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Dragoman

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As a highly trained group of diplomatic professionals, they were employed by Europeans in embassies and consulates, not only translating and interpreting items but often meeting with Ottoman officials without their employer being present. An 18th-century Venetian ambassador described the dragomans as
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These men were instrumental in spreading a wide-ranging curiosity about Islamic culture throughout the Latin parts of Europe during the 17th and 18th centuries. The dragomans had scholarly language training in Persian, Arabic and Turkish since they were translators, interpreters, authors and were
453:, took over the position and became a pioneer in translation of Western scientific literature into Turkish, a task for which he had to create an entirely new vocabulary. Following Ishak, the grand dragoman and his staff were Muslims, and the Translation Office ( 448:
In 1821 the chief dragoman Constantine Mourouzi was executed for suspected disloyalty, and his successor, Stavraki Aristarchi, was dismissed and exiled in 1822. With unanswered correspondence accumulating, the chief naval instructor, one
236:) referring to an interpreter of spoken conversation or speeches. The latter is obviously more closely related to the other languages mentioned, though both are derived from the same Semitic root. There has been speculation of a 37: 912: 691:
Corps de droit ottoman; recueil des codes, lois, règlements, ordonnances et actes les plus importants du droit intérieur, et d'études sur le droit coutumier de l'Empire ottoman
526:‘the tongue that speaks, the ear that hears, the eye that sees, the hand that gives, the spirit that acts, and on whom the life and success of every negotiation may depend. 494:) would previously have occupied this Ottoman office, a fact which did not prevent many of them from joining conspiracies that aimed to overthrow Turkish rule over the area. 538: 389: 984: 461:
era; this knowledge largely replaced the older ladders of the army, the bureaucracy, and the religious establishment in the mid- and late-19th century.
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community, who possessed considerable multilingual skills, because Greek trading communities did substantial business in the markets of the
979: 587: 1043: 558: 457:, "Translation Room", in Turkish), with its familiarity with things European, became a new major ladder to influence and power in the 434: 44:(left) was Napoleon's "favourite orientalist adviser and dragoman". He accompanied the Persian envoy Mirza Mohammad-Reza Qazvini at 630:
Friends and rivals in the East: studies in Anglo–Dutch relations in the Levant from the seventeenth to the early nineteenth century
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The dragomans were exempt from taxation. As many of them were Jewish, in virtue of their proficiency in foreign languages, Jewish
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Letter issued by Sultan Ahmed III assigning Nicola Danal Spiro as dragoman to Thomas Funck, Swedish envoyée to the Ottoman court.
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dealt with the question whether or not these dragomans were exempt also from the internal taxes of the Jewish community.
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Bosworth, C.E. (2012). "Tard̲j̲umān". In P. Bearman; Th. Bianquis; C.E. Bosworth; E. van Donzel; W.P. Heinrichs (eds.).
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The latter invalidated a governmental decree that they be taxed, because it contradicted international treaties.
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Marie de Testa, Antoine Gautier, "Drogmans et diplomates européens auprès de la Porte Ottomane", in
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The Principles of Turkish Grammar for The Use of Apostolic Missionaries in Constantinople
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One who created a large European interest in the history of Islam, with his published
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Hamilton, Alastair; Groot, Alexander H. de; Boogert, Maurits H. van den (2000).
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Ottomans to learn the languages of non-Muslim nations. The office incorporated
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In the Turkish tradition, the dragoman position is recorded in the pre-Ottoman
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very open to the material and fashionable intricacies of the Ottoman culture.
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in 1754 as "The Oriental Academy" to train young diplomats to represent the
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Consequently, the plural, in English, is "dragomans" (not "dragomen").
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origin of the term (Salonen, p. 12; Rabin, pp. 134–136).
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This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
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During the Middle Ages the word entered European languages: in
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In Ottoman records, the first imperial dragoman recorded was
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when two dragomans and two translator clerks were appointed.
441:. But this dominance changed in 1821 with the start of the 232:)—referring to a translator of written texts—and מתורגמן ( 529:
There was huge success from the published translation of
947:. 1952. Alte Substrat- und Kulturwörter im Arabischen. 865:
Tolan, John; Veinstein, Gilles; Henry Laurens (2013).
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From Babel to Dragomans: Interpreting the Middle East
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Constantinople: City of the World's Desire 1453–1924
995:– Interpreter at the Crossroads of East & West 777: 869:. Princeton University Press. pp. 245–247. 539:Charles Marie François Olier, marquis de Nointel 537:(1646–1715). He was attached to the embassy of 397:The position took particular prominence in the 923:, vol. lxxi, Les Éditions ISIS, Istanbul, 2003 937:Rabin, Chaim. 1963. Hittite Words in Hebrew. 719:Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies 8: 988:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. 409:as well as linguistic duties—namely, in the 711: 709: 821:; Responsa Tzror haKesef, no. 10, p. 59b. 667:. Cambridge University Press. p. 81. 570:(the academy was initially established by 165:Dragoman Joseph Shaar. Temple of Jupiter, 867:"Europe and the Islamic World: A History" 815:; Responsa Nishmat Hayyim, no. 7, p. 20b 812:e.g. Responsa Dvar Moshe, no. 48, p. 48d 92:, translator, and official guide between 818:; Responsa Ro'ei Yisrael, no. 5, p. 20b 350:, the first post-Communist President of 619: 134:, Dragomans were mainly members of the 274:. Later European variants include the 27:Arab interpreter of Eurasian languages 722:. Taylor & Francis. p. 550. 7: 656: 654: 506:The first French translation of the 588:Translation Office (Ottoman Empire) 437:) of the Sultan, and his successor 429:, the official interpreter for the 296:French, and in modern French it is 228:makes a distinction between מתרגם ( 80:, lady and dragoman in foreground." 928:Istanbul et les langues Orientales 559:Geschichte des osmanischen Reiches 482:rule (roughly 1711–1821) over the 25: 549:, and a French ambassador to the 366:during the 13th-century reign of 1039:Government of the Ottoman Empire 962: 916:, London, 1995. pp. 133–162 760:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_1179 1029:Politics of the Ottoman Empire 910:, "Viziers and Dragomans," in 716:Mona Baker (9 December 2008). 474:It became customary that most 421:, including the first Ottoman 212:(Classical Ethiopic) as ትርጓም ( 1: 664:The Ottoman Empire, 1700-1922 566:of Austria, a student at the 518:embassy, published in Latin: 423:Dragoman of the Sublime Porte 386:in 1479 to deliver a treaty. 568:Diplomatic Academy of Vienna 904:, London and New York, 2004 564:Joseph von Hammer-Purgstall 545:who was a councilor to the 1060: 934:, Paris and Montreal, 1997 930:, Varia Turca, vol. xxxi, 694:(in French). Vol. 1. 70:The Crescent and the Cross 56:. Detail of a painting by 29: 1044:Turkish words and phrases 852:10.1163/15685195-00214p03 661:Quataert, Donald (2005). 443:Greek War of Independence 52:on 27 April 1807 for the 32:Dragoman (disambiguation) 332:as well as the variants 104:-speaking countries and 76:entitled "Encampment at 985:Encyclopædia Britannica 926:Frédéric Hitzel (ed.), 902:Oxford University Press 840:Islamic Law and Society 834:Zecevic, Selma (2014). 786:Oxford University Press 754:(2nd ed.). Brill. 531:Thousand And One Nights 484:Danubian Principalities 439:Alexander Mavrocordatos 752:Encyclopaedia of Islam 688:Young, George (1905). 394: 174:Etymology and variants 170: 123:, vice-consulates and 81: 61: 54:Treaty of Finckenstein 633:. BRILL. pp. 230 608:Dragoman of the Fleet 603:Dragoman of the Porte 572:Empress Maria Theresa 392: 374:In the Ottoman Empire 164: 67: 40: 1024:History of West Asia 427:Panagiotis Nikousios 325:Webster's Dictionary 208:as "targumannu," in 193:. Deriving from the 182:the word is ترجمان ( 30:For other uses, see 415:Christian countries 346:The family name of 46:Finckenstein Palace 547:Parlement of Paris 395: 171: 158:, were recruited. 82: 62: 1009:Diplomats by role 949:Studia Orientalia 921:Analecta Isisiana 876:978-0-691-14705-5 799:978-0-06-051605-5 729:978-0-415-36930-5 674:978-0-521-83910-5 644:978-90-04-11854-6 593:List of dragomans 498:Western dragomans 413:'s relation with 140:Mediterranean Sea 16:(Redirected from 1051: 989: 968: 966: 965: 881: 880: 862: 856: 855: 831: 825: 810: 804: 803: 783: 770: 764: 763: 747: 741: 740: 738: 736: 713: 704: 703: 685: 679: 678: 658: 649: 648: 624: 553:, 1670 to 1679. 435:Imperial Council 382:who was sent to 364:Sultanate of Rum 204:, it appears in 74:Elliot Warburton 21: 1059: 1058: 1054: 1053: 1052: 1050: 1049: 1048: 999: 998: 978:, ed. (1911). 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Retrieved 718: 689: 683: 663: 634: 629: 622: 598:Reis Effendi 557: 555: 530: 528: 524: 519: 510:was done by 505: 501: 473: 463: 454: 451:Ishak Efendi 447: 430: 396: 377: 361: 345: 342: 340:in English. 337: 333: 329: 323: 319: 315: 311: 304: 297: 289: 285: 278: 271: 270:δραγομάνος, 268:Middle Greek 263: 255: 248: 242: 233: 229: 221: 213: 201: 190: 183: 177: 152:Indian Ocean 129: 85: 83: 69: 941:32.113–139. 932:L'Harmattan 788:. pp.  380:Lutfi Pasha 279:trutzelmann 272:dragoumanos 264:dragumannus 110:Middle East 90:interpreter 68:Plate from 1003:Categories 939:Orientalia 888:References 698:. p.  480:Phanariote 407:diplomatic 368:Keykubad I 307:, and the 305:turcimanno 290:truchement 253:Old French 234:meturgeman 216:), and in 150:, and the 121:consulates 1014:Dragomans 578:abroad). 492:Wallachia 476:hospodars 320:truchimán 292:(in post- 286:trucheman 222:targemana 156:Armenians 144:Black Sea 117:embassies 18:Dragomans 980:Dragoman 776:(2002). 582:See also 543:Parisian 488:Moldavia 469:responsa 466:Halakhic 459:Tanzimat 338:truchman 330:dragoman 316:trujimán 312:trujamán 294:Tanzimat 256:drugeman 230:metargem 214:t-r-gw-m 206:Akkadian 191:tercüman 184:tarjumān 114:European 106:polities 86:dragoman 50:Napoleon 973::  951:xvii.2. 478:of the 358:History 352:Croatia 334:drogman 309:Spanish 302:Italian 300:), the 298:drogman 266:, from 258:, from 251:, from 249:dragman 238:Hittite 218:Aramaic 202:t-r-g-m 195:Semitic 188:Turkish 167:Baalbek 130:In the 108:of the 102:Persian 100:-, and 94:Turkish 88:was an 78:Baalbec 967:  873:  796:  726:  671:  641:  516:Naples 419:Greeks 403:Muslim 384:Venice 283:French 281:, the 276:German 226:Hebrew 186:), in 180:Arabic 169:, 1891 146:, the 142:, the 98:Arabic 790:44–45 614:Notes 533:, by 508:Quran 431:Divan 411:Porte 210:Ge'ez 200:root 871:ISBN 794:ISBN 737:2012 724:ISBN 669:ISBN 639:ISBN 562:was 541:, a 490:and 336:and 318:and 112:and 982:". 848:doi 756:doi 700:244 445:. 288:or 262:as 247:as 220:as 178:In 96:-, 72:by 1005:: 900:, 896:, 844:21 842:. 838:. 792:. 784:. 708:^ 653:^ 637:. 635:ff 425:, 314:, 224:. 119:, 84:A 879:. 854:. 850:: 802:. 762:. 758:: 739:. 702:. 677:. 647:. 486:( 433:( 60:. 34:. 20:)

Index

Dragomans
Dragoman (disambiguation)

Amédée Jaubert
Finckenstein Palace
Napoleon
Treaty of Finckenstein
François Mulard

Elliot Warburton
Baalbec
interpreter
Turkish
Arabic
Persian
polities
Middle East
European
embassies
consulates
trading posts
Ottoman Empire
Ottoman Greek
Mediterranean Sea
Black Sea
Atlantic Ocean
Indian Ocean
Armenians

Baalbek

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