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University of Leiden simultaneously, and as I found the two activities harder and harder to combine, I had to make up my mind, either to stop programming and become a real, respectable theoretical physicist, or to carry my study of physics to a formal completion only, with a minimum of effort, and to become....., yes what? A programmer? But was that a respectable profession? For after all, what was programming? Where was the sound body of knowledge that could support it as an intellectually respectable discipline? I remember quite vividly how I envied my hardware colleagues, who, when asked about their professional competence, could at least point out that they knew everything about vacuum tubes, amplifiers and the rest, whereas I felt that, when faced with that question, I would stand empty-handed. Full of misgivings I knocked on Van
Wijngaarden's office door, asking him whether I could "speak to him for a moment"; when I left his office a number of hours later, I was another person. For after having listened to my problems patiently, he agreed that up till that moment there was not much of a programming discipline, but then he went on to explain quietly that automatic computers were here to stay, that we were just at the beginning and could not I be one of the persons called to make programming a respectable discipline in the years to come? This was a turning point in my life and I completed my study of physics formally as quickly as I could.
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596:, who had been hired to build a computer. Their mode of interaction was disciplined: They would first decide upon the interface between the hardware and the software, by writing a programming manual. Then the hardware designers would have to be faithful to their part of the contract, while Dijkstra, the programmer, would write software for the nonexistent machine. Two of the lessons he learned from this experience were the importance of clear documentation, and that program debugging can be largely avoided through careful design. Dijkstra formulated and solved the
798:, with the possible exception of his own while it was under preparation. When lecturing, he would write proofs in chalk on a blackboard rather than using overhead foils. He invited the students to suggest ideas, which he then explored, or refused to explore because they violated some of his tenets. He assigned challenging homework problems, and would study his students' solutions thoroughly. He conducted his final examinations orally, over a whole week. Each student was examined in Dijkstra's office or home, and an exam lasted several hours.
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been attributed to the fact that
English is not Dijkstra's first language. However the pauses also served as a way for him to think on his feet and he was regarded as a quick and deep thinker while engaged in the act of lecturing. His courses for students in Austin had little to do with computer science but they dealt with the presentation of mathematical proofs. At the beginning of each semester, he would take a photo of each of his students in order to memorize their names. He never followed a
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and speeches. These short articles span a period of 40 years. Almost all EWDs appearing after 1972 were hand-written. They are rarely longer than 15 pages and are consecutively numbered. The last one, No. 1318, is from 14 April 2002. Within computer science they are known as the EWD reports, or, simply the EWDs. More than 1300 EWDs have been scanned, with a growing number transcribed to facilitate search, and are available online at the
Dijkstra archive of the University of Texas.
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fellow of
Burroughs and worked for it from home, occasionally travelling to its branches in the United States. As a result, he reduced his appointment at the university to one day a week. That day, Tuesday, soon became known as the day of the famous 'Tuesday Afternoon Club', a seminar during which he discussed with his colleagues scientific articles, looking at all aspects: notation, organisation, presentation, language, content, etc. Shortly after he moved in 1984 to the
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pedagogical pretext. Most were about mathematics and computer science; others were trip reports that are more revealing about their author than about the people and places visited. It was his habit to copy each paper and circulate it to a small group of colleagues who would copy and forward the papers to another limited group of scientists.
839:, believing that one should be able to write a letter or article without rough drafts, rewriting, or any significant editing. He would work it all out in his head before putting pen to paper, and once mentioned that when he was a physics student he would solve his homework problems in his head while walking the streets of
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for more than a year. He distributed photocopies of a new EWD among his colleagues. Many recipients photocopied and forwarded their copies, so the EWDs spread throughout the international computer science community. The topics were computer science and mathematics, and included trip reports, letters,
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Throughout
Dijkstra's career, his work was characterized by elegance and economy. A prolific writer (especially as an essayist), Dijkstra authored more than 1,300 papers, many written by hand in his precise script. They were essays and parables; fairy tales and warnings; comprehensive explanation and
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Dijkstra led a modest lifestyle, to the point of being spartan. His and his wife's house in Nuenen was simple, small and unassuming. He did not own a television, a video player, or a mobile telephone, and did not go to the movies. He played the piano, and, while in Austin, liked to go to concerts. An
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As a university professor for much of his life, Dijkstra saw teaching not just as a required activity but as a serious research endeavour. His approach to teaching was unconventional. His lecturing style has been described as idiosyncratic. When lecturing, the long pauses between sentences have often
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In 1990, on occasion of
Dijkstra's 60th birthday, the Department of Computer Science (UTCS) at the University of Texas at Austin organized a two-day seminar in his honor. Speakers came from all over the United States and Europe, and a group of computer scientists contributed research articles which
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in August 1973. His duties consisted of visiting some of the firm's research centers a few times a year and carrying on his own research, which he did in the smallest
Burroughs research facility, namely, his study on the second floor of his house in Nuenen. In fact, Dijkstra was the only research
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under the umbrella of academic computer science. He wrote that, "As economics is known as "The
Miserable Science", software engineering should be known as "The Doomed Discipline", doomed because it cannot even approach its goal since its goal is self-contradictory." And "software engineering has
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In 2002, the C&C Foundation of Japan recognized
Dijkstra "for his pioneering contributions to the establishment of the scientific basis for computer software through creative research in basic software theory, algorithm theory, structured programming, and semaphores." Dijkstra was alive to
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Dijkstra was famous for his wit, eloquence, rudeness, abruptness and often cruelty to fellow professionals, and way with words, such as in his remark, "The question of whether
Machines Can Think (…) is about as relevant as the question of whether Submarines Can Swim." His advice to a promising
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After having programmed for some three years, I had a discussion with A. van Wijngaarden, who was then my boss at the Mathematical Center in Amsterdam, a discussion for which I shall remain grateful to him as long as I live. The point was that I was supposed to study theoretical physics at the
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researcher, who asked how to select a topic for research, was the phrase: "Do only what only you can do". Dijkstra was also known for his vocal criticism and absence of social skills when interacting with colleagues. As an outspoken and critical visionary, he strongly opposed the teaching of
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came at an early age and under his mother's guidance. He once said he had asked his mother whether trigonometry was a difficult topic. She replied that he must learn all the formulas and that further, if he required more than five lines to prove something, he was on the wrong track.
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in the same way that software companies had commercialized the production of computer programs. He invented a number of activities and challenges of Mathematics Inc. and documented them in several papers in the EWD series. The imaginary company had produced a proof of the
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When Dijkstra married Maria "Ria" C. Debets in 1957, he was required as a part of the marriage rites to state his profession. He stated that he was a programmer, which was unacceptable to the authorities, there being no such profession then in The Netherlands.
1202:, Department of Computer Science) is named for Edsger W. Dijkstra. Beginning in 2005, this award recognizes the top academic performance by a graduating computer science major. Selection is based on GPA in all major courses and election by department faculty.
790:(1976) he stated the following: "For the absence of a bibliography I offer neither explanation nor apology." In fact, most of his articles and books have no references at all. Dijkstra chose this way of working to preserve his self-reliance.
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The Burroughs years saw him at his most prolific in output of research articles. He wrote nearly 500 documents in the EWD series (described below), most of them technical reports, for private circulation within a select group.
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in August 1973. The Burroughs years saw him at his most prolific in output of research articles. He wrote nearly 500 documents in the "EWD" series, most of them technical reports, for private circulation within a select group.
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Dijkstra won the Turing award in 1972 for his advocacy of structured programming, a programming paradigm that makes use of structured control flow as opposed to unstructured jumps to different sections in a program using
1209:, Emeritus Professor at Oxford and Principal Researcher at Microsoft Research, was the speaker for the event. This lecture series was made possible by a generous grant from Schlumberger to honor the memory of Dijkstra.
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738:, but to die in the Netherlands. Dijkstra died on 6 August 2002 after a long struggle with cancer. He and his wife were survived by their three children: Marcus, Femke, and the computer scientist Rutger M. Dijkstra.
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Alan M. Turing thought about criteria to settle the question of whether Machines Can Think, a question of which we now know that it is about as relevant as the question of whether Submarines Can Swim.
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for a demonstration at the official inauguration of the ARMAC computer in 1956. Because of the absence of journals dedicated to automatic computing, he did not publish the result until 1959.
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858:(1972), Dijkstra wrote: "We must not forget that it is not our business to make programs, it is our business to design classes of computations that will display a desired behaviour."
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In many of his more witty essays, Dijkstra described a fictional company of which he served as chairman. The company was called Mathematics, Inc., a company that he imagined having
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Dijkstra and his wife returned from Austin to his original house in Nuenen, Netherlands, where he found that he had only months to live. He said that he wanted to retire in Austin,
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The Department of Computer Science (UTCS) at the University of Texas at Austin hosted the inaugural Edsger W. Dijkstra Memorial Lecture on 12 October 2010.
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by August 1960, more than a year before a compiler was produced by another group. ALGOL 60 is known as a key advance in the rise of structured programming.
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computer, he used it only for e-mail and for browsing the World Wide Web. Dijkstra never wrote his articles using a computer. He preferred to rely on his
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construct for coordinating multiple processors and programs. Another concept formulated by Dijkstra in the field of distributed computing is that of
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He eschewed the use of computers in his own work for many decades. Even after he succumbed to his UT colleagues' encouragement and acquired a
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came to Austin in 1990 for a job interview, Dijkstra gave him a puzzle. Lifschitz solved it and has been working in Austin since then.
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Dijkstra accepted the Schlumberger Centennial Chair in the Computer Science Department at the University of Texas at Austin in 1984.
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The University of Texas at Austin, where Dijkstra held the Schlumberger Centennial Chair in Computer Sciences from 1984 until 1999.
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until his retirement in November 1999. To mark the occasion and to celebrate his forty-plus years of seminal contributions to
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three days out of each week. With increasing exposure to computing, however, his focus began to shift. As he recalled:
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1940:(ACM) Proceedings of the International Conference on Reliable Software. 21–23 April 1975, Los Angeles, California, USA
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1692:(Report). 70-WSK-03 – via E.W. Dijkstra Archive. Center for American History, University of Texas at Austin.
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1799:— (1974). "On the role of scientific thought". E.W. Dijkstra Archive, Center for American History,
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1995:— (1984). "The threats to computing science". E.W. Dijkstra Archive, Center for American History,
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In the world of computing science, Dijkstra is well known as a "character". In the preface of his book
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receive notice of the award, but it was accepted by his family in an award ceremony after his death.
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widely taught in modern computer science undergraduate courses. His other contributions included the
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from mathematicians who had proved results assuming the Riemann Hypothesis. The proof itself was a
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were a novelty. Dijkstra stumbled on his career by accident, and through his supervisor, Professor
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for a thesis entitled 'Communication with an Automatic Computer', devoted to a description of the
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to the Eindhoven University of Technology (then Technische Hogeschool Eindhoven). After going to
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in the south of the Netherlands, where Dijkstra was a professor of mathematics from 1962 to 1984.
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Dijkstra accepted the Schlumberger Centennial Chair in the Computer Science Department at the
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for his work on self-stabilization of program computation. This annual award was renamed the
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3303:. Vol. 17, no. 2. Brown University Department of Computer Science. pp. 10–17.
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Dijkstra was also highly original in his way of assessing people's capacity for a job. When
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A Primer of ALGOL 60 Programming: Together with Report on the Algorithmic Language ALGOL 60
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for not taking notice of an obscure computer scientist in a small town in the Netherlands.
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Dijkstra had considered a career in law and had hoped to represent the Netherlands in the
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Apt, Krzysztof R. (2002). "Edsger Wybe Dijkstra (1930 - 2002): A portrait of a genius".
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1938:— (1975). "Correctness Concerns And, Among Other Things, Why They Are Resented".
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2505:"World-renowned University of Texas at Austin computer scientist Edsger Dijkstra dies"
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Programming Languages: N.A.T.O. Advanced Summer School Held in Villard-de-Lans in 1966
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1873:— (1975). "On the teaching of programming, i. e. on the teaching of thinking".
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4811:
4806:
4735:
4285:
4109:
4049:
4044:
4009:
3974:
3959:
3649:
3624:
1974:
1677:
968:
901:
829:
451:
137:
2257:
1513:
Dijkstra, E.W. (1968). "Cooperating Sequential Processes". In Hansen, P.B. (ed.).
900:
Dijkstra was well known for his habit of carefully composing manuscripts with his
6733:
2761:
1900:
1844:
1621:— (1968). "A Constructive Approach to the Problem of Program Correctness".
1343:
1299:
7391:
7271:
7247:
7239:
7079:
6983:
6830:
6738:
6587:
6564:
6559:
6479:
6446:
6426:
5867:
5493:
5405:
4311:
4149:
4119:
3954:
3949:
3220:
3034:
1770:— (June–July 1974). "Programming as a Discipline of Mathematical Nature".
1524:
844:
372:
6937:
1849:. Monographs in Computer Science. Springer (published 1982). pp. 129–131.
7487:
7467:
7335:
7303:
7299:
7279:
7103:
7071:
6656:
6607:
6569:
6068:
6063:
5887:
5817:
5410:
5143:
4999:
4821:
4786:
4129:
4124:
3994:
3634:
3238:
1249:
1206:
1134:
930:
818:
751:
353:
155:
2625:
Out of Their Minds: The Lives and Discoveries of 15 Great Computer Scientists
2228:
2033:— (1987). "Mathematicians and Computing Scientists: The Cultural Gap".
1506:
1198:
The Dijkstra Award for Outstanding Academic Achievement in Computer Science (
1029:, an important early example of structuring a system as a set of layers; the
572:
designed for the first commercial computer developed in the Netherlands, the
7323:
7231:
6292:
6078:
6058:
6043:
5392:
5353:
3964:
3197:
2279:. School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of St Andrews, Scotland.
1008:
964:
913:
909:
647:
639:
487:
412:
368:
67:
1706:
3270:
3060:
2467:
2129:
2099:
2082:
1965:
1948:
1826:
1809:
1761:
1744:
1668:
1651:
1604:
1587:
1560:
1543:
630:
7315:
6971:
6888:
6883:
6706:
6503:
6414:
6199:
6195:
6025:
6020:
6015:
5453:
4569:
3900:
3840:
3700:
1982:— (1978). "Finding the Correctness Proof of a Concurrent Program".
795:
619:
615:
404:
400:
2667:
Irfan Hyder, Syed: Mathematics, Excellence and the Great Dijkstra (2013)
2064:
2047:
1131:
Award for Outstanding Contributions to Computer Science Education (1989)
6191:
6093:
6088:
6083:
4376:
4160:
2017:
1912:
1791:
1727:
1634:
1454:
955:
759:
538:
Dijkstra remained committed to physics for some time, working on it in
17:
3315:
2742:
6679:
6204:
6181:
6160:
4426:
1404:
by removing items or incorporating them into the text of the article.
1128:
904:. The manuscripts are called EWDs, since Dijkstra numbered them with
840:
651:
539:
416:
395:, where he worked from 1952 until 1962. He formulated and solved the
231:
86:
5956:
1949:"Guarded Commands, Nondeterminacy and Formal Derivation of Programs"
1886:— (1977). "Programming: From Craft to Scientific Discipline".
1783:
6298:
Euro-Asian Council for Standardization, Metrology and Certification
4936:
2458:
1907:. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 69. pp. 35–46.
419:, where he became a professor in the Mathematics Department at the
6280:
6210:
6186:
6150:
6113:
6048:
5987:
4626:
3334:
1161:
1052:
939:
745:
735:
706:
629:
361:
106:
102:
3135:"Edsger W. Dijkstra 1974 Harry H. Goode Memorial Award Recipient"
1714:— (1971). "Hierarchical Ordering of Sequential Processes".
465:
Influential Paper Award in distributed computing for his work on
6297:
6144:
6130:
6124:
6053:
4837:
4290:
3518:
989:
462:
6941:
5960:
4940:
4380:
4164:
3704:
3338:
3327:
691:(USA), a new 'branch' of the Tuesday Afternoon Club emerged in
2397:
1577:— (1965). "Programming Considered as a Human Activity".
1368:
825:
pen. Dijkstra's favorite writing instrument was the Montblanc
115:
7634:
Members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
3233:. Monographs in Computer Science. New York: Springer Verlag.
2704:
On the cruelty of really teaching computer science (EWD-1036)
1348:. Texts and Monographs in Computer Science. Springer-Verlag.
1485:(Technical report). Technische Hogeschool Eindhoven. EWD-123
1470:— (1962). "Some Meditations on Advanced Programming".
1179:
Shortly before his death in 2002, Dijkstra received the ACM
1003:
Among his most famous contributions to computer science is
315:
300:
2439:
2437:
2435:
1843:— (1975). "How do we tell truths that might hurt?".
1810:"Self-stabilizing Systems in Spite of Distributed Control"
469:
of program computation. This annual award was renamed the
2433:
2431:
2429:
2427:
2425:
2423:
2421:
2419:
2417:
2415:
1544:"Solution of a Problem in Concurrent Programming Control"
866:
accepted as its charter 'How to program if you cannot.'"
7649:
Academic staff of the Eindhoven University of Technology
3607:
Philosophy of computer programming and computing science
3501:
Self-stabilizing Systems in Spite of Distributed Control
2581:"Edsger Dijkstra, 72, Physicist Who Shaped Computer Era"
781:
Dijkstra, said about himself in Nuenen in the mid-1960s.
670:
through its use of software-based paged virtual memory.
7694:
1994 fellows of the Association for Computing Machinery
3445:
Solution of a Problem in Concurrent Programming Control
2647:"The Man Who Carried Computer Science on His Shoulders"
2610:. (E.W. Dijkstra Archive, Center for American History,
2149:". E.W. Dijkstra Archive, Center for American History,
1699:
A Short Introduction to the Art of Computer Programming
1401:
603:
At the Mathematical Centre, Dijkstra and his colleague
3423:
Selected Writings on Computing: A Personal Perspective
2983:
Selected Writings on Computing: A Personal Perspective
2959:. E.W. Dijkstra Archive. Center for American History,
2928:. E.W. Dijkstra Archive. Center for American History,
2897:. E.W. Dijkstra Archive. Center for American History,
2866:. E.W. Dijkstra Archive. Center for American History,
2832:. E.W. Dijkstra Archive. Center for American History,
2798:. E.W. Dijkstra Archive. Center for American History,
2710:. E.W. Dijkstra Archive. Center for American History,
2325:
Faulkner, Larry R.; Durbin, John R. (19 August 2013).
1901:"On the Interplay between Mathematics and Programming"
1846:
Selected Writings on Computing: A Personal Perspective
1301:
Selected Writings on Computing: A Personal Perspective
975:. A more successful effort was the Standard Proof for
1168:. In 1971, the first election was made, to Dijkstra.
1156:(BCS) received approval for an award and fellowship,
490:. His father was a chemist who was president of the
458:
languages. Shortly before his death, he received the
324:
306:
303:
2048:"On the Cruelty of Really Teaching Computer Science"
1652:"The Structure of the 'THE'-Multiprogramming System"
1158:
Distinguished Fellow of the British Computer Society
531:, the director of the Computation Department at the
375:, Dijkstra studied mathematics and physics and then
312:
309:
297:
6906:^ = full name and link in prior ALGOL version above
6877:
6705:
6678:
6502:
6470:
6413:
6406:
6385:
6348:
6322:
6304:
International Federation for Information Processing
6269:
6262:
6253:
6226:
6034:
6004:
5995:
5805:
5752:
5714:
5661:
5623:
5585:
5527:
5444:
5390:
5352:
5297:
5234:
5167:
5131:
5088:
5052:
4985:
4865:
4830:
4769:
4683:
4676:
4635:
4495:
4414:
4304:
4246:
4198:
3927:
3899:
3839:
3796:
3738:
3615:
3536:
3372:
294:
258:
246:
230:
199:
178:
130:
122:
94:
75:
53:
34:
3508:On the Cruelty of Really Teaching Computer Science
3452:The Structure of the 'THE'-Multiprogramming System
3292:Criticizing Professor Dijkstra Considered Harmless
2980:
2489:Silberschatz, Abraham; Peterson, James L. (1988).
2174:On the Cruelty of Really Teaching Computer Science
1276:
750:Dijkstra at the blackboard during a conference at
666:), which has influenced the designs of subsequent
3009:"Edsger W. Dijkstra - A.M. Turing Award Laureate"
2200:"Edsger Dijkstra | Dutch computer scientist"
2116:— (2001). "The End of Computing Science?".
1426:"A Note on Two Problems in Connexion with Graphs"
1319:—; Feijen, W.H.J.; Sterringa, Joke (1988).
1193:Edsger W. Dijkstra Prize in Distributed Computing
552:Edsger Dijkstra, The Humble Programmer (EWD340),
7669:Deaths from colorectal cancer in the Netherlands
3085:. Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
3063:. International Organization for Standardization
2826:How do we tell truths that might hurt? (EWD-498)
2536:. Jones & Bartlett Publishers. p. 316.
2083:"Computing Science: Achievements and Challenges"
3431:A Note on Two Problems in Connexion with Graphs
2850:
2848:
2320:
2318:
2271:O'Connor, J. J.; Robertson, E. F. (July 2008).
770:
544:
6143:(ESPOL) → New Executive Programming Language (
2316:
2314:
2312:
2310:
2308:
2306:
2304:
2302:
2300:
2298:
1069:Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
6953:
5972:
4976:Note: This template roughly follows the 2012
4952:
4392:
4176:
3716:
3350:
2375:"Edsger Dijkstra — The Poetry of Programming"
1146:Athens University of Economics & Business
992:statements. His 1968 letter to the editor of
584:From 1952 until 1962, Dijkstra worked at the
576:. His thesis supervisor was Van Wijngaarden.
8:
6313:Society of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics
3328:"Dijkstra's Rallying Cry for Generalization"
2530:Dale, Nell; Lewis, John (31 December 2014).
1304:. Monographs in Computer Science. Springer.
1120:Computer Pioneer Charter Recipient from the
454:for fundamental contributions to developing
6141:Executive Systems Problem Oriented Language
1474:. Amsterdam: North-Holland. pp. 535–8.
963:but then had great difficulties collecting
588:in Amsterdam, where he worked closely with
348:; 11 May 1930 – 6 August 2002) was a Dutch
6960:
6946:
6938:
6508:
6419:
6410:
6266:
6259:
6001:
5979:
5965:
5957:
4959:
4945:
4937:
4680:
4399:
4385:
4377:
4183:
4169:
4161:
3723:
3709:
3701:
3513:
3480:Programming Considered as a Human Activity
3357:
3343:
3335:
2792:The threats to computing science (EWD-898)
2607:A first exploration of effective reasoning
2398:"Communication with an automatic computer"
2396:Dijkstra, Edsger Wiebe (28 October 1959).
2222:
2220:
2050:. A debate on teaching computing science.
1864:— (1975). "Craftsman or Scientist".
42:
31:
2457:
2098:
2063:
1964:
1825:
1760:
1667:
1603:
1559:
1444:
1047:, which is used in the routing protocols
662:(named for the university, then known as
399:in 1956, and in 1960 developed the first
237:Communication with an Automatic Computer
4590:Software development process/methodology
3415:Predicate Calculus and Program Semantics
2349:
2347:
2229:"Computer science pioneer Dijkstra dies"
1345:Predicate Calculus and Program Semantics
1063:Among Dijkstra's awards and honors are:
847:for his sixtieth birthday, published by
7629:Fellows of the British Computer Society
2743:"The manuscripts of Edsger W. Dijkstra"
2729:
2212:
2191:
1519:. New York: Springer. pp. 65–138.
861:Dijkstra also opposed the inclusion of
756:A picture may be worth a thousand words
7664:Dutch expatriates in the United States
5676:Knowledge representation and reasoning
3683:
3487:How Do We Tell Truths That Might Hurt?
3219:Feijen, W.H.J.; van Gasteren, A.J.M.;
2675:
2673:
564:In 1959, he received his PhD from the
7654:University of Texas at Austin faculty
6376:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
5701:Philosophy of artificial intelligence
2004:— (1986). "On a Cultural Gap".
1104:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
335:
7:
7609:Researchers in distributed computing
5020:Energy consumption (Green computing)
4911:
4605:Software verification and validation
4508:Component-based software engineering
2645:Apt, Krzysztof (28 September 2020).
2283:from the original on 11 October 2013
2180:List of pioneers in computer science
1701:. Eindhoven: Technische Hogeschool.
1588:"Go To Statement Considered Harmful"
1516:The Origin of Concurrent Programming
1195:) the following year, in his honor.
27:Dutch computer scientist (1930–2002)
6287:Association for Computing Machinery
6209:Small Machine ALGOL Like Language (
5706:Distributed artificial intelligence
4978:ACM Computing Classification System
3831:Quantum computing and communication
3288:Istrail, Sorin (Fall–Winter 2008).
3164:Association for Computing Machinery
3109:Association for Computing Machinery
2327:"In Memoriam: Edsger Wybe Dijkstra"
2087:ACM SIGAPP Applied Computing Review
1875:Language Hierarchies and Interfaces
1501:. Academic Press. pp. 43–112.
1139:Association for Computing Machinery
1083:Association for Computing Machinery
879:, Dijkstra's favorite composer was
5211:Integrated development environment
3459:Go To Statement Considered Harmful
3083:"Edsger Wybe Dijkstra (1930–2002)"
2760:Dijkstra, Edsger (10 April 2001).
2256:. 3 September 2003. Archived from
2227:Goodwins, Rupert (8 August 2002).
2167:Go To Statement Considered Harmful
1654:. ACM Symp. on Operating Systems.
996:Go To statement considered harmful
656:Eindhoven University of Technology
636:Eindhoven University of Technology
626:Eindhoven University of Technology
473:the following year, in his honor.
212:Eindhoven University of Technology
25:
7684:20th-century Dutch mathematicians
5686:Automated planning and scheduling
5216:Software configuration management
4585:Software configuration management
4452:Search-based software engineering
4437:Experimental software engineering
3494:On the Role of Scientific Thought
3290:"Storytelling About Lighthouses:
2627:. (New York, NY: Springer, 1998,
1888:International Computing Symposium
703:The University of Texas at Austin
423:. In the late 1960s he built the
7614:Software engineering researchers
7604:Programming language researchers
6920:
6919:
6910:
6909:
5940:
5930:
5921:
5920:
4921:
4920:
4910:
4360:
4359:
3682:
3527:
3438:Cooperating Sequential Processes
3383:A Primer of ALGOL 60 Programming
2682:In Memoriam Edsger Wybe Dijkstra
2579:Markoff, John (10 August 2002).
1482:Cooperating Sequential Processes
1373:
533:Mathematical Centre in Amsterdam
393:Mathematical Centre in Amsterdam
337:[ˈɛtsxərˈʋibəˈdɛikstraː]
290:
7619:Theoretical computer scientists
5931:
5334:Computational complexity theory
3466:Notes on Structured Programming
3318:. Center for American History,
3190:"Roll of Distinguished Fellows"
2623:Shasha, Dennis; Lazere, Cathy:
2332:. University of Texas at Austin
2147:Notes on Structured Programming
1687:Notes on Structured Programming
1102:Foreign Honorary Member of the
954:the production of mathematical
664:Technische Hogeschool Eindhoven
580:Mathematisch Centrum, Amsterdam
486:Edsger W. Dijkstra was born in
421:Technische Hogeschool Eindhoven
387:offered him a job as the first
150:SIGCSE Outstanding Contribution
7599:Programming language designers
6884:ALGOL 58 influence on ALGOL 60
5118:Network performance evaluation
4432:Empirical software engineering
4366:Category: Concurrent computing
2006:The Mathematical Intelligencer
762:is worth a thousand pictures."
407:in conjunction with colleague
1:
5489:Multimedia information system
5474:Geographic information system
5464:Enterprise information system
5053:Computer systems organization
3849:Free and open-source software
3588:Programming language research
3548:Theoretical computing science
3320:University of Texas at Austin
2961:University of Texas at Austin
2930:University of Texas at Austin
2899:University of Texas at Austin
2868:University of Texas at Austin
2834:University of Texas at Austin
2800:University of Texas at Austin
2712:University of Texas at Austin
2612:University of Texas at Austin
2558:"Edsger Dijkstra Passes Away"
2151:University of Texas at Austin
2145:— (2001). "What led to
1997:University of Texas at Austin
1801:University of Texas at Austin
1772:American Mathematical Monthly
1160:(DFBCS), to be awarded under
1093:Harry H. Goode Memorial Award
689:University of Texas at Austin
618:for the programming language
441:University of Texas at Austin
403:for the programming language
360:, mathematician, and science
222:University of Texas at Austin
144:Harry H. Goode Memorial Award
7679:20th-century Dutch engineers
7644:Burroughs Corporation people
7579:20th-century Dutch inventors
6356:Case Institute of Technology
5848:Computational social science
5436:Theoretical computer science
5249:Software development process
5025:Electronic design automation
5010:Very Large Scale Integration
4457:Site reliability engineering
3273:. Loyola University Chicago.
2604:Dijkstra, E.W. (July 1996),
2533:Computer Science Illuminated
2354:Dijkstra, Edsger W. (1972).
1181:PODC Influential-Paper Award
1144:Honorary doctorate from the
1074:Distinguished Fellow of the
754:in 1994. He once remarked, "
191:Theoretical computer science
6889:ALGOL 68 to other languages
5671:Natural language processing
5459:Information storage systems
4462:Social software engineering
4327:Dining philosophers problem
3399:A Discipline of Programming
2987:. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
2979:Dijkstra, Edsger W (1982).
2446:Formal Aspects of Computing
1525:10.1007/978-1-4757-3472-0_2
1279:A Discipline of Programming
1027:THE multiprogramming system
788:A Discipline of Programming
646:In 1962, Dijkstra moved to
425:THE multiprogramming system
7710:
7569:Dutch computer programmers
7554:Computer science educators
5587:Human–computer interaction
5557:Intrusion detection system
5469:Social information systems
5454:Database management system
4600:Software quality assurance
4216:Concurrent data structures
3886:Virtualization development
2400:. Uitgeverij Excelsior/CWI
2373:James, Mike (1 May 2013).
1115:Queen's University Belfast
391:in the Netherlands at the
7674:Scientists from Rotterdam
7564:Dutch computer scientists
6978:
6901:
6511:
6422:
6393:Royal Radar Establishment
5916:
5853:Computational engineering
5828:Computational mathematics
4974:
4906:
4355:
4332:Producer–consumer problem
4317:Cigarette smokers problem
3678:
3525:
3239:10.1007/978-1-4612-4476-9
2491:Operating System Concepts
1623:BIT Numerical Mathematics
1590:. Letters to the editor.
1200:Loyola University Chicago
1172:were edited into a book.
916:, Dijkstra experienced a
875:enthusiastic listener of
554:Communications of the ACM
279:
171:
41:
7659:Leiden University alumni
7624:Dijkstra Prize laureates
7584:Dutch technology writers
7574:Dutch software engineers
7559:Computer science writers
6366:University of St Andrews
5863:Computational healthcare
5858:Differentiable computing
5777:Graphics processing unit
5196:Domain-specific language
5065:Computational complexity
4756:Model-driven engineering
4555:Functional specification
4538:Software incompatibility
4447:Requirements engineering
3194:British Computer Society
3033:Moy, John (April 1998).
1497:Genuys, F., ed. (1968).
1154:British Computer Society
1076:British Computer Society
994:Communications of ACM, "
887:Essays and other writing
6665:Adriaan van Wijngaarden
6361:University of Edinburgh
6241:Van Wijngaarden grammar
5838:Computational chemistry
5772:Photograph manipulation
5663:Artificial intelligence
5479:Decision support system
4550:Enterprise architecture
4347:Sleeping barber problem
4342:Readers–writers problem
3811:Artificial intelligence
3665:Adriaan van Wijngaarden
3583:Programming methodology
3407:A Method of Programming
3316:"E.W. Dijkstra Archive"
2762:"Denken als Discipline"
2360:ACM Turing Lecture 1972
2356:"The Humble Programmer"
1745:"The Humble Programmer"
1321:A Method of Programming
1022:Shunting yard algorithm
566:University of Amsterdam
529:Adriaan van Wijngaarden
385:Adriaan van Wijngaarden
253:Adriaan van Wijngaarden
112:University of Amsterdam
7689:20th-century essayists
7639:Turing Award laureates
6992:Maurice Vincent Wilkes
6308:IFIP Working Group 2.1
5903:Educational technology
5734:Reinforcement learning
5484:Process control system
5382:Computational geometry
5372:Algorithmic efficiency
5367:Analysis of algorithms
5015:Systems on Chip (SoCs)
4761:Round-trip engineering
4518:Backward compatibility
4513:Software compatibility
4221:Concurrent hash tables
3940:John Vincent Atanasoff
3732:Timelines of computing
3391:Structured Programming
3230:Beauty is our Business
2749:. University of Texas.
2747:E. W. Dijkstra Archive
2250:"Edsger Wybe Dijkstra"
1685:— (April 1970).
1254:Structured Programming
784:
763:
712:
643:
558:
492:Dutch Chemical Society
456:structured programming
411:. In 1962 he moved to
7594:Formal methods people
6747:Cornelis H. A. Koster
6519:Roland Carl Backhouse
6462:Joseph Henry Wegstein
6371:Manchester University
6330:Burroughs Corporation
5873:Electronic publishing
5843:Computational biology
5833:Computational physics
5729:Unsupervised learning
5643:Distributed computing
5519:Information retrieval
5426:Mathematical analysis
5416:Mathematical software
5299:Theory of computation
5264:Software construction
5254:Requirements analysis
5132:Software organization
5060:Computer architecture
5030:Hardware acceleration
4995:Printed circuit board
4580:Software architecture
4533:Forward compatibility
4075:Klára Dán von Neumann
3881:Programming languages
3602:Software architecture
3573:Distributed computing
3473:The Humble Programmer
3139:IEEE Computer Society
2688:, University of Texas
2468:10.1007/s001650200029
2130:10.1145/365181.365217
2100:10.1145/335527.335528
1966:10.1145/360933.360975
1827:10.1145/361179.361202
1762:10.1145/355604.361591
1669:10.1145/363095.363143
1605:10.1145/362929.362947
1561:10.1145/365559.365617
1433:Numerische Mathematik
1213:Selected publications
1185:distributed computing
1122:IEEE Computer Society
1097:IEEE Computer Society
856:The Humble Programmer
772:You can hardly blame
749:
710:
680:Burroughs Corporation
674:Burroughs Corporation
633:
598:shortest path problem
450:He received the 1972
429:Burroughs Corporation
397:shortest path problem
271:Jan van de Snepscheut
217:Burroughs Corporation
5633:Concurrent computing
5605:Ubiquitous computing
5577:Application security
5572:Information security
5401:Discrete mathematics
5377:Randomized algorithm
5329:Computability theory
5307:Model of computation
5279:Software maintenance
5274:Software engineering
5236:Software development
5186:Programming language
5181:Programming paradigm
5098:Network architecture
4878:Computer engineering
4575:Software archaeology
4565:Programming paradigm
4477:Software maintenance
4422:Computer programming
4408:Software engineering
4192:Concurrent computing
3854:Hypertext technology
3568:Concurrent computing
3553:Software engineering
3105:"A. M. Turing Award"
3061:"ISO/IEC 10589:2002"
2273:"Dijkstra biography"
1984:Program Construction
1905:Program Construction
1650:— (May 1968).
1015:Dijkstra's algorithm
863:software engineering
678:Dijkstra joined the
660:THE operating system
614:developed the first
586:Mathematisch Centrum
514:electronic computers
512:In the early 1950s,
507:University of Leiden
443:in 1984, working in
381:University of Leiden
286:Edsger Wybe Dijkstra
207:Mathematisch Centrum
7420:Michael Stonebraker
7192:Fernando J. Corbató
6781:Willem van der Poel
6437:Hermann Bottenbruch
5908:Document management
5898:Operations research
5823:Enterprise software
5739:Multi-task learning
5724:Supervised learning
5446:Information systems
5269:Software deployment
5226:Software repository
5080:Real-time computing
4898:Systems engineering
4883:Information science
4663:Service orientation
4615:Structured analysis
4523:Compatibility layer
4467:Software deployment
4211:Concurrency control
3115:on 12 December 2009
2949:Dijkstra, Edsger W.
2918:Dijkstra, Edsger W.
2887:Dijkstra, Edsger W.
2856:Dijkstra, Edsger W.
2822:Dijkstra, Edsger W.
2788:Dijkstra, Edsger W.
2700:Dijkstra, Edsger W.
2377:. i-programmer.info
2260:on 6 December 2004.
2065:10.1145/76380.76381
1868:. pp. 217–223.
1579:Proc. IFIP Congress
1472:Proc. IFIP Congress
1045:Shortest Path First
977:Pythagoras' Theorem
723:Dijkstra worked in
503:theoretical physics
389:computer programmer
377:theoretical physics
7539:Edsger W. Dijkstra
7376:Charles P. Thacker
7220:Richard E. Stearns
7096:Kenneth E. Iverson
7032:Edsger W. Dijkstra
7016:James H. Wilkinson
6969:A. M. Turing Award
6926:Category: ALGOL 60
6757:Charles H. Lindsey
6537:Edsger W. Dijkstra
6432:Friedrich L. Bauer
6120:Dartmouth ALGOL 30
5691:Search methodology
5638:Parallel computing
5595:Interaction design
5504:Computing platform
5431:Numerical analysis
5421:Information theory
5206:Software framework
5169:Software notations
5108:Network components
5005:Integrated circuit
4888:Project management
4653:Object orientation
4620:Essential analysis
4528:Compatibility mode
3980:Edsger W. Dijkstra
3935:Kathleen Antonelli
3919:Web search engines
3909:Internet conflicts
3788:Women in computing
3660:Carel S. Scholten
3170:on 24 January 2011
2585:The New York Times
2562:Dr. Dobb's Journal
2254:Stichting Digidome
2018:10.1007/BF03023921
1913:10.1007/BFb0014649
1728:10.1007/bf00289519
1635:10.1007/bf01933419
1455:10.1007/BF01386390
1402:clean up the lists
1340:Scholten, Carel S.
1323:. Addison-Wesley.
1229:. Academic Press.
1109:Doctor of Science
1041:self-stabilization
1032:Banker's algorithm
961:Riemann Hypothesis
929:His interest with
835:He had no use for
803:Vladimir Lifschitz
764:
713:
644:
467:self-stabilization
350:computer scientist
36:Edsger W. Dijkstra
7526:
7525:
7384:Leslie G. Valiant
7256:Douglas Engelbart
7228:Edward Feigenbaum
6935:
6934:
6864:
6863:
6826:
6825:
6762:Barry J. Mailloux
6701:
6700:
6637:Jacob T. Schwartz
6532:Stephen R. Bourne
6498:
6497:
6452:Heinz Rutishauser
6402:
6401:
6249:
6248:
5954:
5953:
5883:Electronic voting
5813:Quantum Computing
5806:Applied computing
5792:Image compression
5562:Hardware security
5552:Security services
5509:Digital marketing
5289:Open-source model
5201:Modeling language
5113:Network scheduler
4934:
4933:
4861:
4860:
4802:Information model
4706:Incremental model
4560:Modeling language
4374:
4373:
4158:
4157:
4100:Bjarne Stroustrup
4005:Margaret Hamilton
3985:J. Presper Eckert
3859:Operating systems
3698:
3697:
3630:Per Brinch Hansen
3248:978-1-4612-8792-6
3160:"ACM Fellows – D"
2994:978-0-387-90652-2
2633:978-0-387-98269-4
2543:978-1-284-05592-4
2058:(12): 1398–1404.
1922:978-3-540-09251-3
1581:. pp. 213–7.
1534:978-1-4419-2986-0
1419:
1418:
1365:Selected articles
1283:. Prentice Hall.
1267:978-0-12-200550-3
1087:A.M. Turing Award
1059:Awards and honors
821:and later on his
809:Use of technology
729:computing science
668:operating systems
594:Carel S. Scholten
590:Bram Jan Loopstra
570:assembly language
518:Johannes Haantjes
409:Jaap A. Zonneveld
358:software engineer
283:
282:
259:Doctoral students
173:Scientific career
99:Leiden University
16:(Redirected from
7701:
7519:
7511:
7503:
7495:
7483:
7471:
7455:
7448:John L. Hennessy
7443:
7435:
7432:Whitfield Diffie
7423:
7415:
7407:
7400:Shafi Goldwasser
7395:
7387:
7379:
7371:
7363:
7356:E. Allen Emerson
7352:Edmund M. Clarke
7347:
7339:
7331:
7319:
7311:
7295:
7283:
7275:
7267:
7259:
7251:
7243:
7235:
7223:
7211:
7203:
7195:
7187:
7179:
7171:
7163:
7151:
7143:
7135:
7123:
7115:
7107:
7099:
7091:
7083:
7075:
7068:Michael O. Rabin
7063:
7060:Herbert A. Simon
7051:
7043:
7035:
7027:
7019:
7011:
7003:
6995:
6987:
6962:
6955:
6948:
6939:
6923:
6922:
6913:
6912:
6856:John C. Reynolds
6801:van Wijngaarden^
6770:Lambert Meertens
6652:Bernard Vauquois
6509:
6490:Robert M. Graham
6420:
6411:
6335:Elliott Brothers
6267:
6260:
6002:
5981:
5974:
5967:
5958:
5944:
5943:
5934:
5933:
5924:
5923:
5744:Cross-validation
5716:Machine learning
5600:Social computing
5567:Network security
5362:Algorithm design
5284:Programming team
5244:Control variable
5221:Software library
5159:Software quality
5154:Operating system
5103:Network protocol
4968:Computer science
4961:
4954:
4947:
4938:
4924:
4923:
4914:
4913:
4873:Computer science
4681:
4595:Software quality
4487:Systems analysis
4482:Software testing
4401:
4394:
4387:
4378:
4363:
4362:
4305:Classic problems
4281:Ambient calculus
4228:Concurrent users
4185:
4178:
4171:
4162:
4085:Guido van Rossum
4070:John von Neumann
4015:David A. Huffman
3826:Machine learning
3798:Computer science
3725:
3718:
3711:
3702:
3686:
3685:
3563:Algorithm design
3531:
3359:
3352:
3345:
3336:
3331:
3323:
3304:
3298:
3275:
3274:
3267:
3261:
3260:
3216:
3210:
3209:
3207:
3205:
3196:. Archived from
3186:
3180:
3179:
3177:
3175:
3166:. Archived from
3156:
3150:
3149:
3147:
3145:
3131:
3125:
3124:
3122:
3120:
3111:. Archived from
3101:
3095:
3094:
3092:
3090:
3079:
3073:
3072:
3070:
3068:
3057:
3051:
3050:
3048:
3046:
3039:Ietf Datatracker
3035:"OSPF Version 2"
3030:
3024:
3023:
3021:
3019:
3013:amturing.acm.org
3005:
2999:
2998:
2986:
2976:
2970:
2964:
2958:
2945:
2939:
2933:
2927:
2914:
2908:
2902:
2896:
2883:
2877:
2871:
2865:
2852:
2843:
2837:
2831:
2818:
2812:
2806:
2797:
2784:
2778:
2777:
2775:
2773:
2757:
2751:
2750:
2739:
2733:
2727:
2721:
2715:
2709:
2696:
2690:
2689:
2687:
2677:
2668:
2665:
2659:
2658:
2642:
2636:
2621:
2615:
2602:
2596:
2595:
2593:
2591:
2576:
2570:
2569:
2554:
2548:
2547:
2527:
2521:
2520:
2518:
2516:
2501:
2495:
2494:
2486:
2480:
2479:
2461:
2441:
2410:
2409:
2407:
2405:
2393:
2387:
2386:
2384:
2382:
2370:
2364:
2363:
2351:
2342:
2341:
2339:
2337:
2331:
2322:
2293:
2292:
2290:
2288:
2268:
2262:
2261:
2246:
2240:
2239:
2237:
2235:
2224:
2215:
2210:
2204:
2203:
2202:. 2 August 2023.
2196:
2154:
2141:
2112:
2102:
2081:— (1999).
2077:
2067:
2046:— (1989).
2042:
2029:
2000:
1991:
1978:
1968:
1947:— (1975).
1943:
1934:
1899:— (1978).
1895:
1882:
1869:
1866:ACM Pacific 1975
1860:
1839:
1829:
1808:— (1974).
1804:
1795:
1766:
1764:
1743:— (1972).
1739:
1710:
1697:— (1971).
1693:
1691:
1681:
1671:
1646:
1617:
1607:
1586:— (1968).
1582:
1573:
1563:
1542:— (1965).
1538:
1510:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1479:— (1965).
1475:
1466:
1448:
1430:
1424:— (1959).
1414:
1411:
1405:
1377:
1376:
1369:
1359:
1334:
1315:
1298:— (1982).
1294:
1282:
1275:— (1976).
1271:
1240:
1225:— (1962).
1148:, Greece (2001).
946:Recurring themes
782:
613:
574:Electrologica X1
556:
526:
347:
346:
345:
339:
334:
327:
322:
321:
318:
317:
314:
311:
308:
305:
302:
299:
296:
248:Doctoral advisor
242:
186:Computer science
82:
63:
61:
48:Dijkstra in 2002
46:
32:
21:
7709:
7708:
7704:
7703:
7702:
7700:
7699:
7698:
7589:Dutch essayists
7529:
7528:
7527:
7522:
7514:
7508:Robert Metcalfe
7506:
7498:
7486:
7474:
7464:Geoffrey Hinton
7458:
7452:David Patterson
7446:
7440:Tim Berners-Lee
7438:
7426:
7418:
7410:
7398:
7390:
7382:
7374:
7366:
7350:
7342:
7334:
7322:
7314:
7308:Leonard Adleman
7298:
7292:Kristen Nygaard
7286:
7278:
7270:
7262:
7254:
7246:
7238:
7226:
7216:Juris Hartmanis
7214:
7206:
7198:
7190:
7182:
7176:Ivan Sutherland
7174:
7166:
7154:
7146:
7138:
7126:
7118:
7110:
7102:
7094:
7088:Robert W. Floyd
7086:
7078:
7066:
7054:
7046:
7040:Charles Bachman
7038:
7030:
7022:
7014:
7006:
7000:Richard Hamming
6998:
6990:
6982:
6974:
6966:
6936:
6931:
6916:Category: ALGOL
6908:
6897:
6894:ALGOL 68 to C++
6873:
6860:
6822:
6813:Philip Woodward
6797:Michel Sintzoff
6789:Douglas T. Ross
6697:
6693:Kristen Nygaard
6674:
6618:John E. L. Peck
6547:Robert W. Floyd
6494:
6466:
6398:
6381:
6344:
6318:
6272:
6245:
6236:Jensen's device
6222:
6109:Burroughs ALGOL
6030:
6007:
5997:Implementations
5991:
5985:
5955:
5950:
5941:
5912:
5893:Word processing
5801:
5787:Virtual reality
5748:
5710:
5681:Computer vision
5657:
5653:Multiprocessing
5619:
5581:
5547:Security hacker
5523:
5499:Digital library
5440:
5391:Mathematics of
5386:
5348:
5324:Automata theory
5319:Formal language
5293:
5259:Software design
5230:
5163:
5149:Virtual machine
5127:
5123:Network service
5084:
5075:Embedded system
5048:
4981:
4970:
4965:
4935:
4930:
4902:
4893:Risk management
4857:
4826:
4765:
4746:Waterfall model
4716:Prototype model
4711:Iterative model
4672:
4648:Aspect-oriented
4631:
4610:Software system
4491:
4472:Software design
4410:
4405:
4375:
4370:
4351:
4300:
4248:Process calculi
4242:
4238:Linearizability
4194:
4189:
4159:
4154:
4135:Stephen Wolfram
4105:Ruth Teitelbaum
4060:Douglas McIlroy
4035:Semyon Korsakov
4025:Brian Kernighan
4000:Betty Holberton
3990:Adele Goldstine
3945:Charles Babbage
3923:
3895:
3835:
3816:Binary prefixes
3792:
3734:
3729:
3699:
3694:
3674:
3617:
3611:
3558:Systems science
3539:
3532:
3523:
3519:EWD manuscripts
3514:Selected papers
3368:
3366:Edsger Dijkstra
3363:
3326:
3314:
3311:
3296:
3287:
3284:
3279:
3278:
3269:
3268:
3264:
3249:
3227:, eds. (1990).
3218:
3217:
3213:
3203:
3201:
3200:on 4 March 2016
3188:
3187:
3183:
3173:
3171:
3158:
3157:
3153:
3143:
3141:
3133:
3132:
3128:
3118:
3116:
3103:
3102:
3098:
3088:
3086:
3081:
3080:
3076:
3066:
3064:
3059:
3058:
3054:
3044:
3042:
3032:
3031:
3027:
3017:
3015:
3007:
3006:
3002:
2995:
2978:
2977:
2973:
2956:
2947:
2946:
2942:
2925:
2916:
2915:
2911:
2894:
2885:
2884:
2880:
2863:
2854:
2853:
2846:
2829:
2820:
2819:
2815:
2795:
2786:
2785:
2781:
2771:
2769:
2759:
2758:
2754:
2741:
2740:
2736:
2728:
2724:
2707:
2698:
2697:
2693:
2685:
2679:
2678:
2671:
2666:
2662:
2644:
2643:
2639:
2622:
2618:
2603:
2599:
2589:
2587:
2578:
2577:
2573:
2556:
2555:
2551:
2544:
2529:
2528:
2524:
2514:
2512:
2511:. 7 August 2002
2503:
2502:
2498:
2488:
2487:
2483:
2443:
2442:
2413:
2403:
2401:
2395:
2394:
2390:
2380:
2378:
2372:
2371:
2367:
2353:
2352:
2345:
2335:
2333:
2329:
2324:
2323:
2296:
2286:
2284:
2270:
2269:
2265:
2248:
2247:
2243:
2233:
2231:
2226:
2225:
2218:
2211:
2207:
2198:
2197:
2193:
2188:
2162:
2157:
2144:
2115:
2080:
2045:
2032:
2003:
1994:
1981:
1946:
1937:
1923:
1898:
1885:
1872:
1863:
1857:
1842:
1807:
1798:
1784:10.2307/2319209
1769:
1755:(10): 859–866.
1742:
1713:
1696:
1689:
1684:
1649:
1620:
1585:
1576:
1541:
1535:
1512:
1496:
1488:
1486:
1478:
1469:
1446:10.1.1.165.7577
1428:
1423:
1415:
1409:
1406:
1399:
1378:
1374:
1367:
1362:
1356:
1337:
1331:
1318:
1312:
1297:
1291:
1274:
1268:
1246:Dahl, Ole-Johan
1243:
1237:
1224:
1220:
1215:
1061:
985:
948:
927:
898:
889:
877:classical music
872:
849:Springer-Verlag
837:word processors
811:
783:
780:
769:
744:
721:
705:
684:research fellow
676:
650:, and later to
628:
607:
582:
557:
551:
520:
484:
479:
433:research fellow
415:, and later to
342:
341:
340:
332:
325:
293:
289:
275:
240:
226:
195:
167:
110:
90:
84:
80:
71:
65:
59:
57:
49:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7707:
7705:
7697:
7696:
7691:
7686:
7681:
7676:
7671:
7666:
7661:
7656:
7651:
7646:
7641:
7636:
7631:
7626:
7621:
7616:
7611:
7606:
7601:
7596:
7591:
7586:
7581:
7576:
7571:
7566:
7561:
7556:
7551:
7546:
7541:
7531:
7530:
7524:
7523:
7521:
7520:
7512:
7504:
7496:
7492:Jeffrey Ullman
7484:
7472:
7456:
7444:
7436:
7428:Martin Hellman
7424:
7416:
7412:Leslie Lamport
7408:
7396:
7388:
7380:
7372:
7368:Barbara Liskov
7364:
7360:Joseph Sifakis
7348:
7340:
7332:
7320:
7312:
7296:
7288:Ole-Johan Dahl
7284:
7276:
7268:
7260:
7252:
7244:
7236:
7224:
7212:
7208:Butler Lampson
7204:
7196:
7188:
7180:
7172:
7164:
7152:
7144:
7136:
7132:Dennis Ritchie
7124:
7116:
7108:
7100:
7092:
7084:
7076:
7064:
7052:
7044:
7036:
7028:
7020:
7012:
7004:
6996:
6988:
6979:
6976:
6975:
6967:
6965:
6964:
6957:
6950:
6942:
6933:
6932:
6930:
6929:
6902:
6899:
6898:
6896:
6891:
6886:
6881:
6879:
6875:
6874:
6872:
6871:
6869:ALGOL Bulletin
6865:
6862:
6861:
6859:
6858:
6853:
6848:
6843:
6838:
6833:
6827:
6824:
6823:
6821:
6820:
6815:
6810:
6807:
6802:
6799:
6794:
6791:
6786:
6783:
6778:
6775:
6772:
6767:
6764:
6759:
6754:
6749:
6744:
6741:
6736:
6731:
6728:
6723:
6720:
6715:
6711:
6709:
6703:
6702:
6699:
6698:
6696:
6695:
6690:
6688:Ole-Johan Dahl
6684:
6682:
6676:
6675:
6673:
6672:
6667:
6662:
6659:
6654:
6649:
6644:
6639:
6634:
6631:
6628:
6623:
6620:
6615:
6610:
6605:
6603:Carroll Morgan
6600:
6595:
6590:
6585:
6580:
6577:
6572:
6567:
6562:
6557:
6554:
6552:Jeremy Gibbons
6549:
6544:
6539:
6534:
6529:
6524:
6521:
6516:
6512:
6506:
6500:
6499:
6496:
6495:
6493:
6492:
6487:
6485:Bernard Galler
6482:
6476:
6474:
6468:
6467:
6465:
6464:
6459:
6457:Klaus Samelson
6454:
6449:
6444:
6439:
6434:
6429:
6423:
6417:
6408:
6404:
6403:
6400:
6399:
6397:
6396:
6389:
6387:
6383:
6382:
6380:
6379:
6373:
6368:
6363:
6358:
6352:
6350:
6346:
6345:
6343:
6342:
6340:Regnecentralen
6337:
6332:
6326:
6324:
6320:
6319:
6317:
6316:
6310:
6301:
6295:
6290:
6284:
6277:
6275:
6264:
6257:
6251:
6250:
6247:
6246:
6244:
6243:
6238:
6232:
6230:
6224:
6223:
6221:
6220:
6214:
6207:
6202:
6189:
6184:
6179:
6174:
6169:
6163:
6158:
6153:
6148:
6138:
6133:
6128:
6122:
6117:
6111:
6106:
6099:Atlas Autocode
6096:
6091:
6086:
6081:
6076:
6066:
6061:
6056:
6051:
6046:
6040:
6038:
6032:
6031:
6029:
6028:
6023:
6018:
6012:
6010:
5999:
5993:
5992:
5986:
5984:
5983:
5976:
5969:
5961:
5952:
5951:
5949:
5948:
5938:
5928:
5917:
5914:
5913:
5911:
5910:
5905:
5900:
5895:
5890:
5885:
5880:
5875:
5870:
5865:
5860:
5855:
5850:
5845:
5840:
5835:
5830:
5825:
5820:
5815:
5809:
5807:
5803:
5802:
5800:
5799:
5797:Solid modeling
5794:
5789:
5784:
5779:
5774:
5769:
5764:
5758:
5756:
5750:
5749:
5747:
5746:
5741:
5736:
5731:
5726:
5720:
5718:
5712:
5711:
5709:
5708:
5703:
5698:
5696:Control method
5693:
5688:
5683:
5678:
5673:
5667:
5665:
5659:
5658:
5656:
5655:
5650:
5648:Multithreading
5645:
5640:
5635:
5629:
5627:
5621:
5620:
5618:
5617:
5612:
5607:
5602:
5597:
5591:
5589:
5583:
5582:
5580:
5579:
5574:
5569:
5564:
5559:
5554:
5549:
5544:
5542:Formal methods
5539:
5533:
5531:
5525:
5524:
5522:
5521:
5516:
5514:World Wide Web
5511:
5506:
5501:
5496:
5491:
5486:
5481:
5476:
5471:
5466:
5461:
5456:
5450:
5448:
5442:
5441:
5439:
5438:
5433:
5428:
5423:
5418:
5413:
5408:
5403:
5397:
5395:
5388:
5387:
5385:
5384:
5379:
5374:
5369:
5364:
5358:
5356:
5350:
5349:
5347:
5346:
5341:
5336:
5331:
5326:
5321:
5316:
5315:
5314:
5303:
5301:
5295:
5294:
5292:
5291:
5286:
5281:
5276:
5271:
5266:
5261:
5256:
5251:
5246:
5240:
5238:
5232:
5231:
5229:
5228:
5223:
5218:
5213:
5208:
5203:
5198:
5193:
5188:
5183:
5177:
5175:
5165:
5164:
5162:
5161:
5156:
5151:
5146:
5141:
5135:
5133:
5129:
5128:
5126:
5125:
5120:
5115:
5110:
5105:
5100:
5094:
5092:
5086:
5085:
5083:
5082:
5077:
5072:
5067:
5062:
5056:
5054:
5050:
5049:
5047:
5046:
5037:
5032:
5027:
5022:
5017:
5012:
5007:
5002:
4997:
4991:
4989:
4983:
4982:
4975:
4972:
4971:
4966:
4964:
4963:
4956:
4949:
4941:
4932:
4931:
4929:
4928:
4918:
4907:
4904:
4903:
4901:
4900:
4895:
4890:
4885:
4880:
4875:
4869:
4867:
4866:Related fields
4863:
4862:
4859:
4858:
4856:
4855:
4850:
4845:
4840:
4834:
4832:
4828:
4827:
4825:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4809:
4804:
4799:
4797:Function model
4794:
4789:
4784:
4779:
4773:
4771:
4767:
4766:
4764:
4763:
4758:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4701:Executable UML
4698:
4693:
4687:
4685:
4678:
4674:
4673:
4671:
4670:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4650:
4645:
4639:
4637:
4633:
4632:
4630:
4629:
4624:
4623:
4622:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4542:
4541:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4520:
4510:
4505:
4499:
4497:
4493:
4492:
4490:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4442:Formal methods
4439:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4418:
4416:
4412:
4411:
4406:
4404:
4403:
4396:
4389:
4381:
4372:
4371:
4369:
4368:
4356:
4353:
4352:
4350:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4337:Race condition
4334:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4308:
4306:
4302:
4301:
4299:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4252:
4250:
4244:
4243:
4241:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4224:
4223:
4213:
4208:
4202:
4200:
4196:
4195:
4190:
4188:
4187:
4180:
4173:
4165:
4156:
4155:
4153:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4115:Linus Torvalds
4112:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4095:Frances Spence
4092:
4090:Claude Shannon
4087:
4082:
4080:Dennis Ritchie
4077:
4072:
4067:
4065:Marlyn Meltzer
4062:
4057:
4055:Joseph Kruskal
4052:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3931:
3929:
3928:Notable people
3925:
3924:
3922:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3905:
3903:
3897:
3896:
3894:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3877:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3856:
3851:
3845:
3843:
3837:
3836:
3834:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3802:
3800:
3794:
3793:
3791:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3744:
3742:
3736:
3735:
3730:
3728:
3727:
3720:
3713:
3705:
3696:
3695:
3693:
3692:
3679:
3676:
3675:
3673:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3655:Jaap Zonneveld
3652:
3647:
3645:Leslie Lamport
3642:
3640:Ole-Johan Dahl
3637:
3632:
3627:
3621:
3619:
3613:
3612:
3610:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3593:Program design
3590:
3585:
3580:
3578:Formal methods
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3544:
3542:
3534:
3533:
3526:
3524:
3522:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3504:
3497:
3490:
3483:
3476:
3469:
3462:
3455:
3448:
3441:
3434:
3427:
3419:
3411:
3403:
3395:
3387:
3378:
3376:
3370:
3369:
3364:
3362:
3361:
3354:
3347:
3339:
3333:
3332:
3324:
3310:
3309:External links
3307:
3306:
3305:
3283:
3280:
3277:
3276:
3262:
3247:
3211:
3181:
3151:
3126:
3096:
3074:
3052:
3025:
3000:
2993:
2971:
2940:
2909:
2878:
2844:
2813:
2779:
2768:. Noorderlicht
2752:
2734:
2730:Istrail (2008)
2722:
2691:
2669:
2660:
2637:
2616:
2597:
2571:
2549:
2542:
2522:
2496:
2493:. p. 512.
2481:
2411:
2388:
2365:
2343:
2294:
2263:
2241:
2216:
2213:Istrail (2008)
2205:
2190:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2183:
2182:
2177:
2170:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2155:
2142:
2113:
2078:
2043:
2030:
2001:
1992:
1979:
1944:
1935:
1921:
1896:
1883:
1870:
1861:
1856:978-0387906522
1855:
1840:
1805:
1796:
1778:(6): 608–612.
1767:
1740:
1722:(2): 115–138.
1711:
1694:
1682:
1662:(5): 341–346.
1647:
1629:(3): 174–186.
1618:
1583:
1574:
1539:
1533:
1476:
1467:
1439:(3): 269–271.
1420:
1417:
1416:
1396:embedded lists
1390:indiscriminate
1381:
1379:
1372:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1360:
1355:978-0387969572
1354:
1335:
1330:978-0201175363
1329:
1316:
1311:978-0387906522
1310:
1295:
1290:978-0132158718
1289:
1272:
1266:
1258:Academic Press
1241:
1236:978-0122162503
1235:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1189:Dijkstra Prize
1150:
1149:
1142:
1132:
1125:
1118:
1107:
1100:
1090:
1079:
1072:
1067:Member of the
1060:
1057:
984:
981:
952:commercialized
947:
944:
926:
923:
918:writer's block
897:
894:
888:
885:
871:
868:
810:
807:
778:
768:
765:
743:
740:
720:
717:
704:
701:
675:
672:
627:
624:
605:Jaap Zonneveld
581:
578:
549:
499:United Nations
483:
480:
478:
477:Life and works
475:
471:Dijkstra Prize
281:
280:
277:
276:
274:
273:
268:
266:Nico Habermann
262:
260:
256:
255:
250:
244:
243:
234:
228:
227:
225:
224:
219:
214:
209:
203:
201:
197:
196:
194:
193:
188:
182:
180:
176:
175:
169:
168:
166:
165:
162:Dijkstra Prize
159:
153:
147:
141:
134:
132:
128:
127:
124:
120:
119:
96:
92:
91:
85:
83:(aged 72)
77:
73:
72:
66:
55:
51:
50:
47:
39:
38:
35:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7706:
7695:
7692:
7690:
7687:
7685:
7682:
7680:
7677:
7675:
7672:
7670:
7667:
7665:
7662:
7660:
7657:
7655:
7652:
7650:
7647:
7645:
7642:
7640:
7637:
7635:
7632:
7630:
7627:
7625:
7622:
7620:
7617:
7615:
7612:
7610:
7607:
7605:
7602:
7600:
7597:
7595:
7592:
7590:
7587:
7585:
7582:
7580:
7577:
7575:
7572:
7570:
7567:
7565:
7562:
7560:
7557:
7555:
7552:
7550:
7547:
7545:
7542:
7540:
7537:
7536:
7534:
7517:
7516:Avi Wigderson
7513:
7509:
7505:
7501:
7500:Jack Dongarra
7497:
7493:
7489:
7485:
7481:
7477:
7473:
7469:
7465:
7461:
7460:Yoshua Bengio
7457:
7453:
7449:
7445:
7441:
7437:
7433:
7429:
7425:
7421:
7417:
7413:
7409:
7405:
7404:Silvio Micali
7401:
7397:
7393:
7389:
7385:
7381:
7377:
7373:
7369:
7365:
7361:
7357:
7353:
7349:
7345:
7344:Frances Allen
7341:
7337:
7333:
7329:
7325:
7321:
7317:
7313:
7309:
7305:
7301:
7297:
7293:
7289:
7285:
7281:
7277:
7273:
7269:
7265:
7261:
7257:
7253:
7249:
7245:
7241:
7237:
7233:
7229:
7225:
7221:
7217:
7213:
7209:
7205:
7201:
7197:
7193:
7189:
7185:
7184:William Kahan
7181:
7177:
7173:
7169:
7165:
7161:
7160:Robert Tarjan
7157:
7156:John Hopcroft
7153:
7149:
7145:
7141:
7140:Niklaus Wirth
7137:
7133:
7129:
7125:
7121:
7117:
7113:
7112:Edgar F. Codd
7109:
7105:
7101:
7097:
7093:
7089:
7085:
7081:
7077:
7073:
7069:
7065:
7061:
7057:
7053:
7049:
7045:
7041:
7037:
7033:
7029:
7025:
7024:John McCarthy
7021:
7017:
7013:
7009:
7008:Marvin Minsky
7005:
7001:
6997:
6993:
6989:
6985:
6981:
6980:
6977:
6973:
6970:
6963:
6958:
6956:
6951:
6949:
6944:
6943:
6940:
6928:
6927:
6918:
6917:
6907:
6904:
6903:
6900:
6895:
6892:
6890:
6887:
6885:
6882:
6880:
6876:
6870:
6867:
6866:
6857:
6854:
6852:
6851:Peter O'Hearn
6849:
6847:
6844:
6842:
6839:
6837:
6834:
6832:
6829:
6828:
6819:
6816:
6814:
6811:
6808:
6806:
6805:Niklaus Wirth
6803:
6800:
6798:
6795:
6792:
6790:
6787:
6784:
6782:
6779:
6776:
6773:
6771:
6768:
6765:
6763:
6760:
6758:
6755:
6753:
6750:
6748:
6745:
6742:
6740:
6737:
6735:
6732:
6729:
6727:
6724:
6721:
6719:
6718:Susan G. Bond
6716:
6713:
6712:
6710:
6708:
6704:
6694:
6691:
6689:
6686:
6685:
6683:
6681:
6677:
6671:
6668:
6666:
6663:
6660:
6658:
6655:
6653:
6650:
6648:
6645:
6643:
6640:
6638:
6635:
6632:
6629:
6627:
6626:Brian Randell
6624:
6621:
6619:
6616:
6614:
6613:Maurice Nivat
6611:
6609:
6606:
6604:
6601:
6599:
6598:John McCarthy
6596:
6594:
6593:Conor McBride
6591:
6589:
6586:
6584:
6581:
6578:
6576:
6573:
6571:
6568:
6566:
6563:
6561:
6558:
6555:
6553:
6550:
6548:
6545:
6543:
6542:Andrey Ershov
6540:
6538:
6535:
6533:
6530:
6528:
6525:
6522:
6520:
6517:
6514:
6513:
6510:
6507:
6505:
6501:
6491:
6488:
6486:
6483:
6481:
6478:
6477:
6475:
6473:
6469:
6463:
6460:
6458:
6455:
6453:
6450:
6448:
6445:
6443:
6440:
6438:
6435:
6433:
6430:
6428:
6425:
6424:
6421:
6418:
6416:
6412:
6409:
6405:
6394:
6391:
6390:
6388:
6384:
6377:
6374:
6372:
6369:
6367:
6364:
6362:
6359:
6357:
6354:
6353:
6351:
6347:
6341:
6338:
6336:
6333:
6331:
6328:
6327:
6325:
6321:
6314:
6311:
6309:
6305:
6302:
6299:
6296:
6294:
6291:
6288:
6285:
6282:
6279:
6278:
6276:
6274:
6268:
6265:
6263:Organizations
6261:
6258:
6256:
6252:
6242:
6239:
6237:
6234:
6233:
6231:
6229:
6225:
6218:
6215:
6212:
6208:
6206:
6203:
6201:
6197:
6193:
6190:
6188:
6185:
6183:
6180:
6178:
6175:
6173:
6170:
6167:
6164:
6162:
6159:
6157:
6154:
6152:
6149:
6146:
6142:
6139:
6137:
6136:Elliott ALGOL
6134:
6132:
6129:
6126:
6123:
6121:
6118:
6115:
6112:
6110:
6107:
6104:
6103:Edinburgh IMP
6100:
6097:
6095:
6092:
6090:
6087:
6085:
6082:
6080:
6077:
6074:
6070:
6067:
6065:
6062:
6060:
6057:
6055:
6052:
6050:
6047:
6045:
6042:
6041:
6039:
6037:
6033:
6027:
6024:
6022:
6019:
6017:
6014:
6013:
6011:
6009:
6003:
6000:
5998:
5994:
5989:
5982:
5977:
5975:
5970:
5968:
5963:
5962:
5959:
5947:
5939:
5937:
5929:
5927:
5919:
5918:
5915:
5909:
5906:
5904:
5901:
5899:
5896:
5894:
5891:
5889:
5886:
5884:
5881:
5879:
5876:
5874:
5871:
5869:
5866:
5864:
5861:
5859:
5856:
5854:
5851:
5849:
5846:
5844:
5841:
5839:
5836:
5834:
5831:
5829:
5826:
5824:
5821:
5819:
5816:
5814:
5811:
5810:
5808:
5804:
5798:
5795:
5793:
5790:
5788:
5785:
5783:
5782:Mixed reality
5780:
5778:
5775:
5773:
5770:
5768:
5765:
5763:
5760:
5759:
5757:
5755:
5751:
5745:
5742:
5740:
5737:
5735:
5732:
5730:
5727:
5725:
5722:
5721:
5719:
5717:
5713:
5707:
5704:
5702:
5699:
5697:
5694:
5692:
5689:
5687:
5684:
5682:
5679:
5677:
5674:
5672:
5669:
5668:
5666:
5664:
5660:
5654:
5651:
5649:
5646:
5644:
5641:
5639:
5636:
5634:
5631:
5630:
5628:
5626:
5622:
5616:
5615:Accessibility
5613:
5611:
5610:Visualization
5608:
5606:
5603:
5601:
5598:
5596:
5593:
5592:
5590:
5588:
5584:
5578:
5575:
5573:
5570:
5568:
5565:
5563:
5560:
5558:
5555:
5553:
5550:
5548:
5545:
5543:
5540:
5538:
5535:
5534:
5532:
5530:
5526:
5520:
5517:
5515:
5512:
5510:
5507:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5492:
5490:
5487:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5475:
5472:
5470:
5467:
5465:
5462:
5460:
5457:
5455:
5452:
5451:
5449:
5447:
5443:
5437:
5434:
5432:
5429:
5427:
5424:
5422:
5419:
5417:
5414:
5412:
5409:
5407:
5404:
5402:
5399:
5398:
5396:
5394:
5389:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5359:
5357:
5355:
5351:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5325:
5322:
5320:
5317:
5313:
5310:
5309:
5308:
5305:
5304:
5302:
5300:
5296:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5245:
5242:
5241:
5239:
5237:
5233:
5227:
5224:
5222:
5219:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5194:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5184:
5182:
5179:
5178:
5176:
5174:
5170:
5166:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5136:
5134:
5130:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5111:
5109:
5106:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5096:
5095:
5093:
5091:
5087:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5070:Dependability
5068:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5057:
5055:
5051:
5045:
5041:
5038:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5028:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4992:
4990:
4988:
4984:
4979:
4973:
4969:
4962:
4957:
4955:
4950:
4948:
4943:
4942:
4939:
4927:
4919:
4917:
4909:
4908:
4905:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4870:
4868:
4864:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4835:
4833:
4829:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4817:Systems model
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4774:
4772:
4768:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4688:
4686:
4684:Developmental
4682:
4679:
4675:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4640:
4638:
4634:
4628:
4625:
4621:
4618:
4617:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4545:Data modeling
4543:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4515:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4500:
4498:
4494:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4419:
4417:
4413:
4409:
4402:
4397:
4395:
4390:
4388:
4383:
4382:
4379:
4367:
4358:
4357:
4354:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4309:
4307:
4303:
4297:
4296:Join-calculus
4294:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4253:
4251:
4249:
4245:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4233:Indeterminacy
4231:
4229:
4226:
4222:
4219:
4218:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4203:
4201:
4197:
4193:
4186:
4181:
4179:
4174:
4172:
4167:
4166:
4163:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4145:Steve Wozniak
4143:
4141:
4140:Niklaus Wirth
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4040:Nancy Leveson
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4030:Andrew Koenig
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3932:
3930:
3926:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3906:
3904:
3902:
3898:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3861:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3846:
3844:
3842:
3838:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3803:
3801:
3799:
3795:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3745:
3743:
3741:
3737:
3733:
3726:
3721:
3719:
3714:
3712:
3707:
3706:
3703:
3691:
3690:
3681:
3680:
3677:
3671:
3670:Niklaus Wirth
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3622:
3620:
3614:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3545:
3543:
3541:
3538:Main research
3535:
3530:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3509:
3505:
3503:
3502:
3498:
3496:
3495:
3491:
3489:
3488:
3484:
3482:
3481:
3477:
3475:
3474:
3470:
3468:
3467:
3463:
3461:
3460:
3456:
3454:
3453:
3449:
3447:
3446:
3442:
3440:
3439:
3435:
3433:
3432:
3428:
3425:
3424:
3420:
3417:
3416:
3412:
3409:
3408:
3404:
3401:
3400:
3396:
3393:
3392:
3388:
3385:
3384:
3380:
3379:
3377:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3360:
3355:
3353:
3348:
3346:
3341:
3340:
3337:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3313:
3312:
3308:
3302:
3295:
3293:
3286:
3285:
3281:
3272:
3266:
3263:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3231:
3226:
3222:
3215:
3212:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3185:
3182:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3155:
3152:
3140:
3136:
3130:
3127:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3100:
3097:
3084:
3078:
3075:
3062:
3056:
3053:
3040:
3036:
3029:
3026:
3014:
3010:
3004:
3001:
2996:
2990:
2985:
2984:
2975:
2972:
2968:
2967:transcription
2962:
2955:
2954:
2950:
2944:
2941:
2937:
2936:transcription
2931:
2924:
2923:
2919:
2913:
2910:
2906:
2905:transcription
2900:
2893:
2892:
2888:
2882:
2879:
2875:
2874:transcription
2869:
2862:
2861:
2857:
2851:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2840:transcription
2835:
2828:
2827:
2823:
2817:
2814:
2810:
2809:transcription
2805:
2801:
2794:
2793:
2789:
2783:
2780:
2767:
2763:
2756:
2753:
2748:
2744:
2738:
2735:
2731:
2726:
2723:
2719:
2718:transcription
2713:
2706:
2705:
2701:
2695:
2692:
2684:
2683:
2676:
2674:
2670:
2664:
2661:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2641:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2620:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2608:
2601:
2598:
2586:
2582:
2575:
2572:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2553:
2550:
2545:
2539:
2535:
2534:
2526:
2523:
2510:
2506:
2500:
2497:
2492:
2485:
2482:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2440:
2438:
2436:
2434:
2432:
2430:
2428:
2426:
2424:
2422:
2420:
2418:
2416:
2412:
2399:
2392:
2389:
2376:
2369:
2366:
2361:
2357:
2350:
2348:
2344:
2328:
2321:
2319:
2317:
2315:
2313:
2311:
2309:
2307:
2305:
2303:
2301:
2299:
2295:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2267:
2264:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2245:
2242:
2230:
2223:
2221:
2217:
2214:
2209:
2206:
2201:
2195:
2192:
2185:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2175:
2171:
2169:
2168:
2164:
2163:
2159:
2152:
2148:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2002:
1998:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1945:
1941:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1871:
1867:
1862:
1858:
1852:
1848:
1847:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1820:(11): 643–4.
1819:
1815:
1811:
1806:
1802:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1695:
1688:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1584:
1580:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1540:
1536:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1517:
1511:Published as
1508:
1504:
1500:
1495:Reprinted in
1484:
1483:
1477:
1473:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1427:
1422:
1421:
1413:
1410:November 2023
1403:
1397:
1393:
1391:
1387:
1382:This section
1380:
1371:
1370:
1364:
1357:
1351:
1347:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1332:
1326:
1322:
1317:
1313:
1307:
1303:
1302:
1296:
1292:
1286:
1281:
1280:
1273:
1269:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1250:Hoare, C.A.R.
1247:
1242:
1238:
1232:
1228:
1223:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1210:
1208:
1203:
1201:
1196:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1167:
1166:royal charter
1163:
1159:
1155:
1152:In 1969, the
1147:
1143:
1140:
1136:
1133:
1130:
1126:
1123:
1119:
1116:
1112:
1111:Honoris Causa
1108:
1105:
1101:
1098:
1094:
1091:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1077:
1073:
1070:
1066:
1065:
1064:
1058:
1056:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1033:
1028:
1024:
1023:
1018:
1016:
1011:
1010:
1007:
1006:shortest path
1001:
999:
995:
991:
982:
980:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
957:
953:
945:
943:
941:
935:
932:
925:Writing style
924:
922:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
895:
893:
886:
884:
882:
878:
870:Personal life
869:
867:
864:
859:
857:
852:
850:
846:
842:
838:
833:
831:
828:
824:
820:
816:
808:
806:
804:
799:
797:
791:
789:
777:
775:
766:
761:
757:
753:
748:
741:
739:
737:
732:
730:
726:
718:
716:
709:
702:
700:
696:
694:
693:Austin, Texas
690:
685:
681:
673:
671:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
641:
638:, located in
637:
632:
625:
623:
621:
617:
611:
606:
601:
599:
595:
591:
587:
579:
577:
575:
571:
567:
562:
555:
548:
543:
541:
536:
534:
530:
524:
519:
515:
510:
508:
504:
500:
495:
493:
489:
481:
476:
474:
472:
468:
464:
461:
457:
453:
448:
446:
445:Austin, Texas
442:
437:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
365:
363:
359:
355:
351:
344:
338:
330:
329:
320:
287:
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7048:Donald Knuth
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6818:Nobuo Yoneda
6752:Peter Landin
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6726:Robert Dewar
6670:Mike Woodger
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6630:Rutishauser^
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6556:Julien Green
6536:
6527:Richard Bird
6442:Charles Katz
6273:associations
6271:Professional
5878:Cyberwarfare
5537:Cryptography
4812:Object model
4807:Metamodeling
4736:Spiral model
4636:Orientations
4286:API-Calculus
4110:Ken Thompson
4050:Donald Knuth
4045:Ada Lovelace
4010:Grace Hopper
3979:
3975:Stephen Cook
3960:George Boole
3914:Web browsers
3821:Cryptography
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3650:David Parnas
3625:Shlomi Dolev
3506:
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1489:20 September
1487:. Retrieved
1481:
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902:fountain pen
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452:Turing Award
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431:as its sole
366:
285:
284:
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200:Institutions
172:
138:Turing Award
81:(2002-08-06)
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7549:2002 deaths
7544:1930 births
7392:Judea Pearl
7272:Fred Brooks
7248:Amir Pnueli
7240:Manuel Blum
7080:John Backus
6984:Alan Perlis
6836:John Barnes
6831:Hal Abelson
6739:Michael Guy
6588:Tom Maibaum
6575:Jørn Jensen
6565:Eric Hehner
6560:David Gries
6480:Bruce Arden
6447:Alan Perlis
6427:John Backus
5990:programming
5888:Video games
5868:Digital art
5625:Concurrency
5494:Data mining
5406:Probability
5139:Interpreter
4503:Abstraction
4312:ABA problem
4206:Concurrency
4150:Konrad Zuse
4120:Alan Turing
3955:Jean Bartik
3950:John Backus
3748:Before 1950
3597:development
3174:15 February
2590:11 February
2568:: 14. 2002.
2234:22 December
2041:(4): 26–31.
1716:Acta Inform
1392:information
1164:7 of their
1012:, known as
973:maintenance
845:Festschrift
742:Personality
608: [
521: [
482:Early years
373:Netherlands
64:11 May 1930
7533:Categories
7488:Alfred Aho
7476:Ed Catmull
7468:Yann LeCun
7336:Peter Naur
7304:Adi Shamir
7300:Ron Rivest
7280:Andrew Yao
7168:John Cocke
7104:Tony Hoare
7072:Dana Scott
6878:Comparison
6657:Eiiti Wada
6608:Peter Naur
6570:Tony Hoare
6386:Government
6228:Formalisms
6069:ALGOL 68RS
6064:ALGOL 68-R
5946:Glossaries
5818:E-commerce
5411:Statistics
5354:Algorithms
5312:Stochastic
5144:Middleware
5000:Peripheral
4822:View model
4787:Data model
4276:π-calculus
4130:Larry Wall
4125:Paul Vixie
3995:Lois Haibt
3970:John Cocke
3864:DOS family
3806:Algorithms
3783:Scientific
3635:Tony Hoare
3144:17 January
3119:5 February
3018:12 January
2686:(memorial)
2459:cs/0210001
2404:4 November
2287:18 January
2186:References
2093:(2): 2–9.
1942:: 546–550.
1554:(9): 569.
1386:unverified
1207:Tony Hoare
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931:simplicity
819:typewriter
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354:programmer
156:ACM Fellow
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6349:Education
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6044:ABC ALGOL
6008:standards
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5767:Rendering
5762:Animation
5393:computing
5344:Semantics
5035:Processor
4831:Languages
3965:Vint Cerf
3753:1950–1979
3740:Computing
3689:Wikiquote
3282:Citations
3225:Misra, J.
3221:Gries, D.
2651:Inference
2381:12 August
2362:. EWD340.
2336:20 August
2124:(3): 92.
2118:Comm. ACM
2052:Comm. ACM
2026:120847834
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1953:Comm. ACM
1814:Comm. ACM
1803:. EWD447.
1749:Comm. ACM
1709:. EWD316.
1656:Comm. ACM
1592:Comm. ACM
1548:Comm. ACM
1507:499952053
1463:123284777
1441:CiteSeerX
1338:—;
1244:—;
1113:from the
1095:from the
1037:semaphore
1009:algorithm
965:royalties
914:Eindhoven
910:Amsterdam
823:Montblanc
815:Macintosh
767:Character
648:Eindhoven
640:Eindhoven
527:, he met
488:Rotterdam
413:Eindhoven
369:Rotterdam
95:Education
68:Rotterdam
7328:Bob Kahn
7316:Alan Kay
7264:Jim Gray
6809:Woodger^
6785:Randell^
6707:ALGOL 68
6504:ALGOL 60
6415:ALGOL 58
6323:Business
6200:Napier88
6196:PS-algol
6036:Dialects
6026:ALGOL 68
6021:ALGOL 60
6016:ALGOL 58
5926:Category
5754:Graphics
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5191:Compiler
5090:Networks
4987:Hardware
4926:Category
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4570:Software
4496:Concepts
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4020:Bob Kahn
3901:Internet
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2515:4 August
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2281:Archived
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2109:34430415
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1570:19357737
1342:(1990).
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796:textbook
779:—
620:ALGOL 60
616:compiler
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401:compiler
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4199:General
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3616:Related
3301:Conduit
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3067:24 July
3045:24 July
2953:EWD-443
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2509:UT News
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7502:(2021)
7482:(2019)
7470:(2018)
7454:(2017)
7442:(2016)
7434:(2015)
7422:(2014)
7414:(2013)
7406:(2012)
7394:(2011)
7386:(2010)
7378:(2009)
7370:(2008)
7362:(2007)
7346:(2006)
7338:(2005)
7330:(2004)
7318:(2003)
7310:(2002)
7294:(2001)
7282:(2000)
7274:(1999)
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7258:(1997)
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540:Leiden
417:Nuenen
371:, the
333:Dutch:
241:(1959)
239:
232:Thesis
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140:(1972)
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6281:ALCOR
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6187:RTL/2
6168:Algol
6151:FLACC
6127:ALGOL
6114:CORAL
6049:ALCOR
5988:ALGOL
5339:Logic
5173:tools
4853:SysML
4777:SPICE
4770:Other
4731:Scrum
4691:Agile
4643:Agile
4627:CI/CD
4271:LOTOS
3874:Linux
3778:2020s
3773:2010s
3768:2000s
3763:1990s
3758:1980s
3540:areas
3374:Works
3297:(PDF)
3253:S2CID
2957:(PDF)
2926:(PDF)
2895:(PDF)
2864:(PDF)
2830:(PDF)
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2330:(PDF)
2134:S2CID
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4668:SDLC
4291:PEPA
3595:and
3243:ISBN
3206:2014
3176:2011
3146:2014
3121:2011
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3069:2022
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2989:ISBN
2774:2016
2766:VPRO
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2629:ISBN
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2538:ISBN
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2383:2015
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1879:1975
1851:ISBN
1703:OCLC
1529:ISBN
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1491:2020
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