888:
5884:
5878:
5875:
5873:
5870:
5866:
5863:
5861:
5858:
5857:
5856:
5853:
5851:
5848:
5846:
5843:
5842:
5840:
5838:
5834:
5828:
5825:
5823:
5820:
5818:
5815:
5813:
5810:
5808:
5805:
5801:
5798:
5796:
5793:
5792:
5790:
5788:
5785:
5783:
5780:
5778:
5775:
5773:
5770:
5769:
5767:
5765:
5761:
5755:
5752:
5750:
5747:
5745:
5742:
5738:
5735:
5733:
5730:
5728:
5725:
5724:
5723:
5720:
5718:
5715:
5713:
5710:
5708:
5707:Vegetarianism
5705:
5703:
5700:
5696:
5693:
5692:
5691:
5688:
5686:
5683:
5682:
5680:
5676:
5665:
5663:
5660:
5654:
5651:
5649:
5646:
5644:
5641:
5640:
5639:
5636:
5635:
5634:
5631:
5630:
5628:
5626:
5622:
5616:
5613:
5611:
5608:
5606:
5603:
5601:
5598:
5596:
5593:
5589:
5586:
5584:
5581:
5580:
5579:
5576:
5575:
5573:
5571:
5567:
5564:
5562:
5558:
5552:
5549:
5547:
5544:
5542:
5539:
5537:
5534:
5530:
5528:
5523:
5521:
5518:
5516:
5513:
5511:
5508:
5506:
5503:
5502:
5501:
5498:
5492:
5489:
5487:
5484:
5483:
5482:
5479:
5477:
5474:
5473:
5472:
5469:
5467:
5464:
5460:
5457:
5455:
5452:
5451:
5450:
5447:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5435:
5433:
5430:
5429:
5428:
5425:
5421:
5418:
5417:
5415:
5411:
5408:
5407:
5406:
5403:
5399:
5396:
5395:
5394:
5391:
5390:
5388:
5386:
5382:
5376:
5373:
5371:
5368:
5366:
5363:
5362:
5360:
5358:
5354:
5350:
5346:
5338:
5333:
5331:
5326:
5324:
5319:
5318:
5315:
5308:
5303:
5299:
5298:
5294:
5289:
5287:
5286:public domain
5276:
5270:
5266:
5262:
5258:
5257:
5252:
5248:
5244:
5241:
5235:
5231:
5230:
5224:
5221:
5219:81-7017-316-7
5215:
5211:
5210:
5204:
5201:
5195:
5191:
5190:
5184:
5181:
5175:
5171:
5167:
5166:
5161:
5157:
5154:
5148:
5144:
5140:
5139:
5134:
5130:
5127:
5121:
5117:
5113:
5109:
5106:
5100:
5096:
5092:
5091:
5086:
5082:
5079:
5077:81-7017-208-X
5073:
5069:
5065:
5064:
5059:
5055:
5052:
5046:
5042:
5038:
5037:
5031:
5028:
5026:0-317-12346-7
5022:
5018:
5017:
5012:
5008:
5005:
4999:
4995:
4990:
4987:
4985:0-8426-1027-8
4981:
4977:
4973:
4972:
4967:
4966:Pereira, José
4963:
4960:
4954:
4950:
4949:
4943:
4940:
4938:9788170227311
4934:
4930:
4929:
4923:
4919:
4918:
4913:
4909:
4906:
4900:
4896:
4895:
4889:
4886:
4880:
4876:
4875:
4869:
4866:
4864:81-208-1691-9
4860:
4856:
4852:
4848:
4847:
4842:
4838:
4835:
4833:0-520-06820-3
4829:
4825:
4821:
4820:
4815:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4805:public domain
4795:
4789:
4785:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4774:public domain
4764:
4758:
4754:
4753:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4741:public domain
4731:
4725:
4721:
4720:
4714:
4711:
4705:
4701:
4700:
4694:
4691:
4690:
4685:
4681:
4678:
4672:
4669:, Routledge,
4668:
4667:
4661:
4658:
4652:
4649:, Routledge,
4648:
4647:
4641:
4638:
4636:0-415-26605-X
4632:
4628:
4624:
4623:
4618:
4614:
4611:
4605:
4601:
4597:
4596:
4591:
4587:
4584:
4578:
4574:
4573:
4567:
4564:
4558:
4554:
4550:
4549:
4544:
4540:
4536:
4535:
4531:
4524:
4519:
4516:
4513:, p. 56.
4512:
4507:
4504:
4501:, p. 15.
4500:
4495:
4492:
4488:
4483:
4480:
4476:
4471:
4469:
4465:
4461:
4456:
4453:
4449:
4444:
4441:
4438:, p. 47.
4437:
4432:
4429:
4425:
4420:
4417:
4414:, p. 17.
4413:
4408:
4405:
4402:, p. 21.
4401:
4396:
4393:
4389:
4384:
4382:
4378:
4375:, p. 12.
4374:
4369:
4366:
4354:
4350:
4344:
4341:
4337:
4332:
4329:
4325:
4320:
4317:
4313:
4308:
4306:
4302:
4298:
4293:
4290:
4278:
4272:
4269:
4257:
4253:
4247:
4244:
4239:
4238:
4231:
4228:
4224:
4219:
4216:
4211:
4204:
4201:
4196:
4190:
4187:. Routledge.
4186:
4185:
4177:
4174:
4169:
4163:
4159:
4158:
4150:
4147:
4142:
4136:
4132:
4131:
4123:
4121:
4117:
4112:
4106:
4102:
4101:
4093:
4090:
4078:
4074:
4068:
4066:
4064:
4060:
4057:, p. 52.
4056:
4051:
4049:
4047:
4045:
4043:
4041:
4037:
4033:
4028:
4025:
4012:
4008:
4006:9788120813762
4002:
3998:
3997:
3989:
3986:
3982:
3977:
3974:
3970:
3965:
3962:
3959:
3956:
3943:
3939:
3933:
3929:
3928:
3920:
3918:
3914:
3910:
3905:
3902:
3898:
3893:
3890:
3887:, p. 21.
3886:
3881:
3878:
3874:
3869:
3866:
3863:, p. 45.
3862:
3857:
3854:
3850:
3845:
3842:
3838:
3833:
3830:
3827:, p. 36.
3826:
3821:
3819:
3815:
3811:
3806:
3803:
3799:
3794:
3792:
3788:
3784:
3779:
3777:
3773:
3769:
3764:
3761:
3748:
3744:
3738:
3734:
3733:
3725:
3723:
3719:
3706:
3702:
3696:
3692:
3691:
3683:
3680:
3667:
3663:
3657:
3653:
3652:
3644:
3641:
3636:
3630:
3626:
3625:
3624:Jaina Studies
3617:
3614:
3610:
3605:
3602:
3598:
3593:
3590:
3586:
3581:
3579:
3577:
3573:
3569:
3564:
3561:
3557:
3552:
3549:
3545:
3540:
3537:
3534:, p. 33.
3533:
3528:
3526:
3522:
3518:
3513:
3510:
3506:
3501:
3498:
3494:
3489:
3486:
3482:
3477:
3474:
3471:, p. 30.
3470:
3465:
3462:
3459:, p. 29.
3458:
3453:
3450:
3446:
3441:
3438:
3435:, p. 26.
3434:
3429:
3426:
3422:
3417:
3414:
3410:
3405:
3403:
3401:
3399:
3397:
3393:
3389:
3384:
3381:
3378:, p. 28.
3377:
3372:
3369:
3365:
3360:
3357:
3353:
3348:
3345:
3342:, p. 80.
3341:
3336:
3334:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3319:
3317:
3315:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3300:
3297:
3293:
3288:
3286:
3284:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3269:
3266:
3260:
3257:
3253:
3248:
3245:
3241:
3236:
3233:
3230:
3226:
3219:
3216:
3212:
3207:
3204:
3201:, p. 79.
3200:
3195:
3193:
3189:
3185:
3180:
3177:
3173:
3168:
3165:
3161:
3156:
3153:
3149:
3144:
3141:
3138:, p. 16.
3137:
3132:
3129:
3122:
3119:
3116:
3112:
3106:
3103:
3099:
3094:
3091:
3087:
3082:
3079:
3075:
3070:
3067:
3063:
3058:
3056:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3041:
3038:
3034:
3029:
3026:
3022:
3017:
3014:
3010:
3009:Olivelle 2011
3005:
3002:
2998:
2993:
2990:
2986:
2981:
2979:
2977:
2975:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2960:
2958:
2956:
2952:
2947:
2941:
2937:
2936:
2928:
2925:
2920:
2914:
2910:
2909:
2901:
2898:
2885:
2881:
2879:90-04-05259-3
2875:
2871:
2870:
2862:
2860:
2856:
2851:
2845:
2841:
2840:
2832:
2829:
2824:
2818:
2814:
2813:
2805:
2802:
2797:
2791:
2787:
2786:
2778:
2776:
2774:
2772:
2768:
2762:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2729:
2725:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2703:
2698:
2697:
2692:
2689:According to
2688:
2685:
2681:
2678:
2677:
2671:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2625:
2620:
2619:
2618:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2594:
2591:
2587:
2580:
2576:
2575:
2574:
2568:
2566:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2544:
2539:
2535:
2532:
2529:
2526:
2523:
2520:
2517:
2514:
2511:
2510:
2509:
2507:
2503:
2495:
2486:
2481:
2475:
2472:
2469:
2465:
2462:
2459:
2456:
2453:
2450:
2449:
2448:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2437:Nalini Balbir
2432:Nalini Balbir
2431:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2403:
2399:
2398:
2393:
2389:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2375:
2372:
2369:
2366:
2363:
2362:
2361:
2359:
2351:
2346:
2344:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2333:Uttar Pradesh
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2297:
2292:
2291:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2277:
2272:
2271:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2227:worship with
2226:
2222:
2218:
2217:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2203:Samayiapanthi
2200:
2199:
2194:
2190:
2189:
2184:
2177:
2173:
2170:
2169:
2164:
2146:
2143:
2140:
2136:
2133:
2132:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2114:
2112:
2107:
2106:Kashtha Sangh
2104:
2101:
2096:
2093:
2090:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2079:
2077:
2076:
2074:
2073:
2072:
2069:
2068:
2066:
2065:
2064:
2061:
2060:
2050:
2045:
2041:
2038:
2032:
2027:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2006:
2001:
1998:
1994:
1987:
1982:
1978:
1975:Kizhavalavu (
1971:
1966:
1961:
1955:
1953:
1947:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1936:
1931:
1927:
1918:
1911:
1909:
1907:
1903:
1902:
1897:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1881:
1877:
1875:
1874:
1865:
1863:
1861:
1856:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1841:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1815:
1811:
1808:
1807:
1803:
1801:
1797:
1796:
1792:
1790:
1788:
1782:
1781:
1777:
1775:
1774:stithi-bhojan
1771:
1770:
1766:
1764:
1760:
1759:
1755:
1753:
1749:
1748:
1744:
1742:
1738:
1733:
1729:
1726:iconography.
1725:
1721:
1719:
1718:
1713:
1712:
1708:
1706:
1702:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1691:
1690:
1685:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1670:
1666:
1665:
1661:
1660:
1655:
1653:
1649:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1634:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1576:
1572:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1557:
1553:
1552:
1548:
1546:
1542:
1541:
1536:
1534:
1530:
1529:
1524:
1522:
1518:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1503:
1502:
1497:
1496:
1492:
1490:
1489:
1484:
1483:
1479:
1477:
1476:
1471:
1470:
1466:
1464:
1460:
1459:
1454:
1452:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1426:
1423:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1398:These are: 5
1396:
1394:
1393:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1370:
1362:
1357:
1355:
1353:
1349:
1348:Rishabhanatha
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1332:charananuyoga
1329:
1325:
1324:prathmanuyoga
1321:
1316:
1314:
1313:Satkhandagama
1310:
1306:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1292:Satkhandagama
1288:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1277:
1276:Ṣaṭkhaṅḍāgama
1272:
1268:
1267:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1251:who knew one
1250:
1246:
1243:, their 33rd
1242:
1237:
1235:
1230:
1229:
1224:
1216:
1214:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1187:
1182:
1178:
1177:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1139:
1133:
1131:
1127:
1126:
1121:
1120:
1119:Satkhandagama
1115:
1111:
1110:Samantabhadra
1107:
1106:
1101:
1097:
1096:
1091:
1090:
1089:Pravacanasāra
1085:
1084:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1050:Samantabhadra
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1026:
1025:of Mahavira.
1024:
1023:
1018:
1014:
1013:
1008:
1004:
1003:Śruta Kevalīs
1000:
996:
992:
989:
985:
984:
980:
976:
975:
970:
966:
962:
959:According to
955:
951:
946:
941:
933:
931:
928:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
897:
892:
888:
884:
880:
875:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
856:gymnosophists
853:
845:
843:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
816:
814:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
793:According to
788:
786:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
755:Uttar Pradesh
752:
747:
745:
741:
737:
733:
732:
731:Ṣaṭkhaṅḍāgama
726:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
706:
702:
698:
697:
692:
686:
650:
649:
637:
632:
630:
625:
623:
618:
617:
615:
614:
609:
604:
599:
598:
597:
596:
589:
586:
584:
581:
579:
576:
574:
571:
569:
566:
564:
561:
560:
552:
551:
544:
541:
539:
536:
534:
531:
529:
526:
524:
521:
520:
519:
509:
508:
501:
498:
496:
493:
491:
488:
486:
483:
482:
474:
473:
466:
465:
461:
459:
458:
454:
452:
451:
447:
445:
444:
440:
438:
437:
433:
431:
430:
426:
424:
423:
419:
417:
416:
412:
410:
409:
405:
403:
402:
398:
397:
393:
387:
386:
379:
376:
374:
371:
370:
369:
359:
358:
351:
348:
346:
343:
341:
340:Samantabhadra
338:
336:
333:
331:
328:
326:
323:
321:
320:
316:
314:
311:
309:
306:
304:
301:
299:
296:
295:
291:Major figures
287:
286:
279:
276:
274:
271:
269:
268:Navkar Mantra
266:
264:
261:
259:
256:
255:
247:
246:
239:
236:
234:
231:
230:
227:
224:
223:
220:
217:
215:
212:
210:
207:
205:
204:Satya (truth)
202:
200:
197:
196:
193:
190:
189:
188:
178:
177:
170:
167:
165:
162:
160:
157:
155:
152:
150:
147:
145:
142:
140:
137:
135:
132:
130:
127:
125:
122:
120:
117:
115:
112:
110:
107:
106:
102:
96:
95:
90:
87:
85:
82:
80:
77:
75:
72:
71:
70:
69:
65:
61:
60:
57:
53:
49:
45:
44:
39:
34:
30:
19:
6367:
6346:Samavasarana
6336:Śalākāpuruṣa
5944:John E. Cort
5855:Ashtamangala
5850:Siddhachakra
5787:Kasayapahuda
5754:Pratikramana
5662:Sthānakavāsī
5569:
5420:Anekāntavāda
5416:Jaina logic
5410:Kevala Jñāna
5405:Epistemology
5278:
5255:
5228:
5208:
5188:
5164:
5137:
5115:
5089:
5062:
5035:
5015:
4993:
4970:
4947:
4927:
4916:
4893:
4873:
4845:
4818:
4797:
4783:
4766:
4751:
4733:
4718:
4698:
4688:
4665:
4645:
4621:
4617:Dundas, Paul
4594:
4571:
4547:
4518:
4506:
4499:Vallely 2002
4494:
4482:
4455:
4443:
4431:
4419:
4407:
4395:
4368:
4356:. Retrieved
4352:
4343:
4331:
4319:
4314:, p. 5.
4292:
4280:. Retrieved
4271:
4259:. Retrieved
4255:
4246:
4236:
4230:
4218:
4203:
4183:
4176:
4156:
4149:
4129:
4099:
4092:
4080:. Retrieved
4076:
4055:Sangave 1980
4032:Sangave 1980
4027:
4015:. Retrieved
3995:
3988:
3976:
3964:
3958:
3946:. Retrieved
3926:
3904:
3892:
3880:
3868:
3856:
3844:
3832:
3805:
3763:
3751:. Retrieved
3731:
3709:. Retrieved
3689:
3682:
3670:. Retrieved
3650:
3643:
3623:
3616:
3604:
3592:
3563:
3551:
3539:
3512:
3500:
3488:
3476:
3464:
3452:
3440:
3428:
3416:
3383:
3371:
3359:
3347:
3299:
3273:Sangave 1980
3268:
3259:
3247:
3235:
3218:
3206:
3179:
3167:
3162:, p. 5.
3160:Pereira 1977
3155:
3143:
3131:
3121:
3105:
3093:
3081:
3069:
3047:, p. 4.
3040:
3028:
3016:
3004:
2992:
2934:
2927:
2907:
2900:
2888:. Retrieved
2868:
2838:
2831:
2811:
2804:
2784:
2700:
2696:Kevala Jnana
2694:
2690:
2674:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2639:tirthankaras
2638:
2607:Brahmacharya
2603:Parshvanatha
2595:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2572:
2562:
2548:
2537:
2533:
2527:
2521:
2515:
2513:Exclusionary
2512:
2505:
2499:
2483:
2479:
2473:
2463:
2457:
2451:
2444:
2435:
2408:
2404:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2376:
2370:
2364:
2355:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2294:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2274:
2268:
2264:
2263:(almonds).
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2229:ashta-dravya
2228:
2224:
2220:
2214:
2210:
2207:Gumanapanthi
2206:
2202:
2196:
2192:
2186:
2182:
2180:
2166:
2040:Parshvanatha
2036:
2019:Gwalior Fort
2010:
1979:) Sculptures
1951:
1949:
1943:
1939:
1933:
1930:tirthankaras
1929:
1925:
1923:
1899:
1891:
1889:
1887:
1878:
1871:
1869:
1859:
1857:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1821:
1813:
1799:
1784:
1773:
1767:Never bathe
1762:
1751:
1740:
1731:
1715:
1704:
1695:
1689:Pratikramana
1687:
1678:
1674:
1668:
1659:Tirthankaras
1657:
1651:
1642:
1638:
1630:
1621:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1585:Indrinirodha
1584:
1575:pratishṭapan
1574:
1565:
1561:
1555:
1544:
1532:
1520:
1516:Regulations
1511:
1499:
1488:Brahmacharya
1486:
1473:
1448:
1439:
1431:(attribute)
1427:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1397:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1372:
1351:
1343:
1339:
1336:dravyanuyoga
1335:
1331:
1328:karananuyoga
1327:
1323:
1319:
1317:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1296:Kasayapahuda
1295:
1291:
1289:
1284:
1281:Kasayapahuda
1280:
1274:
1270:
1264:
1252:
1244:
1240:
1238:
1233:
1226:
1222:
1220:
1210:
1202:
1199:Deshiya Gana
1198:
1184:
1174:
1171:Deshiya Gana
1170:
1166:
1162:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1136:
1134:
1129:
1125:Kasayapahuda
1123:
1117:
1103:
1093:
1087:
1081:
1027:
1020:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
987:
981:
972:
968:
960:
958:
953:
929:
924:
912:
905:Amer kingdom
901:Jai Singh II
894:
890:
886:
881:movement in
878:
876:
871:
867:
849:
820:
810:
806:
798:
792:
789:Nomenclature
748:
729:
727:
718:
713:
709:
704:
694:
647:
646:
645:
578:Jain symbols
462:
455:
448:
441:
434:
427:
420:
413:
406:
399:
372:
317:
278:Jai Jinendra
251:Jain prayers
225:
191:
139:Kevala Jnana
109:Anekantavada
29:
6288:Rashtrakuta
6205:Jainism and
6104:Maharashtra
6062:Bundelkhand
5949:Paul Dundas
5822:Kalpa Sūtra
5817:Aptamimamsa
5702:Monasticism
5633:Murtipujaka
5615:Kanji Panth
5595:Taran Panth
5578:Mula Sangha
5432:Siddhashila
5365:Tirthankara
4511:Dundas 2002
4487:Dundas 2002
4475:Harvey 2016
4448:Flügel 2006
4400:Dundas 2002
4324:Dundas 2002
4017:27 November
3981:Zimmer 1953
3969:Zimmer 1953
3948:29 November
3909:Dundas 2002
3861:Dundas 2002
3352:Dundas 2002
3340:Dundas 2002
3323:Dundas 2002
3292:Dundas 2002
3252:Nagraj 1986
3199:Dundas 2002
3086:Martin 1838
3021:Dundas 2002
2997:Dundas 2002
2985:Dundas 2002
2964:Zimmer 1953
2890:25 November
2647:Kalpasūtras
2579:tirthankara
2452:Gender bias
2325:Terapanthis
2321:terapanthis
2317:bhattarakas
2313:Bisapanthis
2309:terapanthis
2305:Kshetrapala
2281:terapanthis
2225:bisapanthis
2221:terapanthis
2219:. Both the
2216:Kanjipanthi
2198:Taranpanthi
2139:Sthanakvasi
2135:Kanji Swami
2117:Taran Panth
2086:Desiya Gana
2078:Nandi Gana
2037:Tirthankara
2013:statues at
2011:Tirthankara
1977:Keelavalavu
1940:tirthankara
1906:Kumbh Melas
1809:28. nudity
1741:adantdhavan
1705:Pratikhayan
1363:Monasticism
1257:Pushpadanta
1186:Bhattarakas
1167:Mula sangha
1138:Mula Sangha
1132:tradition.
1074:Nemichandra
993:Swami, and
974:Kevalajñāna
925:bhattarakas
921:Banarasidas
913:Terapanthis
896:bhattarakas
797:, the word
775:Maharashtra
588:Topics list
513:Pilgrimages
464:Valayapathi
363:Major sects
350:Yashovijaya
154:Brahmacarya
6525:Categories
6467:Literature
6356:Samvatsari
6121:Tamil Nadu
6046:Jainism in
5865:Nandavarta
5812:Samayasāra
5764:Literature
5732:Kshamavani
5727:Paryushana
5690:Meditation
5685:Sallekhana
5625:Śvetāmbara
5546:Ratnatraya
5466:Gunasthana
5385:Philosophy
4590:Cort, John
4436:Cort 2001a
4336:Jaini 2000
4223:Wiley 2009
3753:1 December
3711:1 December
3672:1 December
3376:Jaini 2000
3364:Jaini 2000
3211:Jaini 1991
3062:Wiley 2009
2684:Māllīnātha
2659:Tapa Gacch
2381:Svetambara
2285:Bispanthis
2265:Bisapanthi
2239:(sandal),
2211:Totapanthi
2188:Terapanthi
2172:Vidyasagar
2144:Gumanpanth
2094:Simha Gana
2071:Mula Sangh
2067:Digambara
2063:Jain Sangh
1946:posture.
1944:Kayotsarga
1901:sampradaya
1860:kayotsarga
1800:keśa-lonch
1717:Kayotsarga
1604:), sight (
1600:), smell (
1596:), taste (
1501:Aparigraha
1440:Mahavratas
1400:mahāvratas
1387:mūla guņas
1352:Digamabara
1344:Mahapurana
1340:Mahapurana
1307:– the 4th
1305:Prajnapana
1241:Digambaras
1236:is false.
1228:Śvetāmbara
1203:Bhattaraka
1197:belong to
1083:Samayasāra
1042:Bhadrabahu
1038:Kundakunda
995:Jambusvami
938:See also:
891:bisapanthi
887:terapanthi
872:Digamabara
868:sallekhana
864:Brahmanism
827:Bhadrabahu
744:Kundakunda
740:Moodabidri
696:Śvetāmbara
500:Samvatsari
495:Paryushana
378:Śvetāmbara
345:Haribhadra
335:Siddhasena
330:Kundakunda
238:Sallekhana
164:Gunasthana
159:Aparigraha
101:Philosophy
38:Kundakunda
6531:Digambara
6385:Sculpture
6321:Ekendriya
6182:Singapore
6167:Hong Kong
6147:Australia
6116:Rajasthan
6087:Karnataka
5999:Community
5984:Bal Patil
5939:Chandabai
5908:Pattavali
5860:Shrivatsa
5845:Jain flag
5722:Festivals
5678:Practices
5666:Terapanth
5653:Tristutik
5643:Kharatara
5605:Terapanth
5600:Bispanthi
5570:Digambara
5393:Five Vows
5370:Ganadhara
5307:Digambara
5265:Routledge
5249:(1953) ,
5013:(1980) ,
4627:Routledge
4622:The Jains
4619:(2002) ,
4592:(2010) ,
4460:Long 2013
4184:The Jains
3184:Cort 2010
3136:Vyas 1995
2908:The Jains
2812:The Jains
2691:Digambara
2635:Neminatha
2631:Vasupujya
2563:Digambara
2538:Digambara
2506:Digambara
2485:Mahavira.
2445:Digambara
2409:Digambara
2392:Digambara
2329:Rajasthan
2235:(water),
2193:Bispanthi
2183:Digambara
2147:Totapanth
2122:Bispanthi
2097:Deva Gana
2091:Sena Gana
2051:Sub-sects
2044:Rajasthan
1952:digambara
1926:Digambara
1853:mūla guņa
1845:upādhyāya
1835:Kamandalu
1827:parigraha
1823:Digambara
1814:digambara
1752:bhushayan
1641:a day (1
1622:Avasyakas
1566:kamandalu
1418:(rules).
1412:āvaśyakas
1392:Mulachara
1383:mulachara
1375:Digambara
1358:Practices
1285:Digambara
1261:Bhutabali
1249:Dharasena
1223:Digambara
1130:Digambara
1062:Manatunga
1058:Pujyapada
1017:Dharasena
1012:Pattavali
983:Gaņadhara
971:attained
961:Digambara
940:Pattavali
850:In 1943,
839:Sivabhuti
835:Karnataka
831:Rajasthan
799:Digambara
779:Karnataka
767:Jharkhand
751:Rajasthan
736:Dharasena
705:Digambara
648:Digambara
573:Jain flag
563:Ekendriya
538:Shikharji
478:Festivals
373:Digambara
325:Ganadhara
114:Cosmology
6477:Scholars
6455:Navboxes
6314:Timeline
6263:Ikshvaku
6248:Chalukya
6217:Hinduism
6212:Buddhism
6177:Pakistan
6135:Overseas
5922:Scholars
5903:Kshullak
5886:Ascetics
5877:Swastika
5695:Sāmāyika
5610:Yapaniya
5561:Branches
5162:(2016),
5135:(2009),
5087:(1987),
5060:(1987),
4968:(1977),
4914:(1838),
4843:(2000),
4816:(1991),
4686:(1926),
4358:31 March
4282:1 August
4277:"Nudity"
4261:1 August
4011:Archived
3942:Archived
3747:Archived
3705:Archived
3666:Archived
2884:Archived
2742:Kshullak
2710:See also
2642:posture.
2624:Trishala
2611:Mahavira
2599:Mahavira
2551:Buddhism
2488:—
2421:Buddhism
2417:Ājīvikas
2413:Hinduism
2323:do not.
2311:do not.
2307:whereas
2301:Bhairava
2296:Yakshini
2279:whereas
2108:(exists)
2042:statue,
1957:—
1724:Bahubali
1675:acharyas
1632:Sāmāyika
1594:sparśana
1434:Remarks
1379:mulacara
1201:and the
1195:Mudbidri
1100:Virasena
1095:Acharyas
1086:and the
1070:Jinasena
1066:Virasena
1046:Umaswami
1030:Mahavira
999:Āchāryas
991:Sudharma
967:, three
965:Mahavira
950:Jabalpur
879:adhyatma
823:Mahavira
803:Sanskrit
701:Sanskrit
528:Palitana
313:Mahavira
303:Rishabha
233:Sāmāyika
84:Timeline
48:a series
46:Part of
18:Digambar
6487:America
6482:Temples
6331:Pratima
6309:History
6302:Related
6293:Santara
6273:Kalinga
6268:Kadamba
6258:Hoysala
6227:Sikhism
6152:Belgium
6082:Haryana
6077:Gujarat
6007:Śrāvaka
5913:Acharya
5837:Symbols
5791:Mantra
5744:Upadhan
5717:Rituals
5712:Fasting
5551:Kashaya
5541:Saṃsāra
5520:Nirjara
5515:Samvara
5486:Pudgala
5375:Arihant
5253:(ed.),
4532:Sources
4082:31 July
2702:arihant
2676:saṃsāra
2663:sadhvis
2651:sadhvis
2609:) than
2565:monks.
2559:Sikhism
2502:Jainism
2441:Jainism
2425:Jainism
2341:Gujarat
2315:accept
2241:akshata
2237:chandan
2181:Modern
2168:Acharya
2017:inside
1912:Worship
1896:akharas
1873:aryikas
1849:Āchārya
1840:Āchārya
1669:vandana
1612:). The
1562:pichchi
1416:niyamas
1404:samitis
1320:anuyoga
1245:achārya
1163:Mathura
1105:Dhavala
1078:Prakrit
1034:Gautama
1022:nirvana
1007:Āchārya
988:Acharya
979:Gautama
954:nirvana
934:Lineage
899:. King
846:History
805:words:
723:peacock
568:Temples
319:Arihant
169:Saṃsāra
79:History
56:Jainism
6492:Bengal
6400:Nigoda
6375:Temple
6341:Tirtha
6283:Pandya
6278:Maurya
6162:Europe
6157:Canada
6142:Africa
6109:Mumbai
6099:Kerala
5898:Aryika
5638:Gaccha
5510:Bandha
5505:Asrava
5500:Tattva
5491:Dharma
5471:Dravya
5459:Causes
5437:Naraka
5398:Ahimsa
5271:
5261:London
5236:
5216:
5196:
5176:
5149:
5122:
5101:
5074:
5047:
5023:
5000:
4982:
4955:
4935:
4901:
4881:
4861:
4830:
4790:
4759:
4726:
4706:
4673:
4653:
4633:
4606:
4579:
4559:
4191:
4164:
4137:
4107:
4003:
3934:
3739:
3697:
3658:
3631:
3227:
3113:
2942:
2915:
2876:
2846:
2819:
2792:
2667:sadhus
2655:sadhus
2557:, and
2419:, and
2397:moksha
2384:rigor.
2290:Yaksha
2276:prasad
2257:kapoor
2131:Other
1935:siddha
1847:. The
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