675:
652:
40:
1205:
31:
6560:
2197:
Narimatsu A, Taira N (August 1976). "Effects of atrio-ventricular conduction of calcium-antagonistic coronary vasodilators, local anaesthetics and quinidine injected into the posterior and the anterior septal artery of the atrio-ventricular node preparation of the dog".
1368:
with increased effectiveness. When applied topically, it is made into a cream form using either petrolatum or
Phlojel. Phlojel absorbs the diltiazem into the problem area better than the petrolatum base. It has good short-term success rates.
2241:
1917:
Wattanasuwan N, Khan IA, Mehta NJ, Arora P, Singh N, Vasavada BC, et al. (February 2001). "Acute ventricular rate control in atrial fibrillation: IV combination of diltiazem and digoxin vs. IV diltiazem alone".
1212:
Diltiazem, also known as (2S,3S)-3-acetoxy-5--2,3-dihydro-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1,5-benzothiazepin-4(5H)-one hydrochlorid has a vasodilating activity attributed to the (2S,3S)-isomer. Diltiazem is a potent
283:
2245:
2113:
Ohno Y, Hisaka A, Suzuki H (2007). "General framework for the quantitative prediction of CYP3A4-mediated oral drug interactions based on the AUC increase by coadministration of standard drugs".
1040:, patients with reduced ventricular function may not be able to counteract the negative inotropic and chronotropic effects of diltiazem, the result being an even higher compromise of function.
6538:
6489:
5254:
5099:
2012:
Griffin N, Acheson AG, Jonas M, Scholefield JH (October 2002). "The role of topical diltiazem in the treatment of chronic anal fissures that have failed glyceryl trinitrate therapy".
747:
228:
1112:
of vessels and the resulting drop in blood pressure, works to counteract the negative inotropic, chronotropic and dromotropic effects of diltiazem. Undesirable effects include
6625:
6306:
2793:
Sajid MS, Rimple J, Cheek E, Baig MK (January 2008). "The efficacy of diltiazem and glyceryltrinitrate for the medical management of chronic anal fissure: a meta-analysis".
3486:
1165:
Intravenous diltiazem should be used with caution with beta-blockers because, while the combination is most potent at reducing heart rate, there are rare instances of
1874:
Gabrielli A, Gallagher TJ, Caruso LJ, Bennett NT, Layon AJ (October 2001). "Diltiazem to treat sinus tachycardia in critically ill patients: a four-year experience".
2854:
1549:
1196:
Concurrent use of fentanyl with diltiazem, or any other CYP3A4 inhibitors, as these medications decrease the breakdown of fentanyl and thus increase its effects.
2592:"Augmented behavioral response and enhanced synaptosomal calcium transport induced by repeated cocaine administration are decreased by calcium channel blockers"
110:
761:
2300:
O'Connor SE, Grosset A, Janiak P (1999). "The pharmacological basis and pathophysiological significance of the heart rate-lowering property of diltiazem".
789:
InChI=1S/C22H26N2O4S/c1-15(25)28-20-21(16-9-11-17(27-4)12-10-16)29-19-8-6-5-7-18(19)24(22(20)26)14-13-23(2)3/h5-12,20-21H,13-14H2,1-4H3/t20-,21+/m1/s1
2639:
Kishioka S, Ko MC, Woods JH (May 2000). "Diltiazem enhances the analgesic but not the respiratory depressant effects of morphine in rhesus monkeys".
1831:
Claas SA, Glasser SP (May 2005). "Long-acting diltiazem HCl for the chronotherapeutic treatment of hypertension and chronic stable angina pectoris".
1047:, the use of diltiazem should be avoided in patients with SA or AV nodal abnormalities, because of its negative chronotropic and dromotropic effects.
893:
to prolong the period until it can beat again. It does this by blocking the entry of calcium into the cells of the heart and blood vessels. It is a
2055:
Ramoska EA, Spiller HA, Winter M, Borys D (February 1993). "A one-year evaluation of calcium channel blocker overdoses: toxicity and treatment".
2701:
Jonas M, Neal KR, Abercrombie JF, Scholefield JH (August 2001). "A randomized trial of oral vs. topical diltiazem for chronic anal fissures".
6475:
4965:
3430:
2674:
Verma V, Mediratta PK, Sharma KK (July 2001). "Potentiation of analgesia and reversal of tolerance to morphine by calcium channel blockers".
2360:
2284:
1689:
1662:
1623:
1097:
5405:
5383:
3479:
3305:
5278:
2847:
1093:
2430:
Andersson KE, Vinge E (March 1990). "Beta-adrenoceptor blockers and calcium antagonists in the prophylaxis and treatment of migraine".
6605:
6600:
6207:
3512:
6610:
6580:
4133:
781:
4477:
1767:
1523:
1497:
1471:
1415:
5168:
4988:
3472:
398:
268:
142:
2840:
1720:
1065:
1326:. Some research on diltiazem and other calcium channel antagonists in the treatment and prophylaxis of migraine is ongoing.
1128:, fatigue, headaches and edema. Rare side effects are congestive heart failure, myocardial infarction, and hepatotoxicity.
5735:
5465:
6550:
6534:
2535:
Peroutka SJ (November 1983). "The pharmacology of calcium channel antagonists: a novel class of anti-migraine agents?".
972:
523:
1184:
should not be used concurrently with calcium channel blockers because of reduced clearance of both drugs and potential
6514:
3447:
631:
161:
6590:
6585:
1291:
1272:
984:
6595:
6500:
6074:
5397:
5295:
4979:
4491:
3075:
2158:"Cardiovascular adverse drug reaction associated with combined beta-adrenergic and calcium entry-blocking agents"
6402:
6320:
6221:
6138:
6007:
5430:
5327:
5159:
4928:
3208:
3154:
3071:
3013:
2960:
2905:
2901:
1037:
472:
6620:
6348:
6284:
5620:
3526:
3435:
3186:
3158:
1237:
894:
824:
221:
198:
670:
6152:
6088:
5479:
4445:
4436:
4000:
3987:
3969:
3911:
3535:
2890:
1354:
2376:
Montastruc JL, Senard JM (April 1992). "" [Calcium channel blockers and prevention of migraine].
2343:
Gordon SG, Kittleson MD (2008). "Drugs used in the management of heart disease and cardiac arrhythmias".
6371:
6366:
6356:
6116:
6017:
3316:
3273:
1299:
1260:
1225:
conduction. It binds to the alpha-1 subunit of L-type calcium channels in a fashion somewhat similar to
1170:
1125:
1081:
852:
463:
5595:
4050:
3921:
5710:
4241:
4176:
4156:
3203:
3149:
3066:
2885:
2863:
1768:"Diltiazem hydrochloride – diltiazem hydrochloride extended-release tablets tablet, extended release"
1252:
1157:, there are a number of drug interactions. Some of the more important interactions are listed below.
904:. In 2021, it was the 84th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 8
592:
361:
3979:
3974:
3931:
3641:
3581:
6361:
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4045:
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3348:
3194:
2970:
1109:
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4020:
3868:
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3731:
3726:
3626:
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3606:
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3334:
2818:
2775:
2726:
2577:
2560:
2455:
2325:
2223:
2138:
2037:
1994:
1899:
1856:
1416:"Dilcardia SR 120 mg Prolonged-release hard capsules – Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC)"
1303:
1256:
1166:
931:
901:
889:, resulting in them opening and allowing blood to flow more easily. Additionally, it acts on the
859:
172:
5241:
4664:
4639:
4554:
4201:
4191:
3781:
3771:
3741:
3736:
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3591:
3586:
1654:
6124:
5246:
5226:
5211:
5181:
4599:
4509:
3941:
3846:
3836:
3816:
3796:
3776:
1587:
1229:, another nondihydropyridine (non-DHP) calcium channel blocker. Chemically, it is based upon a
613:
572:
120:
6420:
6160:
6031:
5917:
5912:
5897:
5705:
5349:
5221:
5201:
4468:
4361:
4115:
3898:
3495:
2810:
2767:
2718:
2683:
2656:
2621:
2552:
2517:
2482:
2447:
2412:
2385:
2356:
2317:
2280:
2215:
2179:
2130:
2095:
2072:
2029:
1986:
1935:
1891:
1848:
1813:
1685:
1679:
1658:
1619:
1613:
1365:
1069:
1058:
965:
941:
855:. When given by injection, effects typically begin within a few minutes and last a few hours.
603:
309:
296:
100:
4649:
4629:
4025:
4005:
1310:, symptoms. These effects also reduce blood pressure by causing less blood to be pumped out.
6615:
6198:
5942:
5695:
5610:
5410:
5264:
5129:
4918:
4913:
4256:
4010:
2924:
2802:
2757:
2710:
2648:
2611:
2603:
2544:
2509:
2439:
2348:
2309:
2272:
2207:
2169:
2122:
2064:
2021:
1976:
1966:
1927:
1883:
1840:
1805:
1330:
1323:
1233:
998:
836:
687:
331:
57:
6180:
532:
512:
427:
6564:
6450:
6445:
6415:
6244:
6239:
5842:
5807:
5797:
5762:
5369:
5344:
4811:
4504:
4386:
4030:
3956:
3541:
3503:
3394:
3385:
2876:
2548:
1955:"The role of existing and newer calcium channel blockers in the treatment of hypertension"
1307:
1295:
1268:
1185:
947:
900:
Diltiazem was approved for medical use in the United States in 1982. It is available as a
840:
832:
349:
339:
39:
2403:
Kim KE (February 1991). "Comparative clinical pharmacology of calcium channel blockers".
1204:
1016:. Calcium channel blockers are well tolerated, and especially effective in treating low-
674:
651:
6425:
6381:
5972:
5872:
5782:
5456:
5312:
5056:
5011:
4756:
4746:
4366:
4286:
3916:
3883:
3786:
3441:
3290:
2616:
2591:
2313:
1981:
1954:
1647:
1334:
1230:
1089:
994:
937:
2652:
2068:
6574:
6435:
6328:
6274:
6259:
6045:
5982:
5715:
5660:
5655:
5645:
5600:
5420:
5354:
5206:
5016:
5001:
4846:
4539:
4421:
4261:
4141:
4120:
4095:
4015:
3636:
3631:
2762:
2745:
2443:
2352:
2174:
2157:
2126:
2025:
1971:
1887:
1445:
1423:
1361:
1302:– increasing the time needed for each beat. Each of these effects results in reduced
1024:
951:
920:
882:
875:
867:
663:
134:
2822:
2779:
2730:
2564:
2459:
2329:
2227:
2142:
2041:
1998:
1903:
1860:
6055:
5967:
5957:
5867:
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5700:
5630:
5565:
5555:
5510:
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5119:
5066:
5021:
4876:
4831:
4816:
4806:
4791:
4731:
4371:
4351:
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3841:
3696:
3556:
3325:
3212:
2939:
2919:
2867:
1283:
1013:
1009:
955:
844:
828:
251:
246:
241:
236:
30:
1712:
452:
2473:
Paterna S, Martino SG, Campisi D, Cascio
Ingurgio N, Marsala BA (July 1990). "".
2276:
1742:
1681:
Gardner's
Commercially Important Chemicals: Synonyms, Trade Names, and Properties
1389:
6106:
6060:
5937:
5932:
5927:
5852:
5837:
5832:
5787:
5766:
5758:
5670:
5665:
5650:
5635:
5570:
5515:
5091:
5081:
5076:
5071:
5051:
5036:
5026:
5006:
4908:
4891:
4881:
4871:
4861:
4856:
4826:
4801:
4796:
4776:
4761:
4726:
4711:
4674:
4609:
4569:
4559:
4416:
4411:
4396:
4381:
4321:
4186:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4070:
4065:
3946:
3893:
3888:
3873:
3716:
3691:
3681:
3671:
3661:
3651:
3566:
3561:
3551:
3295:
3231:
3139:
3109:
3052:
3037:
2513:
2500:
Smith R, Schwartz A (May 1984). "Diltiazem prophylaxis in refractory migraine".
2242:"Drug interactions: Interactions between fentanyl and drugs that inhibit CYP3A4"
1319:
1287:
1214:
1143:
1117:
1113:
1085:
1050:
1044:
1002:
863:
209:
128:
5255:
5100:
2832:
1809:
6410:
6338:
6333:
6269:
6264:
6254:
6249:
6229:
6050:
6039:
6035:
6002:
5887:
5882:
5857:
5847:
5822:
5817:
5812:
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5743:
5725:
5720:
5690:
5680:
5640:
5605:
5560:
5550:
5545:
5540:
5525:
5490:
5415:
5359:
5336:
5304:
5231:
5191:
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5086:
5046:
5031:
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4946:
4886:
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4851:
4841:
4706:
4696:
4624:
4619:
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4564:
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4514:
4426:
4406:
4346:
4336:
4266:
4246:
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4181:
4171:
4161:
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4110:
4105:
4100:
4075:
4055:
4035:
3961:
3951:
3936:
3926:
3878:
3826:
3761:
3686:
3676:
3666:
3646:
3621:
3616:
3596:
3576:
3546:
3356:
3261:
3241:
3124:
3104:
3099:
3084:
3047:
3042:
3032:
3027:
2995:
2934:
2806:
2607:
1218:
934:, secondary to decreased peripheral resistance, heart rate, and contractility.
928:
723:
503:
216:
1844:
6430:
6376:
6292:
6175:
6165:
6096:
6025:
5987:
5962:
5952:
5877:
5827:
5772:
5748:
5675:
5585:
5580:
5575:
5535:
5530:
5520:
5505:
5364:
5236:
5216:
5196:
5186:
5144:
5124:
5041:
4836:
4751:
4741:
4721:
4659:
4644:
4634:
4594:
4579:
4549:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4450:
4391:
4341:
4331:
4326:
4311:
4301:
4281:
4271:
4251:
4226:
3856:
3821:
3801:
3721:
3706:
3402:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3330:
3285:
3256:
3172:
3134:
3119:
3094:
3089:
3022:
3000:
2990:
2976:
2949:
2944:
2929:
1931:
1346:
1342:
1279:
1264:
1226:
1181:
1121:
980:
959:
871:
383:
374:
114:
6307:
2814:
2771:
2722:
2687:
2660:
2625:
2321:
2183:
2134:
2099:
2033:
1990:
1939:
1895:
1852:
1817:
958:) – diltiazem may be particularly effective if the underlying mechanism is
2556:
2521:
2486:
2451:
2416:
2389:
2219:
2076:
908:
million prescriptions. An extended release formulation is also available.
22:
6101:
5907:
5902:
5862:
5777:
5625:
5500:
5438:
4821:
4786:
4691:
4306:
4236:
4206:
4166:
4060:
3851:
3811:
3791:
3464:
3320:
3246:
3226:
2914:
2744:
Nash GF, Kapoor K, Saeb-Parsy K, Kunanadam T, Dawson PM (November 2006).
1350:
1338:
1294:– how strong the beat is, lowering of heart rate – due to slowing of the
1222:
886:
483:
156:
870:, liver problems, and allergic reactions. Use is not recommended during
492:
6170:
5992:
5792:
5317:
4716:
4654:
4316:
4296:
3992:
3863:
3412:
3407:
3338:
3251:
3221:
3189:
3129:
2984:
2714:
2211:
1498:"Cardizem CD–diltiazem hydrochloride capsule, coated, extended release"
1140:
1064:
Diltiazem may paradoxically increase ventricular rate in patients with
1054:
438:
5996:
5109:
4781:
4701:
4584:
4574:
4356:
4125:
3114:
1154:
1150:
1146:
583:
379:
2580:. Sciencedaily.com (28 February 2008). Retrieved on 21 October 2012.
1446:"Angitil SR/XL Capsules – Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC)"
2267:
Matsumae H, Akatsuka H, Shibatani T (2010). "Diltiazem
Synthesis".
1337:. This is believed to be due to the effects of calcium blockers on
552:
4736:
4589:
1271:(DHP) calcium channel blockers. This results in minimal reflexive
1203:
1017:
890:
746:
737:
619:
563:
354:
2590:
Mills K, Ansah TA, Ali SF, Mukherjee S, Shockley DC (July 2007).
6234:
4937:
4899:
4682:
976:
858:
Common side effects include swelling, dizziness, headaches, and
543:
315:
290:
5260:
Tooltip G protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium channel
5105:
Tooltip G protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium channel
3468:
2836:
2746:"The long-term results of diltiazem treatment for anal fissure"
303:
151:
1524:"Cardizem LA–diltiazem hydrochloride tablet, extended release"
1027:
because it promotes healing due to its vasodilatory property.
6476:
4966:
2156:
Edoute Y, Nagachandran P, Svirski B, Ben-Ami H (April 2000).
5384:
636:
6312:
Tooltip Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator
5279:
1318:
Diltiazem is prescribed off-label by doctors in the US for
1076:
Diltiazem is relatively contraindicated in the presence of
277:
183:
84:
78:
75:
6208:
3513:
63:
4478:
5169:
4989:
1796:
Grossman E, Messerli FH (2004). "Calcium antagonists".
806:
1791:
1789:
6548:
5466:
1588:"Diltiazem Hydrochloride Monograph for Professionals"
1384:
1382:
81:
1345:
signaling in the brain. Diltiazem also enhances the
1217:, increasing blood flow and variably decreasing the
72:
66:
60:
6499:
6474:
6467:
6401:
6394:
6347:
6319:
6305:
6283:
6220:
6206:
6197:
6151:
6137:
6115:
6087:
6073:
6016:
5478:
5464:
5455:
5429:
5396:
5382:
5326:
5294:
5277:
5158:
4978:
4964:
4927:
4490:
4476:
4467:
4435:
3525:
3511:
3502:
3393:
3384:
3347:
3304:
3272:
3202:
3185:
3148:
3065:
3011:
2958:
2899:
2884:
2875:
1290:effects. This means diltiazem causes a decrease in
735:
722:
686:
681:
662:
630:
602:
582:
562:
542:
522:
502:
482:
471:
462:
437:
417:
389:
373:
360:
348:
338:
330:
267:
262:
227:
215:
197:
171:
141:
127:
109:
99:
87:
69:
51:
46:
1646:
6501:
6075:
1472:"Cardizem–diltiazem hydrochloride tablet, coated"
1360:Diltiazem is also being used in the treatment of
940:– it is effective owing to its direct effects on
6139:
1618:. Cardiotext Publishing. 2011. pp. 251–52.
1329:Recent research has shown diltiazem may reduce
451:
6539:Transient receptor potential channel modulators
2094:. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing.
1653:. Jones & Bartlett Learning. 2010. p.
769:O=C2N(c3c(S(c1ccc(OC)cc1)2OC(=O)C)cccc3)CCN(C)C
426:
2200:Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology
6481:Tooltip Transient receptor potential channels
4971:Tooltip Inwardly rectifying potassium channel
3480:
2848:
2578:Common Heart Drug May Reduce Cocaine Cravings
1555:. European Medicines Agency. 11 January 2018.
1108:A reflex sympathetic response, caused by the
8:
5389:Tooltip Tandem pore domain potassium channel
2090:Talreja O, Cassagnol M (2019). "Diltiazem".
1357:, and reduces the development of tolerance.
160:
21:
5287:Tooltip Calcium-activated potassium channel
2795:International Journal of Colorectal Disease
1582:
1023:It is also used as topical application for
979:), diltiazem appears to be as effective as
323:In general: ℞ (Prescription only)
6626:Chemical substances for emergency medicine
6471:
6398:
6316:
6217:
6213:Tooltip Calcium-activated chloride channel
6203:
6148:
6084:
5475:
5461:
5393:
5291:
4975:
4505:4-Aminopyridine (fampridine/dalfampridine)
4487:
4473:
3522:
3518:Tooltip Voltage-dependent calcium channels
3508:
3487:
3473:
3465:
3390:
3199:
2896:
2881:
2855:
2841:
2833:
2750:International Journal of Clinical Practice
1580:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1572:
1570:
1568:
1566:
1564:
1562:
1298:, and a slowing of conduction through the
1012:effects, diltiazem is useful for treating
825:nondihydropyridine calcium channel blocker
673:
650:
511:
222:Nondihydropyridine calcium channel blocker
38:
29:
2761:
2615:
2173:
1980:
1970:
1306:by the heart, reducing angina, typically
923:(exercise-induced) – diltiazem increases
531:
4483:Tooltip Voltage-gated potassium channels
2269:Encyclopedia of Industrial Biotechnology
6555:
5177:Tooltip ATP-sensitive potassium channel
4997:Tooltip ATP-sensitive potassium channel
2302:Fundamental & Clinical Pharmacology
1378:
1061:, should not be treated with diltiazem.
862:. Other severe side effects include an
786:
766:
646:
491:
409:-(+)-undeca-7,9,11-trien-4-yl]ethanoate
403:
133:
105:Cardizem, Dilacor XR, Cartia XT, others
2676:Indian Journal of Experimental Biology
2162:Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology
1684:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 223.
664:
20:
5471:Tooltip Voltage-gated sodium channels
2549:10.1111/j.1526-4610.1983.hed2306278.x
1098:chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
1045:SA node or AV conduction disturbances
612:
591:
571:
119:
7:
5406:12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate
1723:from the original on 15 January 2024
1353:in animal tests, without increasing
997:is another indication. The initial
618:
250:
240:
4500:3,4-Diaminopyridine (amifampridine)
2502:The New England Journal of Medicine
1798:Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases
1743:"Diltiazem – Drug Usage Statistics"
1615:Cardiovascular Pharmacotherapeutics
1094:peripheral artery occlusive disease
551:
442:
2345:Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology
2314:10.1111/j.1472-8206.1999.tb00333.x
16:Calcium channel blocker medication
14:
6506:Tooltip Ligand gated ion channels
6080:Tooltip Epithelial sodium channel
1833:Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy
1057:blood pressures below 90 mm
1031:Contraindications and precautions
6558:
6144:Tooltip Acid-sensing ion channel
2763:10.1111/j.1742-1241.2006.00895.x
2703:Diseases of the Colon and Rectum
2641:European Journal of Pharmacology
2444:10.2165/00003495-199039030-00003
2353:10.1016/b978-070202858-8.50019-1
2175:10.1097/00005344-200004000-00007
2127:10.2165/00003088-200746080-00005
2026:10.1046/j.1463-1318.2002.00376.x
1972:10.1111/j.1524-6175.2004.03683.x
1959:Journal of Clinical Hypertension
1888:10.1097/00003246-200110000-00004
1550:"Active substance(s): diltiazem"
1390:"Diltiazem Use During Pregnancy"
1188:effects at the SA and AV nodes.
881:Diltiazem works by relaxing the
704:
698:
56:
1422:. 22 March 2018. Archived from
1240:-type calcium channel blocker.
794:Key:HSUGRBWQSSZJOP-RTWAWAEBSA-N
3962:Ziconotide (ω-conotoxin MVIIA)
2347:. Elsevier. pp. 380–457.
1267:, though not as potent as the
1259:, respectively, which reduces
1066:Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome
987:supraventricular tachycardia.
716:
710:
692:
1:
6535:Receptor/signaling modulators
3937:Leconotide (ω-conotoxin CVID)
2653:10.1016/S0014-2999(00)00248-X
2069:10.1016/S0196-0644(05)80202-1
1965:(11): 621–629, quiz 630–631.
1139:Because of its inhibition of
1070:accessory conduction pathways
973:supraventricular tachycardias
2277:10.1002/9780470054581.eib603
2057:Annals of Emergency Medicine
1364:. It can be taken orally or
916:Diltiazem is indicated for:
874:. It is unclear if use when
847:cannot be used. It is taken
819:, sold under the brand name
2514:10.1056/NEJM198405173102015
1001:should be 0.25 mg/kg,
6642:
5498:Antiarrhythmics (class I):
1953:Basile J (November 2004).
1810:10.1016/j.pcad.2004.04.006
1292:heart muscle contractility
682:Chemical and physical data
6606:Drugs developed by AbbVie
6601:4-Methoxyphenyl compounds
6528:
6008:Tricyclic antidepressants
5017:Glibenclamide (glyburide)
3425:
2807:10.1007/s00384-007-0384-x
2608:10.1016/j.lfs.2007.06.028
2405:American Family Physician
2115:Clinical Pharmacokinetics
1221:via strong depression of
1084:conduction disturbances,
839:. It may also be used in
827:medication used to treat
802:
777:
757:
394:
37:
28:
6611:Drugs developed by Merck
6581:Calcium channel blockers
1845:10.1517/14656566.6.5.765
1038:congestive heart failure
5621:Eslicarbazepine acetate
1932:10.1378/chest.119.2.502
1278:Diltiazem has negative
1208:180 mg Cardizem capsule
895:class IV antiarrhythmic
5365:Rottlerin (mallotoxin)
3496:Ion channel modulators
2475:La Clinica Terapeutica
1876:Critical Care Medicine
1355:respiratory depression
1209:
864:overly slow heart beat
3722:Ryodipine (riodipine)
3317:muscarinic antagonist
2864:Antiarrhythmic agents
1713:"The Top 300 of 2021"
1649:Nurse's Drug Handbook
1300:atrioventricular node
1261:peripheral resistance
1207:
1082:atrioventricular node
853:injection into a vein
5711:Valproate semisodium
4242:Carboxyamidotriazole
4177:Gabapentin enacarbil
4157:Arbaclofen placarbil
6362:1,10-Phenanthroline
4919:Spooky toxin (SsTx)
3904:Tetrahydropalmatine
3159:Ca channel blockers
2891:Na channel blockers
2378:Pathologie-Biologie
1200:Mechanism of action
1110:peripheral dilation
1078:sick sinus syndrome
991:Atrial fibrillation
925:coronary blood flow
829:high blood pressure
823:among others, is a
299:(Prescription only)
286:(Prescription only)
25:
6372:7,8-Benzoquinoline
6367:4,7-Phenanthroline
6357:1,7-Phenanthroline
5733:Local anesthetics:
5265:ML-297 (VU0456810)
4772:Diallyl trisulfide
4767:Dextropropoxyphene
4670:Tetraethylammonium
4377:Pinaverium bromide
4147:4-Methylpregabalin
3452:Never to phase III
3335:muscarinic agonist
3076:K channel blockers
2715:10.1007/BF02234624
2248:on 3 December 2017
2212:10.1007/bf00507850
2014:Colorectal Disease
1304:oxygen consumption
1257:peripheral vessels
1210:
1051:Low blood pressure
932:oxygen consumption
902:generic medication
860:low blood pressure
6591:CYP3A4 inhibitors
6586:CYP2D6 inhibitors
6546:
6545:
6524:
6523:
6463:
6462:
6459:
6458:
6421:Meclofenamic acid
6390:
6389:
6301:
6300:
6193:
6192:
6189:
6188:
6133:
6132:
6069:
6068:
5943:RG7893 (GDC-0287)
5706:Valproate pivoxil
5596:Acetylpheneturide
5451:
5450:
5447:
5446:
5378:
5377:
5350:Meclofenamic acid
5313:Ethanol (alcohol)
5273:
5272:
5222:Minoxidil sulfate
4960:
4959:
4463:
4462:
4459:
4458:
4362:Otilonium bromide
4287:Ethanol (alcohol)
4051:ω-Conotoxin MVIIC
3787:Phenylalkylamines
3462:
3461:
3421:
3420:
3380:
3379:
3181:
3180:
3061:
3060:
2756:(11): 1411–1413.
2508:(20): 1327–1328.
2362:978-0-7020-2858-8
2286:978-0-471-79930-6
2271:. pp. 1–20.
1882:(10): 1874–1879.
1691:978-0-471-73661-5
1678:Milne GW (2005).
1664:978-0-7637-7900-9
1625:978-1-935395-62-1
1426:on 28 August 2021
1366:applied topically
1333:in drug-addicted
1324:cluster headaches
1135:Drug interactions
966:Myocardial bridge
942:coronary dilation
837:heart arrhythmias
814:
813:
748:Interactive image
632:CompTox Dashboard
319:
307:
294:
281:
187:
154:
6633:
6596:Benzothiazepines
6563:
6562:
6561:
6554:
6507:
6503:
6482:
6478:
6472:
6399:
6317:
6313:
6309:
6218:
6214:
6210:
6204:
6149:
6145:
6141:
6085:
6081:
6077:
5696:Sodium valproate
5611:Chlorphenacemide
5593:Anticonvulsants:
5476:
5472:
5468:
5462:
5411:Arachidonic acid
5394:
5390:
5386:
5292:
5288:
5284:
5261:
5257:
5178:
5174:
5130:Dextromethorphan
5106:
5102:
4998:
4994:
4976:
4972:
4968:
4488:
4484:
4480:
4474:
4446:L-type-selective
4257:Dimeditiapramine
4219:Others/unsorted:
4001:T-type-selective
3988:R-type-selective
3970:P-type-selective
3922:ω-Conotoxin GVIA
3912:N-type-selective
3542:Dihydropyridines
3536:L-type-selective
3523:
3519:
3515:
3509:
3489:
3482:
3475:
3466:
3391:
3386:Ion transporters
3200:
2897:
2882:
2877:Channel blockers
2857:
2850:
2843:
2834:
2827:
2826:
2790:
2784:
2783:
2765:
2741:
2735:
2734:
2709:(8): 1074–1078.
2698:
2692:
2691:
2671:
2665:
2664:
2636:
2630:
2629:
2619:
2587:
2581:
2575:
2569:
2568:
2532:
2526:
2525:
2497:
2491:
2490:
2470:
2464:
2463:
2427:
2421:
2420:
2400:
2394:
2393:
2373:
2367:
2366:
2340:
2334:
2333:
2297:
2291:
2290:
2264:
2258:
2257:
2255:
2253:
2244:. Archived from
2238:
2232:
2231:
2194:
2188:
2187:
2177:
2153:
2147:
2146:
2110:
2104:
2103:
2087:
2081:
2080:
2052:
2046:
2045:
2009:
2003:
2002:
1984:
1974:
1950:
1944:
1943:
1914:
1908:
1907:
1871:
1865:
1864:
1828:
1822:
1821:
1793:
1784:
1783:
1781:
1779:
1764:
1758:
1757:
1755:
1753:
1739:
1733:
1732:
1730:
1728:
1709:
1703:
1702:
1700:
1698:
1675:
1669:
1668:
1652:
1643:
1637:
1636:
1634:
1632:
1610:
1604:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1584:
1557:
1556:
1554:
1546:
1540:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1520:
1514:
1513:
1511:
1509:
1494:
1488:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1468:
1462:
1461:
1459:
1457:
1442:
1436:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1412:
1406:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1386:
1331:cocaine cravings
907:
885:in the walls of
810:
809:
750:
730:
718:
712:
706:
700:
694:
677:
666:
655:
654:
640:
638:
622:
616:
595:
575:
555:
535:
515:
495:
475:
455:
445:
444:
430:
365:
317:
314:
305:
302:
292:
289:
279:
276:
254:
244:
185:
182:
164:
153:
150:
137:
123:
94:
93:
90:
89:
86:
83:
80:
77:
74:
71:
68:
65:
62:
42:
33:
26:
24:
6641:
6640:
6636:
6635:
6634:
6632:
6631:
6630:
6571:
6570:
6569:
6559:
6557:
6549:
6547:
6542:
6520:
6505:
6495:
6480:
6455:
6451:Trifluoperazine
6446:Tolfenamic acid
6416:Flufenamic acid
6386:
6343:
6311:
6297:
6279:
6245:Flufenamic acid
6240:Ethacrynic acid
6212:
6185:
6143:
6129:
6111:
6079:
6065:
6012:
5843:Metabutoxycaine
5808:Diphenhydramine
5798:Cyclomethycaine
5763:Levobupivacaine
5470:
5443:
5425:
5388:
5374:
5370:Tolfenamic acid
5345:Flufenamic acid
5340:
5322:
5308:
5286:
5283:
5269:
5259:
5176:
5173:
5154:
5104:
4996:
4993:
4970:
4956:
4941:
4923:
4903:
4812:Norpropoxyphene
4689:11.1)-specific:
4688:
4482:
4455:
4431:
4387:Rhynchophylline
4137:
3517:
3498:
3493:
3463:
3458:
3457:
3442:Clinical trials
3417:
3376:
3343:
3333:
3309:
3300:
3291:Benzodiazepines
3277:
3268:
3237:cardioselective
3206:
3192:
3177:
3152:
3144:
3069:
3057:
3007:
2954:
2888:
2871:
2861:
2831:
2830:
2792:
2791:
2787:
2743:
2742:
2738:
2700:
2699:
2695:
2673:
2672:
2668:
2638:
2637:
2633:
2589:
2588:
2584:
2576:
2572:
2534:
2533:
2529:
2499:
2498:
2494:
2472:
2471:
2467:
2429:
2428:
2424:
2402:
2401:
2397:
2375:
2374:
2370:
2363:
2342:
2341:
2337:
2299:
2298:
2294:
2287:
2266:
2265:
2261:
2251:
2249:
2240:
2239:
2235:
2196:
2195:
2191:
2155:
2154:
2150:
2112:
2111:
2107:
2089:
2088:
2084:
2054:
2053:
2049:
2011:
2010:
2006:
1952:
1951:
1947:
1916:
1915:
1911:
1873:
1872:
1868:
1830:
1829:
1825:
1795:
1794:
1787:
1777:
1775:
1766:
1765:
1761:
1751:
1749:
1741:
1740:
1736:
1726:
1724:
1711:
1710:
1706:
1696:
1694:
1692:
1677:
1676:
1672:
1665:
1645:
1644:
1640:
1630:
1628:
1626:
1612:
1611:
1607:
1597:
1595:
1586:
1585:
1560:
1552:
1548:
1547:
1543:
1533:
1531:
1522:
1521:
1517:
1507:
1505:
1504:. 30 April 2020
1496:
1495:
1491:
1481:
1479:
1470:
1469:
1465:
1455:
1453:
1444:
1443:
1439:
1429:
1427:
1414:
1413:
1409:
1399:
1397:
1388:
1387:
1380:
1375:
1316:
1308:unstable angina
1296:sinoatrial node
1269:dihydropyridine
1251:vasodilator of
1238:benzothiazepine
1202:
1194:
1186:pharmacodynamic
1179:
1163:
1137:
1131:
1106:
1053:patients, with
1033:
1008:Because of its
948:Unstable angina
914:
905:
841:hyperthyroidism
805:
803:
798:
795:
790:
785:
784:
773:
770:
765:
764:
753:
728:
715:
709:
703:
697:
658:
634:
626:
598:
578:
558:
538:
518:
498:
478:
458:
441:
433:
413:
410:
402:
401:
382:
363:
340:Bioavailability
332:Pharmacokinetic
326:
258:
200:
193:
174:
167:
59:
55:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6639:
6637:
6629:
6628:
6623:
6621:Acetate esters
6618:
6613:
6608:
6603:
6598:
6593:
6588:
6583:
6573:
6572:
6568:
6567:
6544:
6543:
6529:
6526:
6525:
6522:
6521:
6519:
6518:
6510:
6508:
6497:
6496:
6494:
6493:
6485:
6483:
6469:
6465:
6464:
6461:
6460:
6457:
6456:
6454:
6453:
6448:
6443:
6438:
6433:
6428:
6426:Mefenamic acid
6423:
6418:
6413:
6407:
6405:
6396:
6392:
6391:
6388:
6387:
6385:
6384:
6382:Phenanthridine
6379:
6374:
6369:
6364:
6359:
6353:
6351:
6345:
6344:
6342:
6341:
6336:
6331:
6325:
6323:
6314:
6303:
6302:
6299:
6298:
6296:
6295:
6289:
6287:
6281:
6280:
6278:
6277:
6272:
6267:
6262:
6257:
6252:
6247:
6242:
6237:
6232:
6226:
6224:
6215:
6201:
6195:
6194:
6191:
6190:
6187:
6186:
6184:
6183:
6178:
6173:
6168:
6163:
6157:
6155:
6146:
6135:
6134:
6131:
6130:
6128:
6127:
6121:
6119:
6113:
6112:
6110:
6109:
6104:
6099:
6093:
6091:
6082:
6071:
6070:
6067:
6066:
6064:
6063:
6058:
6053:
6048:
6043:
6030:Atracotoxins (
6028:
6022:
6020:
6014:
6013:
6011:
6010:
6005:
6000:
5990:
5985:
5976:
5975:
5973:Zetekitoxin AB
5970:
5965:
5960:
5955:
5946:
5945:
5940:
5935:
5930:
5925:
5920:
5915:
5910:
5905:
5900:
5891:
5890:
5885:
5880:
5875:
5873:Proxymetacaine
5870:
5865:
5860:
5855:
5850:
5845:
5840:
5835:
5830:
5825:
5820:
5815:
5810:
5805:
5800:
5795:
5790:
5785:
5783:Chloroprocaine
5780:
5775:
5770:
5756:
5751:
5746:
5741:
5729:
5728:
5723:
5718:
5713:
5708:
5703:
5698:
5693:
5688:
5683:
5678:
5673:
5668:
5663:
5658:
5653:
5648:
5643:
5638:
5633:
5628:
5623:
5618:
5613:
5608:
5603:
5598:
5589:
5588:
5583:
5578:
5573:
5568:
5563:
5558:
5553:
5548:
5543:
5538:
5533:
5528:
5523:
5518:
5513:
5508:
5503:
5494:
5493:
5484:
5482:
5473:
5459:
5453:
5452:
5449:
5448:
5445:
5444:
5442:
5441:
5435:
5433:
5427:
5426:
5424:
5423:
5418:
5413:
5408:
5402:
5400:
5391:
5380:
5379:
5376:
5375:
5373:
5372:
5367:
5362:
5357:
5352:
5347:
5338:
5332:
5330:
5324:
5323:
5321:
5320:
5315:
5306:
5300:
5298:
5289:
5281:
5275:
5274:
5271:
5270:
5268:
5267:
5250:
5249:
5244:
5239:
5234:
5229:
5224:
5219:
5214:
5209:
5204:
5199:
5194:
5189:
5184:
5171:
5164:
5162:
5156:
5155:
5153:
5152:
5147:
5142:
5137:
5132:
5127:
5122:
5117:
5112:
5095:
5094:
5089:
5084:
5079:
5074:
5069:
5064:
5059:
5057:Glyclopyramide
5054:
5049:
5044:
5039:
5034:
5029:
5024:
5019:
5014:
5012:Chlorpropamide
5009:
5004:
4991:
4984:
4982:
4973:
4962:
4961:
4958:
4957:
4955:
4954:
4949:
4939:
4933:
4931:
4925:
4924:
4922:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4901:
4895:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4844:
4839:
4834:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4809:
4804:
4799:
4794:
4789:
4784:
4779:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4757:Clarithromycin
4754:
4749:
4747:Chlorpromazine
4744:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4686:
4678:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4652:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4617:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4542:
4537:
4532:
4527:
4522:
4517:
4512:
4507:
4502:
4496:
4494:
4485:
4471:
4465:
4464:
4461:
4460:
4457:
4456:
4454:
4453:
4441:
4439:
4433:
4432:
4430:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4367:Paramethadione
4364:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4215:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4142:gabapentinoids
4135:
4129:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4043:Non-selective:
4039:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
3996:
3995:
3983:
3982:
3980:ω-Agatoxin IVB
3977:
3975:ω-Agatoxin IVA
3965:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3932:Huwentoxin XVI
3929:
3924:
3919:
3907:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3884:Cyproheptadine
3881:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3642:Levniguldipine
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3582:Dexniguldipine
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3531:
3529:
3520:
3506:
3500:
3499:
3494:
3492:
3491:
3484:
3477:
3469:
3460:
3459:
3456:
3455:
3454:
3453:
3450:
3439:
3433:
3427:
3426:
3423:
3422:
3419:
3418:
3416:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3399:
3397:
3388:
3382:
3381:
3378:
3377:
3375:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3353:
3351:
3345:
3344:
3342:
3341:
3328:
3323:
3313:
3311:
3307:
3302:
3301:
3299:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3282:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3269:
3267:
3266:
3265:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3218:
3216:
3197:
3183:
3182:
3179:
3178:
3176:
3175:
3170:
3164:
3162:
3146:
3145:
3143:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3081:
3079:
3063:
3062:
3059:
3058:
3056:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3019:
3017:
3009:
3008:
3006:
3005:
3004:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2981:
2980:
2979:
2966:
2964:
2956:
2955:
2953:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2925:Hydroquinidine
2922:
2917:
2911:
2909:
2894:
2879:
2873:
2872:
2862:
2860:
2859:
2852:
2845:
2837:
2829:
2828:
2785:
2736:
2693:
2682:(7): 636–642.
2666:
2631:
2602:(7): 600–608.
2582:
2570:
2543:(6): 278–283.
2527:
2492:
2481:(2): 119–125.
2465:
2438:(3): 355–373.
2422:
2411:(2): 583–588.
2395:
2384:(4): 381–388.
2368:
2361:
2335:
2308:(2): 145–153.
2292:
2285:
2259:
2233:
2206:(2): 169–177.
2189:
2168:(4): 556–559.
2148:
2121:(8): 681–696.
2105:
2082:
2063:(2): 196–200.
2047:
2020:(6): 430–435.
2004:
1945:
1926:(2): 502–506.
1909:
1866:
1839:(5): 765–776.
1823:
1785:
1774:. 1 April 2019
1759:
1734:
1704:
1690:
1670:
1663:
1638:
1624:
1605:
1558:
1541:
1515:
1489:
1463:
1437:
1407:
1377:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1315:
1312:
1236:, making it a
1231:1,4-thiazepine
1201:
1198:
1193:
1190:
1178:
1175:
1162:
1159:
1136:
1133:
1105:
1102:
1090:left ventricle
1074:
1073:
1062:
1048:
1041:
1032:
1029:
1020:hypertension.
995:atrial flutter
969:
968:
963:
945:
938:Variant angina
935:
927:and decreases
913:
910:
835:, and certain
812:
811:
800:
799:
797:
796:
793:
791:
788:
780:
779:
778:
775:
774:
772:
771:
768:
760:
759:
758:
755:
754:
752:
751:
743:
741:
733:
732:
726:
720:
719:
713:
707:
701:
695:
690:
684:
683:
679:
678:
668:
660:
659:
657:
656:
643:
641:
628:
627:
625:
624:
608:
606:
600:
599:
597:
596:
588:
586:
580:
579:
577:
576:
568:
566:
560:
559:
557:
556:
548:
546:
540:
539:
537:
536:
528:
526:
520:
519:
517:
516:
508:
506:
500:
499:
497:
496:
488:
486:
480:
479:
477:
476:
468:
466:
460:
459:
457:
456:
448:
446:
435:
434:
432:
431:
423:
421:
415:
414:
412:
411:
405:
397:
396:
395:
392:
391:
387:
386:
377:
371:
370:
367:
358:
357:
352:
346:
345:
342:
336:
335:
328:
327:
325:
324:
321:
312:
300:
287:
273:
271:
265:
264:
260:
259:
257:
256:
233:
231:
225:
224:
219:
213:
212:
203:
201:administration
195:
194:
192:
191:
189:
179:
177:
169:
168:
166:
165:
147:
145:
139:
138:
131:
125:
124:
117:
107:
106:
103:
97:
96:
53:
49:
48:
44:
43:
35:
34:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6638:
6627:
6624:
6622:
6619:
6617:
6614:
6612:
6609:
6607:
6604:
6602:
6599:
6597:
6594:
6592:
6589:
6587:
6584:
6582:
6579:
6578:
6576:
6566:
6556:
6552:
6541:
6540:
6536:
6533:
6527:
6516:
6512:
6511:
6509:
6504:
6498:
6491:
6487:
6486:
6484:
6479:
6473:
6470:
6466:
6452:
6449:
6447:
6444:
6442:
6439:
6437:
6436:Niflumic acid
6434:
6432:
6429:
6427:
6424:
6422:
6419:
6417:
6414:
6412:
6409:
6408:
6406:
6404:
6400:
6397:
6393:
6383:
6380:
6378:
6375:
6373:
6370:
6368:
6365:
6363:
6360:
6358:
6355:
6354:
6352:
6350:
6346:
6340:
6337:
6335:
6332:
6330:
6329:Glibenclamide
6327:
6326:
6324:
6322:
6318:
6315:
6310:
6304:
6294:
6291:
6290:
6288:
6286:
6282:
6276:
6275:Niflumic acid
6273:
6271:
6268:
6266:
6263:
6261:
6260:Glibenclamide
6258:
6256:
6253:
6251:
6248:
6246:
6243:
6241:
6238:
6236:
6233:
6231:
6228:
6227:
6225:
6223:
6219:
6216:
6211:
6205:
6202:
6200:
6196:
6182:
6179:
6177:
6174:
6172:
6169:
6167:
6164:
6162:
6159:
6158:
6156:
6154:
6150:
6147:
6142:
6136:
6126:
6123:
6122:
6120:
6118:
6114:
6108:
6105:
6103:
6100:
6098:
6095:
6094:
6092:
6090:
6086:
6083:
6078:
6072:
6062:
6059:
6057:
6056:Grayanotoxins
6054:
6052:
6049:
6047:
6046:Batrachotoxin
6044:
6041:
6037:
6033:
6032:ω-Atracotoxin
6029:
6027:
6024:
6023:
6021:
6019:
6015:
6009:
6006:
6004:
6001:
5998:
5994:
5991:
5989:
5986:
5984:
5983:Buprenorphine
5981:
5978:
5977:
5974:
5971:
5969:
5966:
5964:
5961:
5959:
5956:
5954:
5951:
5948:
5947:
5944:
5941:
5939:
5936:
5934:
5931:
5929:
5926:
5924:
5921:
5919:
5916:
5914:
5911:
5909:
5906:
5904:
5901:
5899:
5896:
5893:
5892:
5889:
5886:
5884:
5881:
5879:
5876:
5874:
5871:
5869:
5866:
5864:
5861:
5859:
5856:
5854:
5851:
5849:
5846:
5844:
5841:
5839:
5836:
5834:
5831:
5829:
5826:
5824:
5821:
5819:
5816:
5814:
5811:
5809:
5806:
5804:
5801:
5799:
5796:
5794:
5791:
5789:
5786:
5784:
5781:
5779:
5776:
5774:
5771:
5768:
5764:
5760:
5757:
5755:
5752:
5750:
5747:
5745:
5742:
5740:
5738:
5734:
5731:
5730:
5727:
5724:
5722:
5719:
5717:
5716:Valproic acid
5714:
5712:
5709:
5707:
5704:
5702:
5699:
5697:
5694:
5692:
5689:
5687:
5684:
5682:
5679:
5677:
5674:
5672:
5669:
5667:
5664:
5662:
5661:Oxitriptyline
5659:
5657:
5656:Oxcarbazepine
5654:
5652:
5649:
5647:
5646:Licarbazepine
5644:
5642:
5639:
5637:
5634:
5632:
5629:
5627:
5624:
5622:
5619:
5617:
5614:
5612:
5609:
5607:
5604:
5602:
5601:Carbamazepine
5599:
5597:
5594:
5591:
5590:
5587:
5584:
5582:
5579:
5577:
5574:
5572:
5569:
5567:
5564:
5562:
5559:
5557:
5554:
5552:
5549:
5547:
5544:
5542:
5539:
5537:
5534:
5532:
5529:
5527:
5524:
5522:
5519:
5517:
5514:
5512:
5509:
5507:
5504:
5502:
5499:
5496:
5495:
5492:
5489:
5488:Antianginals:
5486:
5485:
5483:
5481:
5477:
5474:
5469:
5463:
5460:
5458:
5454:
5440:
5437:
5436:
5434:
5432:
5428:
5422:
5421:Norfluoxetine
5419:
5417:
5414:
5412:
5409:
5407:
5404:
5403:
5401:
5399:
5395:
5392:
5387:
5381:
5371:
5368:
5366:
5363:
5361:
5358:
5356:
5355:Niflumic acid
5353:
5351:
5348:
5346:
5343:
5341:
5334:
5333:
5331:
5329:
5325:
5319:
5316:
5314:
5311:
5309:
5302:
5301:
5299:
5297:
5293:
5290:
5285:
5276:
5266:
5263:
5258:
5252:
5251:
5248:
5245:
5243:
5240:
5238:
5235:
5233:
5230:
5228:
5225:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5207:Levcromakalim
5205:
5203:
5200:
5198:
5195:
5193:
5190:
5188:
5185:
5183:
5180:
5175:
5166:
5165:
5163:
5161:
5157:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5103:
5097:
5096:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5002:Acetohexamide
5000:
4995:
4986:
4985:
4983:
4981:
4977:
4974:
4969:
4963:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4935:
4934:
4932:
4930:
4926:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4897:
4896:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4847:Roxithromycin
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4684:
4680:
4679:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4540:Charybdotoxin
4538:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4497:
4495:
4493:
4489:
4486:
4481:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4466:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4443:
4442:
4440:
4438:
4434:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4422:Trimethadione
4420:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4262:Diproteverine
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4217:
4216:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4139:
4131:
4130:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4121:Ruthenium red
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4096:Levetiracetam
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4046:ω-Agatoxin TK
4044:
4041:
4040:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4016:Niflumic acid
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3998:
3997:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3985:
3984:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3967:
3966:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3909:
3908:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3637:Levamlodipine
3635:
3633:
3632:Lercanidipine
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
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3539:
3537:
3533:
3532:
3530:
3528:
3524:
3521:
3516:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3501:
3497:
3490:
3485:
3483:
3478:
3476:
3471:
3470:
3467:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3428:
3424:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3400:
3398:
3396:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3383:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3354:
3352:
3350:
3346:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3318:
3315:
3314:
3312:
3310:
3303:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3283:
3281:
3279:
3271:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3239:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3210:
3205:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3191:
3188:
3184:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3156:
3151:
3147:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3073:
3068:
3064:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3010:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2988:
2987:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2975:
2974:
2973:
2972:
2968:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2957:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2903:
2898:
2895:
2892:
2887:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2874:
2869:
2865:
2858:
2853:
2851:
2846:
2844:
2839:
2838:
2835:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2789:
2786:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2740:
2737:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2697:
2694:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2670:
2667:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2635:
2632:
2627:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2596:Life Sciences
2593:
2586:
2583:
2579:
2574:
2571:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2531:
2528:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2496:
2493:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2469:
2466:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2426:
2423:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2399:
2396:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2380:(in French).
2379:
2372:
2369:
2364:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2339:
2336:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2296:
2293:
2288:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2263:
2260:
2247:
2243:
2237:
2234:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2193:
2190:
2185:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2152:
2149:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2109:
2106:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2086:
2083:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2051:
2048:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2008:
2005:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1949:
1946:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1913:
1910:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1870:
1867:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1827:
1824:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1792:
1790:
1786:
1773:
1769:
1763:
1760:
1748:
1744:
1738:
1735:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1708:
1705:
1693:
1687:
1683:
1682:
1674:
1671:
1666:
1660:
1656:
1651:
1650:
1642:
1639:
1627:
1621:
1617:
1616:
1609:
1606:
1593:
1589:
1583:
1581:
1579:
1577:
1575:
1573:
1571:
1569:
1567:
1565:
1563:
1559:
1551:
1545:
1542:
1529:
1525:
1519:
1516:
1503:
1499:
1493:
1490:
1478:. 2 June 2020
1477:
1473:
1467:
1464:
1451:
1447:
1441:
1438:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1411:
1408:
1395:
1391:
1385:
1383:
1379:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1363:
1362:anal fissures
1358:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1343:glutamatergic
1340:
1336:
1332:
1327:
1325:
1321:
1313:
1311:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1276:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1241:
1239:
1235:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1206:
1199:
1197:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1183:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1171:AV node block
1168:
1161:Beta-blockers
1160:
1158:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1145:
1142:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1103:
1101:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1049:
1046:
1042:
1039:
1035:
1034:
1030:
1028:
1026:
1025:anal fissures
1021:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1006:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
986:
982:
978:
974:
967:
964:
961:
957:
953:
952:preinfarction
949:
946:
943:
939:
936:
933:
930:
926:
922:
921:Stable angina
919:
918:
917:
911:
909:
903:
898:
896:
892:
888:
884:
883:smooth muscle
879:
877:
876:breastfeeding
873:
869:
868:heart failure
865:
861:
856:
854:
850:
846:
845:beta blockers
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
808:
801:
792:
787:
783:
776:
767:
763:
756:
749:
745:
744:
742:
739:
734:
727:
725:
721:
691:
689:
685:
680:
676:
672:
669:
667:
665:ECHA InfoCard
661:
653:
649:
648:DTXSID9022940
645:
644:
642:
633:
629:
621:
620:RCSB PDB
615:
610:
609:
607:
605:
601:
594:
590:
589:
587:
585:
581:
574:
570:
569:
567:
565:
561:
554:
550:
549:
547:
545:
541:
534:
530:
529:
527:
525:
521:
514:
510:
509:
507:
505:
501:
494:
490:
489:
487:
485:
481:
474:
470:
469:
467:
465:
461:
454:
450:
449:
447:
440:
436:
429:
425:
424:
422:
420:
416:
408:
404:
400:
393:
388:
385:
381:
378:
376:
372:
368:
366:
359:
356:
353:
351:
347:
343:
341:
337:
333:
329:
322:
320: Rx-only
313:
311:
301:
298:
288:
285:
275:
274:
272:
270:
266:
261:
253:
248:
243:
238:
235:
234:
232:
230:
226:
223:
220:
218:
214:
211:
207:
204:
202:
196:
190:
181:
180:
178:
176:
170:
163:
158:
149:
148:
146:
144:
140:
136:
132:
130:
126:
122:
118:
116:
112:
108:
104:
102:
98:
92:
54:
52:Pronunciation
50:
47:Clinical data
45:
41:
36:
32:
27:
19:
6531:
6530:
6441:Talniflumate
5979:
5968:Tetrodotoxin
5958:Neosaxitoxin
5949:
5894:
5868:Propoxycaine
5803:Dimethocaine
5736:
5732:
5701:Valnoctamide
5631:Fosphenytoin
5592:
5566:Procainamide
5556:Pilsicainide
5511:Disopyramide
5497:
5487:
5335:
5303:
5253:
5167:
5135:Ethosuximide
5120:Cloperastine
5098:
5067:Metahexamide
5062:Glycyclamide
5022:Glibornuride
4987:
4936:
4898:
4877:Thioridazine
4832:Promethazine
4817:Orphenadrine
4807:Ketoconazole
4792:Erythromycin
4681:
4444:
4372:Phensuximide
4352:Ochratoxin A
4292:Ethosuximide
4218:
4140:-selective (
4132:
4042:
3999:
3986:
3968:
3917:ω-Conotoxins
3910:
3860:
3842:Norverapamil
3807:Dexverapamil
3785:
3766:
3759:derivatives:
3756:
3755:
3752:Vatanidipine
3747:Trombodipine
3712:Palonidipine
3697:Nitrendipine
3652:Mepirodipine
3557:Azelnidipine
3540:
3534:
3395:Na/ K-ATPase
3326:Disopyramide
3296:Barbiturates
3236:
3167:
2983:
2969:
2940:Procainamide
2920:Disopyramide
2798:
2794:
2788:
2753:
2749:
2739:
2706:
2702:
2696:
2679:
2675:
2669:
2647:(1): 85–92.
2644:
2640:
2634:
2599:
2595:
2585:
2573:
2540:
2536:
2530:
2505:
2501:
2495:
2478:
2474:
2468:
2435:
2431:
2425:
2408:
2404:
2398:
2381:
2377:
2371:
2344:
2338:
2305:
2301:
2295:
2268:
2262:
2250:. Retrieved
2246:the original
2236:
2203:
2199:
2192:
2165:
2161:
2151:
2118:
2114:
2108:
2091:
2085:
2060:
2056:
2050:
2017:
2013:
2007:
1962:
1958:
1948:
1923:
1919:
1912:
1879:
1875:
1869:
1836:
1832:
1826:
1804:(1): 34–57.
1801:
1797:
1776:. Retrieved
1771:
1762:
1750:. Retrieved
1746:
1737:
1725:. Retrieved
1716:
1707:
1695:. Retrieved
1680:
1673:
1648:
1641:
1629:. Retrieved
1614:
1608:
1596:. Retrieved
1591:
1544:
1532:. Retrieved
1530:. 2 May 2019
1527:
1518:
1506:. Retrieved
1501:
1492:
1480:. Retrieved
1475:
1466:
1454:. Retrieved
1452:. 7 May 2019
1449:
1440:
1428:. Retrieved
1424:the original
1419:
1410:
1398:. Retrieved
1396:. 4 May 2020
1393:
1359:
1339:dopaminergic
1328:
1317:
1284:chronotropic
1277:
1248:
1244:
1242:
1211:
1195:
1180:
1164:
1138:
1130:
1107:
1104:Side effects
1075:
1022:
1014:hypertension
1010:vasodilatory
1007:
989:
983:in treating
970:
915:
912:Medical uses
899:
880:
857:
820:
816:
815:
804:
573:CHEBI:101278
406:
362:Elimination
269:Legal status
263:Legal status
143:License data
18:
6107:Triamterene
6061:Poneratoxin
6051:Ciguatoxins
5938:Raxatrigine
5933:Ralfinamide
5928:PF-05089771
5923:PF-04531083
5895:Analgesics:
5853:Piperocaine
5838:Meprylcaine
5833:Mepivacaine
5788:Cinchocaine
5767:Ropivacaine
5759:Bupivacaine
5686:Sipatrigine
5671:Pheneturide
5666:Phenacemide
5651:Mephenytoin
5636:Lamotrigine
5616:Elpetrigine
5571:Propafenone
5516:Dronedarone
5092:Tolbutamide
5082:Repaglinide
5077:Nateglinide
5072:Mitiglinide
5052:Glisoxepide
5037:Glimepiride
5027:Glicaramide
5007:Carbutamide
4909:Linopirdine
4892:Vernakalant
4882:Tolterodine
4872:Terfenadine
4862:Tamulotoxin
4857:Solifenacin
4827:PNU-282,987
4802:Haloperidol
4797:Gigactonine
4777:Domperidone
4762:Darifenacin
4727:Bedaquiline
4712:Azaspiracid
4675:Vernakalant
4610:Linopirdine
4570:Dronedarone
4560:Dendrotoxin
4545:Clamikalant
4417:Tolperisone
4412:Tetrandrine
4402:Sipatrigine
4397:Silperisone
4382:Prenylamine
4322:Lidoflazine
4277:Elpetrigine
4187:Mirogabalin
4091:Lamotrigine
4086:Flunarizine
4081:Efonidipine
4071:Cinnarizine
4066:Cilnidipine
4021:NNC 55-0396
3947:Ralfinamide
3894:Fantofarone
3889:Dronedarone
3874:Budiodarone
3869:Brinazarone
3832:Levemopamil
3732:Sornidipine
3727:Sagandipine
3717:Pranidipine
3692:Nisoldipine
3682:Nilvadipine
3672:Niguldipine
3662:Nicardipine
3627:Lemildipine
3612:Iganidipine
3607:Furnidipine
3572:Cronidipine
3567:Clevidipine
3562:Barnidipine
3552:Aranidipine
3438:from market
3349:α receptors
3232:Propranolol
3195:antagonists
3140:Vernakalant
3110:Dronedarone
3053:Propafenone
3038:Indecainide
1697:28 December
1631:28 December
1598:28 December
1320:prophylaxis
1288:dromotropic
1273:sympathetic
1215:vasodilator
1167:dysrhythmia
1144:cytochromes
1118:bradycardia
1114:hypotension
1088:, impaired
1086:bradycardia
1068:because of
1003:intravenous
731: g·mol
671:100.050.707
390:Identifiers
369:3–4.5 hours
210:intravenous
129:MedlinePlus
101:Trade names
6575:Categories
6411:Bumetanide
6349:Activators
6339:Piretanide
6334:Lonidamine
6285:Activators
6270:Mibefradil
6265:Mefloquine
6255:Furosemide
6250:Fluoxetine
6230:Crofelemer
6117:Activators
6040:Versutoxin
6036:Robustoxin
6018:Activators
6003:Safinamide
5953:Conotoxins
5888:Trimecaine
5883:Tetracaine
5858:Prilocaine
5848:Orthocaine
5823:Iontocaine
5818:Hexylcaine
5813:Etidocaine
5754:Benzocaine
5744:Amylocaine
5726:Zonisamide
5721:Valpromide
5691:Topiramate
5681:Rufinamide
5641:Lacosamide
5606:Cenobamate
5561:Prajmaline
5551:Moricizine
5546:Mexiletine
5541:Lorcainide
5526:Flecainide
5491:Ranolazine
5431:Activators
5416:Fluoxetine
5360:Nimesulide
5342:-specific:
5328:Activators
5310:-specific:
5262:-specific:
5242:Rilmakalim
5232:Nicorandil
5192:Cromakalim
5179:-specific:
5160:Activators
5150:Tipepidine
5140:Ifenprodil
5115:Caramiphen
5107:-specific:
5087:Tolazamide
5047:Gliquidone
5032:Gliclazide
4999:-specific:
4952:Retigabine
4947:Flupirtine
4944:-specific:
4929:Activators
4906:-specific:
4887:Vanoxerine
4867:Terodiline
4852:Sertindole
4842:Ranolazine
4707:Astemizole
4697:Amiodarone
4665:Terikalant
4640:Pinokalant
4625:Nifekalant
4620:Maurotoxin
4615:Lolitrem B
4605:Kaliotoxin
4565:Dofetilide
4555:Dalazatide
4550:Conotoxins
4520:Amiodarone
4515:Almokalant
4437:Activators
4427:Valperinol
4407:Terodiline
4347:Naftopidil
4337:Mesuximide
4267:Enpiperate
4247:Cycleanine
4232:Bevantolol
4222:Bencyclane
4212:Pregabalin
4202:PD-299,685
4197:PD-217,014
4192:PD-200,347
4182:Imagabalin
4172:Gabapentin
4162:Atagabalin
4152:Arbaclofen
4111:Mibefradil
4106:Loperamide
4101:Lomerizine
4076:Dotarizine
4056:Benidipine
4036:Zonisamide
3952:Safinamide
3927:Caroverine
3879:Celivarone
3827:Gallopamil
3782:Siratiazem
3772:Iprotiazem
3762:Clentiazem
3742:Tiamdipine
3737:Teludipine
3702:Olradipine
3687:Nimodipine
3677:Niludipine
3667:Nifedipine
3657:Mesudipine
3647:Manidipine
3622:Lacidipine
3617:Isradipine
3602:Flordipine
3597:Felodipine
3592:Elnadipine
3587:Elgodipine
3577:Darodipine
3547:Amlodipine
3357:Amiodarone
3262:Metoprolol
3242:Acebutolol
3213:β blockers
3125:Nifekalant
3105:Dofetilide
3100:Celivarone
3085:Amiodarone
3048:Moracizine
3043:Lorcainide
3033:Flecainide
3028:Ethacizine
3012:class Ic (
2996:Mexiletine
2959:class Ib (
2935:Prajmaline
2900:class Ia (
2801:(1): 1–6.
2092:StatPearls
1752:14 January
1727:14 January
1534:23 October
1508:23 October
1482:23 October
1373:References
1349:effect of
1219:heart rate
1092:function,
985:re-entrant
929:myocardial
736:3D model (
724:Molar mass
604:PDB ligand
533:EE92BBP03H
504:ChemSpider
464:IUPHAR/BPS
428:42399-41-7
419:CAS Number
399:IUPAC name
350:Metabolism
217:Drug class
6532:See also:
6431:Mepacrine
6377:Ivacaftor
6293:Carbachol
6176:Ibuprofen
6166:Amiloride
6125:Solnatide
6097:Amiloride
6026:Aconitine
5988:Evenamide
5963:Saxitoxin
5878:Risocaine
5828:Lidocaine
5773:Butacaine
5749:Articaine
5676:Phenytoin
5586:Tocainide
5581:Sparteine
5576:Quinidine
5536:Lorajmine
5531:Lidocaine
5521:Encainide
5506:Aprindine
5247:Sarakalim
5237:Pinacidil
5227:Naminidil
5217:Minoxidil
5212:Mazokalim
5197:Diazoxide
5187:Bimakalim
5182:Aprikalim
5145:Tertiapin
5125:Clozapine
5042:Glipizide
4837:Quinidine
4787:Ergtoxins
4752:Cisapride
4742:BRL-32872
4722:Azimilide
4685:(KCNH2, K
4660:Tedisamil
4645:Quinidine
4635:Paxilline
4600:Inakalant
4595:Ibutilide
4580:Hanatoxin
4535:Bunaftine
4530:Bretylium
4525:Azimilide
4510:Adekalant
4469:Potassium
4451:Bay K8644
4392:Sesamodil
4342:Monatepil
4332:Manoalide
4327:Magnesium
4312:Imepitoin
4302:Fendiline
4282:Ethadione
4272:Eperisone
4252:Dauricine
4227:Berbamine
4138:δ subunit
3942:PD-173212
3857:Verapamil
3847:Ronipamil
3837:Nexopamil
3822:Falipamil
3817:Etripamil
3802:Devapamil
3797:Dagapamil
3777:Nictiazem
3767:Diltiazem
3757:Diltiazem
3707:Oxodipine
3448:Phase III
3436:Withdrawn
3403:Digitoxin
3372:Verapamil
3367:Quinidine
3362:Bretylium
3331:Quinidine
3286:Adenosine
3257:Landiolol
3173:Verapamil
3168:Diltiazem
3135:Tedisamil
3120:Ibutilide
3095:Bunaftine
3090:Bretylium
3067:class III
3023:Encainide
3001:Tocainide
2991:Aprindine
2977:Lidocaine
2950:Sparteine
2945:Quinidine
2930:Lorajmine
1592:Drugs.com
1394:Drugs.com
1347:analgesic
1280:inotropic
1275:changes.
1265:afterload
1227:verapamil
1182:Quinidine
1177:Quinidine
1122:dizziness
981:verapamil
960:vasospasm
956:crescendo
878:is safe.
872:pregnancy
817:Diltiazem
384:Bile duct
375:Excretion
364:half-life
199:Routes of
173:Pregnancy
162:Diltiazem
121:Monograph
115:Drugs.com
23:Diltiazem
6565:Medicine
6517:instead.
6492:instead.
6403:Blockers
6395:Unsorted
6321:Blockers
6222:Blockers
6199:Chloride
6161:A-317567
6153:Blockers
6102:Benzamil
6089:Blockers
5918:NKTR-171
5913:GDC-0276
5908:Funapide
5903:DSP-2230
5898:AZD-3161
5863:Procaine
5778:Butamben
5626:Ethotoin
5501:Ajmaline
5480:Blockers
5439:Riluzole
5398:Blockers
5296:Blockers
5202:Emakalim
4980:Blockers
4822:Pimozide
4692:Ajmaline
4492:Blockers
4307:Fostedil
4237:Canadine
4207:Phenibut
4167:Baclofen
4116:NP078585
4061:Bepridil
3899:SR-33805
3852:Tiapamil
3812:Emopamil
3792:Anipamil
3527:Blockers
3321:Atropine
3247:Atenolol
3227:Pindolol
3204:class II
3190:agonists
3187:Receptor
3150:class IV
2915:Ajmaline
2823:13015745
2815:17846781
2780:23510129
2772:16911570
2731:40406260
2723:11535842
2688:12019755
2661:10844102
2626:17689567
2565:40215836
2537:Headache
2460:13621196
2330:20440286
2322:10226758
2228:21986119
2184:10774785
2143:41343222
2135:17655375
2100:30422532
2042:32959944
2034:12790914
1999:23440538
1991:15538095
1940:11171729
1904:25104288
1896:11588443
1861:39272285
1853:15934903
1818:15517514
1778:13 April
1772:DailyMed
1747:ClinCalc
1721:Archived
1717:ClinCalc
1528:DailyMed
1502:DailyMed
1476:DailyMed
1456:13 April
1430:13 April
1351:morphine
1314:Research
1253:coronary
1243:It is a
1223:A-V node
1192:Fentanyl
1126:flushing
1055:systolic
887:arteries
849:by mouth
821:Cardizem
807:(verify)
593:ChEMBL23
484:DrugBank
229:ATC code
206:By mouth
175:category
157:DailyMed
6616:Lactams
6171:Aspirin
5993:Menthol
5980:Others:
5950:Toxins:
5793:Cocaine
5318:GAL-021
4938:KCNQ (K
4900:KCNQ (K
4717:AZD1305
4655:Sotalol
4650:ShK-186
4630:Notoxin
4317:JTV-519
4297:Fasudil
4026:ProTx I
4006:ABT-639
3993:SNX-482
3864:AH-1058
3861:Others:
3504:Calcium
3413:Ouabain
3408:Digoxin
3339:Digoxin
3278:agonist
3252:Esmolol
3222:Nadolol
3209:Phase 4
3155:Phase 4
3130:Sotalol
3072:Phase 3
3014:Phase 0
2985:enteral
2961:Phase 3
2906:Phase 3
2902:Phase 0
2886:class I
2617:2765982
2557:6358127
2522:6144044
2487:2147612
2452:1970289
2417:1990741
2390:1353873
2252:26 June
2220:1012337
2077:8427431
1982:8109670
1141:hepatic
688:Formula
493:DB00343
439:PubChem
249: (
247:C08DB01
245:)
239: (
237:C05AE03
188: C
159::
135:a684027
6551:Portal
6468:Others
5457:Sodium
5110:Barium
4914:XE-991
4782:E-4031
4732:BeKm-1
4702:AmmTX3
4585:HgeTx1
4575:E-4031
4357:Osthol
4126:TROX-1
4011:ML-218
3431:WHO-EM
3115:E-4031
2904:→ and
2821:
2813:
2778:
2770:
2729:
2721:
2686:
2659:
2624:
2614:
2563:
2555:
2520:
2485:
2458:
2450:
2415:
2388:
2359:
2328:
2320:
2283:
2226:
2218:
2182:
2141:
2133:
2098:
2075:
2040:
2032:
1997:
1989:
1979:
1938:
1902:
1894:
1859:
1851:
1816:
1688:
1661:
1622:
1594:. AHFS
1286:, and
1245:potent
1155:CYP2D6
1151:CYP2C9
1147:CYP3A4
1096:, and
1005:(IV).
906:
833:angina
762:SMILES
729:414.52
584:ChEMBL
553:D07845
380:Kidney
310:℞-only
308:
295:
282:
155:
95:
6502:LGICs
6209:CaCCs
6181:PcTX1
6140:ASICs
5467:VGSCs
4737:BmTx3
4590:HsTx1
4479:VGKCs
3514:VDCCs
2819:S2CID
2776:S2CID
2727:S2CID
2561:S2CID
2456:S2CID
2432:Drugs
2326:S2CID
2224:S2CID
2139:S2CID
2038:S2CID
1995:S2CID
1920:Chest
1900:S2CID
1857:S2CID
1553:(PDF)
1450:(emc)
1400:5 May
1043:With
1018:renin
999:bolus
891:heart
782:InChI
738:JSmol
611:D6C (
564:ChEBI
513:35850
453:39186
355:Liver
6515:here
6513:See
6490:here
6488:See
6477:TRPs
6308:CFTR
6235:DIDS
6076:ENaC
5997:mint
5385:K2Ps
5256:GIRK
5101:GIRK
4967:IRKs
4683:hERG
4031:Z944
3957:Z160
3193:and
2868:C01B
2811:PMID
2768:PMID
2719:PMID
2684:PMID
2657:PMID
2622:PMID
2553:PMID
2518:PMID
2483:PMID
2448:PMID
2413:PMID
2386:PMID
2357:ISBN
2318:PMID
2281:ISBN
2254:2019
2216:PMID
2180:PMID
2131:PMID
2096:PMID
2073:PMID
2030:PMID
1987:PMID
1936:PMID
1892:PMID
1849:PMID
1814:PMID
1780:2020
1754:2024
1729:2024
1699:2018
1686:ISBN
1659:ISBN
1633:2018
1620:ISBN
1600:2018
1536:2022
1510:2022
1484:2022
1458:2020
1432:2020
1402:2020
1341:and
1335:rats
1263:and
1255:and
1249:mild
1247:and
1234:ring
1169:and
1153:and
977:PSVT
971:For
614:PDBe
544:KEGG
524:UNII
473:2298
334:data
111:AHFS
5739:FBT
5172:ATP
4992:ATP
3211:→,
3157:→,
3074:→,
2803:doi
2758:doi
2711:doi
2649:doi
2645:397
2612:PMC
2604:doi
2545:doi
2510:doi
2506:310
2479:134
2440:doi
2349:doi
2310:doi
2273:doi
2208:doi
2204:294
2170:doi
2123:doi
2065:doi
2022:doi
1977:PMC
1967:doi
1928:doi
1924:119
1884:doi
1841:doi
1806:doi
1655:320
1420:emc
1322:of
1036:In
993:or
851:or
843:if
637:EPA
443:CID
407:cis
344:40%
297:POM
252:WHO
242:WHO
6577::
6537:•
6038:,
6034:,
5765:,
5339:Ca
5337:BK
5307:Ca
5305:BK
5282:Ca
4942:7)
4904:7)
4144:):
3859:;
3784:;
3754:;
3444::
3337::
3319::
3016:→)
2971:IV
2963:←)
2908:→)
2817:.
2809:.
2799:23
2797:.
2774:.
2766:.
2754:60
2752:.
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1080:,
1059:Hg
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866:,
831:,
702:26
696:22
617:,
316:EU
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291:UK
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278:AU
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