160:
which God has given him over his fellow-man, by being cruel to him, or punishing him in anger, or by neglecting to protect him from the wanton abuses of his fellow-servants and all others, or by denying him the usual comforts and necessaries of life, the negro will run away; but if he keeps him in the position that we learn from the
Scriptures he was intended to occupy, that is, the position of submission; and if his master or overseer be kind and gracious in his bearing towards him, without condescension, and at the same time ministers to his physical wants, and protects him from abuses, the negro is spell-bound, and cannot run away.
143:
much to the weather, they are very easily governedâmore so than any other people in the world. If any one or more of them, at any time, are inclined to raise their heads to a level with their master or overseer, humanity and their own good requires that they should be punished until they fall into that submissive state which was intended for them to occupy. They have only to be kept in that state, and treated like children to prevent and cure them from running away.
934:
123:
159:
If the white man attempts to oppose the Deity's will, by trying to make the negro anything else than "the submissive knee-bender" (which the
Almighty declared he should be), by trying to raise him to a level with himself, or by putting himself on an equality with the negro; or if he abuses the power
48:
Cartwright specifically cited the tendency of slaves to flee the plantations that held them. Since slaves happy with their condition would not want to leave, he inferred that such people had to be sick, impervious to the natural order of things. He published an article about black slaves' illnesses
169:
In addition to identifying drapetomania, his feeling was that with "proper medical advice, strictly followed, this troublesome practice that many
Negroes have of running away can be almost entirely prevented". In the case of slaves "sulky and dissatisfied without cause"âa warning sign of imminent
142:
If treated kindly, well fed and clothed, with fuel enough to keep a small fire burning all nightâseparated into families, each family having its own houseânot permitted to run about at night to visit their neighbors, to receive visits or use intoxicating liquors, and not overworked or exposed too
209:
identified
Cartwright as "a prominent Southern physician" with the caveat that Cartwright's defenses of slavery constituted "an extreme within the range of 'scientific argument'" that was not typical and likely paid little attention by "many intelligent Southerners."
130:
Cartwright described the disorderâwhich, he said, was "unknown to our medical authorities, although its diagnostic symptom, the absconding from service, is well known to our planters and overseers"âin a paper delivered before the
226:
959:"DRAPETOMANIA --- A DISEASE CALLED FREEDOM: An Exhibition of 18th-, 19th- and Early 20th-Century Material Culture of the African Experience in the Americas from the Collection of Derrick Joshua Beard"
45:. This hypothesis was based on the belief that slavery was such an improvement upon the lives of slaves that only those suffering from some form of mental illness would wish to escape.
202:
had often been known to flee as well, so he satirically hypothesized that the supposed disease was actually of white
European origin, and had been introduced to Africa by traders.
873:
53:. Contemporarily reprinted in the South, Cartwright's article was widely mocked and satirized in the northern United States. The concept has since been debunked as
1039:
1029:
785:"Review of Medicalizing Blackness: Making Racial Difference in the Atlantic World, 1780-1840 by Rana A. Hogart (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2017)"
1034:
394:
1084:
1024:
430:
1059:
998:
Katherine
Bankole, Slavery and Medicine: Enslavement and Medical Practices in Antebellum Louisiana, New York: Taylor and Francis Group, 1998.
518:
426:
1074:
1054:
42:
20:
947:
252:
1064:
918:
847:
767:
680:
653:
497:
296:
1069:
958:
222:, another novel diagnosis of Cartwright regarding what was seen as a mental illness that was the cause of laziness among slaves.
1019:
798:
789:
1079:
590:
242:
138:
He stated that the malady was a consequence of masters who "made themselves too familiar with , treating them as equals".
1001:
Bob Myers, "Drapetomania": Rebellion, Defiance and Free Black
Insanity in the Antebellum United States, phD thesis, 2014.
938:
910:
489:
132:
1014:
155:
calls for a slave to be submissive to his master, and by doing so, the slave will have no desire to run away:
645:
219:
1044:
962:
257:
183:
95:
262:
191:
514:
422:
986:
546:
38:
23:
399:
670:
596:
451:
Hervé Guillemain, "Drapetomania" in Hervé Guillemain (ed.), DicoPolHiS, Le Mans
Université, 2021.
375:
335:
199:
50:
914:
884:
843:
812:
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757:
738:
716:
676:
649:
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555:
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343:
292:
232:
206:
107:
58:
282:
802:
728:
586:
483:
327:
944:
951:
607:
Baynton, Douglas C. "Disability and the
Justification of Inequality in American History".
288:
1049:
733:
247:
34:
331:
1008:
966:
65:
54:
898:
Reprinted in Arthur Caplan, H. Tristram
Engelhardt, Jr., and James McCartney, eds,
379:
171:
892:
550:
205:
The contemporary southern intelligentsia regarded Cartwright as a fringe figure.
888:
461:
395:"A brief history of the enduring phony science that perpetuates white supremacy"
323:
975:
19:
314:
237:
111:
816:
807:
784:
347:
339:
933:
625:
363:
976:"Southerners Actually Thought Slaves Escaping Was A Sign Of Mental Illness"
742:
371:
122:
905:
Reprinted in Arthur L. Caplan, James J. McCartney, Dominic A. Sisti, eds,
900:
Concepts of Health and Disease in Medicine: Interdisciplinary Perspectives
186:
it was widely mocked. A satirical analysis of the article appeared in a
834:
759:
A Journey in the Seaboard Slave States, with Remarks on Their Economy
874:
Report on the Diseases and Physical Peculiarities of the Negro Race
696:
Cartwright (1851). "Diseases and Peculiarities of the Negro Race".
466:. Vol. 11. New Orleans: J.D.B. De Bow. 1851. pp. 331â336.
355:
152:
121:
18:
312:
Bynum, Bill (2000). "Discarded Diagnoses : Drapetomania".
227:
The Protest Psychosis: How Schizophrenia Became a Black Disease
182:
While Cartwright's article was reprinted in the South, in the
86:
80:
74:
68:
842:. United States: W. W. Norton & Company. p. 70.
482:
Caplan, Arthur; McCartney, James; Sisti, Dominic (2004).
945:
An Early History â African American Mental Health
284:
An introduction to the sociology of health and illness
174:
the devil out of them" as a "preventative measure".
114:; an uncontrollable or insane impulsion to wander."
907:Health, Disease, and Illness: Concepts in Medicine
485:Health, disease, and illness: concepts in medicine
463:De Bow's Review of the Southern and Western States
609:The New Disability History: American Perspectives
585:(3rd ed.). New York: W. Wood. p. 268.
581:Stedman, Thomas Lathrop (1914). "drapetomania".
190:editorial in 1855. Renowned landscape architect
126:Engraving of an escaped slave, published in 1837
157:
140:
551:"Diseases and Peculiarities of the Negro Race"
828:
826:
8:
878:The New Orleans Medical and Surgical Journal
541:
539:
537:
535:
149:Diseases and Peculiarities of the Negro Race
806:
790:Catalyst: Feminism, Theory, Technoscience
732:
477:
475:
473:
273:
57:and shown to be part of the edifice of
669:Rick Halpern, Enrico Dal Lago (2002).
196:A Journey in the Seaboard Slave States
94:As late as 1914, the third edition of
675:. Blackwell Publishing. p. 273.
519:Jim Crow Museum of Racist Memorabilia
515:"Question of the Month: Drapetomania"
427:Jim Crow Museum of Racist Memorabilia
7:
1040:White supremacy in the United States
1030:Obsolete terms for mental disorders
421:Pilgrim, David (November 1, 2005).
43:enslaved Africans fleeing captivity
717:"Dr. Cartwright on "Drapetomania""
253:Classification of mental disorders
37:that, in 1851, American physician
16:Purported mental illness of slaves
14:
393:Michael, Ruane (April 30, 2019).
1035:Stereotypes of African Americans
932:
513:Pilgrim, David (November 2005).
133:Medical Association of Louisiana
961:. Broward County, Florida, US:
902:(Boston: Addison-Wesley, 1980).
799:University of Toronto Libraries
762:. Mason Brothers. p. 226.
433:from the original on 2020-08-10
1085:Post-traumatic stress disorder
1025:Political abuses of psychiatry
756:Frederick Law Olmsted (1856).
423:"Drapetomania - November 2005"
1:
974:Dimuro, Gina (4 April 2018).
332:10.1016/s0140-6736(05)74468-8
243:Political abuse of psychiatry
170:flightâCartwright mentioned "
41:hypothesized as the cause of
1060:Slavery in the United States
783:Carmody, Todd (2018-10-16).
583:Practical Medical Dictionary
198:(1856), observed that white
100:Practical Medical Dictionary
87:
75:
1075:Psychiatric false diagnosis
1055:Social problems in medicine
911:Georgetown University Press
833:Gould, Stephen Jay (1980).
624:(Cambridge, Massachusetts:
490:Georgetown University Press
151:, Cartwright says that the
135:that was widely reprinted.
1101:
957:Findlay, James A. (2000).
81:
69:
64:The term derives from the
1065:Fugitive American slaves
887:XI (1851). Available at
808:10.28968/cftt.v4i2.29596
672:Slavery and Emancipation
646:Rowman & Littlefield
622:From Genesis to Genocide
1070:African-American health
872:Samuel A. Cartwright, "
721:Buffalo Medical Journal
638:Paul Finkelman (1997).
591:2027/ien.35558005332206
220:Dysaesthesia aethiopica
188:Buffalo Medical Journal
1020:Obsolete medical terms
980:All That's Interesting
963:Broward County Library
937:Quotations related to
258:Sluggish schizophrenia
184:northern United States
178:Contemporary criticism
162:
145:
127:
102:included an entry for
96:Thomas Lathrop Stedman
91:, 'madness, frenzy').
49:and idiosyncrasies in
27:
1080:History of psychology
836:The Mismeasure of Man
641:Slavery & the Law
547:Cartwright, Samuel A.
281:White, Kevin (2002).
263:Biology of depression
192:Frederick Law Olmsted
165:Prevention and remedy
125:
22:
969:on 15 February 2009.
880:1851:691â715 (May).
595:Also available from
79:, 'a runaway ') and
39:Samuel A. Cartwright
24:Samuel A. Cartwright
909:(Washington, D.C.:
715:S. B. Hunt (1855).
400:The Washington Post
291:. pp. 41, 42.
200:indentured servants
950:2011-07-09 at the
128:
28:
1015:Scientific racism
891:and excerpted at
620:S. L. Chorover.
207:Stephen Jay Gould
59:scientific racism
1092:
983:
970:
965:. Archived from
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648:. p. 305.
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727:(7): 438â442.
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35:mental illness
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883:Reprinted in
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849:0-393-01489-4
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55:pseudoscience
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993:Bibliography
979:
967:the original
941:at Wikiquote
939:Drapetomania
906:
899:
889:Google Books
877:
853:. Retrieved
835:
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564:. Retrieved
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435:. Retrieved
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404:. Retrieved
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104:drapetomania
103:
99:
93:
63:
47:
31:Drapetomania
30:
29:
855:29 December
566:16 November
437:January 21,
406:January 21,
324:Elsevier BV
118:Description
108:vagabondage
26:(1793â1863)
1009:Categories
987:DicoPolHiS
704:: 331â336.
524:11 January
356:sf82002015
315:The Lancet
269:References
238:Dromomania
233:Depression
112:dromomania
817:2380-3312
626:MIT Press
348:0140-6736
340:1474-547X
948:Archived
913:, 2004)
743:35375930
549:(1851).
431:Archived
372:11075805
364:01755507
326:: 1615.
322:(9241).
214:See also
172:whipping
76:drapetÄs
70:ÎŽÏαÏÎÏηÏ
893:PBS.org
867:Sources
734:8676958
611:, 2001.
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153:Bible
88:mania
82:ÎŒÎ±ÎœÎŻÎ±
66:Greek
915:ISBN
857:2023
844:ISBN
813:ISSN
764:ISBN
739:PMID
677:ISBN
650:ISBN
568:2011
526:2021
494:ISBN
439:2022
408:2022
368:PMID
360:OCLC
352:LCCN
344:ISSN
293:ISBN
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803:doi
729:PMC
587:hdl
328:doi
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
