War and Peace - Knowledge

1041:, Russia's former capital, contrasting its provincial, more Russian ways to the more European society of Saint Petersburg. The Rostov family is introduced. Count Ilya Andreyevich Rostov and Countess Natalya Rostova are an affectionate couple but worried about their disordered finances. They have four children. Thirteen-year-old Natasha (Natalia Ilyinichna) believes herself in love with Boris Drubetskoy, a young man who is about to join the army as an officer. Boris's mother is Anna Mikhaylovna Drubetskaya, a childhood friend of the countess Natalya Rostova. Boris is also the godson of Pierre's father, Count Bezukhov. Twenty-year-old Nikolai Ilyich pledges his love to Sonya (Sofia Alexandrovna), his fifteen-year-old cousin, an orphan who has been brought up by the Rostovs. The eldest child, Vera Ilyinichna, is cold and somewhat haughty but has a good prospective marriage to a Russian-German officer, Adolf Karlovich Berg. Petya (Pyotr Ilyich) at nine is the youngest; like his brother, he is impetuous and eager to join the army when of age. 1376:, and scaffolding with plaster, impressed with the smooth result. He wrestles with the tension between our consciousness of freedom and the apparent need for necessity to develop laws of science and history, saying at times that the first is as real as the second, and yet that its reality would destroy the second. He concludes that just as astronomy had to adopt the Copernican hypothesis of the earth's movement, not because it fits our immediate perceptions, but to avoid absurdities, so too must historical science accept some conception of necessary laws of human action, even though we feel free in our ordinary lives. In an appendix, he tries to further resolve the tension with the suggestion that we are most free, or feel most free, in arbitrary acts affecting us alone, but less free in acts affecting other people, where moral or other principles force or forbid certain responses. 1394: 1719:, calling it "the best ever Russian historical novel" and "the pride of the contemporary literature". Marveling at the realism and factual truthfulness of Tolstoy's book, Leskov thought the author deserved the special credit for "having lifted up the people's spirit upon the high pedestal it deserved". "While working most elaborately upon individual characters, the author, apparently, has been studying most diligently the character of the nation as a whole; the life of people whose moral strength came to be concentrated in the Army that came up to fight mighty Napoleon. In this respect the novel of Count Tolstoy could be seen as an epic of the Great national war which up until now has had its historians but never had its singers", Leskov wrote. 1099:. He spends an eventful winter at home. Natasha has blossomed into a beautiful young woman. Denisov falls in love with her and proposes marriage but is rejected. Nikolai meets Dolokhov, and they grow closer as friends. Dolokhov falls in love with Sonya, Nikolai's cousin, but as she is in love with Nikolai, she rejects Dolokhov's proposal. Nikolai meets Dolokhov sometime later. The resentful Dolokhov challenges Nikolai at cards, and Nikolai loses every hand until he sinks into a 43,000-ruble debt. Although his mother pleads with Nikolai to marry a wealthy heiress to rescue the family from its dire financial straits, he refuses. Instead, he promises to marry his childhood crush and orphaned cousin, the dowry-less Sonya. 739: 1010:. He is about to become embroiled in a struggle for his inheritance, since the count is dying after a series of strokes. Educated abroad at his father's expense following his mother's death, Pierre is kindhearted but socially awkward, and finds it difficult to integrate into Petersburg society. It is known to everyone at the soirée that Pierre is his father's favorite of all the old count's illegitimate progeny. They respect Pierre during the soirée because his father, Count Bezukhov, is a very rich man, and as Pierre is his favorite, most aristocrats think that the fortune of his father will be given to him even though he is illegitimate. 1079:", references to Napoleon's early victories. Later in the battle, however, Andrei falls into enemy hands and even meets his hero, Napoleon. But his previous enthusiasm has been shattered; he no longer thinks much of Napoleon, "so petty did his hero with his paltry vanity and delight in victory appear, compared to that lofty, righteous and kindly sky which he had seen and comprehended". Tolstoy portrays Austerlitz as an early test for Russia, one which ended badly because the soldiers fought for irrelevant things like glory or renown rather than the higher virtues which would produce, according to Tolstoy, a victory at 1131: 45: 1244:

Davout set up a crossfire with artillery positioned on the Semyonovskaya heights. The battle becomes a hideous slaughter for both armies and ends in a standoff. The Russians, however, have won a moral victory by standing up to Napoleon's reputedly invincible army. The Russian army withdraws the next day, allowing Napoleon to march on to Moscow. Among the casualties are Anatole Kuragin and Prince Andrei. Anatole loses a leg, and Andrei suffers a grenade wound in the abdomen. Both are reported dead, but their families are in such disarray that no one can be notified.

1256:, while at the same time urging them to fight with pitchforks if necessary. Before fleeing himself, he gives orders to burn the city. However, Tolstoy states that the burning of an abandoned city mostly built of wood was inevitable, and while the French blame the Russians, these blame the French. The Rostovs have a difficult time deciding what to take with them, but in the end, Natasha convinces them to load their carts with the wounded and dying from the Battle of Borodino. Unknown to Natasha, Prince Andrei is amongst the wounded. 1699:, or rather, its cultural elite." "The objectivity and realism impart wonderful charm to all scenes, and alongside people of talent, honour and duty he exposes numerous scoundrels, worthless goons and fools," he added. In 1876 Dostoevsky wrote: "My strong conviction is that a writer of fiction has to have most profound knowledge—not only of the poetic side of his art, but also the reality he deals with, in its historical as well as contemporary context. Here , as far as I see it, only one writer excels in this, Count Lev Tolstoy." 1103:

Vasilyevna Kuragina). Hélène, who is rumored to be involved in an incestuous affair with her brother Anatole, tells Pierre that she will never have children with him. Hélène is also rumored to be having an affair with Dolokhov, who mocks Pierre in public. Pierre loses his temper and challenges Dolokhov to a duel. Unexpectedly (because Dolokhov is a seasoned dueller), Pierre wounds Dolokhov. Hélène denies her affair, but Pierre is convinced of her guilt and leaves her. In his moral and spiritual confusion, Pierre joins the

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and briefly reinvigorates him with her vivacious charm. Andrei believes he has found purpose in life again and, after paying the Rostovs several visits, proposes marriage to Natasha. However, Andrei's father dislikes the Rostovs and opposes the marriage, insisting that the couple wait a year before marrying. Prince Andrei leaves to recuperate from his wounds abroad, leaving Natasha distraught. Count Rostov takes her and Sonya to Moscow in order to raise funds for her trousseau.

968: 1276: 1522:. The critic praised Tolstoy's masterful portrayal of man at war, marveled at the complexity of the whole composition, organically merging historical facts and fiction. "The dazzling side of the novel," according to Annenkov, was "the natural simplicity with which transports the worldly affairs and big social events down to the level of a character who witnesses them." Annekov thought the historical gallery of the novel was incomplete with the two "great 5171: 331: 728: 607:

represent another element of the realistic style in which the book is written, since French was the common language of the Russian aristocracy, and more generally the aristocracies of continental Europe at the time. In fact, the Russian nobility often knew only enough Russian to command their servants: Julie Karagina, a character in the novel, is so unfamiliar with her country's native language that she has to take Russian lessons.

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marrying the wealthy Marya Bolkonskaya, but when they meet again, they both still feel love for each other. Count Rostov dies soon after, leaving his eldest son to take charge of the debt-ridden estate. Nikolai finds himself with the task of maintaining the family on the verge of bankruptcy. Although he finds marrying women for money repugnant, Nikolai gives in to his love for Princess Maria and marries her.

814:: Sister of Prince Andrei, Princess Maria is a pious woman whose father attempted to give her a good education. The caring, nurturing nature of her large eyes in her otherwise plain face is frequently mentioned. Tolstoy often notes that Princess Maria cannot claim a radiant beauty (like many other female characters of the novel) but she is a person of very high moral values and of high intelligence. 1323: 5183: 1948:, Dunnigan's (1968) is the best. ... Unlike the other translators, Dunnigan even succeeds with many characteristically Russian folk expressions and proverbs. ... She is faithful to the text and does not hesitate to render conscientiously those details that the uninitiated may find bewildering: for instance, the statement that Boris's mother pronounced his name with a stress on the 5207: 1263:, Pierre takes off on a naive mission to assassinate Napoleon. He becomes anonymous in all the chaos, shedding his responsibilities by wearing peasant clothes and shunning his duties and lifestyle. The only people he sees are Natasha and some of her family, as they depart Moscow. Natasha recognizes and smiles at him, and he in turn realizes the full scope of his love for her. 3844: 750: 1591: 595: 777:: The central character and often a voice for Tolstoy's own beliefs or struggles. Pierre is the socially awkward illegitimate son of Count Kirill Vladimirovich Bezukhov, who has fathered dozens of illegitimate sons. Educated abroad, Pierre returns to Russia as a misfit. His unexpected inheritance of a large fortune makes him socially desirable. 1291:

seeking: an honest person of integrity, who is utterly without pretense. Pierre discovers meaning in life simply by interacting with him. After witnessing French soldiers sacking Moscow and shooting Russian civilians arbitrarily, Pierre is forced to march with the Grand Army during its disastrous retreat from Moscow in the harsh

1107:. Much of Book Two concerns his struggles with his passions and his spiritual conflicts. He abandons his former carefree behavior and enters upon a philosophical quest particular to Tolstoy: how should one live a moral life in an ethically imperfect world? The question continually baffles Pierre. He attempts to liberate his 1154:

loves her, eventually establishing plans to elope. Natasha writes to Princess Maria, Andrei's sister, breaking off her engagement. At the last moment, Sonya discovers her plans to elope and foils them. Natasha learns from Pierre of Anatole's marriage. Devastated, Natasha makes a suicide attempt and is left seriously ill.

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as "one of the most remarkable books of our age." "This vast work has the spirit of an epic, where the life of Russia of the beginning of our century in general and in details has been recreated by the hand of a true master ... The manner in which Count Tolstoy conducts his treatise is innovative and

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was "neither a chronicle, nor a historical novel", but a genre merger, this ambiguity never undermining its immense value. Annenkov, who praised the novel too, was equally vague when trying to classify it. "The cultural history of one large section of our society, the political and social panorama of

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claims that historical events are the result of the actions of "heroes" and other great individuals; Tolstoy argues that this is impossible because of how rarely these actions result in great historical events. Rather, he argues, great historical events are the result of many smaller events driven by

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Pierre saves the life of a French officer who, seeking shelter, enters the home of a dead friend of Pierre’s, in which Pierre has been living since departing his own home. The two have a long, amicable conversation. The next day Pierre goes into the street to resume his assassination plan. He rescues

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to start with, Goncharov insisted: "War and Peace is the extraordinary poem of a novel, both in content and execution. It also serves as a monument to Russian history's glorious epoch when whatever figure you take is a colossus, a statue in bronze. Even minor characters carry all the characteristic

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role. Old Prince Bolkonsky dies of a stroke knowing that French marauders are coming for his estate. No organized help from any Russian army seems available to the Bolkonskys, but Nikolai Rostov turns up at their estate in time to help put down an incipient peasant revolt. He finds himself attracted

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Prince Andrei feels impelled to take his newly written military notions to Saint Petersburg, naively expecting to influence either the Emperor himself or those close to him. Young Natasha, also in Saint Petersburg, is caught up in the excitement of her first grand ball, where she meets Prince Andrei

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Also attending the soirée is Pierre's friend, Prince Andrei Nikolayevich Bolkonsky, husband of Lise, a charming society favourite. He is disillusioned with Petersburg society and with married life, feeling that his wife is empty and superficial. Pierre does not quite know what to do with this and is

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was published the very essence of what we call Russian literature has become quite different, acquired the new form and meaning", the critic continued later. Strakhov was the first critic in Russia who declared Tolstoy's novel to be a masterpiece of a level previously unknown in Russian literature.

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The first part of the epilogue begins with the wedding of Pierre and Natasha in 1813. Nikolai becomes worried about his family's finances and leaves the army after hearing of Petya's death. There is little hope for recovery. Given the Rostovs' ruin, he does not feel comfortable with the prospect of

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At Bald Hills, the Bolkonskys' country estate, Prince Andrei departs for war and leaves his terrified, pregnant wife Lise with his eccentric father Prince Nikolai Andreyevich and devoutly religious sister Maria Nikolayevna Bolkonskaya, who refuses to marry the son of a wealthy aristocrat on account

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The use of French diminishes as the book progresses. It is suggested that this is to demonstrate Russia freeing itself from foreign cultural domination, and to show that a once-friendly nation has turned into an enemy. By midway through the book, several of the Russian aristocracy are eager to find

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After his capture, Pierre believes he will be executed. In the end he is spared, but witnesses the execution of other prisoners with horror. Pierre becomes friends with a fellow prisoner, Platon Karataev, a Russian peasant with a saintly demeanor. In Karataev, Pierre finally finds what he has been

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from a vantage point next to a Russian artillery crew. After watching for a time, he begins to join in carrying ammunition. In the midst of the turmoil, he experiences first-hand the death and destruction of war; Eugène's artillery continues to pound Russian support columns, while Marshals Ney and

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disillusionment, Prince Andrei does not return to the army but remains on his estate, working on a project that would codify military behavior to solve problems of disorganization responsible for the loss of life on the Russian side. Pierre visits him and brings new questions: where is God in this

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Fyodor Ivanovich Dolokhov: A cold, almost psychopathic officer, he ruins Nikolai Rostov by luring him into an outrageous gambling debt after unsuccessfully proposing to Sonya Rostova. He is also rumored to have had an affair with Hélène Bezukhova and he provides for his poor mother and hunchbacked

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in 1863, the year that he married and settled down at his country estate. In September of that year, he wrote to Elizabeth Bers, his sister-in-law, asking if she could find any chronicles, diaries, or records from the Napoleonic period in Russia. He was dismayed to find that there were few written

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Natasha visits the Moscow opera, where she meets Hélène and her brother Anatole. Anatole has since married a Polish woman whom he abandoned in Poland. He is very attracted to Natasha and determined to seduce her and conspires with his sister to do so. Anatole succeeds in making Natasha believe he

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Pierre Bezukhov, upon finally receiving his massive inheritance, is suddenly transformed from a bumbling young man into the most eligible bachelor in Russian society. Despite knowing that it is wrong, he is convinced into marriage with Prince Kuragin's beautiful and immoral daughter Hélène (Elena

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Tolstoy was instrumental in bringing a new kind of consciousness to the novel. His narrative structure is noted not only for its god's-eye point of view over and within events, but also in the way it swiftly and seamlessly portrayed an individual character's viewpoint. His use of visual detail is

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is frequently inexact and contains too many anglicisms. Her style is awkward and turgid, very unsuitable for Tolstoi." On the Maudes' translation she comments: "this should have been the best translation, but the Maudes' lack of adroitness in dealing with Russian folk idiom, and their style in

1309:(Tolstoy does not state it explicitly but the euphemism he uses is unambiguous). Pierre is reunited with Natasha, while the victorious Russians rebuild Moscow. Natasha speaks of Prince Andrei's death and Pierre of Karataev's. Both are aware of a growing bond between them in their bereavement. 1833:

is in French; Tolstoy removed the French in a revised 1873 edition, only to restore it later. Most translators follow Garnett retaining some French; Briggs and Shubin use no French, while Pevear-Volokhonsky's and Amy Mandelker's revisions of the Maude translation both retain the French fully.

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As in all good marriages, there are misunderstandings, but the couples – Pierre and Natasha, Nikolai and Maria – remain devoted. Pierre and Natasha visit Bald Hills in 1820. There is a hint in the closing chapters that the idealistic, boyish Nikolenka and Pierre would both become part of the

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Although the book is mainly in Russian, significant portions of dialogue are in French. It has been suggested that the use of French is a deliberate literary device, to portray artifice while Russian emerges as a language of sincerity, honesty, and seriousness. It could, however, also simply

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With the help of her family, and the stirrings of religious faith, Natasha manages to persevere in Moscow through this dark period. Meanwhile, the whole of Russia is affected by the coming confrontation between Napoleon's army and the Russian army. Pierre convinces himself through

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Pierre is contrasted with Prince Andrei Bolkonsky. Andrei recovers from his near-fatal wound in a military hospital and returns home, only to find his wife Lise dying in childbirth. He is stricken by his guilty conscience for not treating her better. His child, Nikolai, survives.

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a young girl from a burning house and then comes across two French soldiers robbing an Armenian family. When one of the soldiers tries to rip the necklace off the young Armenian woman's neck, Pierre intervenes by attacking the soldiers, and is taken prisoner by the French army.

3847: 954:) play a prominent part in the book. Many of Tolstoy's characters were based on real people. His grandparents and their friends were the models for many of the main characters; his great-grandparents would have been of the generation of Prince Vassily or Count Ilya Rostov. 516:

often comparable to cinema, using literary techniques that resemble panning, wide shots, and close-ups. These devices, while not exclusive to Tolstoy, are part of the new style of the novel that arose in the mid-19th century and of which Tolstoy proved himself a master.

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In general, the literary left received the novel coldly. They saw it as devoid of social critique, and keen on the idea of national unity. They saw its major fault as the "author's inability to portray a new kind of revolutionary intelligentsia in his novel", as critic

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Nikolai and Maria then move to her inherited estate of Bald Hills with his mother and Sonya, whom he supports for the rest of their lives. Nikolai and Maria have children together, and also raise Prince Andrei's orphaned son, Nikolai Andreyevich (Nikolenka) Bolkonsky.

1429:(The Voice, April 3, #93, 1865) was one of the first to react. Its anonymous reviewer posed a question later repeated by many others: "What could this possibly be? What kind of genre are we supposed to file it to?.. Where is fiction in it, and where is real history?" 1810:, "If the world could write by itself, it would write like Tolstoy." Tolstoy "gives us a unique combination of the 'naive objectivity' of the oral narrator with the interest in detail characteristic of realism. This is the reason for our trust in his presentation." 1664:. Embracing the whole epoch, it is the grandiose literary event, showcasing the gallery of great men painted by a lively brush of the great master ... This is one of the most, if not the most profound literary work ever". In 1879, unhappy with Ganzen having chosen 1384:

War and Peace is Tolstoy's longest work, consisting of 361 chapters. Of those, 24 are philosophical chapters with the author's comments and views, rather than narrative. These chapters discuss historical events but do not touch on the fictional plot of the novel.

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confessed that it was from Tolstoy that he had been taking lessons on how to "write about war in the most straightforward, honest, objective and stark way." "I don't know anybody who could write about war better than Tolstoy did", Hemingway asserted in his 1955

1295:. After months of tribulation—during which the fever-plagued Karataev is shot by the French—Pierre is finally freed by a Russian raiding party led by Dolokhov and Denisov, after a small skirmish with the French that sees the young Petya Rostov killed in action. 1513:. On the opposite front, the conservative press and "patriotic" authors (A. S. Norov and P. A. Vyazemsky among them) were accusing Tolstoy of consciously distorting 1812 history, desecrating the "patriotic feelings of our fathers" and ridiculing dvoryanstvo. 1226:

Napoleon himself is the main character in this section, and the novel presents him in vivid detail, both personally and as both a thinker and would-be strategist. Also described are the well-organized force of over four hundred thousand troops of the French

262:, the work comprises both a fictional narrative and chapters in which Tolstoy discusses history and philosophy. An early version was published serially beginning in 1865, after which the entire book was rewritten and published in 1869. It is regarded, with 1731:

gradually re-considered his initial skepticism as to the novel's historical aspect and also the style of Tolstoy's psychological analysis. In his 1880 article written in the form of a letter addressed to Edmond Abou, the editor of the French newspaper

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original. This is the great work of a great writer, and in it there’s true, real Russia," Turgenev wrote. It was largely due to Turgenev's efforts that the novel started to gain popularity with the European readership. The first French edition of the

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and published more the following year. Tolstoy was dissatisfied with this version, although he allowed several parts of it to be published with a different ending in 1867. He heavily rewrote the entire novel between 1866 and 1869. Tolstoy's wife,

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Prince Nikolai Andreich Bolkonsky: The father of Andrei and Maria, the eccentric prince possesses a gruff exterior and displays great insensitivity to the emotional needs of his children. Nevertheless, his harshness often belies hidden depth of

539:. Tolstoy interspersed these essays into the story in a way that defies previous fictional convention. Certain abridged versions remove these essays entirely, while others, published even during Tolstoy's life, simply moved these essays into an 1725:, in a January 1, 1870, letter to Tolstoy, expressed his great delight with the novel. "You've managed to show us in great detail the other, mundane side of life and explain how organically does it feed the outer, heroic side of it", he added. 1368:). He then goes on to argue that these smaller events are the result of an inverse relationship between necessity and free will, necessity being based on reason and therefore explicable through historical analysis, and free will being based on 1178:, fought on September 7, 1812, and involving more than a quarter of a million troops and seventy thousand casualties was a turning point in Napoleon's failed campaign to defeat Russia. It is vividly depicted through the plot and characters of 1014:

made uncomfortable witnessing the marital discord. Pierre was sent to Petersburg by his father to choose a career but is uncomfortable because he cannot find one and people frequently ask about it. Andrei tells Pierre he has decided to become

2489:. It was accompanied by a Tweetalong: live tweets throughout the day that offered a playful companion to the book and included plot summaries and entertaining commentary. The Twitter feed also shared maps, family trees and battle plans. 638:

was still fresh in the minds of older people. Catherine had made French the language of her royal court. For the next 100 years, it became a social requirement for the Russian nobility to speak French and understand French culture.

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records of Russian domestic life from that time and tried to rectify these omissions in early drafts of the novel. The first half of the book was named "1805". During the writing of the second half, he read widely and acknowledged

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to Turgenev, writing: "This is the first class work! What an artist and what a psychologist! The first two volumes are exquisite. I used to utter shrieks of delight while reading. This is powerful, very powerful indeed." Later

1964:: " is the work of a sound scholar but not the best possible translator; it frequently lacks resourcefulness and imagination in its use of English. ... a respectable translation but not on the level of Dunnigan or Maude." 1247:

The Rostovs have waited until the last minute to abandon Moscow, even after it became clear that Kutuzov had retreated past Moscow. The Muscovites are being given contradictory instructions on how to either flee or fight.

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Prince Boris Drubetskoy: A poor but aristocratic young man driven by ambition, even at the expense of his friends and benefactors, who marries Julie Karagina for money and is rumored to have had an affair with Hélène

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for its authenticity and massive scale. It attracted some controversy due to the number of horses killed during the making of the battle sequences and screenings were actively boycotted in several US cities by the

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He worked from primary source materials, such as interviews and other documents, as well as from history books, philosophy texts, and other historical novels. Tolstoy used a great deal of his own experience in the

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A dramatised full-cast adaptation in 20 parts, edited by Michael Bakewell, was broadcast by the BBC between 30 December 1969 and 12 May 1970, with a cast including David Buck, Kate Binchy, and Martin Jarvis.

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broadcast an eight-part adaptation by Walter Peacock from 17 January to 7 February 1943 with two episodes on each Sunday. All but the last instalment, which ran for one and a half hours, were one hour long.

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features of the Russian people and its life." In 1885, expressing satisfaction with the fact that Tolstoy's works had by then been translated into Danish, Goncharov again stressed the immense importance of

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in 1869. Russians who had read the serialized version were eager to buy the complete novel, and it sold out almost immediately. The novel was quickly translated after publication into many other languages.

316:, saying it is "not a novel, even less is it a poem, and still less a historical chronicle." Large sections, especially the later chapters, are philosophical discussions rather than narrative. He regarded 1534:, and deplored the fact that the author stopped at introducing to the novel "this relatively rough but original element." In the end the critic called the novel "the whole epoch in the Russian fiction." 1161:

streaks across the sky, life appears to begin anew for Pierre. Prince Andrei coldly accepts Natasha's breaking of the engagement. He tells Pierre that his pride will not allow him to renew his proposal.

1064:'s charisma. Nikolai gambles and socializes with his officer, Vasily Dmitrich Denisov, and befriends the ruthless Fyodor Ivanovich Dolokhov. Bolkonsky, Rostov, and Denisov are involved in the disastrous 1638:

Unlike professional literary critics, most prominent Russian writers of the time supported the novel wholeheartedly. Goncharov, Turgenev, Leskov, Dostoevsky and Fet have all gone on record as declaring

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Pierre's wife, Hélène, begs him to take her back, and trying to abide by the Freemason laws of forgiveness, he agrees. Hélène establishes herself as an influential hostess in Petersburg society.

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split into two parts. Roughly the first half is concerned strictly with the fictional characters, whereas the latter parts, as well as the second part of the epilogue, increasingly consist of

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magazine characterized the novel as "lacking realism", showing its characters as "cruel and rough", "mentally stoned", "morally depraved" and promoting "the philosophy of stagnation". Still,

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Still, being a true Slavophile, he could not fail to see the novel as promoting the major Slavophiliac ideas of "meek Russian character's supremacy over the rapacious European kind" (using

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Among the reviewers were military men and authors specializing in war literature. Most assessed highly the artfulness and realism of Tolstoy's battle scenes. N. Lachinov, a member of the

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is the work of genius, equal to everything that the Russian literature has produced before", he pronounced in the first, smaller essay. "It is now quite clear that from 1868 when the

5297: 1491:, who never expressed his opinion of the novel publicly, in private conversation was reported to have expressed delight with "how strongly this Count has stung our higher society". 3548: 5287: 4770: 1235:(only one hundred and forty thousand of them actually French speaking) that marches through the Russian countryside in the late summer and reaches the outskirts of the city of 999: 972: 1821:

has been translated into many languages. It has been translated into English on several occasions, starting with Clara Bell working from a French translation. The translators

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as well as letters, journals, autobiographies, and biographies of Napoleon and other key players of that era. There are approximately 160 real persons named or referred to in

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Countess Natalya Rostova: The wife of Count Ilya Rostov, she is frustrated by her husband's mishandling of their finances, but is determined that her children succeed anyway

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and therefore inherently unpredictable. Tolstoy also ridicules newly emerging Darwinism as overly simplistic, comparing it to plasterers covering over the windows,

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it in the beginning of the current century," was his suggestion. "It is the epic, the history novel and the vast picture of the whole nation's life," wrote

1060:, has his first taste of battle. Boris Drubetskoy introduces him to Prince Andrei, whom Rostov insults in a fit of impetuousness. He is deeply attracted by 3524: 2032: 2146:(2007): produced by the Italian Lux Vide, a TV mini-series in Russian & English co-produced in Russia, France, Germany, Poland and Italy. Directed by 5302: 2721: 4686: 2967: 3813: 2314:

as Natasha, was published that year by Nick Hern Books, London. Edmundson added to and amended the play for a 2008 production as two 3-hour parts by

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by the Tzar. He is nearly crushed by the throngs in his effort. Under the influence of the same patriotism, his father finally allows him to enlist.

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knew Tolstoy personally. Translations have to deal with Tolstoy's often peculiar syntax and his fondness for repetitions. Only about two percent of

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as their desk book, describing its battle scenes as "incomparable" and "serving for an ideal manual to every textbook on theories of military art."

1343:. The first epilogue concludes with Nikolenka promising he would do something with which even his late father "would be satisfied" (presumably as a 835:: A central character, introduced as "not pretty but full of life", romantic, impulsive and highly strung. She is an accomplished singer and dancer. 3447: 5332: 4843: 826:

of the Rostov family; hopeless with finances, generous to a fault. As a result, the Rostovs never have enough cash, despite having many estates.

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Amalia Evgenyevna Bourienne: A Frenchwoman who lives with the Bolkonskys, primarily as Princess Maria's companion and later at Maria's expense.

407:, copied as many as seven separate complete manuscripts before Tolstoy considered it ready for publication. The version that was published in 5327: 5307: 3966: 2981: 2941: 2775: 2651: 2607: 2466:. The production won the 1998 Talkie award for Best Drama and was around 9.5 hours in length. It was directed by Janet Whitaker and featured 2400: 1415:) enjoyed great success with the reading public upon its publication and spawned dozens of reviews and analytical essays, some of which (by 4247: 381: 3345: 1071:

The Battle of Austerlitz is a major event in the book. As the battle is about to start, Prince Andrei thinks the approaching "day be his

883:

Prince Ippolit Vasilyevich (Hippolyte) Kuragin: The younger brother of Anatole and perhaps most dim-witted of the three Kuragin children.

4787: 3552: 3607: 5277: 4198: 2396: 2142: 3378: 3872: 3308: 738: 3497: 5322: 5262: 5257: 5252: 4944: 4918: 4546: 4463: 4282: 3914: 3093:. L.N. Tolstoy. Works in 12 volumes. War and Peace. Commentaries. Vol. 7. Moscow, Khudozhesstvennaya Literatura. 1974. pp. 363–89 1104: 1084: 930: 722: 5272: 5091: 5083: 4331: 4233: 3718: 3575: 2193: 2931: 5342: 5075: 4538: 4380: 4303: 2076: 1613:

scenes "bearing the highest degree of historical and artistic truthfulness" and totally agreed with the author's view on the

643: 239: 31: 2900: 2410:

in Spanish, first produced by LaJoven and directed by José Luis Arellano. Its premiere is scheduled for January 2023 at the

2295:(1942, revised 1955, published by Macgibbon & Kee in London 1963, and staged in 16 countries since) and R. Lucas (1943). 907:

Adolf Karlovich Berg: A young German officer, who desires to be just like everyone else and marries the young Vera Rostova.

5337: 4878: 4792: 4530: 4366: 4240: 1355:

The second part of the epilogue contains Tolstoy's critique of all existing forms of mainstream history. The 19th-century

880:: Hélène's brother, a handsome and amoral pleasure seeker who is secretly married yet tries to elope with Natasha Rostova. 789: 761:

The novel tells the story of five families—the Bezukhovs, the Bolkonskys, the Rostovs, the Kuragins, and the Drubetskoys.

5146: 1095:

Book Two begins with Nikolai Rostov returning on leave to Moscow accompanied by his friend Denisov, his officer from his

5247: 5242: 5237: 5232: 4677: 4429: 4142: 4051: 3773: 1913: 1023: 807:

Princess Elisabeta "Lisa" Karlovna Bolkonskaya (also Lise) – née Meinena. Wife of Andrei. Also called "little princess".

551:

The plot of the novel is set 60 years before Tolstoy wrote it, but he had spoken with people who lived through the 1812

3676: 2969:

Catherine the Great and the French philosophers of the Enlightenment: Montesquieu, Voltaire, Rousseau, Diderot and Grim

2265:(Op. 91, libretto by Mira Mendelson) based on this epic novel during the 1940s. The complete musical work premièred in 5056: 4836: 4471: 2384: 2044: 1220: 1130: 44: 1787:

finished the book, she declared "There remains the greatest of all novelists—for what else can we call the author of

2189:

began a four-day broadcast of a reading of the novel, one volume per day, involving 1,300 readers in over 30 cities.

895:

Princess Anna Mihalovna Drubetskaya: The impoverished mother of Boris, whom she wishes to push up the career ladder.

874:: A beautiful and sexually alluring woman who has many affairs, including (it is rumoured) with her brother Anatole. 5161: 4645: 2411: 2151: 1027: 1960:

general, place this version below Dunnigan's." She further comments on Edmonds's revised translation, formerly on

868:

Prince Vasily Sergeyevich Kuragin: A ruthless man who is determined to marry his children into wealth at any cost.

5048: 5040: 5000: 4985: 4569: 4408: 4387: 4184: 4019: 4003: 3959: 3703: 3534: 2522: 2504: 2261: 2012: 1979: 1610: 1595: 1488: 1185: 1096: 1049: 698: 675: 552: 280: 1516:

One of the first comprehensive articles on the novel was that of Pavel Annenkov, published in #2, 1868 issue of

1252:, the commander in chief of Moscow, is publishing posters, rousing the citizens to put their faith in religious 4715: 4701: 4514: 4110: 3986: 2554: 2517: 4078: 619: 923:

Vasily Dmitrich Denisov: Nikolai Rostov's friend and brother officer, who unsuccessfully proposes to Natasha.

854:

Countess Vera Ilyinichna Rostova: Eldest of the Rostov children, she marries the German career soldier, Berg.

4782: 4102: 2288: 2135: 1870: 1826: 228: 350: 5227: 4829: 4506: 3863: 2478: 2303: 2198: 1504: 1472: 627: 438: 343: 3785: 3737: 586:. He explains at the start of the novel's third volume his own views on how history ought to be written. 5110: 5010: 4959: 4903: 4447: 4296: 4289: 4059: 3593: 2228: 2130: 1360:

the thousands of individuals involved (a summation which he earlier, in Part III chapter 1, compared to

1260: 1216: 1157:

Pierre is initially horrified by Natasha's behavior but realizes he has fallen in love with her. As the

976: 848: 690: 647: 572: 301: 120: 4898: 3472: 1759: 871: 203: 2462:

A dramatised full-cast adaptation in ten parts was written by Marcy Kahan and Mike Walker in 1997 for

2084:(British Broadcasting Corporation) made a television serial based on the novel, broadcast in 1972–73. 5267: 5138: 4990: 4810: 4577: 4219: 4212: 4027: 3952: 3510: 2371:

focusing on Natasha's affair with Anatole. The show opened on Broadway in the fall of 2016, starring

2327: 2307: 2163: 1685:

as "the last word of the landlord's literature and the brilliant one at that." In a draft version of

1065: 659: 3804: 926:

Platon Karataev: The archetypal good Russian peasant, whom Pierre meets in the prisoner-of-war camp.

914:

that is the site of much of the novel's action in Petersburg and schemes with Prince Vasily Kuragin.

5024: 4672: 4639: 4562: 4522: 4487: 4455: 4415: 4191: 4126: 3529: 3120:

Gusev, N.I. Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy. Materials for Biography, 1855–1869. Moscow, 1967. pp. 856–57.

2467: 2445: 2342: 2057: 2036: 1852: 967: 671: 635: 368: 288: 134: 2112:. This version faithfully included many of Tolstoy's minor characters, including Platon Karataev ( 5005: 4995: 4746: 4694: 4667: 4627: 4373: 4345: 4310: 4268: 3350: 2823: 2815: 2741: 2702: 2356: 2270: 1644: 1618: 1614: 1531: 1464: 1408: 1279: 1240: 1203: 1175: 1080: 1048:

The second part opens with descriptions of the impending Russian-French war preparations. At the

710: 694: 686: 682: 667: 663: 457: 309: 3821: 1927:(HarperCollins, 2007). Approx. 400 pages shorter than English translations of the finished novel 1275: 3355: 5175: 5015: 4954: 4888: 4821: 4777: 4479: 4324: 4317: 4158: 4134: 3767: 3434: 3417: 3400: 3304: 3277:"Introduction to War and Peace" by Richard Pevear in Pevear, Richard and Larissa Volokhonsky, 3052: 2977: 2937: 2771: 2694: 2647: 2603: 2331: 2315: 2053: 2049: 1864: 1822: 1678: 1576: 1527: 1476: 1425: 1340: 1249: 1108: 911: 811: 706: 501: 330: 3292: 2639: 917:

Maria Dmitryevna Akhrosimova: An older Moscow society lady, good-humored but brutally honest.

4964: 4751: 4709: 4352: 4275: 4261: 4177: 4094: 3611: 3341: 3254: 2807: 2733: 2686: 2429: 2380: 2338: 2330:, then toured in the UK to Liverpool, Darlington, Bath, Warwick, Oxford, Truro, London (the 2266: 2256: 2220: 2159: 2125: 2109: 1924: 1884: 1792: 1755: 1563: 1558: 1397: 1356: 1139: 1076: 1061: 984: 702: 579: 497: 493: 485: 473: 472:

manuscript was re-edited and annotated in Russia in 1893 and has been since translated into

273: 250: 219: 108: 1045:

of her devotion to her father and suspicion that the young man would be unfaithful to her.

4980: 4949: 4939: 4908: 4883: 4873: 4662: 4596: 4422: 4011: 3829: 3780: 3382: 3375: 2973: 2482: 2311: 2299: 2179: 2171: 2155: 2147: 2085: 1995: 1764: 1652: 1482: 1072: 1057: 1003: 996: 951: 877: 851:: Orphaned cousin of Vera, Nikolai, Natasha, and Petya Rostov and is in love with Nikolai. 832: 801: 774: 754: 727: 651: 556: 505: 481: 477: 448: 404: 339: 259: 170: 3879:. This is an edited version of an essay found in the Penguin Classics new translation of 2376: 1298:

Meanwhile, Andrei has been taken in and cared for by the Rostovs, fleeing from Moscow to

1230: 455:, who reigned from 79 to 81 AD and was described as being a master of "war and peace" in 3869:

Searchable map, compiled by Nicholas Jenkins, of places named in Tolstoy's novel (2008).

1170: 4893: 4621: 4394: 4150: 2292: 2252: 2020: 1784: 1772: 1702: 1687: 1648: 1617:, which some of his opponents disputed. The army general and respected military writer 1605: 1518: 1492: 1468: 1451:

in the foreword for his French translation of "The Two Hussars" (published in Paris by

1420: 1416: 1412: 1292: 1283: 1068:, in which Prince Andrei is badly wounded as he attempts to rescue a Russian standard. 992: 838: 823: 536: 509: 489: 284: 1651:

in a July 17, 1878, letter to Pyotr Ganzen advised him to choose for translating into

268:, as Tolstoy's finest literary achievement, and it remains an internationally praised 5221: 5211: 5187: 4554: 4254: 4205: 4043: 3876: 2827: 2745: 2438: 2319: 2089: 1961: 1728: 1666: 1444: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1344: 1306: 1053: 318: 264: 5194: 3732: 2367:

as Anatole. The show is described as an electropop opera, and is based on Book 8 of

431:' in reformed orthography, and 'Война и миръ' in pre-reform orthography, pronounced 5199: 4913: 4741: 4633: 4226: 3791: 3456: 3047: 2453: 2434: 2364: 2360: 2167: 1999: 1890: 1523: 1017: 857: 795: 655: 269: 1322: 413:

had a very different ending from the version eventually published under the title

3755: 3102:

Zaitsev, V., Pearls and Adamants of Russian Journalism. Russkoye Slovo, 1865, #2.

2765: 4852: 4086: 3975: 2474: 2463: 2372: 2359:

theater in Manhattan on October 1, 2012 with Malloy starring as Pierre opposite

2346: 2323: 2113: 2105: 2093: 2024: 2005: 1803: 1776: 1722: 1694: 1537: 1510: 1305:

As the novel draws to a close, Pierre's wife Hélène dies from an overdose of an

1208: 1124: 568: 372: 335: 255: 62: 2592: 555:. He read all the standard histories available in Russian and French about the 5182: 4359: 2737: 2224: 2101: 2097: 2028: 2016: 1858: 1198: 1135: 1031: 192: 3900: 2698: 1747:(1879) paved the way for the worldwide success of Leo Tolstoy and his works. 940:

with a reputation for cleverness, an acquaintance of Prince Andrei Bolkonsky.

713:, after which the characters move on with rebuilding Moscow and their lives. 4401: 4338: 3657: 2486: 2407: 2206: 2175: 1299: 1158: 749: 462: 388:

The first draft of the novel was completed in 1863. In 1865, the periodical

3633: 2722:"Quietism from the Side of Happiness: Tolstoy, Schopenhauer, War and Peace" 1940:, academic Zoja Pavlovskis-Petit has this to say about the translations of 988: 3111:

Kuzminskaya, T.A., My Life at home and at Yasnaya Polyana. Tula, 1958, 343

2933:

The ideology of English: French perceptions of English as a world language

2477:

broadcast a dramatisation over 10 hours. The dramatisation, by playwright

1849:

Clara Bell (New York: Gottsberger, 1886). Translated from a French version

305:

from 1865 to 1867 before the novel was published in its entirety in 1869.

4934: 4723: 3853: 3756:

English translation with commentary by the Maudes at the Internet Archive

2186: 1454: 1361: 1236: 1194: 1119: 947: 937: 540: 524: 3428: 3411: 3394: 2269:

in 1955. It was the first opera to be given a public performance at the

2008:

produced a version in Japan: War and Peace (戦争と平和 Sensō to heiwa) (1947)

1675:. "Count Tolstoy really mounts over everybody else here ", he remarked. 1590: 1326:

Karl Kollmann depicting the Decembrist uprising in St. Petersburg, 1825.

910:

Anna Pavlovna Scherer: Also known as Annette, she is the hostess of the

594: 17: 3695: 2233: 2202: 1783:

to be "the greatest ever war novel in the history of literature." When

1543: 532: 292: 2819: 2706: 2674: 1952:– an indication to the Russian reader of the old lady's affectation." 1738:, Turgenev described Tolstoy as "the most popular Russian writer" and 1219:

and manages to snatch a biscuit thrown from the balcony window of the

1002:. Many of the main characters are introduced as they enter the salon. 3830:

A searchable online version of Aylmer Maude's English translation of

2503:

into a graphic novel illustrated by Dmitry Chukhrai and published by

2415: 2197:(2016): The BBC aired a six-part adaptation of the novel scripted by 2088:

played the lead role of Pierre. Other lead characters were played by

1038: 842: 3796: 3762: 1583:, Tolstoy criticized both Grigoriev's concept (of "Russian meekness 30:

This article is about the novel by Leo Tolstoy. For other uses, see

2811: 2690: 287:. It uses five interlocking narratives following different Russian 3933: 3891: 3331:, 2000. London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, pp. 1404–05. 2764:

Kathryn B. Feuer; Robin Feuer Miller; Donna Tussing Orwin (2008).

1660: 1589: 1579:'s formula). Years later, in 1878, discussing Strakhov's own book 1392: 1321: 1274: 1169: 1129: 1007: 966: 748: 737: 726: 618: 593: 528: 452: 349: 329: 104: 2150:, with screenplay written by Lorenzo Favella, Enrico Medioli and 1215:

Back in Moscow, the patriotic Petya joins a crowd in audience of

689:

in his novel, before the occupation of Moscow and the subsequent

642:

The historical context of the novel begins with the execution of

3816: 2449: 2042:

The critically acclaimed, four-part and 431-minutes long Soviet

1253: 4825: 3948: 523:

is divided into four volumes, comprising fifteen books, and an

3944: 2456:

translation) read by over 140 celebrities and ordinary people.

2081: 946:

In addition, several real-life historical characters (such as

371:

as one of his main inspirations. Tolstoy wrote in a letter to

312:

does not conform to standards and hence hesitated to classify

1658:, adding: "This is positively what might be called a Russian 2798:

Emerson, Caryl (1985). "The Tolstoy Connection in Bakhtin".

1955:

On the Garnett translation Pavlovskis-Petit writes: "her ...

1587:

Western bestiality") and Strakhov's interpretation of it.

1552:"the Bible of the new national idea". Several articles on 451:). The title may also be a reference to the Roman Emperor 421:

It is unknown why Tolstoy changed the name of the work to

771:

Count Kirill Vladimirovich Bezukhov: the father of Pierre

654:. Key historical events woven into the novel include the 634:

The novel spans the period from 1805 to 1820. The era of

571:

to bring vivid detail and first-hand accounts of how the

398:) published the first part of this draft under the title 88:

into English was by American Nathan Haskell Dole, in 1889

1879:

Revised by Amy Mandelker (Oxford University Press, 2010)

1876:

Revised by George Gibian (Norton Critical Edition, 1966)

979:, is the most powerful woman in the Russian royal court. 437:). He may have borrowed the title from the 1861 work of 385:. However, Tolstoy approaches "it from the other side." 3694:

Tolstoy, Leo; Poltorak, Alexandr (September 27, 2022).

1259:

When Napoleon's army finally occupies an abandoned and

792:: A strong but skeptical, thoughtful and philosophical 5159: 3132:, vol. 6, Academy of Science of the USSR, 1961, p. 81 2582: 2580: 2185:

On 8 December 2015, Russian state television channel

1407:

The novel that made its author "the true lion of the

1239:. Pierre decides to leave Moscow and go to watch the 578:

Tolstoy was critical of standard history, especially

233: 4771:

The Triumph of the Farmer or Industry and Parasitism

3215:. Moscow. Sovetsky pisatel Publishers, 1957, p. 520. 5318:

Works originally published in The Russian Messenger

5130: 5103: 5068: 5033: 4973: 4927: 4866: 4762: 4734: 4655: 4614: 4588: 4498: 4439: 4169: 4070: 3995: 1495:

in his unfinished article "Russian Gentry of Old" (

198: 178: 165: 157: 149: 141: 128: 115: 100: 92: 80: 68: 58: 2591: 2452:broadcast a reading of the entire novel (the 1968 1750:Since then many world-famous authors have praised 1681:(in a May 30, 1871, letter to Strakhov) described 1432:Writer and critic Nikolai Akhsharumov, writing in 933:who convinces Pierre to join his mysterious group. 3915:Radio documentary about 1970 marathon reading of 3329:Encyclopedia of Literary Translation into English 2843:"Ten Things You Need to Know About War And Peace" 2759: 2757: 2755: 1938:Encyclopedia of Literary Translation into English 1609:newspaper staff (#69, April 10, 1868) called the 96:Russian, with some French and occasionally German 3013:. Garden City: International Collectors Library. 1691:he described Tolstoy as "a historiograph of the 295:society. Portions of an earlier version, titled 3608:"The War and Peace Broadcast: 35th Anniversary" 2675:"Tolstoy's Motives for Writing "War and Peace"" 2251:Initiated by a proposal of the German director 1944:available in 2000: "Of all the translations of 334:The only known color photograph of the author, 3513:. Sydney Opera House. Retrieved on 2012-01-29. 2379:as Natasha and Steele as Anatole. It received 845:, the beloved eldest son of the Rostov family. 5298:Novels set in the 19th-century Russian Empire 5120:Natasha, Pierre & The Great Comet of 1812 4837: 3960: 3677:"Is your New Year resolution finally to read 3238: 3224: 2602:. New York: Vintage Books. pp. VIII–IX. 2499:In September 2022, Alexandr Poltorak adapted 2481:, was directed by Celia de Wolff and starred 2470:, Gerard Murphy, Richard Johnson, and others. 2352:Natasha, Pierre & The Great Comet of 1812 2158:playing the lead role of Pierre supported by 2031:(Andrei). Audrey Hepburn was nominated for a 1998:and starred Gardin and the Russian ballerina 1989: 1983: 1855:(New York: Thomas Y. Crowell & Co., 1889) 1771:"the best novel that had ever been written". 1706: 1692: 1622: 1541: 1502: 1496: 1480: 1433: 833:Countess Natalya Ilyinichna "Natasha" Rostova 432: 426: 408: 389: 243: 184: 72: 8: 5288:Russian novels adapted into television shows 4605:Posthumous Notes of the Hermit Fëdor Kuzmich 3812:Searchable version of the gutenberg text in 3323:Pavlovskis-Petit, Zoja. Entry: Lev Tolstoi, 3303:. London: Taylor & Francis. p. 83. 2119: 2052:, was released in 1966 and 1967. It starred 1798:Men at War. The Best War Stories of All Time 1733: 1452: 1228: 1015: 793: 442: 291:families to illustrate Napoleon's impact on 37: 3766:, translated by Aylmer and Louise Maude at 3574:Vincentelli, Elisabeth (October 17, 2012). 1873:(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1922–23) 1111:, but ultimately achieves nothing of note. 1034:in order to escape a life he cannot stand. 872:Princess Elena Vasilyevna "Hélène" Kuragina 775:Count Pyotr Kirillovich ("Pierre") Bezukhov 254:) is a literary work by the Russian author 53:sixth volume, first edition, 1869 (Russian) 4844: 4830: 4822: 3967: 3953: 3945: 3159:The Beginnings (Nachala), 1922. #2, p. 219 2544:. Cambridge University Press, pp. 298–300. 2283:The first successful stage adaptations of 1715:), wrote several articles praising highly 43: 36: 5313:Works about the French invasion of Russia 4687:Lev Tolstoy and the Russia of Nicholas II 2621: 2619: 2570:Briggs, Anthony. 2005. "Introduction" to 2154:. It features an international cast with 2035:Award for best British actress and for a 3523:Cavendish, Dominic (February 11, 2008). 3396:War & Peace (TV mini-series 1972–74) 3213:Of the worldwide significance of Tolstoy 2767:Tolstoy and the Genesis of War and Peace 354:Tolstoy's notes from the ninth draft of 5166: 3048:"The History of XIX Russian literature" 2961: 2959: 2894: 2892: 2890: 2888: 2533: 2039:for best actress in a drama production. 1905:Daniel H. Shubin (self-published, 2020) 839:Count Nikolai Ilyich "Nikolenka" Rostov 4119:Walk in the Light While There is Light 3004: 3002: 3000: 1900:Richard Pevear and Larissa Volokhonsky 1754:as a masterpiece of world literature. 1123:amoral world? Pierre is interested in 5293:Novels first published in serial form 5283:Novels set during the Napoleonic Wars 3777:translated by Aylmer and Louise Maude 3525:"War and Peace: A triumphant Tolstoy" 3448:"Four-day marathon public reading of 3085: 3083: 3081: 3079: 3077: 3075: 3073: 3071: 3069: 2013:208-minute-long American 1956 version 1006:is the illegitimate son of a wealthy 249: 7: 3498:"War and Peace Filming in Lithuania" 2899:Figes, Orlando (November 22, 2007). 2062:Oscar for Best Foreign Language Film 1861:(Boston: Dana Estes & Co., 1904) 1282:'s retreat from Moscow. Painting by 1127:and the possibility of an afterlife. 991:given by Anna Pavlovna Scherer, the 790:Prince Andrei Nikolayevich Bolkonsky 382:The World as Will and Representation 3638:War and Peace (Radio Dramatization) 3430:War and Peace (TV mini-series 2007) 3376:War and Peace. BBC Two (ended 1973) 3200:The Complete I.S. Turgenev, vol. XV 2134:, directed by François Roussillon. 1030:(The Battle of Austerlitz) against 822:Count Ilya Andreyevich Rostov: The 4199:Recollections of a Billiard-marker 3675:Rhian Roberts (17 December 2014). 3385:. TV.com. Retrieved on 2012-01-29. 2542:Encyclopedia of Russian Literature 1212:to the distraught Princess Maria. 1004:Pierre (Pyotr Kirilovich) Bezukhov 878:Prince Anatole Vasilyevich Kuragin 860:: Youngest of the Rostov children. 849:Sofia Alexandrovna "Sonya" Rostova 646:in 1805, while Russia is ruled by 25: 5303:Russian novels adapted into films 3473:"BBC One announces adaptation of 3446:Flood, Alison (8 December 2015). 3301:Tolstoy: The Comprehensive Vision 3202:, Moscow; Leningrad, 1968, 187–88 2060:(as Andrei Bolkonsky). It won an 1994:) in 1915, which was directed by 1138:, Moscow, 1801. Oil on canvas by 983:The novel begins in July 1805 in 615:Background and historical context 27:1869 literary work by Leo Tolstoy 5205: 5193: 5181: 5169: 4806: 4805: 4547:The Kingdom of God Is Within You 4464:The Light Shines in the Darkness 3842: 3698:War and Peace: The Graphic Novel 3291:Greenwood, Edward Baker (1980). 2936:. Walter de Gruyter. p. 3. 2302:, first produced in 1996 at the 2209:playing the lead role of Pierre. 2124:(2000): French TV production of 1705:, then an anonymous reviewer in 723:List of War and Peace characters 709:. The final battle cited is the 531:about the nature of war, power, 379:is also said by Schopenhauer in 173:(Abandoned and Unfinished) 3873:Birth, death, balls and battles 2326:. This was first put on at the 2138:played the lead role of Pierre. 1207:and that Pierre himself has an 753:Natasha Rostova, a postcard by 693:. The novel continues with the 611:Russian tutors for themselves. 161:1,225 (first published edition) 5333:Novels set in Saint Petersburg 4381:A Dialogue Among Clever People 4332:How Much Land Does a Man Need? 4304:Evil Allures, But Good Endures 3809:, from TheAnarchistLibrary.org 3413:La guerre et la paix (TV 2000) 2255:in 1938, the Russian composer 1920:Translation of draft of 1863: 1896:Anthony Briggs (Penguin, 2005) 670:. Tolstoy also references the 644:Louis Antoine, Duke of Enghien 32:War and Peace (disambiguation) 1: 4367:The Two Brothers and the Gold 4241:God Sees the Truth, But Waits 3938:in modern Russian orthography 3658:"War and Peace - BBC Radio 4" 2646:. Wordsworth Editions. 1993. 1887:(Penguin, 1957; revised 1978) 1621:, in an article published in 1556:were published in 1869–70 in 812:Maria Nikolayevna Bolkonskaya 519:The standard Russian text of 283:and its aftermath during the 5328:Decembrist revolt in fiction 5308:Russian philosophical novels 4679:Departure of a Grand Old Man 4248:The Prisoner of the Caucasus 3738:Resources in other libraries 2770:. Cornell University Press. 2561:(London, UK) October 8, 2005 2555:"A masterpiece in miniature" 1914:Princess Alexandra Kropotkin 1893:(New American Library, 1968) 1838:List of English translations 1024:Mikhail Ilarionovich Kutuzov 687:Battle of Shevardino Redoubt 602:, Italian translation, 1899. 375:that what he had written in 4472:The Fruits of Enlightenment 3852:public domain audiobook at 3623:. Pacificaradioarchives.org 3239: 3225: 1990: 1707: 1693: 1623: 1542: 1503: 1497: 1481: 1434: 1347:in the Decembrist revolt). 1221:Cathedral of the Assumption 900:Other prominent characters 858:Pyotr Ilyich "Petya" Rostov 433: 409: 390: 342:estate in 1908 (age 79) by 308:Tolstoy said that the best 234: 5359: 4965:Aleksey Petrovich Yermolov 3594:"La Joven. War & Love" 3471:Danny Cohen (2013-02-18). 3150:Literary Archive, p. 104. 1438:(#6, 1867) suggested that 1140:Fedor Yakovlevich Alekseev 975:, mother of reigning Tsar 720: 29: 5278:Russian historical novels 5001:French invasion of Russia 4801: 4570:The Inevitable Revolution 4409:Work, Death, and Sickness 4388:The Coffee-House of Surat 4185:The Cutting of the Forest 3982: 3925:program, December 6, 2005 3826:at the Internet Book List 3733:Resources in your library 3704:Andrews McMeel Publishing 3634:"Marcy Kahan Radio Plays" 3576:"Over the Moon for Comet" 3564:. Sharedexperience.org.uk 3281:, 2008, Vintage Classics. 3259:Claremont Review of Books 3243:, vol. 75, book 1, p. 173 3240:Literaturnoye Nasledstsvo 3226:Literaturnoye Nasledstsvo 2866:Pearson and Volokhonsky, 2738:10.1215/0961754X-2009-020 2523:List of historical novels 2056:(as Natasha Rostova) and 1984: 1867:(London: Heinemann, 1904) 1758:expressed his delight in 1713:The Stock Exchange Herald 1489:Mikhail Saltykov-Schedrin 1052:, Nikolai Rostov, now an 764:The main characters are: 699:Battle of Maloyaroslavets 676:French invasion of Russia 553:French invasion of Russia 427: 322:as his first true novel. 281:French invasion of Russia 244: 223: 185: 84:The first translation of 42: 5147:War and Peace: 1796–1815 4716:Story of One Appointment 4111:The Death of Ivan Ilyich 3348:. Movies & TV Dept. 3255:"Godlike, Godly Tolstoy" 3253:Valiunas, Algis (2013). 3229:, vol. 75, book 1, p. 61 2905:New York Review of Books 2720:Thompson, Caleb (2009). 2590:(2008). "Introduction". 2518:Leo Tolstoy bibliography 2473:On New Year's Day 2015, 2337:A musical adaptation by 2231:" from their 1974 album 2178:, Juozapas Bagdonas and 1980:first Russian adaptation 1540:declared Tolstoy their " 1400:'s 1893 illustration to 279:The book chronicles the 5323:Russian-language novels 5263:Novels set in the 1820s 5258:Novels set in the 1810s 5253:Novels set in the 1800s 4783:Aylmer and Louise Maude 3327:. Classe, Olive (ed.). 3141:Literary Archive, p. 94 3091:War and Peace: the Epic 2966:Inna, Gorbatov (2006). 2930:Flaitz, Jeffra (1988). 2412:Círculo de Bellas Artes 1871:Aylmer and Louise Maude 1827:Aylmer and Louise Maude 1250:Count Fyodor Rostopchin 1050:Schöngrabern engagement 5273:Freemasonry in fiction 4986:Battle of Schöngrabern 4788:Translators of Tolstoy 4507:A History of Yesterday 3901:SparkNotes Study Guide 3130:The Literature Archive 3046:Sukhikh, Igor (2007). 2673:Hare, Richard (1956). 2540:Moser, Charles. 1992. 2479:Timberlake Wertenbaker 2406:A stage adaptation by 2401:Best Book of a Musical 2383:nominations including 2304:Royal National Theatre 2298:A stage adaptation by 2120: 1932:Comparing translations 1909:Abridged translation: 1842:(Translators listed.) 1734: 1611:Battle of Schöngrabern 1600: 1596:Battle of Schöngrabern 1505:Otechestvennye Zapiski 1473:Vasily Bervi-Flerovsky 1453: 1404: 1380:Philosophical chapters 1327: 1287: 1229: 1189: 1186:Louis-François Lejeune 1159:Great Comet of 1811–12 1143: 1016: 995:and confidante to the 980: 794: 758: 746: 735: 681:Tolstoy then uses the 631: 628:Illarion Pryanishnikov 626:by the Russian artist 603: 443: 439:Pierre-Joseph Proudhon 362:Tolstoy began writing 359: 347: 344:Sergey Prokudin-Gorsky 251:[vɐjˈnaiˈmʲir] 73: 5343:Freemasonry in Russia 4960:Alexander I of Russia 4928:Historical characters 4448:The Power of Darkness 4290:Where Love Is, God Is 4079:A Landowner's Morning 3537:on February 12, 2008. 3009:Tolstoy, Leo (1949). 2901:"Tolstoy's Real Hero" 2880:Tolstoy, a biography. 2229:The Gates of Delirium 1760:a January 1880 letter 1593: 1447:in his bid to define 1396: 1325: 1313:Epilogue in two parts 1278: 1197:that Napoleon is the 1173: 1133: 971:The Empress Dowager, 970: 752: 745:detailed family tree. 741: 730: 622: 597: 573:Imperial Russian Army 396:The Russian Messenger 353: 333: 302:The Russian Messenger 299:, were serialized in 121:The Russian Messenger 5338:Novels set in Moscow 4991:Battle of Austerlitz 4867:Fictional characters 4578:A Calendar of Wisdom 3930:Russian Text Online 3801:, from RevoltLib.com 3596:. 21 September 2022. 3511:History – highlights 2806:(1): 68–80 (68–71). 2600:Volokhonsky, Larissa 2437:played Pierre while 2328:Nottingham Playhouse 2318:, again directed by 2166:as Natasha Rostova, 2121:La guerre et la paix 1902:(Random House, 2007) 1814:English translations 1806:said, after reading 1629:The Military Almanac 1581:The World as a Whole 1467:put it. Articles by 1066:Battle of Austerlitz 717:Principal characters 660:Battle of Austerlitz 447:("War and Peace" in 444:La Guerre et la Paix 137:1865–1867; book 1869 5248:Fiction set in 1820 5243:Fiction set in 1813 5238:Fiction set in 1805 5233:1869 Russian novels 5025:Great Comet of 1811 4673:Christian anarchism 4563:A Letter to a Hindu 4539:What Is to Be Done? 4523:The Gospel in Brief 4488:The Cause of It All 4456:The First Distiller 4283:An Old Acquaintance 4192:Sevastopol Sketches 4127:The Kreutzer Sonata 3530:The Daily Telegraph 3168:Dostoyevsky, F.M., 2574:. Penguin Classics. 2468:Simon Russell Beale 2397:Best Original Score 2343:Theatre World Award 2259:composed his opera 2058:Vyacheslav Tikhonov 1853:Nathan Haskell Dole 1845:Full translations: 1643:the masterpiece of 1341:Decembrist Uprising 734:simple family tree. 672:Great Comet of 1811 636:Catherine the Great 326:Composition history 69:Original title 39: 5006:Battle of Borodino 4996:Treaties of Tilsit 4747:Tolstoj quadrangle 4690:(1928 documentary) 4668:Tolstoyan movement 4374:A Lost Opportunity 4311:Wisdom of Children 4269:Diary of a Lunatic 4234:The Porcelain Doll 3911:In Current Events 3381:2009-08-13 at the 3351:The New York Times 2679:The Russian Review 2444:In December 1970, 2271:Sydney Opera House 2037:Golden Globe Award 1645:Russian literature 1619:Mikhail Dragomirov 1615:Battle of Borodino 1601: 1465:Varfolomey Zaytsev 1409:Russian literature 1405: 1328: 1288: 1241:Battle of Borodino 1204:Book of Revelation 1190: 1176:Battle of Borodino 1144: 1097:Pavlograd Regiment 1037:The plot moves to 981: 759: 747: 736: 711:Battle of Berezina 695:Battle of Tarutino 683:Battle of Ostrovno 668:Congress of Erfurt 664:Treaties of Tilsit 632: 604: 458:The Twelve Caesars 360: 348: 310:Russian literature 240:pre-reform Russian 5157: 5156: 5150:(2002 video game) 5142:(1980 board game) 5104:Other adaptations 5088:(2007 miniseries) 5016:Battle of Krasnoi 4955:Fyodor Rostopchin 4889:Marya Bolkonskaya 4819: 4818: 4778:Vladimir Chertkov 4480:The Living Corpse 4325:Promoting a Devil 4318:The Three Hermits 4159:The Forged Coupon 3892:Chapter Summaries 3768:Project Gutenberg 3719:Library resources 3477:by Andrew Davies" 3452:begins in Russia" 3342:Curtis, Charlotte 3190:Gusev, pp. 863–74 3170:Letters, Vol. III 2983:978-1-933-14603-4 2943:978-3-110-11549-9 2841:Hudspith, Sarah. 2777:978-0-8014-7447-7 2653:978-1-85326-062-9 2629:, Routledge 1997. 2609:978-1-4000-7998-8 2598:. Trans. Pevear; 2381:twelve Tony Award 2355:premiered at the 2334:) and Cheltenham. 2332:Hampstead Theatre 2316:Shared Experience 2287:were produced by 2174:, J. Kimo Arbas, 2054:Ludmila Savelyeva 2050:Sergei Bondarchuk 1916:(Doubleday, 1949) 1865:Constance Garnett 1823:Constance Garnett 1679:Fyodor Dostoevsky 1624:Oruzheiny Sbornik 1577:Apollon Grigoryev 1548:" and pronounced 1364:, and the sum of 929:Osip Bazdeyev: a 707:Battle of Krasnoi 258:. 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4193: 4189: 4186: 4182: 4179: 4175: 4174: 4172: 4170:Short stories 4168: 4161: 4160: 4156: 4153: 4152: 4148: 4145: 4144: 4140: 4137: 4136: 4132: 4129: 4128: 4124: 4121: 4120: 4116: 4113: 4112: 4108: 4105: 4104: 4100: 4097: 4096: 4092: 4089: 4088: 4084: 4081: 4080: 4076: 4075: 4073: 4069: 4062: 4061: 4057: 4054: 4053: 4049: 4046: 4045: 4044:Anna Karenina 4041: 4038: 4037: 4036:War and Peace 4033: 4030: 4029: 4025: 4022: 4021: 4017: 4014: 4013: 4009: 4006: 4005: 4001: 4000: 3998: 3994: 3988: 3985: 3984: 3981: 3977: 3970: 3965: 3963: 3958: 3956: 3951: 3950: 3947: 3939: 3937: 3936:War and Peace 3934:Full text of 3932: 3931: 3929: 3924: 3920: 3918: 3917:War and Peace 3913: 3912: 3910: 3906: 3905:War and Peace 3902: 3899: 3897: 3896:War and Peace 3893: 3890: 3889: 3887: 3882: 3881:War and Peace 3878: 3877:Orlando Figes 3874: 3871: 3868: 3867: 3866:War and Peace 3862: 3861: 3860:Commentaries 3859: 3855: 3851: 3850: 3849:War and Peace 3841: 3840: 3838: 3834: 3833: 3832:War and Peace 3828: 3825: 3824: 3823:War and Peace 3820: 3818: 3815: 3811: 3808: 3807: 3806:War and Peace 3803: 3800: 3799: 3798:War and Peace 3795: 3793: 3789: 3788: 3787:War and Peace 3784: 3782: 3778: 3776: 3772: 3769: 3765: 3764: 3763:War and Peace 3759: 3757: 3754: 3753: 3752:English Text 3751: 3750: 3746: 3739: 3736: 3734: 3731: 3730: 3725: 3724:War and Peace 3720: 3713: 3712: 3705: 3701: 3699: 3690: 3687: 3682: 3680: 3671: 3668: 3663: 3659: 3653: 3650: 3639: 3635: 3629: 3626: 3614:on 2006-02-09 3613: 3609: 3603: 3600: 3595: 3589: 3586: 3581: 3577: 3570: 3567: 3555:on 2008-12-20 3554: 3550: 3544: 3541: 3536: 3532: 3531: 3526: 3519: 3516: 3512: 3507: 3504: 3499: 3493: 3490: 3478: 3476: 3475:War and Peace 3467: 3464: 3459: 3458: 3453: 3451: 3450:War and Peace 3442: 3439: 3436: 3432: 3431: 3425: 3422: 3419: 3415: 3414: 3408: 3405: 3402: 3398: 3397: 3391: 3388: 3384: 3380: 3377: 3372: 3369: 3358:on 2007-10-13 3357: 3353: 3352: 3347: 3343: 3337: 3334: 3330: 3326: 3325:War and Peace 3320: 3317: 3312: 3310:0-416-74130-4 3306: 3302: 3298: 3296: 3295:War and Peace 3287: 3284: 3280: 3279:War and Peace 3274: 3271: 3260: 3256: 3249: 3246: 3241: 3235: 3232: 3227: 3221: 3218: 3214: 3208: 3205: 3201: 3196: 3193: 3187: 3184: 3181:Gusev, p. 858 3178: 3175: 3171: 3165: 3162: 3156: 3153: 3147: 3144: 3138: 3135: 3131: 3126: 3123: 3117: 3114: 3108: 3105: 3099: 3096: 3092: 3086: 3084: 3082: 3080: 3078: 3076: 3074: 3072: 3070: 3066: 3055: 3054: 3049: 3042: 3039: 3033: 3030: 3026: 3023:Leo Tolstoy, 3020: 3017: 3012: 3011:War and Peace 3005: 3003: 3001: 2997: 2985: 2979: 2975: 2971: 2970: 2962: 2960: 2956: 2945: 2939: 2935: 2934: 2926: 2923: 2910: 2906: 2902: 2895: 2893: 2891: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2875: 2872: 2869: 2863: 2860: 2848: 2844: 2837: 2834: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2794: 2791: 2779: 2773: 2769: 2768: 2760: 2758: 2756: 2752: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2716: 2713: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2669: 2666: 2655: 2649: 2645: 2644:War and Peace 2641: 2635: 2632: 2628: 2622: 2620: 2616: 2611: 2605: 2601: 2596: 2595: 2594:War and Peace 2589: 2583: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2572:War and Peace 2567: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2550: 2547: 2543: 2537: 2534: 2528: 2524: 2521: 2519: 2516: 2515: 2511: 2506: 2502: 2501:War and Peace 2498: 2497: 2493: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2458: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2440: 2439:Celia Johnson 2436: 2431: 2427: 2426: 2422: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2353: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2320:Nancy Meckler 2317: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2285:War and Peace 2282: 2281: 2277: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2263: 2262:War and Peace 2258: 2254: 2250: 2249: 2245: 2240: 2239:War and Peace 2236: 2235: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2217: 2213: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2199:Andrew Davies 2196: 2195: 2191: 2188: 2184: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2144: 2143:War and Peace 2140: 2137: 2133: 2132: 2131:War and Peace 2127: 2122: 2118: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2090:Rupert Davies 2087: 2083: 2079: 2078: 2077:War and Peace 2074: 2073: 2069: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2046: 2045:War and Peace 2041: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2027:(Pierre) and 2026: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2007: 2004: 2001: 1997: 1992: 1981: 1977: 1976: 1972: 1967: 1965: 1963: 1958: 1957:War and Peace 1953: 1951: 1947: 1946:War and Peace 1943: 1942:War and Peace 1939: 1931: 1926: 1923: 1922: 1921: 1915: 1912: 1911: 1910: 1904: 1901: 1898: 1895: 1892: 1889: 1886: 1883: 1878: 1875: 1874: 1872: 1869: 1866: 1863: 1860: 1857: 1854: 1851: 1848: 1847: 1846: 1843: 1837: 1835: 1832: 1831:War and Peace 1828: 1824: 1820: 1819:War and Peace 1813: 1811: 1809: 1808:War and Peace 1805: 1801: 1799: 1794: 1790: 1789:War and Peace 1786: 1782: 1781:War and Peace 1778: 1774: 1770: 1769:War and Peace 1766: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1752:War and Peace 1748: 1746: 1745:War and Peace 1741: 1740:War and Peace 1736: 1735:Le XIX Siècle 1730: 1729:Ivan Turgenev 1726: 1724: 1720: 1718: 1717:War and Peace 1714: 1709: 1704: 1700: 1697: 1696: 1690: 1689: 1688:The Raw Youth 1684: 1683:War and Peace 1680: 1676: 1674: 1673:War and Peace 1669: 1668: 1667:Anna Karenina 1663: 1662: 1657: 1656:War and Peace 1654: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1641:War and Peace 1636: 1634: 1633:War and Peace 1630: 1625: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1607: 1598: 1597: 1592: 1588: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1573: 1572:War and Peace 1569: 1568:War and Peace 1565: 1561: 1560: 1555: 1554:War and Peace 1551: 1550:War and Peace 1546: 1545: 1539: 1535: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1520: 1514: 1512: 1507: 1506: 1499: 1494: 1490: 1485: 1484: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1460: 1457: 1456: 1450: 1449:War and Peace 1446: 1445:Ivan Turgenev 1441: 1440:War and Peace 1436: 1435:Vsemirny Trud 1430: 1428: 1427: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1388: 1386: 1379: 1377: 1375: 1371: 1370:consciousness 1367: 1363: 1358: 1350: 1348: 1346: 1345:revolutionary 1342: 1336: 1332: 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Shelgunov 1461: 1448: 1439: 1431: 1424: 1406: 1401: 1383: 1354: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1304: 1297: 1289: 1286:(1828–1876). 1265: 1258: 1246: 1231:Grande Armée 1225: 1214: 1202: 1191: 1184:Painting by 1179: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1145: 1117: 1113: 1101: 1094: 1070: 1047: 1043: 1036: 1018:aide-de-camp 1012: 982: 958:Plot summary 945: 819:The Rostovs 796:aide-de-camp 763: 760: 742: 731: 680: 656:Ulm Campaign 641: 633: 623: 609: 605: 599: 583: 577: 565: 560: 550: 520: 518: 514: 469: 467: 456: 422: 420: 414: 399: 395: 387: 380: 376: 369:Schopenhauer 363: 361: 355: 317: 313: 307: 300: 296: 289:aristocratic 278: 263: 245:Война и миръ 214: 213: 212: 202: 187:Война и миръ 169: 119: 85: 74:Война и миръ 50: 5268:Epic novels 4853:Leo Tolstoy 4727:(2022 film) 4719:(2018 film) 4698:(1984 film) 4695:Lev Tolstoy 4682:(1912 film) 4640:Lev Lvovich 4499:Non-fiction 4087:Two Hussars 4060:Hadji Murat 3976:Leo Tolstoy 3582:. New York. 3580:The NY Post 2911:(18): 53–56 2847:BBC Radio 4 2627:Leo Tolstoy 2475:BBC Radio 4 2464:BBC Radio 4 2375:as Pierre, 2373:Josh Groban 2347:Dave Malloy 2324:Polly Teale 2152:Gavin Scott 2126:Prokofiev's 2114:Harry Locke 2106:Angela Down 2094:Faith Brook 2025:Henry Fonda 2023:(Natasha), 2006:Fumio Kamei 1991:Voyna i mir 1985:Война и мир 1968:Adaptations 1804:Isaac Babel 1777:Thomas Mann 1723:Afanasy Fet 1695:dvoryanstvo 1538:Slavophiles 1511:dvoryanstvo 1351:Second part 1125:panentheism 1083:during the 977:Alexander I 950:and Prince 936:Bilibin: A 650:during the 648:Alexander I 569:Crimean War 434:Voyna i mir 428:Война и мир 373:Afanasy Fet 336:Leo Tolstoy 256:Leo Tolstoy 235:Voyna i mir 224:Война и мир 199:Translation 191:at Russian 63:Leo Tolstoy 5222:Categories 5176:Literature 4710:2009 film) 4648:(daughter) 4630:(daughter) 4589:Unfinished 4515:Confession 4360:Kholstomer 4346:Repentance 4103:Polikúshka 3888:Summaries 3864:Homage to 3643:2010-01-20 3618:2006-02-09 3559:2008-12-20 3483:2014-04-20 3362:2014-04-20 3264:2024-01-06 3059:2012-03-01 2989:3 December 2949:2010-11-22 2915:30 January 2852:30 January 2783:29 January 2659:2009-03-24 2529:References 2389:Best Actor 2339:Drama Desk 2102:Alan Dobie 2098:Morag Hood 2070:Television 2029:Mel Ferrer 2017:King Vidor 1859:Leo Wiener 1532:Arakcheyev 1469:D. 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