853:, such mixtures have been nicknamed "tranq" (short for tranquilizer). The combination of α2 adrenergic agonists with opioids are believed to greatly increase the sedative effects of each drug, which some drug users may perceive as a better or more potent product. The Center for Forensic Science Research and Education (CFSRE) first identified a synthetic opioid blend containing fentanyl and medetomidine sold in Maryland in July, 2023. Additional detections in late 2023 found similar medetomidine mixtures in Missouri, Colorado, Pennsylvania, California, and Maryland found in both drug material and the blood of patients experiencing overdoses.
864:, complicating the medical response to overdoses. During summer 2024 there were "mass overdose events" linked to medetomidine adulterated drugs in Chicago and Philadelphia. Emergency room doctors in Philadelphia reported waves of overdose patients coming in with unusually low heart rates. Public health advisories were issued. Experts warned that it was not business as usual for first responders, emergency room personnel or drug users. One researcher compared experimenting with the current drug supply to "playing Russian roulette".
36:
420:
397:
102:
856:
In
January 2024 drug mixtures containing medetomidine were identified in the Canadian city of Toronto, ON. In April, 2024 and May, 2024 medetomidine was found in a mixture containing fentanyl and xylazine in Philadelphia, PA and Pittsburgh, PA. Cases of overdose in Chicago from medetomidine/fentanyl
831:
in the larva. This causes the settling larva to increase its kicking to more than 100 kicks per minute, which makes becoming sessile nearly impossible. When the larva swims away from the surface, the effect disappears (reversible effect). The larva regains its pre-exposure function and can settle
702:(given IM) to produce general anaesthesia for short periods in healthy, but fractious felines, that will not allow an intravenous induction agent to be given providing a good degree of muscle relaxation. It has also been used in combination with
1170:
960:"Notes from the Field: Detection of Medetomidine Among Patients Evaluated in Emergency Departments for Suspected Opioid Overdoses — Missouri, Colorado, and Pennsylvania, September 2020–December 2023"
880:
in the blood of a 49-year old female homicide victim from
Colorado that went missing after a bike ride in 2020. Such a mixture wouldn't be used for recreational use and would instead likely produce
1287:
1080:
Dahlström M, Mårtensson LG, Jonsson PR, Arnebrant T, Elwing H (November 2000). "Surface active adrenoceptor compounds prevent the settlement of cyprid larvae of
Balanus improvisus".
132:
553:
1355:
756:) would not allow the administration of the inductive agent without risk to the veterinarian. As such the use of alpha-two agonists is only recommended in healthy animals.
1217:
1437:
114:
509:
845:
Medetomidine has been found as a component in street drug mixtures in the US starting in 2022, containing synthetic opioids in a similar manner as
1418:
1263:
744:
Due to its potent sedative effects it is commonly used in more aggressive animals, where a drug combination with a lesser effect (such as
718:
for this analgesic effect. It is thought that this family of drugs has a degree of analgesic action, though this is, in comparison to the
670:
salt, medetomidine hydrochloride, a crystalline white solid that can be administered as an intravenous drug solution with sterile water.
57:
1380:
904:
483:
529:
79:
1242:
1193:
1204:
1171:"Medetomidine Rapidly Proliferating Across USA — Implicated In Recreational Opioid Drug Supply & Causing Overdose Outbreaks"
1058:
1019:"A review of the physiological effects of alpha2-agonists related to the clinical use of medetomidine in small animal practice"
186:
162:
1125:"Octopamine receptors from the barnacle balanus improvisus are activated by the alpha2-adrenoceptor agonist medetomidine"
627:. Starting in 2022 Medetomidine has been detected in the US in samples of illicit drugs and associated with overdoses.
296:
1312:
741:
route is also effective. It is not recommended for diabetics, it is contraindicated in patients with cardiac disease.
376:
50:
44:
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1452:
61:
827:. When the barnacle cyprid larva encounters a surface containing medetomidine the molecule interacts with the
726:
415:
1123:
Lind U, Alm
Rosenblad M, Hasselberg Frank L, Falkbring S, Brive L, Laurila JM, et al. (August 2010).
730:
824:
734:
679:
494:
365:
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distributed as
Antisedan by Pfizer. IV use of atipamezole is not licensed, IM is the preferred route.
1331:
1089:
124:
1442:
828:
737:(IV). When delivered intravenously, a significantly decreased dose is used. Some authors suggest a
392:
211:
1243:"Philly health officials detect a veterinary sedative more powerful than xylazine in drug samples"
1447:
1152:
1105:
857:
mixtures have been reported In May, 2024. Massachusetts reported its first cases in August 2024.
820:
695:
663:
601:
1332:"Suzanne Morphew's death was a homicide and she had tranquilizer in her system, autopsy reveals"
1194:
https://www.cfsre.org/images/monographs/Medetomidine-New-Drug-Monograph-NPS-Discovery-112723.pdf
1205:
https://www.cfsre.org/images/content/reports/public_alerts/Public_Alert_Medetomidine_052024.pdf
1414:
1288:"'More toxic': Potent sedative triggering unexpected spike in overdoses, Mass. hospital warns"
1144:
1040:
999:
981:
884:
with heavy sedative effects that may render a person immobile or unable to defend themselves.
345:
912:
872:
Medetomidine was found in combination with the mu-opioid antagonist and kappa-opioid agonist
1136:
1097:
1030:
989:
971:
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714:
and ketamine in constant rate infusion analgesia in canines. It is often used in so called
432:
305:
285:
220:
1218:"What to know about medetomidine, the latest sedative found in illicit Indy drug supplies"
659:
651:
630:
The free base form of medetomidine is sold as an antifouling substance for marine paints.
597:
589:
499:
145:
1093:
994:
959:
615:. It is approved for dogs in the United States, and distributed in the United States by
419:
396:
753:
1035:
1018:
698:) in healthy cats and dogs. It is sometimes used in combination with butorphanol and
1431:
1066:
691:
667:
408:
1156:
1124:
1109:
537:
InChI=1S/C13H16N2/c1-9-5-4-6-12(10(9)2)11(3)13-7-14-8-15-13/h4-8,11H,1-3H3,(H,14,15)
1313:"Gangs mix another potent sedative into U.S. street drugs causing 'mass overdoses'"
745:
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639:
612:
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140:
1264:"Powerful animal sedative likely cause of overdose spike in Chicago - CBS Chicago"
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1381:"Suzanne Morphew's autopsy finds animal tranquilizer, other drugs in system"
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776:) may be drastically reduced, as may the volumes of anesthetic gases (i.e.
600:, the latter being the isomer with the pharmacologic effect as an alpha 2-
101:
1356:"Suzanne Morphew autopsy: Here are the drugs that were found in her body"
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may also be used in an emergency situation, but is not licensed.
316:
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substance in marine paints. It is mainly effective against
560:
823:. It has also shown effect on other hard fouling like
772:
are noted. Often the dosage of induction agents (e.g.
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682:, medetomidine is used as both a surgical and
623:Animal Health in Canada under the product name
219:
876:and sedative dopamine antagonist tranquilizer
807:The free base form of medetomidine is sold as
8:
764:Following administration, marked peripheral
92:
964:MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
924:
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144:
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80:Learn how and when to remove this message
43:This article includes a list of general
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788:) used to maintain general anesthesia.
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7:
1438:Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor agonists
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791:Its effects can be reversed using
662:. The latter causes the alpha 2-
581:effects and emerging illicit drug
49:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
860:Medetomidine does not respond to
694:etc.) as premedication (before a
666:effects. It is often used as the
604:. Effects can be reversed using
449:
443:
34:
1330:Prentzel, Olivia (2024-04-29).
1023:The Canadian Veterinary Journal
542:Key:CUHVIMMYOGQXCV-UHFFFAOYSA-N
686:in combinations with opioids (
638:Medetomidine was developed by
437:
1:
1241:Whelan, Aubrey (2024-05-18).
1063:Novartis Animal Health Canada
1017:Sinclair MD (November 2003).
1469:
1262:Dodge, John (2024-05-20).
517:n1cc(c1)C(c2c(c(ccc2)C)C)C
427:Chemical and physical data
1102:10.1080/08927010009378444
958:Schwarz, Evan S. (2024).
841:Component of street drugs
819:, as shown in vitro with
550:
525:
505:
182:
99:
1413:. Williams and Wilkins.
752:, or an opioid plus a
727:intramuscular injection
658:, levomedetomidine and
596:, levomedetomidine and
64:more precise citations.
1141:10.1124/mol.110.063594
1129:Molecular Pharmacology
1065:. 2003. Archived from
977:10.15585/mmwr.mm7330a3
731:subcutaneous injection
642:and launched in 2007.
1222:The Indianapolis Star
931:"The Selektope Story"
836:Illicit use in humans
735:intravenous injection
680:veterinary anesthesia
619:Animal Health and by
1411:Small Animal Surgery
611:It was developed by
1094:2000Biofo..16..191D
829:octopamine receptor
803:Use in marine paint
725:It can be given by
170:Veterinary use only
96:
915:on March 15, 2013.
868:Other criminal use
821:Balanus improvisus
696:general anesthetic
664:adrenergic agonist
654:of two optical or
650:Medetomidine is a
602:adrenergic agonist
1420:978-0-683-03910-8
1409:Harari J (1996).
909:Orion Corporation
577:drug with potent
573:is a veterinary
568:
567:
484:Interactive image
377:CompTox Dashboard
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27:Chemical compound
16:(Redirected from
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652:racemic mixture
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598:dexmedetomidine
590:racemic mixture
559:
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554:(what is this?)
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1069:on 2007-09-24.
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1029:(11): 885–97.
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905:"Achievements"
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665:
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656:stereoisomers
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410:ECHA InfoCard
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109:Clinical data
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1410:
1389:. Retrieved
1387:. 2024-04-29
1385:FOX31 Denver
1384:
1375:
1364:. Retrieved
1362:. 2024-04-29
1359:
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1339:. Retrieved
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1296:. Retrieved
1294:. 2024-08-13
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1271:. Retrieved
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1225:. Retrieved
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1178:. Retrieved
1174:
1165:
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1128:
1118:
1085:
1081:
1075:
1067:the original
1062:
1053:
1026:
1022:
1012:
967:
963:
938:. Retrieved
929:Chaabane P.
913:the original
908:
871:
859:
855:
844:
808:
806:
790:
763:
760:Side effects
746:acepromazine
743:
724:
677:
649:
646:Pharmacology
640:Orion Pharma
637:
629:
624:
613:Orion Pharma
610:
587:
571:Medetomidine
570:
569:
558:
552:
199:
195:
163:Legal status
157:Legal status
94:Medetomidine
76:
70:January 2016
67:
48:
940:12 December
874:Butorphanol
813:antifouling
793:atipamezole
786:sevoflurane
770:bradycardia
688:butorphanol
606:atipamezole
467: g·mol
416:100.242.450
366:ChEMBL77921
346:CHEBI:48552
178:Identifiers
133:ATCvet code
62:introducing
1443:Imidazoles
1432:Categories
1391:2024-06-12
1366:2024-06-12
1341:2024-06-12
1298:2024-08-14
1273:2024-06-12
1248:2024-06-12
1227:2024-06-12
1180:2024-06-12
1082:Biofouling
888:References
825:tube worms
782:isoflurane
739:sublingual
716:microdoses
583:adulterant
575:anesthetic
472:3D model (
460:Molar mass
306:MR15E85MQM
277:ChemSpider
221:86347-14-0
212:CAS Number
202:-imidazole
187:IUPAC name
45:references
1448:Sedatives
1059:"Domitor"
986:0149-2195
882:dysphoria
878:Azaperone
817:barnacles
809:Selektope
797:Yohimbine
778:halothane
712:lidocaine
708:methadone
684:analgesic
495:Chirality
125:Monograph
119:Drugs.com
1360:KUSA.com
1157:17792301
1149:20488921
1110:85603381
1045:14664351
1004:39088371
995:11305408
862:naloxone
851:fentanyl
847:xylazine
774:propofol
748:plus an
733:(SC) or
720:sedative
704:morphine
700:ketamine
621:Novartis
588:It is a
579:sedative
561:(verify)
257:DrugBank
141:QN05CM91
1090:Bibcode
634:History
625:Domitor
592:of two
465:200.285
433:Formula
266:DB00633
232:PubChem
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617:Pfizer
510:SMILES
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198:)-4--3
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1153:S2CID
1106:S2CID
934:(PDF)
530:InChI
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286:61868
246:68602
1415:ISBN
1145:PMID
1041:PMID
1000:PMID
982:ISSN
942:2018
768:and
706:(or
317:KEGG
297:UNII
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1137:doi
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